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The Antipodes in Archaic

Linguistics
Joannes Richter

Language Celestial, Sky-symbol ↔ terrestrial symbol


Pentagram / divine Name core ↔ Pentagram / divine Name core
1 Hebrew IHV (sky) IHV ↔ IVH (terrestrial) IVH
2 Roman DIÓUS – PITĒR (Jupiter) IOU ↔ DIVES (DIS-PATER) IUE
3 Germanic *TIWAZ (Tiw / Tuw) IWA ↔ TUISTO UIO

4 East ↔ West- *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) EIW ↔ *TUEIS (→ TUISTO?) UEI


5 Germanic *TĪUS IW *TUÏS UI

Table 1 Comparison between Hebrew, Roman and Germanic antipodes

Abstract
The Theonym of a universal sky-god DIÉUS seems to be created as a symbolic composition of the
5 phonetic sources, which had been identified in the mechanism in the human voice: (1) the tongue,
(2) the lips, (3) the teeth, (4) the windpipe with its vocal cords (in the larynx) and (5) the palate (the
roof of the mouth).
The Germanic antipodes TUÏSTO (chthonic) ↔ *TIWAZ (celestial) may be compared to the
Roman antipodes Jupiter DIÓUS ↔ Dis (DIUES) and the Hebrew antipodes IEU (celestial) ↔
IUE (terrestrial).
In the Hebrew language the name-giving of the Theonym IHV may be opposed from IHV (celestial)
to IVH (terrestrial) by switching two letters (H and V).
In Latin a similar permutation of two letters (O and U) opposes the theonym DIÓUS – PITĒR
(Jupiter, celestial) towards DIVES PATER (Dis-Pater, chthonic).
In Germanic languages the same permutation of two letters (I and W) opposes *TIWAZ (Tiw/Tuw)
to TUÏSTO.
In a fourth and fifth row of the table the theonyms *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) opposes to *TUEIS (→
TUÏSTO?). A simplified opposition of the Germanic theonyms *TĪUS ↔ *TUÏS illustrates the
basic principle of the antipodal behavior by permutation of the the (male) symbol I ↔ the (female)
symbol U.
Checking the symbolism of the vowels I remembered the description of the 3 vowels Cholam (O),
Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I) in the Zohar. As a triad I H V this name describes the sky and the
Theonym. Additionally the Zohar also describes the symbolic unification (YHVH) of man (Y) man
and woman (U).
As a result of this paper we may identify the correlation between the Roman MINERVA (wisdom) the
Etruscan MEN(I)RVA (wisdom) and the Greek word METIS (wisdom):
MINERVA = MEN(I)RVA = METIS (wisdom).
Introduction
The Theonym of the Creator seems to be created as a symbolic composition of the 5 phonetic
sources, which had been identified in the mechanism in the human voice: (1) the tongue, (2) the
lips, (3) the teeth, (4) the windpipe with its vocal cords (in the larynx) and (5) the palate (the roof of
the mouth). It does not really matter how many phonetic categories are defined in modern
linguistics, which deviates from the archaic definition of the phonetic categories.
Of all alphabetical letters only only a subset of symbols may be identified to a determined singular
acoustic source. Five symbols (D, I, A, U, S) seem to have been prioritized as a theonym.
Originally the alphabets had been designed with 3 vowels: the archaic guttural A, the palatal I or Y
and the labial U, which are defined as the vowel core in the sky-god's Name (D,I,A,U,S).
In the course of the additional vowels E and O had been inserted as equivalent symbols to the letter
A.
In most PIE-languages the consonant D is interpreted as a pure lingual “D” and S as a dental “S”. S
and Z may also be categorized as Sibilants1.

Category Hebrew Acta Eruditorum Ganesha Vidya


alphabet (1741) (1968)
1 Vowels A-E-I-O-U A-E-I-J-O-U
2 Lingual D-T-L-N-T L-D-T-R D-R-Z
3 Palatal G-I-Ch-K C-Y
4 Guttural Æ-E-H-Gh K-G-H G-H-K-Q-X
5 Labial B-V-M-Ph B-P-M-W-F B-F-P-V-W
6 Dental Z-S-Ts-R-S S L-S-T
7 Nasal N M-N
Table 2 Categorization in the Hebrew & Roman alphabets from Illustration from Acta Eruditorum
(1741), Ganesha Vidya (1968) and highlighting the letters for the theonym DYHVS and DIAUS
This overview displays a median classification of the letters in three alphabets. The letters of the
sky-god (D,I,A,U,S) share the same classifications. In archaic alphabets the letters U and V shared
one symbol.
The other consonants C, G, Gh, K, L, M, N, P, Ph, Q, R, T, Ts, W, X, Z may have been irrelevant or
represented a transit phonetic symbol between two categories.
• The letter G may be located between the categories Palatal and Guttural.
• The letters L, R, T en Z may be located between the categories Dental and Lingual.
• The letter N may be located between the categories Nasal and Lingual.

1 Languages With, Respectively Without an Ordered Alphabet


The Name of the sky-god DIAUS
The Name of the sky-god (D,I,A,U,S) may contain pure phonetic sounds, for which we may locate
an accurate and singular acoustic source.
A number of languages such as Romansh and Provencal also use the central triad of vowels I,A,U
for their personal pronouns (in English “I”) of the first person singular.
Originally each phonetic sound (D,I,A,U,S or D,I,E,U,S) had been pronounced as an isolated
element. A few languages such as Provencal avoided the contraction of the vowels E and U to
diphthongs by applying a diaeresis at the letters É in DIÉU en IÉU. In other languages such as
Dutch the separation of the U and Ï in TUÏSTO is induced by a diaeresis at the letter I.
Probably the “purity” of the phonetic sounds (D,I,Y,A respectively E and O,U,S) must have been
discovered a long time before the definition of the standard “alphabets”.
Around 1400 BCE the Ugaritic linguists managed to order the letters of the alphabets (A, B, C, D,
E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z) to display the pure phonetic sounds
D,I,A,U,S in a 2-dimensional array. We may study this phenomenon in the following list of the
Hebrew alphabet, in which a row displays the vowel core I10-Ε5-V6 (IHV). The Sefer Yetzirah
(Book of Formation, or Book of Creation) describes this triad of letters as a Great Name I H V :
11. He selected three letters from the simple ones, and sealed them as forming his great
Name, I H V and he sealed the universe in six directions2.

linguaal palataal gutturaal labiaal dentaal


5 Taw T22 Shin S21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He (H) Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7
Table 3: Display of the Great Name I10-Ε5-V6 at the 2e row of the Hebrew alphabet
The 1-dimensional display of the Great Name I10-Ε5-V6 (IHV), but in the 2-dimensional array the
Name may be interpreted clearly. This type of display for the names of the sky-gods is inherited to
most of the standard derivations of the PIE- and other alphabets.
Usually the Great Names of the Creator Gods may be honored and empowered by an attribute
“Father” to rule over the minor gods and saints. A few samples of these attributes are listed in an
overview:
Language Deity Pentagrams
PIE Dyḗus ph₂tḗr DYḖUS PH₂TḖR
Sanskrit Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ DYAUSPITAR
Luwian Tatis Tiwaz (Tiwad) TATIS TIWAZ
Latin Jupiter *DJOUS PITĒR
Table 4 Sky-gods with an attribute “Father”

2 (en) Sepher Yetzirah, translated by W.W. Wescott, 1887.


The antipodes DIÓUS ↔ DIS and TUISTO ↔ TIWAZ

The antipodes sky IHV and hell IVH


The Sepher Yetzirah ('Book of Creation') describes the triad I H V as a Great Name for the Creator
of the Universe. Additionally the author details the three dimensions of the Universe, which are
defined in 6 triads of the letters I, H and V.
The triad I H V describes the sky (“height”), whereas the triad I V H represents the earth (“depth”).
Maybe the triad IHV symbolizes “heaven” and IVH the antipodal underworld “hell”.
The other 4 dimensions of the universe represent: East (H I V), West (V H I), South (V I H) and
North (H V I). The translation may be illustrated by the following overview:
Five.- He looked above, and sealed the height, with I H V.
Six.- He looked below, and sealed the deep, with I V H.
Seven.- He looked forward, and sealed the East, with H I V.
Eight.-He looked backward, and sealed the West, with V H I.
Nine.- He looked to the right, and sealed the South, with V I H.
Ten.-He looked to the left, and sealed the North, with H V I3.

The Roman antipodes DIEUS ↔ DIUES (DĪS)


Both Latin deities Ju-piter (originally as *DIOUS-PITER) and the god of the Roman god of the
underworld DĪS-PATER correlate to the Hebrew antipodes sky (I H V) and hell (I V H).
Initially both DIEUS and DIUES (DĪS) may have been equally honored antipodes, because both
Jupiter (DIOUS-PITER) and DĪS-PATER were honored by their shared attribute “PATER”.
Both the names for the sky-gods *DIÓUS respectively DĪVES and the “father”-attribut PITĒR are
pentagrams, in which each phonetic category (lingual, palatal, guttural, labial, dental) is represented
by one letter or sound. Originally the Latin word PATER may have been a pentagram, because the
Old-Norse language contains a pentagram FAÐIR (father).
The name Dīs is a contraction of the Latin adjective DĪVES ('wealthy, rich'), probably
derived from DĪVUS, dīus ('godlike, divine') via the form *deiu-(o)t- or *deiu-(e)t-
('who is like the gods, protected by the gods').[1][2] The occurrence of the deity Dīs
together with Pater ('father') may be due to association with Di(e)spiter (Jupiter).[1] 4

Strange as it may seem the core IEU for the sky-god DIEUS and the root IUE for the “godlike” (or
“devil” ?) DIUES correlate with two Hebrew cores IHV for the sky and IHV for the underground
(depth ?).
The contrast IEU ↔ IUE may be related to the Hebrew antipodal cores IHV for the sky,
respectively IHV for the hell.
This may not be coincidence, as we may discover similar correspondences between the Roman and
Germanic deities.

3 (en) Sepher Yetzirah, vertaald door W.W. Wescott, 1887.


4 Etymology DĪS-PATER
The Germanic deity Tiwaz
The Germanic deity *TĪWAR or *TĪWAZ is often is abbreviated to TIW, TUW or TYR 5. Wikipedia
describes Tyr (*Tiwaz) as a god for the sky and daylight:
The Old Norse theonym Týr stems from an earlier Proto-Norse form reconstructed as
*Tīwaʀ (*TĪWAR),[2] which derives – like its Germanic cognates Tīw or TĪW (Old
English) and *Ziu (Old High German) – from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Tīwaz
(*TĪWAZ), meaning '(the) God'.[3] The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS (later
*TĪUS) may also be reconstructed based on the associated rune tyz.[2][4]

We may ask ourselves whether the Germanic deity *TIWAZ corresponds to the Latin sky-god
Jupiter (*DIOUS) or the Latin antipode DĪS-PATER (DĪVES). The chthonic DĪS-PATER
corresponds to the Germanic preference for “earth” and the “night” or darkness.

The Luwian sky-god Tiwaz


Another Sun god TIWAZ (honored with an attribute “father”) may have ruled the Luwian pantheon:
Tiwad (Nom.: TIWAZ) was the Sun god. The Luwians had no female sun deity like the
Hittite Sun goddess of Arinna. One of Tiwad's epithets was TATI ("father"). The Late
Luwian king Azatiwada ("Beloved of Tiwad") referred to him as "Tiwad of the
Heavens". 6

The terrestrial god (Tuisto)


Studying the antipodes IHV (sky) and IVH (earth) we may ask ourselves in how far DIAUS may be
correlated to TIWAZ. The central position of the letter W in the name TIWAZ is a remarkable shift
DIAUS ↔ TIWAZ and represents the permutation of a guttural A with a labial U respectively W.
Maybe the Germanic and Roman religions experienced a antipodal contrast in the definition of the
sky-gods. The Germanic philosophy is known to honor a creator god Tuisto as a chthonic deity.
Both names TUISTO and TUISCO represent an imperfect pentagram.
In Dutch language the name Tuïsto is equipped with a diaeresis between U and Ï to avoid the
pronunciation of the UI-digraph.
The Germania manuscript corpus contains two primary variant readings of the name.
The most frequently occurring, Tuisto, is commonly connected to the Proto-Germanic
root *twai – "two" and its derivative *twis – "twice" or "doubled", thus giving Tuisto
the core meaning "double".

The second variant of the name, occurring originally in manuscript E, reads Tuisco. One
proposed etymology for this variant reconstructs a Proto-Germanic *tiwisko and
connects this with Proto-Germanic *Tiwaz, giving the meaning "son of Tiu". This
interpretation would thus make Tuisco the son of the sky-god (Proto-Indo-European
*Dyeus) and the earth-goddess.[1] 7

5 (in Dutch:) Vergeten woorden – Taaldacht : Tuw2 m., Tij2 1 God, Vader Hemel, Heer van Licht en Recht, de
oorspronkelijke Hoge God in het Germaanse volksgeloof, ew. °Dings/°Dijs • Fries Tij (in tiisdei), Engels Tue (in
Tuesday), Noors Ty, IJslands Týr • bijzonder gebruik van °tuw1/°tij1, in °Tuwsdag/°Tijsdag, vgl. °Met4 ‘Beschikker,
Ordenaar, Schepper, God’
6 Luwian deities (Luwian religion)
7 Tuisto
A comparison between the Hebrew, Roman and Germanic antipodes
Originally the chthonic deity TUISTO (Tuisto) and *TIWAZ may have been antipodes.
The Germanic antipodes TUÏSTO ↔ *TIWAZ correspond to the Roman antipodes DIÓUS ↔
DIUES and the Hebrew antipodes IEU ↔ IUE.
The following table illustrates the overview:
Language Sky symbols ↔ Chthonic / terrestrial symbols
Pentagram / theonym core ↔ Pentagram / theonym core
Hebrew IHV (sky) IHV ↔ IVH (terrestrial) IVH
Roman DIÓUS – PITĒR (Jupiter) IOU ↔ DIVES (DIS-PATER) IUE
Germanic *TIWAZ (Tiw/Tuw) IWA ↔ TUISTO UIO
Table 5 Comparison between the Hebrew, Roman and Germanic antipodes
In the Hebrew language the name-giving of the Great Name IHV may permutate two letters (H ↔
V): IHV (sky) → IVH (terrestrial or chthonic).
In Latin a similar permutation of two categories and letters (O en U) may be found: DIÓUS –
PITĒR (Jupiter) → DIVES (Dis-Pater).
In Germanic languages a similar permutation of two categories and letters (I and W) occurs:
*TIWAZ (Tiw/Tuw) → TUISTO.

The Germanic antipodes *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) ↔ *TUEIS (→ TUISTO?)


We may find a second Germanic antipodal couple of theonyms, which correlate to the Hebrew
permutations EIW ↔ UEI (in the Sepher Yetzirah representing the symbols for “east”, resp.
“west”):
• The Gothic theonym *TEIWS (later *TĪUS), which often is related to an alternative name
for the deity Týr or Tiw (and *TIWAZ)8.
• The West-Germanic Creator deity TUISTO or TUISCO, who is described by Tacitus.
We may now evaluate the validity of the antipodes EIW (“east”) and UEI (”west”) and the antipodal
relation between *TUEIS (as a predecessor for TUISTO?) and the Gothic *TEIWS.
In the following table the antipodes *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) ↔ *TUEIS (→ TUÏSTO?) are listed in
the 4th row. A simplified set of antipodes *TĪUS ↔ *TUÏS illustrates the basic antipodal structure:
Language Sky symbols ↔ Chthonic / terrestrial symbols
Pentagram / theonym core ↔ Pentagram / theonym core
1 Hebrew IHV (sky) IHV ↔ IVH (terrestrial) IVH
2 Roman DIÓUS – PITĒR (Jupiter) IOU ↔ DIVES (DIS-PATER) IUE
3 Germanic *TIWAZ (Tiw/Tuw) IWA ↔ TUISTO UIO

4 East ↔ West- *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) EIW ↔ *TUEIS (→ TUÏSTO?) UEI


5 Germanic *TĪUS IW *TUÏS UI
Table 6 Comparison between the Hebrew, Roman and Germanic antipodes

8 *Teiws (later *Tīus) (source: Týr - Wikipedia)


The additional attribute PITĒR for “Father”
The addition of the attribute PITĒR (“Father”) in the Latin sky-god *DIÓUS PITĒR and the
Sanskrit sky-god DYAUS PITAR results in two pairs of pentagrams.
These theonyms contain 3 letter-cores (JOU or YAU) respectively 5 letters (DYAUS, PITĒR,
DJOUS and PITAR), which according the Sepher Yetzirah symbolize the “universe”9.
A spreading of these pairs of pentagrams ranges from Sanskrit to the Roman empire and may
belong to the name-giving, which may have to be dated far before the introduction of the alphabet
and scripture.
Additional attributes PITĒR for “Father” may also be found in other word-compositions:
• In ancient Roman religion and mythology, LIBER ("the free one"), also known as LIBER
PATĒR ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and wine, fertility and freedom. He was
a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of their Aventine Triad (Ceres, Liber and
Libera)10.
• In ancient Roman religion and myth, JANUS (Latin: Ianus) is the god of beginnings, gates,
transitions, time, duality, doorways,[1] passages, frames, and endings. He is usually depicted
as having two faces. Other names are JANUSPATĒR ("Janus Father") and DIVUS DEÛM,
"the god of gods",11
• DYAUS or DYAUSPITAR (Devanagari द ष त, Dyáuṣpitṛṛ), is the Ṛgvedic sky deity. His
consort is Prithvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the
Ṛg·veda.
Dyauṣ stems from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyāṛ wš, from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE)
daylight-sky god *Dyēus, and is cognate with the Greek Zeus Patēr, Illyrian Dei-pátrous, or
Latin Jupiter (from an earlier *Djous patēr), stemming from the PIE Dyḗus ph₂tḗr
("Daylight-sky Father").[1] 12
• "MARS PATER" ("Mars the Father") is the form in which the god is invoked in the
agricultural prayer of Cato,[107] and he appears with this title in several other literary texts
and inscriptions.[108] Although pater and mater were fairly common as honorifics for a
deity,[113] any special claim for Mars as father of the Roman people lies in the mythic
genealogy that makes him the divine father of Romulus and Remus.[114]: Mars was the
father of Romulus and Remus by his rape of Rhea Silvia. 13
The respectable number of the honorable attributes “PATER” may be prioritized by the pentagrams
in *DIÓUS PITĒR, DYAUSPITAR and the Old-Norse word FAÐIR (father)

The other pentagrams


I was impressed by the respectable role of a number of pentagrams, which played a role in the
history of the Franks, who may have chosen the name FRANK (“free”) for their principal goal
(“freedom”) in their society. The Franks may have chosen a pentagram for their principal dynasty
from Clovis (Chlodovechus) (Ch)LOUIS onward. The details for this name-giving may be found in
the overview of the essays in the appendix14.

9 The Common Sky-god's Names in the PIE-Languages


10 Source: (Wikipedia) Liber
11 Source: (Wikipedia) Janus
12 Source: (Wikipedia) Dyaus
13 Source: (Wikipedia) Mars Pater
14 The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia
A 3-dimensional display of the Roman universe
In a 3-dimensional display of the archaic Mediterranean universe we may discover the location of
the Roman sky-god Jupiter (*DIÓUS PITĒR) and “Dis” (originally DIVES PATER). Jupiter may be
found in the sky above Rome and the deity DIS is located in Rome's subterranean terrain.
In analogy to the Hebrew universe (based on the permutations of the triad I H V) the three
dimensions of the universe are symbolized by permutations of the same letters I, H, V, in which the
triad I H V represents the sky or heaven (“height”) and the triad I V H the subterranean area or hell
(“depth”).
According to the Sepher Yetzirah the other 4 dimensions of the universe may be defined as East (H
I V), West (V H I), South (V I H) and North (H V I).

In the following sketch we also insert the Gothic name *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) in the east and the
antipodal *TUEIS (eventually → TUÏSTO?) in the west.
Of course these directions are only valid from a restricted center area in the neighborhood of a
habitation such as Rome or “Europe” as the Roman “world”.

Fig. 1: 3-dimensional image of the archaic Mediterranean universe


based on the Hebrew definitions I H V (sky), I V H (“depth”),
East (H I V), West (V H I), South (V I H) and North (H V I)
The antipodes East and West (?)
Studying a strange correlation between East (H I V) and West (V H I) I decided to check the
etymology for the words “east” and “west”.
• the East (H I V) starts with the leading letter E, which is equivalent tot the 1st letter HIV.
• the West (V H I) starts with the leading letter W, which is equivalent tot the 1st letter VHI.
Obviously the EAST ↔ WEST were antipodes, which may be reduced to AUST ↔ WEST.

The etymology of West


The origin of west is of uncertain origin:
Old English west (adv.) "in or toward the west, in a westerly direction," from Proto-
Germanic *west- (source also of Old Norse vestr, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Dutch
west, Old High German -west, only in compounds, German west), which is of uncertain
origin15.

The etymology of East


The origin of East may be reduced to *AUS- , which
Old English east, eastan (adj., adv.) "east, easterly, eastward;" easte (n.), from Proto-
Germanic *AUST- "east," literally "toward the sunrise" (source also of Old Frisian ast
"east," aster "eastward," Dutch oost Old Saxon ost, Old High German ostan, German
Ost, Old Norse AUSTR "from the east"), from PIE root *aus- (1) "to shine," especially
of the dawn. The east is the direction in which dawn breaks.

Reducing the antipodes EAST ↔ WEST to AUST ↔ WEST, abbreviated to: AU or WE, we may
correlate the antipode to: H I V ↔ V H I.
This evidence is not really convincing...

15 west | Origin and meaning of west by Online Etymology Dictionary


The vowels I, O, U in the Zohar
Restudying details in the role of the vowels I remembered the three Hebrew vowels Cholam (O),
Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I) in the Zohar. These are the symbols in the triad I H V of the sky and the
sky-god's description.
With the help of the 5 categories I understood the role of the 3 vowels I, O, U. The palatal I, the
guttural O and the labial U compose a Word J H V or in vowels: I O U.
According to the Sepher Yetzirah describes this triad as the Great Name of the Creator and
symbolizes the sky and the universe. Sepher Yetzirah defines the sequence I H V and also I O U as
“the sky”. We may also find this definition in the Zohar:
That supernal point, which is Arich Anpin, sowed inside the chamber which is Yisrael-
Saba and Tevunah the secret of the three vowels: Cholam (O), Shuruk (U) and Chirik
(I). So they are combined into one secret, a Voice that emerges from the joining of the
three vowels. When the voice came forth, its female counterpart came with it. She
included all the letters as it is written: "the heaven" (Beresheet 1:1); that is, the voice
and its Female principle. This voice, which is the secret of the heaven, is the last name
of Eheyeh, which is the brightness that contains all the letters and colors in this manner
16
.

The Creation starts with heaven and earth, as the initial activity in the Book Genesis (1:1) :
1In the beginning of God's creation of the heavens and the earth17.

The letters for heaven (IHV) and earth (IVH ?) are defined as follows:

Cholam (O)
The mater lectionis letter which is usually employed with holam is vav, although in a
few words, the letters alef or he are used instead of vav. When it is used with a mater
lectionis, the holam is called holam male (‫חולל ם למלא א‬, IPA: [χoˈlam maˈle], "full holam"),
and without it the holam is called holam haser (‫חולל ם חל סא ר‬, IPA: [χoˈlam χaˈser],
"deficient holam")18.

Shuruk (U)
The combination of the Hebrew letter ‫“( ו‬vav”) with a dagesh which represents the
vowel /u/19.

Chirik (I)
When writing with niqqud, the letter yud ⟨‫ ⟩י‬is often written after the letter that carries
the Hiriq sign. This is called ḥiriq male (Hebrew: ‫ יח ייריק למלא א‬IPA: [χiˈʁik maˈle]),
meaning "full" (or "plene") hiriq. In writing without niqqud, the letter yud is added
more often as a mater lectionis, than in writing with niqqud20.

16 Zohar by Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai (Genesis)


17 "the heaven" in (Beresheet 1:1) – Genesis - Chapter 1 (Parshah Bereishit)
18 Wikipedia: Holam
19 shuruk – Wiktionary
20 Wikipedia: Hiriq
The union of the male and female in the Zohar
The Zohar describes the heaven as the union of the male and female as follows:
Elohim's secret meaning is sustaining everything that exists below. The term "the
heaven" alludes to the union of the male and female, and it is forbidden to separate
them, but rather one should combine them, for they are the secret of the voice and the
utterance Yud Hei Vav Hei (YHVH) - Adonai, which are united into one21.

The central vowel Hei


The unifying theonym, the Word YHV(H), may be concentrating the central letter H as a sort of
glue between the elements Y (man) and V (woman).
The central vowel H is a guttural and may be replaced by another guttural A or O. The Hebrew
letter H represents a vowel E, which may have played a role in the Greek language.
In a few essays, dated between 2011 and 2014, I studied the vowel E respectively the word “Ei”,
which have been reported as decoration and message at the front side of the Apollo-temple in
Delphi:
• E - of the E-symbol Engraven Over the Gate of Apollos Temple at Delphi
• On the Symbolism of the Vowels A-E-I-O-U …
• The E-Inscription at the Omphalos of Delphi - Notes (1)
Originally the letter E must have been started as a wooden Sign “Ei of the Wise” at the front-side of
the temple. In the course of time the legendary letter E had to be been replaced by a bronze letter E,
which is recorded as a gift of Athenian citizens. Ultimately the bronze letter had been replaced by a
golden letter as a gift of Augustus Caesar's wife Livia (59 BC-AD 29)22.
As one of the priests of the Apollo-temple Plutarch (46-~120 AD) studied the “E” and the other
three inscriptions at the Apollo-temple in Delphi23.
Plutarch's description is completed with a number of coins of Faustina the Elder24), which depict the
letter “E” in Delphi at the entrance of the Apollo-temple25.
According to Gerald Massey (1828 -1907) the name IE is an alternative spelling of IAU26:
“It is the religious community, not the race, that will account for the Jews who emigrated to
the ends of the earth, and for the names of the Jewish god, who was the Egyptian Iu,
Phoenician Iao, Hebrew Iah, Assyrian Iau, Egypto-gnostic Ieou (greater and lesser),
Chinese Iaou, Polynesian Iho-Iho, Dyak Iaouh, Nicobar Islands Eewu, Mexican Ao, Toda
Au, Hungarian Iao, Manx Iee, Cornish Iau, Welsh Iau (greater and lesser), Hebrew Iao-
Sabaoth, Chaldean Iao-Heptaktis, Greek Ia, and IE27, Latin Jupiter and Jove. “
Massey's description seems to be correct, because the listed theonyms correspond to the vowels in
the triad I H V as a reference to the sky and the sky-god.

21 Zohar by Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai (Genesis)


22 58 BC-AD 29
23 De E Delphico, De Pythiae oraculis, De defectu oraculorum
24 Faustina the Elder AD 100 - 141 – wife of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius .
25 see the coin in the document : Over de letter "E" in Delphi. Plutarchus, ong. 46 - 120 n. C).
26 Source: Ancient Egypt – The Light of the World (Vol. 1-page 501, 1907) door Gerald Massey
27 This probably correlates to the word EI and the letter E at Apollo's temple as described by Plutarch in Of the word
EI engraven over the gate of apollo's temple at delphi. - The Morals, vol. 4
see the details and the image in : E - of the E-symbol Engraven Over the Gate of Apollos Temple at Delphi
Diversification of the central vowels
In the course of time the central letter develops from an archaic A to the terminal letter O. These
vowels belong to the gutturals. The palatal I and labial U do not belong to the gutturals.
1. Initially the central vowel DIAUS had been restricted to the archaic A.
2. In the course of time the central vowel of the Greek sky-god Zeus (from DYEUS) was to be
modified to another guttural E. The Greek inhabitants of the colony Marseille may have
inherited the E and initiated the Provencal / French theonym DIEU.
3. In Rome the letter E may have been replaced by an O in Jupiter (*DJOUS PITĒR).
The following table illustrated the development for a few relevant theonyms:
No. Deity Central vowel Language Theonym
Dyḗus ph₂tḗr Ḗ PIE DYḖUS PH₂TḖR
1 Diaus Á Sanskrit DIÁUS PITAR
2 Zeus É Greek DYÉUS PATER
3 Jupiter Ó Latin *DIÓUS PITĒR
Table 7 Diversification of the central vowels
If the sequence A → E → O describes the order the Luwian deity TATIS TIWAZ (Father Tiwad) is
elder than DYEUS PATER28 and the Latin *DJOUS PITĒR, which suggests a A-E-O-order as
follows:

Language Deity Core Pentagrams


1 PIE Dyḗus ph₂tḗr Ḗ DYḖUS PH₂TḖR

2 Sanskrit Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ Á DYAUS PITAR


3 Luwian Tatis Tiwaz (Tiwad) Á TATIS TIWAZ
4 Greek Zeus (Grieks: Ζεύς) É DYEUS ΠΆΤΕΡ
5 Latin Jupiter Ó *DIÓUS PITĒR
Table 8 The sky-gods in the order A-E-O and the attribute “Father”

28 Pater means father. A quick and dirty translation of the phrase would be father Zeus, and yes, it does appear in
ancient Greek sources. eg: "Ὑπερβίῳ δὲ Ζεὺς πατὴρ ἐπ᾽ ἀσπίδος..." - Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes, line 512.
– yannis ♦ May 10 '17 at 23:13 (Source: Does the phrase "Zeus Pater" appear in ancient Greek sources?)
The personal pronouns of the 1st person singular
In a number of languages the personal pronouns of the 1 st person singular form a subset of three
vowels which is extracted from the theonym's name. We may check and test these rules at the
Provencal words DIÉU and IÉU.
For unknown reasons the Latin personal pronouns “EGO” is replaced by “IO” in Italian language.
The modern Italian theonym is “DIO”, which may be related to the Latin word “DIÓUS”. In Latin
the corresponding pronoun should be spelled “IÓU” instead of “EGO”.
These archaic personal pronouns (jau, jou, jeu, etc.) are still in use in the most remote Alpine
valleys. In the catholic diocese Chur in Graubünden we may find a great number of ego-pronouns.
In the Val Müstair (Münstertal) we may hear the dialect Jauer, which is named after the personal
pronoun ”jau” (“I”). In an overview of the Romansh languages (Jauer, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan,
Surmiran, Putèr and Vallader) we may find the following personal pronouns:
Language / Region /Idiom Personal pronoun
dialect of the 1st person singular

Jauer Münstertalerisch JAU JAU


Sursilvan Surselvisch/Oberländisch JEU JEU
Sutsilvan Sutselvisch JOU JOU
Surmiran Surmeirisch IA IA
Putèr Oberengadinisch EAU EAU
Vallader Unterengadinisch EU EU
Table 9 Personal pronounof the 1st person singular of the Romansh languages

The development of the Germanic pronouns IÓHU → IH → ICH → IK


In analogy to DIÉU a diaeresis at the letter Ó may be required to avoid the pronunciation of a
digraph. The separation at the diaeresis in “DIÓUS” seems to insert an auxiliary vowel “h” in
“DIÓhUS”, which may cause the introduction of an auxiliary sound “H” in the theonym
“DIÓHUS” and the personal pronoun of the first person IÓHU.
This extra guttural “H” may spread from the Swiss Graubünden to the north where it enters the
Germanic languages. An abbreviation transforms IÓHU to IH, which may be found as a personal
pronoun of the 1st person in dialects (Swabian and Bavarian) in South-Germany.
Northwards the personal pronoun IH transforms to ICH and morthwestwards the Dutch IC and IK.
In this mechanism the “C” and “K” just followed the derivation-chain: DIÓUS → DIÓhUS →
IÓHU → IH → ICH → IC → IK.
The metaphors for the first words
According to Guy Deutscher the words are composed as metaphors29. New words must be invented
from experienced samples which are observed in our environment. Our fantasy cannot help us to
define words.
This idea seems to be modified for some pentagrams, which are composed from the available
alphabetical symbols. In the absence of an alphabet we may be restricted to use the five
fundamental phonetic sources: the tongue, the lips, the throat with the vocal cords, the palate and
the teeth, which may be represented by the 5 universal basic sounds D, I, A, U, S in a number of
languages.
Initially fundamental sounds (including their corresponding alphabetical letters) may be chosen to
represent symbolic elements such as “Y” or “I” as “a man” and “U” as “a woman”.
In this case we may define letter-combinations as YHV, respectively YHVH as a “sky” of “union of
the male and female”30, in which “Y” represents the “male” and “U” the “female”.
The 5-letter words for the sky (resp. heaven and the theonym) DIAUS do not restrict their
symbolism to the subsets YHV, respectively YHVH as a “heaven” of “union of the male and
female”, but also to “Y” as “male” and “U” as “female”.
In an initial definition the fundamental symbols are restricted to simplified metaphors such as “Y”
as “male” and “U” as “female”.
From here the dictionary may build a hierarchical structure of letters and words, in which the
fundamental symbols “Y” as “male” and “U” as “female” will gradually be replaced by more
complex metaphors such as “man” resp. “woman”.
The following list of ca. 200 pentagrams represents an overview of interesting words, which by
deteriorations accidentally may have transformed to pentagrams. Other words such as royal names
and symbols for freedom may deliberated have been composed as pentagrams.
In the following overview a number of pentagrams may be analyzed for their etymology and their
role in historical events.

29 in the book The Unfolding Of Language: The Evolution of Mankind`s greatest Invention
30 The term "the heaven" alludes to the union of the male and female, and it is forbidden to separate them, but rather
one should combine them, for they are the secret of the voice and the utterance Yud Hei Vav Hei (YHVH) - Adonai,
which are united into one.
The age of pentagrams31
The following sketch illustrates the dual concepts of the archaic pentagrams DIAUS PITAR and
*DJOUS PITER, in which the sky-god is attributed with the title “father”. Probably the pentagrams
PITAR or PITER may be as old as the sky-god's name DIAUS.
The following table suggests a few historical and geographical determinations for relevant
pentagrams:
Date Original Erosion Source Language
1500 BCE DIAUS PITAR DIAUS PITAR Dyaúh pitá Sanskrit
1500 BCE PITAR FATHER pitá Sanskrit
1250 BCE SPANIA SPAIN Rocks of Gibraltar Phoenician
SPĪNA SPĪNE pillar of the world
715–673 BC SABIN SABIJN (?) Sabine Sabine
715–673 BC IANUS JANUS Janus -god of the beginning Latin
and end
715–673 BC *DJOUS PITER JU-PITER Jupiter Latin
First temple 509 BCE
493 BCE LIBER PATER LIBER PATER ludi scaenici Latin
(religious dramas)
200 - 400 AD TIVAR, *TEIWS TIW, TÝR *Tīwaz Germanic
Gothic
286 AD FRANC FRANC Origins Salian Franks Frankish
FRANK FRANK
438 – 477 BESIN BESIN king Bisinus & Frankish
BASIN(A) BASIN(A) Basina v. Thuringia
466 AD (Ch)LODOVECH (Ch)LOUIS Clovis I (c. 466–511) Frankish
718 AD CHURL KAREL Charles Martel English
CAROLINGIAN CHARLES Carolingians Frankish
800 AD KAROLVS KAREL Charles I the Great Latin
814 AD LOUIS LOUIS the Louis the Pious, Emperor Latin
PIOUS and King of the Franks from
….. …. …. 814 to his death
LOUIS XIX of LOUIS XIX of → LOUIS XIX of France
France, King of France, King and Navarre for twenty
1830 AD France of France minutes in 1830 before his
abdication

Table 10 The age of pentagrams

31 Source: Pentagrams as a Protection against Linguistic Erosion


Dyáuṣpitṛṛ
The combination DIAUS-PITAR of the sky-god and the “Father”-label is found in the 1,028 hymns
(sūkta) of the Rigveda, the principal text of the historical Vedic religion of the Vedic period (1500–
500 BCE). Both elements are perfect pentagrams.
Dyaus or DIAUS-PITAR (Devanagari द ष त, Dyáuṣpitṛṛ), is the Ṛgvedic sky deity. His
consort is Prithvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the
Ṛg·veda. In the Ṛg·veda, Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ appears in verses 1.89.4, 1.90.7, 1.164.33, 1.191.6,
4.1.10. and 4.17.4[4] He is also referred to under different theonyms: Dyavaprithvi, for
example, is a dvandva compound combining 'heaven' and 'earth' as Dyauṣ and Prithvi. 32

Spain
SPAIN had been interpreted as the “pillar” or backbone of the sky. The Phoenicians traveled the
Atlantic Ocean and named this backbone SPANIA, which is preserved in the pentagrams of
numerous languages:
The origins of the Roman name Hispania, and the modern España, are uncertain,
although the Phoenicians and Carthaginians referred to the region as SPANIA, therefore
the most widely accepted etymology is a Semitic-[22] one. There have been a number
of accounts and hypotheses of its origin. There is the claim that "Hispania" derives from
the Basque word Ezpanna meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that
the Iberian Peninsula constitutes the southwest corner of the European continent.[27] 33

Sabin
Numa Pompilius was of Sabine origin and instituted a number of fundamental temples and divine
names such as IANUS.
Numa Pompilius (753–673 BC; reigned 715–673 BC) was the legendary second king of
Rome,[1] succeeding Romulus after a one-year interregnum.[2] He was of SABINE
origin, and many of Rome's most important religious and political institutions are
attributed to him, such as the Roman Calendar, Vestal Virgins, the cult of Mars, the cult
of JU-PITER, the cult of Romulus, and the office of Pontifex Maximus.[2] 34

Janus
Obviously IANUS and JU-PITER had been installed at the same episode of Roman history. At the
beginning Ianus was supposed to be the highest divinity.
Numa (715–673 BC) in his regulation of the Roman calendar called the first month
Januarius after Janus, according to tradition considered the highest divinity at the time.
Numa also built the Ianus geminus (also IANUS Bifrons, IANUS Quirinus or Portae
Belli), a passage ritually opened at times of war, and shut again when Roman arms
rested.[51]

32 Source: Dyaus
33 Source: Etymology (Spain)
34 Source: Numa
Jupiter
In contrast to *DJOUS "day, sky" + *PATĒR "father" I would translate the second section "father"
as a pentagram “PITER” instead of *PATĒR:
Jupiter (from Latin: Iūpiter [ˈjuːpɪtɛr] or Iuppiter [ˈjʊpːɪtɛr],[11] from Proto-Italic
*DJOUS "day, sky" + * PATĒR "father", thus "sky father"),[12] also known as JOVE
(gen. IOVIS [ˈjɔwɪs]), is the god of the sky and thunder and king of the gods in Ancient
Roman religion and mythology.

In Roman mythology, he negotiates with Numa Pompilius (reigned 715–673 BC) , the second king
of Rome, to establish principles of Roman religion such as offering, or sacrifice.

The God Liber for the Roman plebs


In the Roman empire the plebs honored their own deity LIBER PATER (“the free Father”), which
may have inspired Germanic tribes to introduce a similar symbol FRANK for freedom.
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Liber (/ˈlaɪbər/ LY-bər, Latin: [ˈliːbɛr]; "the
free one"), also known as LIBER PATER ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture
and wine, fertility and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part
of their Aventine Triad. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free
speech and the rights attached to coming of age. His cult and functions were
increasingly associated with Romanised forms of the Greek Dionysus/Bacchus, whose
mythology he came to share.[1]

LIBER entered Rome's historical tradition soon after the overthrow of the Roman
monarchy, the establishment of the Republic and the first of many threatened or actual
plebeian secessions from Rome's patrician authority. According to Livy, the dictator A.
Postumius vowed games (ludi) and a joint public temple to a Triad of Ceres, Liber and
Libera on Rome's Aventine Hill, c.496 BC.[5] In 493 the vow was fulfilled: the new
Aventine temple was dedicated and ludi scaenici (religious dramas) were held in honor
of LIBER, for the benefit of the Roman people. These early ludi scaenici have been
suggested as the earliest of their kind in Rome, and may represent the earliest official
festival to LIBER, or an early form of his Liberalia festival.[6]35

Tivar
TIVAR is the perfect pentagram, which was to be abbreviated to TĪG, TĪǷ, TIW and TÝR. The
analog Gothic name is a perfect pentagram *TEIWS (later *TĪUS).
The Old Norse theonym Týr stems from an earlier Proto-Norse form reconstructed as
*TĪWAƦ,[2] which derives – like its Germanic cognates TĪG, TĪǷ (Old English) and
*Ziu (Old High German) – from the Proto-Germanic theonym *TĪWAZ, meaning '(the)
God'.[3] The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) may also be
reconstructed based on the associated rune tyz.[2][4]

Týr is the eponym of the Tiwaz rune (ᛏ), a letter of the runic alphabet corresponding to
the Latin letter T. 36

35 Source: Liber
36 Source: Etymology (Týr)
Tiwaz rune was an ideographic symbol for a spear (SPĪNA). TĪWAZ is mentioned in all three rune
poems (Old Norwegian, Old Icelandic and Old English). In the Icelandic and Norwegian poems, the
rune is associated with the god TÝR.
• The charm (alu) on the Lindholm amulet, dated from the 2nd to the 4th century,
contains three consecutive t runes, which have been interpreted as an invocation of
Týr.[6]

• The Kylver Stone (400 AD, Gotland) features 8 stacked Tiwaz runes at the end of an
Elder Futhark inscription.

• From 500 AD, a Scandinavian C-bracteate (Seeland-II-C) features an Elder Futhark


inscription ending with three stacked Tiwaz runes.37

Therefore the TĪWAZ-symbol may be dated from the 2nd to the 4th century.
It stems from Proto-Indo-European *deywós, meaning 'celestial, heavenly one', hence a
'god' (cf. Sanskrit devá 'heavenly, divine', Old Lithuanian deivas, Latin deus 'a god,
deity'), itself a derivation from *dyēus, meaning 'diurnal sky', hence 'daylight-sky god'
(cf. Sanskrit Dyáuṣ, Greek Zeus, Latin Jove).[10][11][12] The Germanic noun *tīwaz is
further attested in the Finnic loanword teivas, found as a suffix in the deities
Runkoteivas [fi] and Rukotiivo.[2] 38

The Salian Franks


The Frankish dynasty inherited the remains of the Roman empire to reorganize their environment.
The name FRANK probably may be translated as “free”.
The Salians, unlike other Franks, first appear living inside the Roman Empire, living in
the Rhine delta in the modern Netherlands.

The first mention of FRANKS in the area was about 286 AD, during the reign of
emperor Probus (276–282), when Carausius was put in charge of defending the coasts
of the Straits of Dover against Saxon and Frankish pirates.[7]

Basina
The legendary queen BASIN(A) (Basina, c. 438 – 477) left her husband, king Bisinus and went to
Roman Gaul. She herself took the initiative to ask for the hand of Childeric I, king of the Franks,
and married him. For as she herself said, "I want to have the most powerful man in the world, even
if I have to cross the ocean for him".[1] She is the mother of the man who is remembered as the
founder of the Frankish realm and modern France. She and her husband Childeric named their son
Chlodovech, but he is more well known under his Latinised name, Clovis I.
According to Gregory of Tours, Childeric was exiled at some point, the reason being
given as Frankish unhappiness with Childeric's debauchery and his seduction of the
daughters of his subjects. Childeric spent eight years in exile in "Thuringia" waiting to
make a return.[6] In the meantime, according to Gregory, Aegidius himself took up the
title of king of the Franks. Upon his return Childeric was joined by the wife of his host,
Queen BASIN(A), who bore Childeric his son CLOVIS.[7]

37 Source: Tiwaz_(rune)
38 Source: Etymology (Týr)
Clovis I
The essay The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia describes the composition of the royal
name Clovis (c. 466–511) who received his name (In Frankish: *HLŌDOWIK , *HLŪDAWĪG or
*Hlōdowig, Latin: Chlodovechus), which is interpreted as the root (Ch)LOUIS for the royal dynasty
LOUIS.
This name derives from the Old High German name “Chlodowich and Chlodovech”,
composed of two elements: “*HLŪDAZ”, meaning (to hear, loud, sound, noise /
famous) and “WĪG”, meaning (fight, battle, fighter, able to fight). The name means
“glorious in battle, famous warrior”. Directly from the root of the name derives, for
example, “LŪDWĪG” and from “(Ch)LODOVECH”, for example, derive the masculine
form “CLOVIS and Clodoveo”. CLOVIS I, “Latinized form Chlodovech”, king of the
Franks and ruler of much of Gaul from 481 to 511, a key period during the
transformation of the Roman Empire into Europe. His dynasty, the Merovingians,
survived more than 200 years, until the rise of the Carolingians in the 8th century. While
he was not the first Frankish king, he was the kingdom’s political and religious
founder.39

Numerous Frankish and French royals inherited this pentagram. The royal pentagram LOUIS did
not deteriorate by linguistic erosion.

Karel Martel
The Carolingian dynasty takes its name from CAROLVS, the Latinised name of Charles
Martel (“the hammer”), de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death.[3] The name
"CAROLINGIAN" (Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old
High German word karling or kerling, meaning "descendant of Charles" cf. MHG
kerlinc)[4][5] means "the family of Charles."[6]

The name KAROL or KAREL may have been cognate to Ceorl or Churl (the lowest rank of a
freemen).
A churl (Old High German karal), in its earliest Old English (Anglo-Saxon) meaning, was
simply "a man" or more particularly a "husband", [1] but the word soon came to mean "a non-
servile peasant", still spelled ċeorl(e), and denoting the lowest rank of freemen. According to
the Oxford English Dictionary, it later came to mean the opposite of nobility and royalty, "a
common person". Says Chadwick:[2]

we find that the distinction between thegn and ceorl is from the time of
Aethelstan the broad line of demarcation between the classes of society.

39 Chlodovechus - Name's Meaning of Chlodovechus - Name Doctor


Charlemagne
In the monogram of Charlemagne the Latin name is spelled “KAROLVS”. According to the
classification of the Hebrew alphabet this name contains a palatal K, guttural A, dental R, lingual L
and labial V, which may have contributed to the maintenance of the Frankish dynasty. In signing
the monogram KAROLVS only added the small V inside the O-center of the monogram.

Fig. 2 Monogram of Charlemagne, from the subscription of a royal diploma


"Signum KAROLVS Caroli gloriosissimi regis"
Source: Karldergrossesignatur.jpg (public domain)
Urkunde vom 31. August 790 aus Müller-Baden, Emanuel (Hrsg.): Bibliothek des allgemeinen und praktischen
Wissens, Bd. 2. - Berlin, Leipzig, Wien, Stuttgart: Deutsches Verlaghaus Bong & Co, 1904. - 1. Aufl.

During the Early Middle Ages, KAROLVS the Great united the majority of western and central
Europe. He was the first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe since the fall of the
Western Roman Empire around three centuries earlier.[5] The expanded Frankish state that
Charlemagne founded is called the Carolingian Empire.
The role of the letter-classification played an important role in all compositions of royal and divine
names of predecessors, such as CLOVIS (ChLODOWIG) and descendants such as Lewis (LEWIS,
English), Louis (LOUIS, French), Lodewijk (LODEWIJK, Dutch) and Ludwig (LUDWIG,
German)40.

40 The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia


Louis
The etymology may also be a pentagram, which refers to the original names FRANK, BASIN(A),
CLOVIS and KAROLVS.
Louis is the French form of the Old Frankish given name Chlodowig and one of two
English forms,[1] the other being Lewis (/ˈluːɪs/). The Frankish name is composed of
the words for "fame" (hlōd) and "warrior" (wīg) which may be translated to famous
warrior or "famous in battle".[2] 41

There is an incredible number of the name Louis, which is listed in Wikipedia's overview titled:
Louis (given name) - Royalty:

Category Persons Episode


5.1 Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of Germany 6 Louis the Pious (814) → Louis IV,
Holy Roman Emperor (1347)
5.2 Kings of France 19 814-1830
5.3 Other French royalty 12 → 1830
5.4 Kings of Etruria 2 → 1849
5.5 Kings of Holland 2 → 1810
5.6 Kings of Hungary 2 → 1526
5.7 King of Portugal 1 → 1889
5.8 King of Spain 1
5.9 Princes of Monaco 2 → 1949
5.10 Princes of the United Kingdom 1 b. 23 April 2018
5.11 Dukes and Kings of Bavaria 13 → 1918
5.12 Grand-Duke of Berg 1 1809-1813
5.13 Grand-Dukes of Hesse 4
5.14 Duke of Savoy 1 1440-1465
5.15 Duke of Württemberg 1
5.16 Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 1
Table 11 Overview of the royal names Louis (given name) (from: Royalty in Wikipedia)

41 Louis (given name)


Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar42
In the appendix 4 the notes are included in their original structure and contents of 2014. In this
chapter the category of the relevant letters (such as the three basic vowels I, O, U) are highlighted.
The following notes are documented in: Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar (2014).
Quotations may be found in the full text of "The Zohar Aramaic English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses
De León".
The Zohar first appeared in Spain, then the Kingdom of León, in the 13th century. It
was published by a Jewish writer named Moses de León (c. 1240–1305). De León
ascribed the work to Shimon bar Yochai ("the Rashbi"), a tanna active after the Siege of
Jerusalem (70 CE).43

Intro
From earlier studies the vowels had been proven the most important symbolism-carriers. Therefore
I decided to investigate the vowel-oriented issues in the Zohar44.
The Zohar's explanation of the intonations, vowels (points), and letters is given in the following
comment section:
The relationship between the Hebrew letters, vowels (points) and intonations are
explained in terms of their spiritual significance. The Zohar tells us that the letters,
vowels and intonations are not merely the building the blocks of language. They are the
building blocks of the entire cosmos. They are the sounds of creation, the forces by
which stars and planets are constructed, and by which physical and metaphysical worlds
are erected.

Just as a human voice in song can shatter glass and evoke tears, the Hebrew alphabet
affects both physical and spiritual realities. We can set these forces in motion by
meditatively scanning the very letters that speak of the secrets of the letters themselves.
By so doing, we can draw spiritual sustenance and Light into our daily lives.45

This documents illustrates my interpretation based on the Zohar's translations into English and
German. Quotations have been capitalized as listed in the source file, but the relevant keywords
have been highlighted.
The Hebrew of the late centuries BC and early centuries AD had a system with five phonemic long
vowels [aː eː iː oː uː] and five short vowels [a e i o u]. Of these vowels a subset I, O, U and Hei
intensely has been used for symbolism, which is explained in the Zohar.
Most of the symbolism refers to the creation phase, in which words are being generated by
combining letters. The three basic vowels I, O, U also refer to three pillars, which represent gender,
planets, colors, etc.
There is a striking correlation to the IOU-root for the central Roman god Jupiter. The words ius,
pius (pious), justice, judge, iugum, yoke, etc., which may relate to Jupiter, belong to derived
subsets of the IU-words.

42 Source: Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar ( jwr47 , dated: 14-10-2014, 14:03:25)
43 Source: Zohar
44 Source and numbering refer to the pdf-web document Zohar-Aramaic-English-Bilingual
45 Full text of "The Zohar Aramaic English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses De León"
References for the vowel Hei to West-European languages exist in the categories: ǣw (“custom,
tradition, law”) which has been derived from Proto-Germanic *aiwō, *aiwaz (“law”), from Proto-
Indo-European *oiw- (OIW) (“custom, tradition, law”). Cognate with Old Saxon êo, Ol Frisian
ewa, êwe, ê, â, Old German êwa, êha, êa, ê (German Ehe → Matrimony). Even “heaven” may be
correlating to the vowel “Hei”.

Short overview

Cholam (O), Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I)


The Yud represents three dots – representing 3 columns, expanding to 9 vowels. Of these 9 vowels
in the Thorah the vowels Cholam (O), Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I) form the holy seed, which is the
core element for the central pillar, foundation (Yesod) of the world, surrounded by the right (male),
respectively the left (female) column.
The sun and the moon have been used to represent the male and the female elements in matrimony.
Matrimony involves the symbolic mating of the vowels shuruk (female, left column, U) and chirik
(male, right column, I).
The English words for night [Hebrew: kara] seem to have been shaped by negating the light
[Hebrew: vayikra]. In Hebrew the contrast has been symbolized by subtracting two vowels Yud
[j]46 and Vav [w]47 from the light (day) [vayikra48] to form the word for the night [kara] “he called
(kara) night”. The light had been delivered by two sources, symbolized by Vav and Yud.

Hei
One of the basic principles is the particle “Et” (the) as a set combining the complete alphabet,
represented by the initial letter Aleph and the terminal letter Tav.
Adding a letter Hei to words symbolizes a union between objects: wherever male and female are
separate, the letter Hei cannot be found. Adding a letter Hei to the set of the complete alphabet
(Aleph->Tav) symbolizes Atah (a singular “you”49). The addition of Hei changes life (chai) to
animal (chayah).
The Hebrew letter Hei directly seemed to have been copied from Hebrew to the German language,
especially in “Heirat” (German: “marriage”) and Ehe” (German: “matrimony”). The correlation
between the vowel Hei and “ewig” (German for “eternal”) and “eeuwig” (Dutch for “eternal”)
seems to be obvious:
ǣw (“custom, tradition, law”) has been derived from Proto-Germanic *aiwō, *aiwaz
(“law”), from Proto-Indo-European *oiw- (OIW, “custom, tradition, law”). Cognate
with Old Saxon êo, Ol Frisian ewa, êwe, ê, â, Old German êwa, êha, êa, ê (German Ehe
→ Matrimony).50

The Tetragrammaton Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei refers to “Heaven51” - the matrimonial union of male


(chirik - I) and female (shuruk - U), which cannot be divorced. The basic principles of male (chirik
- I) and female (shuruk – U), combined with the Hebrew letter Hei symbolizes an eternal
matrimonial union I & U.
46 Yud [j] - Yodh
47 Vav [w], or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see mater lectionis)
48 "And Elohim called (Heb. Vayikra) the Light Day"
49 Ernst Müller specifies for this section a singular version for “you”
50 æ: meaning, origin, synonyms
51 The modern English word heaven (“sky”) is derived from the earlier (Middle English) heven (attested 1159); this in
turn was developed from the previous Old English form heofon. In many languages, the word for "heaven" is the
same as the word for "sky".
In this system the basic elements of the creation have been represented by vowels I, U, H, which
may be derived from the Tetragrammaton Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei:
• Chirik – I for the male sun,
• Shuruk – U for the female moon
• Hei – H for the eternal matrimonial link between I and U. The Hebrew letter Hei may have
been applied to define “heaven” (“the sky”) as a symbolic link between the sun (I) and the
moon (U).

Overview of the most relevant vowels


The Sepher Yetzirah documents the Hebrew definitions I H V (sky), I V H (“depth”), East (H I V),
West (V H I), South (V I H) and North (H V I), which may be included in the first column:

Sepher Yetzirah direction Element Vowel Column Sefirah Metal


HVI North Fire Shuruk (U) - moon Left column Gvurah gold
HIV East Air Chririk (I) - sun Central column Tiferet silver
VIH South Water Cholam (O) Right column Chesed brass
VHI West Earth - - Malchut iron
Table 12 Definitions according to the Sepher Yetzirah and
The Zohar Aramaic (English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses De León)

The table indicates a strange and compact composition of singular vowels I (the male sun), H and
V (the female moon), the columns, the sefirah, the metals (gold, silver, brass and iron), the elements
(fire, air, water and earth) and the universe (North, East, South and West including the codes in the
Sepher Yetzirah).
Traces of the Antipodes in the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Triads
At the 5th of November 2021 we went to Bavaria to visit and study the ancient Roman city of
Kempten (Latin: Cambodunum). The area was possibly settled originally by Celts, but was later
taken over by the Romans, who called the town Cambodunum. Kempten is the oldest urban
settlement (town) in Germany.[3] The city possibly served as provincial capital of Raetia during the
first century before Augsburg took over this role.
The Greek geographer Strabo mentions in 50 BC a polis (town) of the Celtic Estiones
named Kambodunon. This is considered the oldest written reference of any German city.
So far no archaeological evidence could be found that this Celtic settlement really
existed.52

At the location of the Roman polis a number of concrete buildings had been excavated. In the
excavations we may discern three main locations: the forum, the protected temple area and the
thermae. Also the main axes (the cardo and decumanus) had been identified.
In the sacred area the archaeologists reconstructed a few temples for the minor deities Mercury,
Heracles and the Celtic goddess Epona53. Only the Roman priest had an access to these temples.
According to the description the Capitoline Latin Triad “Jupiter, Juno and Minerva” had been
honored at the forum (All fora would have a Temple of Jupiter at the north end). The Temple of
Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill was the oldest large temple in Rome, dedicated to
the Capitoline Triad consisting of Jupiter and his companion deities, Juno and Minerva,

For my studies I decided to inspect the name Minerva, which in analogy to Jupiter also might have
been composed as a pentagram. The name Minerva seems to be inherited from the Etruscans, who
named the goddess MENRVA. In this name MENRVA the missing letter I may be inserted to turn
the name MENRVA into MENIRVA, which seems to be a suitable predecessor for the Roman
Minerva (MINERVA). I now decided to list a number of archaic triads from the beginning of the
scripture.
Minerva ( Etruscan: Menrva) is the Roman goddess of wisdom and strategic warfare,
justice, law, victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. Minerva is not a patron
of violence such as Mars, but of defensive war only.[2] From the second century BC
onward, the Romans equated her with the Greek goddess Athena.[3] Minerva is one of
the three Roman deities in the Capitoline Triad, along with Jupiter and Juno.

MINERVA of Menerva was the virgin goddess of music, poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce,
weaving, and the crafts.[4]
She is often depicted with her sacred creature, an owl usually named as the "owl of
Minerva",[5] which symbolised her association with wisdom and knowledge as well as,
less frequently, the snake and the olive tree. 54

The name Minerva stems from Proto-Italic *meneswo' ('intelligent, understanding'), and
ultimately from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *MENOS ('thought'). Helmut Rix (1981)
and Gerhard Meiser (1998) have proposed the PIE derivative *menes-ueh₂ ('provided
with a mind, intelligent') as the transitional form.[8] 55

52 Pre-Roman (History of Kempten)


53 Archäologischer Park Cambodunum
54 Minerva
55 Etymology Minerva
The root *MENOS ('thought') may correlate with MINOS. The etymology of Minos is undefined:
"MINOS" is often interpreted as the Cretan word for "king",[2] or, by a euhemerist
interpretation, the name of a particular king that was subsequently used as a title. 56

There is a name in Minoan Linear A mi-nu-te that may be related to MINOS. 57

Jupiter had to swallow wisdom, named Metis (METIS):

Following the Greek myths around Athena, she was born of Metis (METIS), who had
been swallowed by Jupiter, and burst from her father's head, fully armed and clad in
armour.[9] Jupiter raped the titaness METIS. 58

Minerva's festival Quinquatrus is described as follows:


The Romans celebrated her festival from March 19 to March 23 during the day which is
called, in the neuter plural, Quinquatria, the fifth day after the Ides of March, the
nineteenth, an artisans' holiday.

According to Varro,[1] it was so-called because it was held on the fifth (quinqu-) day
after the Ides, in the same way as the Tusculans called a festival on the sixth day after
the Ides Sexatrus or one on the seventh Septimatrus.[2] Both Varro and Festus state that
the Quinquatrus was celebrated for only one day, but Ovid[3] says that it was celebrated
for five days, hence the name: on the first day no blood was shed, but that on the last
four there were contests of gladiators. The first day was the festival proper, and that the
following four were an expansion made perhaps in the time of Caesar to gratify the
people. The ancient Roman religious calendars assign only one day to the festival.59

56 Minos Etymology
57 Minos Other connections
58 Origin
59 Quinquatria
An overview of the various antipodes in the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Triads
The following table lists the various antipodes (father ↔ mothers, son, predecessor or consorts) in
the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Triads. Most entries are composed from the 5 phonetic categories.
• The archaic name of “father” Zeus (*Dii ēus) may have been composed from one of the
Mycenaean Greek words DI-WE or DI-WO. His consort may have been “mother DE” (De-
meter), whose original name may have been composed as the Old-Norse móðir (“mother”,
“MÓÐIR”).
• As an Hellenic sky-god “father” Zeus (*Dii ēus) *DYEUS PH2TĒR is known to have been
“impregnated” with Metis (Μῆτις - METIS - “wisdom”) and Thémis (Θέμις - ThÉMIS -
“justice”).
• The Etruscan Trinity is composed with three deities: TINIA - UNI - MENRVA, in which
only the third name may be interpreted as MENIRVA as a predecessor for the Roman
Minerva (MINERVA).
• The archaic Latin Triad “Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus” may have been interpreted as
(*DJOUS "day, sky" + *PITER "father"), Mars (?) and Quirinus (JANUS).
• The Capitoline Latin Triad “Jupiter, Juno and Minerva” may have been interpreted as
(*DJOUS "day, sky" + *PITER "father"), Junos IUNO(S) and Minerva (MINERVA,
“wisdom”).
• The Aventine Latin Triad “Liber, Libera, Ceres” may have been interpreted as “LIBER
("the free”) + *PITER ("father"), Libera (LIBERA) and DE (De-meter), whose original
name may have been composed as the Old-Norse móðir (“mother”, “MÓÐIR”).

Triad Triad #1 (“Father”) #2 (“Mother”) #3 (“Child”)


language name (or “consort”) (or “consort”)
Greek archaic Zeus (*Dii ēus) De-meter KORE
*DYEUS PH2TĒR ("Sky Father").[21][22]. (“MOThER”) Persephone
Mycenaean Greek DI-WE / DI-WO → móðir (“daughter”)
(“MÓÐIR”)
Greek consorts Zeus (*Dii ēus) Metis (Μῆτις) Thémis (Θέμις)
*DYEUS PH2TĒR ("Sky Father").[21][22]. METIS ThÉMIS
Mycenaean Greek DI-WE / DI-WO (“wisdom”) (“justice”)
1st consort 2nd consort
Etruscan “Trinity” TINIA UNI MENRVA
→ IUNO(S) →MENIRVA
Roman Archaic Jupiter Mars (?) Quirinus (JANUS)
(*DJOUS "day, sky" + *PITER "father") (Jupiter's son) (predecessor)
Roman Capitoline Jupiter Juno Minerva (wisdom)
(royals) (*DJOUS "day, sky" + *PITER "father") IUNO(S) MINERVA
Roman Aventine Liber Pater Libera Ceres (De-meter)
(plebs) LIBER ("the free”) + *PITER ("father") LIBERA (“MÓÐIR”)

Table 13 Overview of the Greek, Etruscan and Roman gods (and their triads)
As a result we may identify the correlation between the Roman MINERVA (wisdom) the Etruscan
MEN(I)RVA (wisdom) and the Greek word METIS (wisdom).
In the following overview some of the deities are composed as a couple of partners: 'Father Sky',
and 'Mother Earth'.
Traces (such as the Mycenaean words DI-WE / DI-WO) may be identified as pentagrams, in which
the dental S is missing. The Mycenaean name MINOS may be name of a royal dynasty, but I would
not be surprised if (in analogy to METIS and MINERVA) MINOS is just another word for “wisdom”.

Language #1 (“Father”) #2 (“Mother”) (or “partner”)


Sanskrit Dyaus Pita Prithvi Mātā
('Father Sky', DYAUS PITAR) (PṚTHVĪ MĀTĀ, 'Mother Earth')
Mycenaean DI-WE / DI-WO MINOS (?)
Hindu Mitra (MITRA), often associated with the Sun
Persian Mithra ( MIThRA), often associated with the Sun.
Roman Dīs Pater (DIVES *PITER), Chthonic deity
Germanic Teiwaz, as a reflex of DYEUS, was probably
originally god of the day-lit sky

Table 14 Overview of the pentagrams for various gods (and their correlations)
Notes to the Greek, Etruscan and Roman gods and their triads
Investigating the lists of deities I checked the following lists for obvious pentagrams, which were
not too badly deteriorated to identify the pentagrams in their names:
• List of solar deities
• List of light deities
• List of lunar deities
• List of earth deities
Some of the divine triads include an epithet, which indicated a link to another deity such as Janus
(JANUS). Other divine names include strange pentagrams as attributes (such as LAPIS for a
“stone”).
Mars however seemed to be an inherited deity from a neighboring people such as the Oscans.

Prithvi, goddess of the earth


In the Vedas, Prithvi is the consort of Dyaus Pita but, later in Puranas, she is known as
Bhūmi, Varaha's wife. As Pṛthvī Mātā (PṚTHVĪ MĀTĀ, 'Mother Earth') she is
complementary to Dyaus Pita ('Father Sky') ( DYAUS PITAR ).[1]

In the Rigveda, Earth and Sky are primarily addressed in the dual as DYAVAPṚTHIVI.
[2] She is associated with the cow. Prithu, an incarnation of Viṣṇu, milked her in cow's
form. ( PRITHU)60

Mitra
Mitra (Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mitrás) is the name of an Indo-Iranian divinity from which
the names and some characteristics of Rigvedic Mitrá and Avestan Mithra derive. 61

Mithra
Mithra (Avestan: ?￰ミᆲ フ?￰
フ ミᆲ ᆳ ? Miθra, Old Persian: ?￰ミホᄚ ? Miça) commonly known as Mehr, is
the Zoroastrian angelic divinity (yazata) of covenant, light, and oath. In addition to being the
divinity of contracts, Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of Truth, and the
guardian of cattle, the harvest, and of the Waters.
Together with the Vedic common noun mitra, the Avestan common noun miθra derives from Proto-
Indo-Iranian *mitrám (Mitra), from the root *mi- "to bind", with the "tool suffix" -tra- "causing to".
Thus, etymologically mitra/miθra means "that which causes binding", preserved in the Avestan
word for "Covenant, Contract, Oath".[citation needed] 62

The Aventine Triad


The Aventine Triad (also referred to as the plebeian Triad or the agricultural Triad)
is a modern term for the joint cult of the Roman deities Ceres, Liber and Libera. The
cult was established ca. 493 BC within a sacred district (templum) on or near the
Aventine Hill, traditionally associated with the Roman plebs. Later accounts describe
the temple building and rites as "Greek" in style. Some modern historians describe the

60 Prithvi, goddess of the earth


61 Mitra
62 Etymology Mithra
Aventine Triad as a plebeian parallel and self-conscious antithesis to the Archaic Triad
of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus and the later Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Minerva and
Juno. 63

Liber
Before his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in
two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults; Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's
Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was Liber's female equivalent. In ancient Lavinium, he was
a phallic deity. Latin liber means "free", or the "free one"; when coupled with "pater", it means
"The Free Father", who personifies freedom and champions its attendant rights, as opposed to
dependent servitude. The word 'liber' is also understood in regard of the concept libation, ritual
offering of drink, which in Greek relates to 'spondé', literally related to English 'to spend'. 64Liber
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Liber (/ˈlaɪbər/ LY-bər, Latin: [ˈliːbɛr]; "the
free one"), also known as Liber Pater ("the free Father"), was a god of viticulture and
wine, fertility and freedom. He was a patron deity of Rome's plebeians and was part of
their Aventine Triad. His festival of Liberalia (March 17) became associated with free
speech and the rights attached to coming of age. 65

Jupiter Stone
In the Roman tradition, oaths were sworn upon Iuppiter Lapis or the Jupiter Stone
located in the Temple of Jupiter, Capitoline Hill. Iuppiter Lapis was held in the Roman
tradition to be an Oath Stone, an aspect of Jupiter in his role as divine lawmaker
responsible for order and used principally for the investiture of the oathtaking of office.

Iuppiter Lapis (LAPIS) is the god under whose protection they act, and whom the chief
fetial (pater patratus) invokes in the rite concluding a treaty.[36] 66

Mārs
The word Mārs (genitive Mārtis),[8] which in Old Latin and poetic usage also appears
as MĀVORS (Māvortis),[9] is cognate with Oscan Māmers (Māmertos).[10] The oldest
recorded Latin form, MAMART-, is likely of foreign origin.[11] It has been explained
as deriving from Maris (MARIS), the name of an Etruscan child-god, though this is not
universally agreed upon.[12] 67

Quirinus
In Roman mythology and religion, Quirinus (/kwɪˈraɪnəs/ kwi-RY-nəs,[2] Latin: [kᶣɪ
ˈriːnʊs]) is an early god of the Roman state. In Augustan Rome, Quirinus was also an
epithet of Janus (JANUS) Quirinus.[3] 68

63 Aventine Triad
64 Liber
65 Liber
66 Fetials
67 Mars
68 Quirinus
Metis
By the era of Greek philosophy in the 5th century BC, Metis had become the mother of
wisdom and deep thought, but her name originally connoted "magical cunning" and was
as easily equated with the trickster powers of Prometheus as with the "royal metis" of
Zeus.[3] The Stoic commentators allegorised Metis as the embodiment of "prudence",
"wisdom" or "wise counsel", in which form she was inherited by the Renaissance.[4] 69

Thémis
Thémis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place",
from the Greek verb títhēmi (τίθημι), meaning "to put."

Themis is said to be the second consort of Zeus [4] after Metis. Zeus also took Themis' advice
without question, including her advice on starting the Trojan war to rid the world of men. [5] 70

69 Metis
70 Thémis
Summary
The Theonym of a universal sky-god DIÉUS seems to be created as a symbolic composition of the
5 phonetic sources, which had been identified in the mechanism in the human voice: (1) the tongue,
(2) the lips, (3) the teeth, (4) the windpipe with its vocal cords (in the larynx) and (5) the palate (the
roof of the mouth).
The Germanic antipodes TUÏSTO (chthonic) ↔ *TIWAZ (celestial) may be compared to the
Roman antipodes Jupiter DIÓUS ↔ Dis (DIUES) and the Hebrew antipodes IEU (celestial) ↔
IUE (terrestrial).
The following table displays an overview of these antipodes :

Language Celestial, Sky-symbol ↔ terrestrial symbol


Pentagram / divine Name core ↔ Pentagram / divine Name core
1 Hebrew IHV (sky) IHV ↔ IVH (terrestrial) IVH
2 Roman DIÓUS – PITĒR (Jupiter) IOU ↔ DIVES (DIS-PATER) IUE
3 Germanic *TIWAZ (Tiw / Tuw) IWA ↔ TUISTO UIO

4 East ↔ West- *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) EIW ↔ *TUEIS (→ TUISTO?) UEI


5 Germanic *TĪUS IW *TUÏS UI

Table 15 Comparison between Hebrew, Roman and Germanic antipodes

In the Hebrew language the name-giving of the Theonym IHV may be opposed from IHV (celestial)
to IVH (terrestrial) by switching two letters (H and V).
In Latin a similar permutation of two letters (O and U) opposes the theonym DIÓUS – PITĒR
(Jupiter, celestial) towards DIVES PATER (Dis-Pater, chthonic).
In Germanic languages the same permutation of two letters (I and W) opposes *TIWAZ (Tiw/Tuw)
to TUÏSTO.
In a fourth and fifth row of the table the theonyms *TEIWS (later *TĪUS) opposes to *TUEIS (→
TUÏSTO?). A simplified opposition of the Germanic theonyms *TĪUS ↔ *TUÏS illustrates the
basic principle of the antipodal behavior by permutation of the the (male) symbol I ↔ the (female)
symbol U.
Checking the symbolism of the vowels I remembered the description of the 3 vowels Cholam (O),
Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I) in the Zohar. As a triad I H V this name describes the sky and the
theonym. Additionally the Zohar also describes the symbolic unification (YHVH) of man (Y) man
and woman (U).
As a result of this paper we may identify the correlation between the Roman MINERVA (wisdom) the
Etruscan MEN(I)RVA (wisdom) and the Greek word METIS (wisdom):
MINERVA = MEN(I)RVA = METIS (wisdom).
Overview of studies (and vita) of Joannes Richter
Born 1947 in the Netherlands the author studied electrical engineering at the Technical University
of Eindhoven (Netherlands) and received a Master of Science degree in 1972. From 1972 I designed
communication-systems for various large and medium-size German companies, including antennas,
propagation systems and IT-databases for data-management.
From 1989 (in my spare time) the author studied etymology and linguistics as a communication
tool, which might be optimized by ternary coding. Technical ternary systems may often be found in
managing data structures, searching and sorting procedures. Most technical ternary systems may be
found in the early stages of data processing, electronic systems and communications.
In the reorganized Old Persian alphabet we may identify 7 triads. The script contains three vowels,
(A, I, U) and twenty-two consonants: (K, X, G) - (C, Ç, J) - (T, Θ, D) - (P, F, B) - (N and M ) - (
Y, V, R) - (L) - (S, Z, Ś) and (H). The 7 triads form an impressive ternary communication system.
Each triad is provided with three symbolic keys to control a dedicated group of muscles.
The archaic alphabets (Hebrew, Ugaritic) seem to have been designed to group 5 phonetic sources
or categories. Important words are composed as pentagrams (5-letter words, in which each letter
represents one category). Vowel cores inside the pentagrams may be defined as triads, which belong
to the most respected linguistic definitions.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2
The Name of the sky-god DIAUS........................................................................................................3
The antipodes DIÓUS ↔ DIS and TUISTO ↔ TIWAZ......................................................................4
The additional attribute PITĒR for “Father”........................................................................................7
The other pentagrams...........................................................................................................................7
A 3-dimensional display of the Roman universe..................................................................................8
The antipodes East and West (?)...........................................................................................................9
The vowels I, O, U in the Zohar.........................................................................................................10
The personal pronouns of the 1st person singular .............................................................................13
The metaphors for the first words......................................................................................................14
Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar....................................................................................22
Traces of the Antipodes in the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Triads...................................................25
Summary.............................................................................................................................................32
Overview of studies (and vita) of Joannes Richter.............................................................................33
Appendices.........................................................................................................................................35
Appendices

Appendix 1 – Essays van J. Richter in Scribd


The publications (~220 titles) are sorted according to their storage date 71. This storage is my own
record of documentations.

January – December 2021


• The Antipodes in Archaic Linguistics
• De antipoden in de archaïsche taalkunde
• Samenvatting van De taalkunde
• Languages With, Respectively Without an Ordered Alphabet
• An Architecture for the Family of Alphabets
• A Scenario and Reconstruction of the Linguistic Ar...
• A Retrospect in my Analysis of Linguistics
• Over de spelling en correcte uitspraak van de heme...
• The Common Sky-god's Names in the PIE-Languages
• The Hittite Signary as the Origin of the PIE-Alpha...
• The Origin of the Linear-B Signary
• The Derivation and Composition of the PIE-Theonyms
• The Lepontic Alphabet as a Source for the Runic Signaries
• The Role of the Southern Semitic Order in the Ugaritic Signaries
• De rol van de wijstwaterbronnen in Brabant
• The Common YHV-Root in the Ugaritic Alphabets
• De reconstructie van een woordenlijst uit de wortelperiode
• An Initial Phase for a Number of Indo-European Languages
• De opbouwfase van een aantal Europese talen (10.8.2021)
• The Architecture of the Words '(to) Free'
• Over de rol van het alfabet in de elektronica en de terugziendheid
• Het wandelende vergrootglas (ofwel “Het ontbrekende gebrek")
• The most precious PIE-Pentagrams
• De reconstructie van de Nederlandse pentagrammen
• Woorden, die de roos treffen als gevederde pijlen
• The Composition of the Words DYAUSH-PITAR and PṚTHVI-MATIR...
• An Architecture for 2-Dimensional Alphabets
• The Search for the Fundamental Pentagrams
• The Pentagrams in the Old- And Middle-Persian Languages
• A Possible Historical Record for the Development of European Languages
• Notes to the Origin of the Elder Futhark and Ogham Runes...
• Historisch overzicht van de taalkundige pentagrammen
• Pentagrams as a Protection against Linguistic Erosion
• Unveiling the Architecture of the Alphabets and Runic Signaries
• The Origin of the Futhark, Ogham and Gothic Runes
• De oorsprong van de Futhark, Ogham en Gotische runen
• The Pentagrams in Names Unveiled
• A Linguistic Distribution of the Pentagrams
• De rol van de pentagrammen in de namen der hemellichamen
• Swap Mutations in the Pentagram List
• The Role of the Pentagrams in the Globe's Architecture
71 https://independent.academia.edu/JoannesRichter, respectively https://independent.academia.edu/richterJoannes
• The Pentagrams in the Kernel of the PIE-Dictionary
• Gebeitelde woorden (24.4.2021)
• The Reconstruction of a PIE-Language's Core
• Een reconstructie van de Dutche woordenschat
• The Secrets of the 2-Dimensional Alphabets
• A Self-Repair System for Languages (9.4.2021)
• Het MINOS Project
• An Etymology for the Pentagrams
• The Purpose of Chilperic's Additional Letters (30.3.2021)
• De etymologie van de woorden “Bazin” en „Baas“
• Het alfabetische pentagram (Het verhaal van de taal)
• A Theory of Hierarchical Alphabets
• The Role of the Pentagrams for the Merovingian Kingdom
• De rol van de bijen (of cicaden) uit het koningsgraf van Childerik I
• A New Chapter to the Philosophy of Language
• Overview of the Alphabetic Arrays (14.2.2021)
• Bericht over de analyse van een reeks alfabetten
• The Arrays (and the Presumed Theonym TIEU) of the Ogham Signary (11.02.2021)
• How to Read the Theonym „TIWÆS“ in the Runic „Futhark"-Signary... (30.01.2021)
• The Pentagrams in the Name-giving of the Runes
• De etymologie van de namen Diaus, Dieus en Djous
• The Etymology of the Words Diaus, Dieus and Djous ... (Scribd)
• The Evidence of Perfect Pentagrams in Greek, Roman...
• The Evidence of Perfect and Imperfect Pentagrams
• De woordenlijsten der perfecte en imperfecte pentagrammen

Januari – December 2020


• Verbale echo's in de Europese talen – Over de naamgeving van de Frankenkoningen (Dutch)
• Patterns of the European Languages
• Another View on the Design of the Frankish Language
• The Generation of Perfect Pentagrams (Like LIBER, FRANK and DYAUS)
• The Naming Convention for Kings in Francia
• Over de naamgeving voor de goden en vorsten van het Frankenrijk
• Hoe de adelgeslachten met de namen Franken, Willem en Lodewijk de onsterfelijkheid
konden pachten
• The Nomenclature of the Sky-Gods - How the Royals achieved Immortality - (Scribd)
• Standardizing the Signaries - The Encryption and Decryption of alphabets (Scribd)
• Another View on the Sefer Yetzirah (Scribd)
• Alphabets With Integrated Dictionaries (Scribd)
◦ The Quantization of the Ugaritic Alphabet (Scribd)
◦ De architectuur van het Oegaritische alfabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for Ugaritic Signaries as a Root for the Sky-god Dyaus and the
Personal Pronouns for the 1st Person Singular and Dual Form
◦ Periodic Tables for the Gaelic (Irish and Scottish) alphabets (Scribd)
• Did the Word „Deus“ Exist in the Archaic Alphabets (Scribd)
◦ Periodic Tables for the Euboean and Etruscan Alphabets (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Greek Alphabet
◦ Periodic Tables for the Upper and Lower Sorbian Alphabets
◦ Overview of the Periodic Tables of the Sami Languages
◦ Eight Periodic Tables for the Sámi Languages
• Het hart van de Dutche taal
◦ Periodic Tables for the Sami Alphabets
◦ A Periodic Table for the Dutch Language
◦ Periodic Tables for the Dalecarlian Runes and the Elfdalian Alphabet (Scribd)
• The Hierarchical Structure of the Hebrew Alphabet (Scribd)
• De hiërarchische structuur van het Hebreeuwse alfabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Phoenician and Hebrew Alpabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Icelandic Alphabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Coptic Alphabet (Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Table for the Cyrillic Alphabet (Scribd)
• The Impact of Ternary Coding Systems (Scribd)
• A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)
• The Composition of the European Alphabets (Scribd)
• The Letter Repositioning in the Greek and Latin Alphabets
• Unstably Classified Letters in Alphabets (Scribd)
• Notes on the Common Architecture of Alphabetical Structures (Academia.edu)
◦ A Periodic Table for PIE-Alphabets
◦ A Periodic Classification for the Gothic Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Classification for the Futhark-Alphabets (obsolete, Scribd)
◦ A Periodic Classification for the Latin Alphabet (obsolete, Scribd)
• The Model of a Language as a Communication Link (Scribd)
• The Roots of the Indo-European Alphabets (12.5.2020)
• Samenvatting van "The Alphabet as an Elementary Document"
• The Alphabet as an Elementary Document
• The Origin of the Name Dyaus
• De oorsprong van de naam Diaus
• The History of Designing an Alphabet (Scribd)
• Een architectuur voor de PIE-talen (Scribd)
• An Architecture for the PIE-Languages
• A Suggested Restoration of the 'Futhark'-Sequence (Scribd)
• The Composition of the Sky- God's Name in PIE-Languages
• The Ternary Codes in Language and Creation (Scribd)
• The Role of Saussure's Letter "E"
• The Optimal Number of Vowels in Languages (Scribd)
• A Ternary Encoding to Optimize Communications and Cooperation
• A Golden Box to Control the Lightnings
• The Ancient Lightning Rods around the Mediterranean Sea
• Die ältesten Blitz(ab)leiter am Mittelmeer (Scribd)
• Pyramids in the Role as Power Plants
• Piramides als energiecentrales (Scribd)
• The Role of the Pyramids in Melting Glass and Meta... (Scribd)
• The Egyptian Drilling Technology (Scribd)
• The Architecture of the Younger Futhark Alphabet

Januari – December 2019


• The Sources for the IΩ- Pronouns
• Notes to Herodotus' Histories of IΩ, Europa and Medea
• The Role of Irrigation and Drainage in a Successful Civilisation
• De rol van de irrigatie en drainage in een succesv... (Scribd)
• Notes to Frazer's "Pausanias's Description of Greece"
• The Initials of European Philosophy
• Atlantis vormde 3400 jaar geleden een Helleens Delta-project
• The War against Atlantis
• The "Ego"-Root inside the Name "Thebes"
• The Role of the AEtts in the Futharc Alpabet
• The Reconstruction of a European Philosophy
• Traces of an old religion (The Root "Wit" in Wittekind)
• Woden (Wuþ) as the Designer and Author of the Futhark Alphabet
• Is the Core "Wut" in "Wutach" symbolizing "Wutan" ("Woden")
• The Bipolar Core of Germanic Languages
• Simon Stevin's Redefinition of Scientific Arts
• Simon Stevin's definitie van wetenschappelijk onderz
• De etymologie van de woorden met Wit-, Wita en Witan-kernen
• The "Vit"-Roots in the Anglo-Saxon Pedigree
• The Traces of "Wit" in Saxony
• King Chilperic I's letters (ΔΘZΨ) may be found at the beginning ("Futha") of the runic
alphabet and at the end (WIJZAE) of the Danish alphabet
• Aan het slot (WIJZAE) van het Deense alfabet en aan het begin ("Futha") van het
runenalfabet bevinden zich de letters (ΔΘZΨ) van koning Chilperic I
• The Role of the Ligature AE in the European Creation Legend
• A Concept for a Runic Dictionary
• Concentrating the Runes in the Runic Alphabets
• Traces of Vit, Rod and Chrodo
• De sleutelwoorden van het Futhark alfabet
• The Keywords of the Futhark Alphabet
• Het runenboek met het unieke woord Tiw
• A short Essay about the Evolution of European Personal Pronouns
• The Evolution of the European Personal Pronouns
• De miraculeuze transformatie van de Europese samenleving
• The Miraculous Transformation of European Civilization
• The Duality in Greek and Germanic Philosophy
• Bericht van de altaarschellist over de Lof der Zotheid
• De bronnen van Brabant (de Helleputten aan de Brabantse breuklijnen)
• De fundamenten van de samenleving
• De rol van de waterbronnen bij de kerstening van Nederland
• De etymologie van "wijst" en "wijstgrond"
• The Antipodes Mith and With
• The Role of the Dual Form in the Evolution of European Languages
• De rol van de dualis in de ontwikkeling der Europese talen
• The Search for Traces of a Dual Form in Quebec French
• Synthese van de Germanistische & Griekse mythologie en etymologie
• De restanten van de dualis in het Dutch, English en German
• Notes to the Corner Wedge in the Ugaritic Alphabet
• The Origin of the long IJ-symbol in the Dutch alphabet
• Over de oorsprong van de „lange IJ“ in het Dutche alfabet
• The Backbones of the Alphabets
• The Alphabet and and the Symbolic Structure of Europe
• The Unseen Words in the Runic Alphabet
• De ongelezen woorden in het runenalfabet
• The Role of the Vowels in Personal Pronouns of the 1st Person Singular
• Over de volgorde van de klinkers in woorden en in godennamen
• The Creation Legends of Hesiod and Ovid
• De taal van Adam en Eva (published: ca. 2.2.2019)

Januari – December 2018


• King Chilperic's 4 Letters and the Alphabet's Adaptation
• De 4 letters van koning Chilperic I en de aanpassing van het Frankenalfabet
• The Symbolism of Hair Braids and Bonnets in Magical Powers
• The Antipodes in PIE-Languages
• In het Dutch, German en English is de dualis nog lang niet uitgestorven
• In English, Dutch and German the dual form is still alive
• The Descendants of the Dual Form " Wit "
• A Structured Etymology for Germanic, Slavic and Romance Languages
• The “Rod”-Core in Slavic Etymology (published: ca. 27.11.2018)
• Encoding and decoding the runic alphabet
• Über die Evolution der Sprachen
• Over het ontwerpen van talen
• The Art of Designing Languages
• Notes to the usage of the Spanish words Nos and Vos, Nosotros and Vosotros
• Notes to the Dual Form and the Nous-Concept in the Inari Sami language
• Over het filosofische Nous-concept
• Notes to the Philosophical Nous-Concept
• The Common Root for European Religions (published: ca. 27.10.2018)
• A Scenario for the Medieval Christianization of a Pagan Culture
• Een scenario voor de middeleeuwse kerstening van een heidens volk
• The Role of the Slavic gods Rod and Vid in the Futhorc-alphabet
• The Unification of Medieval Europe
• The Divergence of Germanic Religions
• De correlatie tussen de dualis, Vut, Svantevit en de Sint-Vituskerken
• The Correlation between Dual Forms, Vut, Svantevit and the Saint Vitus Churches
• Die Rekonstruktion der Lage des Drususkanals (published: ca. 27.9.2018)
• Die Entzifferung der Symbolik einer Runenreihe
• Deciphering the Symbolism in Runic Alphabets
• The Sky-God, Adam and the Personal Pronouns
• Notities rond het boek Tiw (Published ca. 6.2.2018)
• Notes to the book TIW
• Von den Völkern, die nach dem Futhark benannt worden sind
• Designing an Alphabet for the Runes
• Die Wörter innerhalb der „Futhark“-Reihe
• The hidden Symbolism of European Alphabets
• Etymology, Religions and Myths
• The Symbolism of the Yampoos and Wampoos in Poe's “Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
from Nantucket”
• Notizen zu " Über den Dualis " und " Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften "
• Ϝut - Het Dutche sleutelwoord
• Concepts for the Dual Forms
• The etymology of the Greek dual form νώ (νῶϊ)
• Proceedings in the Ego-pronouns' Etymology
• Notities bij „De godsdiensten der volken“
• The Role of *Teiwaz and *Dyeus in Filosofy
• A Linguistic Control of Egotism
• The Design of the Futhark Alphabet
• An Architecture for the Runic Alphabets
• The Celtic Hair Bonnets (Published Jun 24, 2018)
• Die keltische Haarhauben
• De sculpturen van de Walterich-kapel te Murrhardt
• The rediscovery of a lost symbolism
• Het herontdekken van een vergeten symbolisme
• De god met de twee gezichten
• The 3-faced sculpture at Michael's Church in Forchtenberg
• Over de woorden en namen, die eeuwenlang bewaard gebleven zijn
• De zeven Planeten in zeven Brabantse plaatsnamen
• Analysis of the Futhorc-Header
• The Gods in the Days of the Week and inside the Futhor-alphabet
• Een reconstructie van de Dutche scheppingslegende
• The Symbolism in Roman Numerals
• The Keywords in the Alphabets Notes to the Futharc's Symbolism
• The Mechanisms for Depositing Loess in the Netherlands
• Over het ontstaan van de Halserug, de Heelwegen en Heilwegen in de windschaduw van de
Veluwe
• Investigations of the Rue d'Enfer-Markers in France
• Die Entwicklung des französischen Hellwegs ( " Rue d'Enfer ")
• De oorsprong van de Heelwegen op de Halserug, bij Dinxperlo en Beltrum
• The Reconstruction of the Gothic Alphabet's Design
• Von der Entstehungsphase eines Hellwegs in Dinxperlo-Bocholt
• Over de etymologie van de Hel-namen (Heelweg, Hellweg, Helle..) in Nederland
• Recapitulatie van de projecten Ego-Pronomina, Futhark en Hellweg
• Over het ontstaan en de ondergang van het Futhark-alfabet
• Die Etymologie der Wörter Hellweg, Heelweg, Rue d'Enfer, Rue de l'Enfer und Santerre
• The Etymology of the Words Hellweg, Rue d'Enfer and Santerre
• The Decoding of the Kylver Stone' Runes
• The Digamma-Joker of the Futhark
• The Kernel of the Futhorc Languages
• De kern van de Futhark-talen
• Der Kern der Futhark-Sprachen
• De symboolkern IE van het Dutch
• Notes to Guy Deutscher's "Through the Language Glass"
• Another Sight on the Unfolding of Language (Published 1 maart, 2018)

Januari – December 2017


• Notes to the Finnish linguistic symbolism of the sky-god's name and the days of the week
• A modified Swadesh List (Published 12 / 17 / 2017)
• A Paradise Made of Words
• The Sky-God Names and the Correlating Personal Pronouns
• The Nuclear Pillars of Symbolism (Published 10 / 28 / 2017)
• The Role of the Dual Form in Symbolism and Linguistics (Oct 17, 2017)
• The Correlation between the Central European Loess Belt, the Hellweg-Markers and the
Main Isoglosses
• The Central Symbolic Core of Provencal Language (Oct 7, 2017)

December 2011
• Proceedings in the Pronouns' Etymology (Summary 2009-2018)
• The Hermetic Codex II - Bipolar Monotheism (Scribd)
Appendix 2 - The (incomplete) overview of perfect pentagrams
According to a comment to the Sefer Jetsirah the letters in the Hebrew alphabet had been
categorized according to 5 categories, which are based on the 5 phonetic sources where the human
voice is generating the phonetic sounds.
Based on Rabbi Saadia Gaon's Judeo-Arabic commentary on “Sefer Yetzirah” (chapter 4,
paragraph 3), wherein he describes the phonetic sounds of the 22 characters of the Hebrew
alphabet and classifies them in groups based on their individual sounds: “Aleph ( ‫)א‬, hé (‫)ה‬, ḥet (
‫)ח‬, ‘ayin (‫ )ע‬are [gutturals sounds] produced from the depth of the tongue with the opening of
the throat, but bet (‫)ב‬, waw (‫)ו‬, mim (‫)מ‬, pé (‫ )פ‬are [labial sounds] made by the release of the lips
and the end of the tongue; whereas gimel (‫)ג‬, yōd (‫)י‬, kaf (‫)כ‬, quf (‫ )ק‬are [palatals] separated by
the width of the tongue [against the palate] with the [emission of] sound. However, daleth (‫)ד‬,
ṭet (‫)ט‬, lamed (‫)ל‬, nūn (‫)נ‬, tau (‫ )ת‬are [linguals] separated by the mid-section of the tongue with
the [emission of] sound; whereas zayin (‫)ז‬, samekh (‫)ס‬, ṣadi (‫)צ‬, resh (‫)ר‬, shin (‫ )ש‬are [dental
sounds] produced between the teeth by a tongue that is at rest. 72”

The following dictionary documents a number (~200) of perfect pentagrams in various languages.
Only a subset of these words have been composed as pentagrams. Other words unintentionally may
have turned into pentagrams. The words from the Latin dictionary are not yet updated in the
following table73:
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
1. A
AGNUS P agnus, Agnus Dei - (Noun) A lamb, especially Lamb Latin
one used as a sacrifice.
2. A
AMRIT P Amrit - a Phoenician port located near present- Amrit Punic (?)
day Tartus in Syria.
3. A
AMRIT P Nectar, s. AMṚTAṂ in Amrit – Yogawiki nectar Sanskrit
4. A
ANGUS P Angus Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Angus Scottish
Aonghas, perhaps literally "one choice". In Irish
myth, Aonghus was the god of love and youth.
5. A
APRIL P fourth month, AUERIL, from Latin (mensis) april (month), English
AVRIL P Aprilis 2nd Month Old French
6. A
ARJUN(A) P Kern: Arjun Arjuna Sanskrit
7. A
A ARMIN P The etymology of the Latin name Arminius is Armin Dutch
ARMINIUS - unknown Latin
8. A
AULIS P Aulis From Ancient Greek Αὐλίς (Aulís). Aulis (port) Latin
Ancient port-town, located in Boeotia in central
Greece
9. B
BÆTIS P Baetis, a river (Guadalquivir) in Spain Guadalquivir Latin
10. B
BATIR P Batir beat Spanish
11. B
BINZA P binza Pellicle Spanish
12. B
BISEL P bisel bezel Spanish
13. B
BISON P from Latin bison "wild ox," bison Latin
14. B
BÔZINE - Dialect: bôzine ‘landlady’. (bazin) landlady French
15. B
BRENG P To bring To bring Dutch
72 Footnote in Modern Hebrew phonology (quoted in The Composition of the Sky-God's Name in PIE-Languages)
73 Based on The Architecture of the Words '(to) Free'
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
16. B
BRIAN P Brian. Etymology: Uncertain; possibly borrowed Brian Irish
from Proto-Brythonic *brɨɣėnt (“high, noble”).
17. B
B BÂTIR P bastir "build, construct, sew up, baste, make to build French
BASIN P baste (v.2) - Water vessel (of unknown origin) basin English
18. B
B BRAIN P Brain, brein; of uncertain origin, evt. van fr. PIE Brain Dutch
BREIN P root *mregh-m(n)o- "skull, brain" English
19. B
B BRIDE P Bride – Old-Frisian BREID; Dutch BRUID bride Dutch
B
BREID P English
BRUID - Old-Frisian
20. B
P BREChT P splendid (Brecht) splendid Dutch
B
PRAChT P Brecht (pronoun) bright Germanic
BRIGHT - bright (splendid) English
21. B
P BESIN P king Bisinus ( BESIN in Frankish) Thuringian Dutch
B
B
PISΕN P PISΕN in Lombard king Frankisch
BASIN(A) P Basina, the queen of Thuringia (5th century). Basina v. Lombard
BAZIN P woman in charge Thuringia Thuringian
woman in
charge
22. C
CĀNUS cānus (canus): grey, old, aged, venerable gray-haired Latin
23. C
CHURL P Churl (ceorl or CHURL), Churl English
lowest rank of freemen). (freeman)
24. C
CHURN P Churn Churn English
25. C
CROWN P "crown" – from Latin corona crown English
26. D
(D)JOUR - Jour day French
27. D
DECUS P Decus - deeds of honor, Grace, splendor, beauty. decus Latin
Honor, distinction, glory. Pride, dignity.
28. D
DIAUS P Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ Sky-Father Sanskrit
29. D
DIÉU(S) P Dieu God French
30. D
DIVES P dives rich, wealthy Latin
31.
D DIS-PATER - Dīs Pater Dīs Pater Latin deity
D DĪVES-PATER P originally DĪVES-PATER (m.)
32. D
DIVUS - Divine, godlike – from the same source as deus. Divine Latin
godlike
33. D
DYEUS P *Dyeus DIEUS PIE
34. E
ELPIS P Elpis hope Greek
35. E
ERIDU P Eridu is the first city in the world by the ancient Eridu ?
Sumerians
36. E
ERMÏN P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98): (Irminones) (H)ERMÏN – Latin
(ARMIN) Herman
37. F
FAÐIR P faðir Father Old-Norse
38. F
FASTI P Fasti - Allowed days Fasti Latin
39. F
FĒLIS P Felis – cat, fret cat Latin
40. F
FELIZ P feliz (happy) feliz Spanish
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
41. F
FESTI P Festī, Festî - ‘strength, power, document’ (veste) fort Ohd.
42. F
FIETS P Origin uncertain. Maybe from “vietse” ‘running’; bicycle Dutch
etymology from fiets (rijwiel)
43. F
FINAR P finar to die Spanish
44. F
FRANC P Frank free Dutch
FRANK P
45. F
F FRIJŌNĄ - from Proto-Germanic *frijōną to love; to Proto-Germ.
V
F
FRIJŌN P to free; make free free; to like Prt.-W.
V
V
VRÎEN P Germ.
F FRIJEN P M.L. German
VRIEN P Low German
VRIJEN P Middle Dutch
FRIJŌN P Dutch
Gothic
46. F
S FIDES P Fides, (confidence, trust)74 Fides Dutch
F
ΣΦΊΔΗ P σφίδη (sphídē). σφίδη Latin
BIDDEN - Old English: BIDDAN "to ask, beg, pray” (sphídē). Old Greek
to ask, beg,
pray
47. G
GAUTR P Runen-Sprachschatz (Runic dictionary,German) wise man Icelandic
48. G
GENUS P genus (GENUS, “kind, sort, ancestry, birth”) Family, Latin
pedigree
49. H
S (HI)SPANIA - Spain Spain Spanish
S
SPAIN P English
SPANIA - Phoenician
50. I
IOU-piter – Jupiter (D)IOU(S) JOU-piter Latin
*DJOUS P (*DJOUS PATĒR)
51. I
ISLAM P Islam – "submission [to God]" Islam English
52. I
ISTÆV P Tacitus's Germania (AD 98) – Istvaeones ISTÆV – Latin
53. I
J IANUS P Janus -god of the beginning and end [1]. Janus Latin
JANUS P Janus French
54. J
JUDAS P Judas Judas (name) Dutch
55. J
JULES P Jules Jules (name) French
56. J
JURAT P Jurat in Guernsey en Jersey Jury (court) French
57. J
JURON P juron curse French
58. J
JUSTE P Just "just, righteous; sincere" just French
JUSTO P Spanish
59. J
JUTES P Jutes People of English
Jutland
60. K
KAUTR P Related to (runes) “Kuþlant” (Gotland) and wise runic
“Guth” (God)
61. K
KOTUS P Kotys (war, slaughter) war, slaughter Greek

74 Numa is said to have built a temple to Fides publica; Source: fides in William Smith, editor (1848) A
Dictionary of Greek Biography and Mythology
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
62. K
H *KHLAIBUZ - loaf (n.), the Germanic origin is uncertain bread Germanic
H
HLEIFR Hleifr Old-Norse
HLAIFS Hlaifs Gothic
63. K
K KRAUT P Kraut / cruyt – Gothic *krûþ (genitive *krûdis), herbs Dutch
C
KRUID – neuter, might be taken for krû-da German
CRUYT - Indo-European references are unsecure.
64. L
*LIB(A)RŌ P Lever (Germanic: *LIB(A)RŌ-) liver English
65. L
LACUS P the l-rune (OE lagu, ON lǫgr/laugr (i, k, l, m ) water in some Latin
LAGUZ Laguz form Old-Norse
LAUGR
66. L
LAPIS P Stone - May be connected with Ancient Greek lapis Latin
λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), from Proto-
Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”)
67. L
LEVIS P Levis, light (not heavy), quick, swift . Fickle , Levis (light) Latin
dispensable , trivial, trifling , easy (e.g. food)
68. L
LEWIS P Lewis (Louis, Clovis) Lewis English
69. L
LIBAR P libar suck Spanish
LIBER
70. L
L LIBER P the word Liberi was a pluralia tantum Child Latin
LIBERI - (only used in the plural) Children
71. L
LIBRA P Libra scales Latin
72. L
LIBRA P libra Pound Spanish
P Libra Libra
(astrology)
73. L
LIBRE P libre (adj.) free Spanish
74. L
LIEF(S) P Lief – crefte lieuis ‘power of love’ [10e century; Love Dutch
W.Ps.]
75. L
LIMES P Limes (border) border Latin
76. L
LIi MOS Limos starvation Greek
77. L
LIVER P liver liver English
78. L
LIVES P lives lives English
79. L
LIVRE P livre book French
80. L
LOCUS P Location – Latin locus is from Old-Latinn stlocus Location Latin
‘id.’, etymology uncertain; maybe from → stal.
(loco-.)
81. L
LOUIS P Louis (Chlodowig) - LOUIS Louis French
82. L
LOUIS P Clovis (Chlodovechus) (Ch)LOUIS Clovis French
83. L
LUGAR P lugar {m} location Spanish
84. L
LUIER P luier (diaper) diaper Dutch
85. L
LUXIA (?) - Luxia1 (river in Spain: Rio Tinto) Tinto river Latin
86. L
LUXOR P among the oldest inhabited cities in the world Luxor, Egypt
87. L
L LIBER P Liber - free, independent, unrestricted, unchecked free Latin
L
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
L
L LIURE P (→ freeman) Old Occitan
LIBRO P Old Occitan: liure ; Provencal libro Provencal
LIVRE P Portuguese: livre Portuguese
LIBRE P French: libre French
88. M
MANUS - Manus - (मनस):—[from man] m. man or Manu man, mankind Sanskrit
(the father of men)
89.
M MATIR P Mother - vanDoorn A (2016). "On The Mother Gaulish
Gaulish Influence on Breton"
90. M
MEDIR P medir (algo) {verb} measure Spanish
91. M
MELIS P Melis (honeybee → [Telling the bees]) Melis (name) Dutch
92. M
MENSCh P man (person) Man (person) Dutch
93. M
MERIT P Merit (Christianity), Merit (Buddhism), Variants: Merit English
MARIT P Maret (Estonia)/Marit (Swedish). (Name)
94. M
METIS P Metis (personified by Athena, pag. 2-59) Mind, Greek
(ΜΗΗΤΙΣ) P wisdom. She was the first wife of Zeus. wisdom
95. M
MIDAS P Midas (/ˈmaɪdəs/; Greek: Μίδας) is the name of Midas Greek
one of at least three members of the royal house
of Phrygia.
96. M
MILES P Latin mīles (“soldier”) ; Myles (given name) mīles Latin
(“soldaat”)
97. M
MÌNAS P Μήνας (moon) moon Greek
98. M
MINOR P minor (“less, smaller, inferior”) minor Latin
99. M
MINOS P Royal Name Minos Linear A
(Cretan)
100. M
MIThRA(S) P Mithra - Zoroastrian angelic divinity (yazata) Mithra Avestan
of covenant, light, and oath
101. M
MITRA P Mitra (Deity in the Rigveda) Mitra (god) Sanskrit
102. M
MÓÐIR P Móðir - mother mother Icelandic
103. M
MΑRKT P markt (from Mercatus?) (market) market Dutch
104. M
M *MELKS P Melk(en) milk Dutch
M
MÉLŽTI – (Lithuanian MÉLŽTI; Slovene MLÉSTI < Lithuanian
MLÉSTI - *MELZTI; all ‘milks’.) Slovene
105. N
NABIS P Nabis - Nabis, tyrant of Sparta Nabis Latin
106. N
NAVIS P Nāvis- ship or nave (middle or body of a church) ship Latin
107. N
NÎMES P Nîmes Nîmes French
108. N
NĪRAṂ P nīraṃ water Sanskrit
109. N
NUGOR P Nugor- I jest, trifle, play the fool, talk nonsense I trifle Latin
110.
O OCNUS P Ocnus – king of Alba Longa. He founded Ocnus Latin
modern Mantua in honor of his mother.[1]
111.
O OMNIS P Omnis - all, a word of unknown origin all Latin
112. P
PANIS P Pānis (bread, loaf ) bread, loaf Latin
113. P
PARThI P Parthi - the Parthians, a Scythian people, Parthi Latin
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
114. P
PEDIR P pedir algo {verb} request Spanish
115. P
PEDIS P Pĕdis - Louse louse Latin
116. P
PĒNIS P Penis ; Old Low German root: *PISA penis Latin
117. P
PIeTER P Pieter (symbolic “PITER” or “PITAR”, because Pieter Dutch
the “e” indicates a long I vowel)
118. P
PILAR P short for "Maria del Pilar" and a popular Spanish Pilar (name) Spanish
given name
119. P
PILAR P Pilar (Catalan, Norwegian Bokmål, Nynorsk) pillar Catalaans
Noors
120. P
PITAR P Pitar (father) Father Sanskrit
121. P
PITER P Initial Name Sankt-Piter-Boerch (Санкт-Питер- Saint-Piter- Russian
Бурхъ) for Saint Petersburg (from Geschiedenis) Borough
122. P
PRAChT P Pracht (splendor) splendor Dutch
123. P
PRANG P Prang (nose clip) nose clip Dutch
124. P
PRITHVI - Prithvi earth Sanskrit
125. P
PRONG P Prong ([Fish-]fork) (Fish-)fork English
126. P
PYOTR P Pjotr (name) Peter Russian
127. P
P POLIS P ancient Greek city-state, 1894, from Greek polis, polis Greek
PTOLIS - ptolis "citadel, fort, city, .." from PIE *tpolh-
"citadel; .. high ground; hilltop"
128. P
P POTIS P powerful, able, capable; possible powerful Latin
PATIS P husband Lithuanian
129. P
P POLISh P from Latin polire "to polish, make smooth; To polish (E) English
P
POLIRE - decorate, embellish;" , from: polīre ‘polish’, polieren (D) Latin
POLIS P unknown etymology. polijsten (NL) French
130. Q
QUERN P quern (n.) quern English
131. Q
QUR'AN P Quran – het heilige Boek van de Islam Quran Arabic
132. R
RAPID P rapid from French rapide, from Latin rapidus rapid English
133. R
RIJVΕN P rijven (to rake) (to write) To rake, Dutch
to write
134. R
RIVAL P rival - from Latin rivalis "a rival" originally, "of rival English
the same brook,"
135. R
RĪVΕN P rīven (mnd. rīven ‘to rub’) To rub mn-Dutch
136. R
RIVΕT P rivet (fastener) rivet English
137. R
R RUÏNΕ P maybe from Latin verb ruere ruin Dutch
RUINA P (plural: RUINÆ) Latin
138. R
R RIJPΕN P ripen (etymology uncertain) ripen Dutch
R
RIPΕN P ripen English
REIFΕN - reifen German
139. S
SIBYL P sibyls are female prophets in Ancient Greece. sibyl English
140. S
SILVA P Silva (wood, forest ) Silva Latin
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
141. S
SIMLA P Simla (city in India) Simla (stad) Indian (?)
142. S
SIMON P simon simon Dutch
143. S
SMILA Smile: Scandinavian source (such as Danish smile, smirk, Swedish
SMILE SMILE "smile," Swedish SMILA "smile, smirk, simper, fawn Danish
SMIÊT simper, fawn"), from Proto-Germanic *smil-, Latvian
extended form of PIE root *smei- "to laugh,
smile"
144. s
SPAIN P Spain - Spain English
145. S
SPILE P Spile wooden fork Lettish
146. S
SPINA P Spina - Etruscan city at the mouth of the Po-river Spina (city) Etruscan
147. S
SUTHI P tomb tomb Etruscan
148. S
S SABIN P Sabine [member of an Italian tribe] {1625} Sabine Etruscan
SABIJN P etymology: ‘kin’ sabijn Dutch
149. S
S SAUIL P sauil (Gothic), de zon en de letter “S” sun, Gothic
S
SAULI P sauli (Lithuanian, Indo-European Languages) (the letter S) Lithuanian
SÁULĖ - sáulė (Lithuanian)
150. S
S SPINE P spine (thorn, backbone, needle) Thorn, back English
S
S
SPĪNA P spīna (thorn, backbone, needle) Needle Latin
E
S
SPINÁ P spiná (спинаṛ , back) backbone Russian
ΣΠΊΛΟΣ - σπίλος (spílos) (rock, reef, cliff) cliff Greek
ESPIÑA - espiña spine Galician
SPELD - speld, diminutive form of SPINE needle Dutch
151. s
SWINE P Swine - Old High German swin, Middle swine English
Dutch swijn, Dutch zwijn, German Schwein,
Old Norse, Swedish, Danish svin)
152. T
*TEIWS P The name of a Gothic deity named *TEIWS *TEIWS Gothic
(later *Tīus) (later *Tīus)
153. T
TAGUS P The river Tagus in Spain, (in Spanish: Tajo) Tagus (river) Latin
154. T
TAMIS P tamis sifter French
155. T
TAPIR P Tapir Tapir English
156. T
TAXUS P Taxus baccata (European yew) yew English
157. T
TERUG P terug (backward) backward Dutch
158. T
ThEMIS P ThEMIS – After METIS the 2nd wife of Zeus Themis Greek
(ΘEMIΣ) P (justice)
159. T
THIUS P Thius (Late Latin) uncle Thius Latin
From Ancient Greek θεῖος (theîos).
160. T
THUIS P thuis (at home) “at home” Dutch
161. T
TIBER P Tiber (name) Tiber as a Latin
river
162. T
TIEUS P TIEUS (Tieu) plural of - A surname, borrowed Tieu(s) Vietnamees
from Vietnamese Tiêu, from Chinese 蕭.
163. T
TIFOS P Tifos "still water" still water Aegean
164. T
TIMOR P timor (Latin) awe, reverence. fear, dread. timor Latin
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
165. T
TIVAR P Plural for the deity týr gods Old-Norse
166. T
TIVAS P *Tīwaz deity Proto-
Germanic
167. T
TIWAS P Tiwaz Sun (as God) Luwian
168. T
TIWAZ P Rune (ᛏ) for the deity Týr Týr rune
169. T
TJEUS P nickname to define the JEU-sayers Val Medel Surselvisch
(Sw.)
170. T
TRIBΕ P Tribe (stam) Tribe English
171. T
TUROG P Locale pagan deity in Sussex Turog (god) Celtic (?)
172. T
T TAPIS P Tapis, rug French
T
TAPIS P Byzantine-Greek byz-Greek
TÁPĒS - Tápēs, Greek Greek
173. U
UNIRΕ P ūnīre (to join, to unite, to put together), ūnīre Latin
174. U
U ÛÐIRA P udder udder Germanic
UIDER P
175. U
U URINA P from Latin urina "urine," from PIE *ur- (source Urine, sperm Dutch
URINΕ P also of Greek ouron "urine"), variant of root *we- (source:urine) Latin
r- "water, liquid, milk, sperm" English
176. U
W UUATIRO – water (in watrischafo [709; ONW]) water Dutch
U
WATRIS – Old-Irish uisce ‘water’ (zie ook → whisky); (vloeistof) Dutch
UISCE - Old-Irish
177. V
VAÐIR P vaðir (from váð; piece of cloth; garment) Clothes (plr.) Old-Norse
178. V
VANIR P Vanir- House of the Wise (group of gods Vanir English
associated with health, fertility, wisdom, and the
ability to see the future. )
179. V
VENUS - Godess for love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, Venus Latin
prosperity and victory
180. V
VIDAR P Víðarr - son of Odin Víðarr Old Norse
181. V
VIRAL P Viral viral English
182. V
VLIES P Vlies (membrane) membrane Dutch
183. V
VRAChT P Vracht (freight) freight Dutch
184. V
VRIJEN P (1): “het VRIJEN”: to make love (1240). 1: To court Dutch
Originally: “to love” (from: vriend in 2: The free
Etymologiebank). people
(2): “de VRIJEN”: the “free people” (“FRANKs”)
185. W
(W)ILUŠA - Wiluša (Ἴλιον, Īṛlion ) Troy, Īṛlion Hittitisch
186. W
WHIRL P whirl to spin English
187. W
WIJZEN P To point, to teach To teach Dutch
188. W
WIZARD - Wizard – (originally): "to know the future." (?) philosopher English
189. W
WRANG P Wrang (sourish) sourish Dutch
190. W
WRONG P wrong wrong English
191. W
W WRITE P To write To write English
#
Pentagram P Information Definition Language
WRITA P Old Frisian
192. W
W WETEN - “To have seen” - to wit (v.), weten, weten To know Dutch
V
WISSEN - (German); OldChurchSlaw. viždą, vidiši, viděti to see, German
VIŽDĄ ‘zien’ vědě ‘ik weet’; to know OCL
193. Z
ZEMLJA - Zemlja (earth) earth Slavic
194. ΦΦ
L FILOS P Filos, from: “philosopher” love Greek
L
ΦIΛOΣ P ΦIΛOΣ Greek
LIEF(S) P Dutch
LIeBES - German

Dictionary with a number of (~200) perfect pentagrams


Appendix 3- Theonyms of a sky-god in the 2-dimensional tables
Source: The Hittite Signary as the Origin of the PIE-Alphabets
The following overview is composed from various essays, in which the 2-dimensional tables are
derived from the 1-dimensional alphabetic rows:

Ugaritic Derivative row Long Central Size


Semitic order Signaries theonym core Letters
--- Hittite cuneiform 1 DIAUR IAU 19
North Sanskrit 1 TIAUṬ IAU 47
ṬIAUT
Old-Persian 1 TIAUR IAU 25
Lepontic alphabet 1 ΘIVAZ IVA 17-20
Coptic alphabet 2 ⲐⲈⲒⲊⲢ ⲈⲒⲊ 33
Ugaritic alphabet 2 ṬYḪWŠ YḪW 27-30
Provencal 2 DIÉU IÉU 26 (?)
Euboean Alphabet 2 ΘIUEŚ IUE 26
Latin alphabet 2 ÞIEVS IΕV 24
Early Etruscan 2 ΘIVEŚ IVE 23
Hebrew alphabet 2 TIΕVS IΕV 22
Early Greek alphabet 2 ΘΙΕΥs ΙΕΥ 21
Cypriot & Linear-B 2 ΘΙΕUŠ ΙΕU 17
& Cypro-Minoan
Elder Futhark 3 TĪÆWS ĪÆW 24
Ogham signary 4 TIÉU(X) IÉU 20
South Ugaritic alphabet 5 ṬYʿʾUẒ YʿʾU 28-31
Geʽez abjad 3 NYḪWS YḪW 26
Table 16 Theonyms of a sky-god in the 2-dimensional tables of the alphabets and signaries
Appendix 4 - Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar75
The following notes are documented in: Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar. Quotations
may be found in the full text of "The Zohar Aramaic English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses De León".
The Zohar first appeared in Spain, then the Kingdom of León, in the 13th century. It
was published by a Jewish writer named Moses de León (c. 1240–1305). De León
ascribed the work to Shimon bar Yochai ("the Rashbi"), a tanna active after the Siege of
Jerusalem (70 CE).76

In this appendix the notes are included in their original structure and contents of 2014. The category
of the relevant letters (such as the three basic vowels I, O, U) are highlighted.

Intro
From earlier studies the vowels had been proven the most important symbolism-carriers. Therefore
I decided to investigate the vowel-oriented issues in the Zohar77.
The Zohar's explanation of the intonations, vowels (points), and letters is given in the following
comment section:
The relationship between the Hebrew letters, vowels (points) and intonations are
explained in terms of their spiritual significance. The Zohar tells us that the letters,
vowels and intonations are not merely the building the blocks of language. They are the
building blocks of the entire cosmos. They are the sounds of creation, the forces by
which stars and planets are constructed, and by which physical and metaphysical worlds
are erected.

Just as a human voice in song can shatter glass and evoke tears, the Hebrew alphabet
affects both physical and spiritual realities. We can set these forces in motion by
meditatively scanning the very letters that speak of the secrets of the letters themselves.
By so doing, we can draw spiritual sustenance and Light into our daily lives.78

This documents illustrates my interpretation based on the Zohar's translations into English and
German. Quotations have been capitalized as listed in the source file, but the relevant keywords
have been highlighted.
The Hebrew of the late centuries BC and early centuries AD had a system with five phonemic long
vowels [aː eː iː oː uː] and five short vowels [a e i o u]. Of these vowels a subset I, O, U and Hei
intensely has been used for symbolism, which is explained in the Zohar.
Most of the symbolism refers to the creation phase, in which words are being generated by
combining letters. The three basic vowels I, O, U also refer to three pillars, which represent gender,
planets, colors, etc.
There is a striking correlation to the IOU-root for the central Roman god Jupiter. The words ius,
pius (pious), justice, judge, iugum, yoke, etc., which may relate to Jupiter, belong to derived
subsets of the IU-words.

75 Source: Notes to the Letters' Symbolism in the Zohar ( jwr47 , dated: 14-10-2014, 14:03:25)
76 Source: Zohar
77 Source and numbering refer to the pdf-web document Zohar-Aramaic-English-Bilingual
78 Full text of "The Zohar Aramaic English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses De León"
References for the vowel Hei to West-European languages exist in the categories: ǣw (“custom,
tradition, law”) which has been derived from Proto-Germanic *aiwō, *aiwaz (“law”), from Proto-
Indo-European *oiw- (OIW) (“custom, tradition, law”). Cognate with Old Saxon êo, Ol Frisian
ewa, êwe, ê, â, Old German êwa, êha, êa, ê (German Ehe → Matrimony). Even “heaven” may be
correlating to the vowel “Hei”.

Short overview

Cholam (O), Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I)


The Yud represents three dots – representing 3 columns, expanding to 9 vowels. Of these 9 vowels
in the Thorah the vowels Cholam (O), Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I) form the holy seed, which is the
core element for the central pillar, foundation (Yesod) of the world, surrounded by the right (male),
respectively the left (female) column.
The sun and the moon have been used to represent the male and the female elements in matrimony.
Matrimony involves the symbolic mating of the vowels shuruk (female, left column, U) and chirik
(male, right column, I).
The English words for night [Hebrew: kara] seem to have been shaped by negating the light
[Hebrew: vayikra]. In Hebrew the contrast has been symbolized by subtracting two vowels Yud
[j]79 and Vav [w]80 from the light (day) [vayikra81] to form the word for the night [kara] “he called
(kara) night”. The light had been delivered by two sources, symbolized by Vav and Yud.

Hei
One of the basic principles is the particle “Et” (the) as a set combining the complete alphabet,
represented by the initial letter Aleph and the terminal letter Tav.
Adding a letter Hei to words symbolizes a union between objects: wherever male and female are
separate, the letter Hei cannot be found. Adding a letter Hei to the set of the complete alphabet
(Aleph->Tav) symbolizes Atah (a singular “you”82). The addition of Hei changes life (chai) to
animal (chayah).
The Hebrew letter Hei directly seemed to have been copied from Hebrew to the German language,
especially in “Heirat” (German: “marriage”) and Ehe” (German: “matrimony”). The correlation
between the vowel Hei and “ewig” (German for “eternal”) and “eeuwig” (Dutch for “eternal”)
seems to be obvious:
ǣw (“custom, tradition, law”) has been derived from Proto-Germanic *aiwō, *aiwaz
(“law”), from Proto-Indo-European *oiw- (OIW, “custom, tradition, law”). Cognate
with Old Saxon êo, Ol Frisian ewa, êwe, ê, â, Old German êwa, êha, êa, ê (German Ehe
→ Matrimony).83

The Tetragrammaton Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei refers to “Heaven84” - the matrimonial union of male


(chirik - I) and female (shuruk - U), which cannot be divorced. The basic principles of male (chirik
- I) and female (shuruk – U), combined with the Hebrew letter Hei symbolizes an eternal
matrimonial union I & U.

79 Yud [j] - Yodh


80 Vav [w], or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see mater lectionis)
81 "And Elohim called (Heb. Vayikra) the Light Day"
82 Ernst Müller specifies for this section a singular version for “you”
83 æ: meaning, origin, synonyms
84 The modern English word heaven (“sky”) is derived from the earlier (Middle English) heven (attested 1159); this in
turn was developed from the previous Old English form heofon. In many languages, the word for "heaven" is the
same as the word for "sky".
In this system the basic elements of the creation have been represented by vowels I, U, H, which
may be derived from the Tetragrammaton Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei:
• Chirik – I for the male sun,
• Shuruk – U for the female moon
• Hei – H for the eternal matrimonial link between I and U. The Hebrew letter Hei may have
been applied to define “heaven” (“the sky”) as a symbolic link between the sun (I) and the
moon (U).

Vowels I, O and U
The vowels have been specified as the holy seed, which played a key-role in the creation process.
This isolates the vowel set IOU, from the remaining vowels A, E in the Roman alphabet and the
ligature Æ. The vowels named holy seed (I, O and U) also form the core set IOU for the Roman
God's name Jupiter85. The words ius, pious, justice, judge, iugum, yoke, etc., which may relate to
Jupiter, belong to derived subsets of the IU-words.

The first vowel is Yud (I)


33. When the first point (or 'vowel'), WHICH IS Yud, proceeded FROM ARICH
ANPIN, its light shone upon it according to the sense of 'reaching yet not reaching'86.

IOU
I noticed the German translation of the Zohar by Ernst Müller 87 specified the vowels Cholam (O),
Shuruk (U) and Chirik (I) in the following section, in which by joining the vowels (points) for the
triad (e.g. IOU) had been formed - the last NAME OF Eheyeh:
9. That supernal point, WHICH IS ARICH ANPIN, sowed inside the temple--WHICH
IS YISRAEL - SABA AND TEVUNAH-- the secret of the three points (vowels):
Cholam, Shuruk and Chirik. So they are combined into one secret, a Voice that emerges
from the joining of the three points. When THE VOICE came forth, its female
counterpart came with it. She included all the letters as it is written: "The heavens..."
(Beresheet 1:1); that is, the voice and its feminine principle. This voice, which is THE
SECRET OF the heavens, is the last NAME OF Eheyeh, which is the brightness that
contains all the letters and colors in this manner.

This connects the last NAME OF Eheyeh to the vowel name such as IOU.
38. The three Points--Cholam, Shuruk and Chirik-- are called holy seed. FOR
THROUGH THE THREE SOWINGS--CALLED CHOLAM, SHURUK and
CHIRIK--THE MOCHIN OF CHOCHMAH ARE REVEALED, WHICH ARE
CALLED HOLINESS. THE THREE POINTS ARE THEREFORE CALLED HOLY
SEED88.

85 Linguistic studies identify the form *Iou-pater as deriving from the Indo-European vocative compound *Dyēu-pəter
(meaning "O Father Sky-god"; nominative: *Dyēus-pətēr).
86 Full text of "The Zohar Aramaic English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses ...
87 Scribd-document: ERNST MÜLLER - DER SOHAR - Das heilige Buch der Kabbala
88 Full text of "The Zohar Aramaic English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses ...
The central pillar emanating the foundation (Yesod) of the world
The three points I, O, U are the holy seed for the foundation (Yesod) of the world:
38. For no seed can be sown FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE MOCHIN except according
to this secret, NAMELY THE SECRET OF THE THREE SOWINGS OF CHOLAM,
SHURUK AND CHIRIK.

All, REFERRING TO THE ILLUMINATION OF THE THREE POINTS, were united


in the Central Column, WHICH IS TIFERET, and it emanated the foundation (Yesod)
of the world.

84. THE GATHERING OF LIGHTS IS THE SECRET OF THE THREE 'VOWELS' –


CHOLAM, SHURUK AND CHIRIK.

Intonations
Several sections of the Zohar refer to intonations, which also involve vowels such as the Cholam
(O).
210. In the holy name, Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei ascends to the fourth TUNE OF THE
INTONATIONS.

211. Corresponding to the fourth INTONATION, which ascends BY THE


INTONATION, there is the Cholam AMONG THE POINTS (VOWELS), WHICH IS
ALSO RELATED TO CHESED.

213. The Revi'i (fourth) OF THE CANTILLATION MARKS is for raising the voice,
the Tevir of the cantillation marks is for lowering the pitch. Shalshelet holds to the two
columns like a chain AND JOINS THEM TO EACH OTHER. It is like the Revi'i, with
which one prolongs the word WITH MELODY. It is a point like the Cholam. There is
no point AMONG THE POINTS that does not have a corresponding cantillation mark.
For example, the vowel Segol corresponds to the Segolta intonation, the vowel Sheva
corresponds to the intonation Zakef gadol. There is always a vowel corresponding to a
cantillation mark for all those who know the hidden secrets.

The vowel Cholam as a crown on all vowels Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei


285. The letters, arranged properly, YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI, ascend through the dot of
Cholam (the vowel O), which is Keter, above them.

The four letters expand from Chochmah to holy Malchut, as Chochmah is Yud, Binah is
Hei, the six Sfirot CHESED, GVURAH, TIFERET, NETZACH, HOD AND YESOD
are Vav and Malchut is the last Hei. Cholam is a crown on all the letters.
The vowel hierarchy in the Torah
The Hebrew of the late centuries BC and early centuries AD had a system with five phonemic long
vowels [aː eː iː oː uː] and five short vowels [a e i o u].

The letter Yud – representing 9 vowels


The Yud represents three dots – representing 3 columns, expanding to 9 vowels.
11. HE EXPLAINS FURTHER SAYING: And this is the secret. The letter Yud is one
point (dot) and even though it is one point, its shape has a head above, WHICH IS THE
UPPER TIP OF THE YUD, a tip below, AND THE DOT ITSELF. THEREFORE, it
amounts to three points like the Hebrew dot Segol, IN THE SECRET OF RIGHT,
LEFT AND CENTRAL, WHICH IS THE INNER MEANING OF THE THREE
COLUMNS. Therefore, the expansion to four sides, three on each side, equals nine
TOGETHER WITH THE YUD, and eight WITHOUT THE YUD ITSELF, AS
EXPLAINED.

Nine Vowels in the Torah


The Yud represents a triad of dots, expanding to 9 vowels Kamatz89 ("/a/"), Patach90 ("/a/"),
Tzerei91 ("/e/"), Segol92 ("/e/"), Shva93 ("/i/"), Cholam94 ("/o/"), Chirik95 ("/ee/"), Kubutz96
("/oo/"), Shuruk97 ("/oo/")98:
12. These EIGHT POINTS are pillars that stem from the secret of the luminary to
support the letter Yud, and they are considered its Chariot. They are not called by name,
just by the secret of the nine dots (vowels) in the Torah, WHICH ARE KAMATZ,
PATACH, TZEREI, THE FIRST THREE SFIROT.

SEGOL, SHVA AND CHOLAM ARE CHESED, GVURAH AND TIFERET.

CHIRIK, KUBUTZ, SHURUK THAT ARE ALSO CALLED CHIRIK, SHURUK,


MELAFUM, ARE NETZACH, HOD AND YESOD, BECAUSE THE SFIROT OF
CHOCHMAH ARE CALLED 'DOTS.'

89 In modern Hebrew (Sephardi/Israeli), the Kamatz usually indicates the phoneme /a/
90 The Patach and Kamatz sound like a long and short "a"; the Patach is used when there is a closed syllable, and the
Kamatz is used when there is an open syllable.
91 The Segol and Tsere make a medium to long "e" sound, such as in the English words "elephant," Eskimo," and
"egg."
92 In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme /e/
93 The Shva appears as two small dots in a vertical line beneath a Hebrew letter and is used to indicate that either there
is no vowel for that particular Hebrew letter, or that there is only a short half-vowel, sounding like the short "i" in
the English words "it," "is," and "in."
94 In modern Hebrew the Cholam indicates the mid back rounded vowel, [oo] the Cholem has a short "o" sound, such as
the English words "dot," "hot," "caught."
95 the Chirik is pronounced as "ee," such as in the English words "we" and "neat.".
96 The Kubbutz appears as three small diagonal dots below a Hebrew letter and makes a long "oo" sound, such as in
the English words "blue" and "crew."
97 The Shuruk appears as a single dot inside the letter Vav and sounds like a long "oo" such is in the English words
"pool" and "school."
98 Hebrew Vowels
Ten Sfirot
274. Ten Names are engraved by the King's authority. THE TEN NAMES REFER TO
THE TEN SFIROT; there are ten SFIROT, AS EXPLAINED IN SEFER YETZIRAH
(THE BOOK OF FORMATION); TEN EXACTLY, NOT NINE OR ELEVEN.
NEVERTHELESS, THEY ALSO add up to a greater number, WHICH IS A
REFERENCE TO THE 72 NAMES. THIS CAN BE EXPLAINED FURTHER. These
seventy colors that glow in all directions derive from these Names, THAT IS, FROM
THE 72 NAMES. AND THESE SEVENTY COLORS WERE ENGRAVED and formed
into the secret of the seventy Names of the angels, which are the secret of the heavens.

72 Names(9 vowels)
275. And they are Michael, Gavriel, Refael, Nuriel. Kamatz (a vowel): Kedumiel,
Malkiel, Tzadkiel. Patach (a vowel): Pedael, Tumiel, Chasdiel. Tzere (a vowel):
Tzuriel, Raziel, Yofiel. Segol (a vowel): Stuteriyah, Gazriel, Vatriel, Lamael. Chirik (a
vowel): Chazkiel, Rehatiel, Kadshiel. Sheva (a vowel): Shemael, Barchiel, Ahiel.
Cholam (a vowel): Chaniel, Lahadiel, Machniel. Shuruk (a vowel): Shamshiel,
Rehaviel, Kamshiel. Shuruk (a vowel) called melafum. Shemar'el, Rehatiel, Karshiel.

276. Ahaniel, Barkiel, Gadiel, Dumiel, Hadriel, Vadergaziyah, Zahariel, Chaniel,


Tahariel, Ya'azriel, Kariel, Lamdiel, Malkiel, Nehariel, Saniyah, Anael, Patchiel,
Tzuriel, Kanael, Remiel, Sha'ariel, Tavkiel.

277. Tefuriya, Shachniel, Renael, Kamriyah, Tzuriyah, Psisiyah, Iriel, Samchiel, Neriel,
Madoniyah, Lasniyah, Kamsariyah, Yeriel, Tasmasiyah, Chaniel, Zachriel, Vadriel,
Hinael, Denabael, Gadiel, Bedael, Adiriron. Adonai is above them all.

Female U & Male I


The sun and the moon seemed to have been used to represent the male and the female elements in
matrimony. Matrimony involves the mating of the vowels shuruk (female, left column, U) and
chirik (male, right column, I). This section defines the male (I) and female (U) elements.

A female Moon uniting with a male Sun

362 "But on the Shabbat day it shall be opened, and on the day of the new moon it shall
be opened," because at those times, the sacred makes use of the sacred, and the moon,
WHICH IS THE FEMALE PRINCIPLE, shines in order to unite with the sun,
WHICH IS ZEIR ANPIN.

101. They proceeded on their way, and after a while he said: When the moon, WHICH
IS THE FEMALE PRINCIPLE, approaches the sun, WHICH IS ZEIR ANPIN, then
the Holy One, blessed be He, stirs up the northern side, WHICH IS THE LEFT
COLUMN THAT IS DRAWN FROM THE POINT OF SHURUK, and He grasps her
lovingly and draws her toward Himself.

THIS IS THE SECRET OF ASKING PERMISSION THROUGH APPEASEMENT.


And then the southern side, WHICH IS THE RIGHT COLUMN, is aroused from the
other side, NAMELY FROM THE SIDE OF THE POINT OF CHIRIK. And eventually
the moon, WHICH IS THE FEMALE PRINCIPLE, rises and joins the east, WHICH IS
ZEIR ANPIN. Thus, She draws sustenance from both sides, FROM THE SOUTH AND
FROM THE NORTH, and receives the blessing OR THE ABUNDANCE OF THE
MATING, in silence.

'IN SILENCE' MEANS THAT SHE IS IN THE STAGE OF THE SIX ENDS AND
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE POINT OF CHIRIK, WHICH IS THE SECRET
OF THE VERSE, "BUT HER VOICE WAS NOT HEARD" (I SHMUEL 1:13).

FOR THE WORDS 'VOICE' AND 'SPEAKING' SIGNIFY THE UPPER THREE
SFIROT. And now the moon is blessed and filled WITH THE ABUNDANCE, as a
woman approaches her husband. THIS MEANS THAT A COMPLETE MATING HAS
OCCURRED, IN WHICH THE ENTIRE MOCHIN ARE REVEALED TO THE
WORLD.

39. The left is set ablaze by the force of might and smells. It exudes the odor throughout
the grades, and from the glow of this fire it emanates the feminine principle called
moon. This blazing IS CONSIDERED TO BE darkness, because it extends from
darkness. And these two sides, THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT, produce these two
grades, one male and one female, BECAUSE YESOD, WHICH IS MALE,
EMANATED FROM THE RULE OF THE RIGHT OF ZEIR ANPIN.

39. THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE EMANATES FROM THE LEFT COLUMN OF


ZEIR ANPIN.

41. The night, Master of all Earth, is the feminine principle. She emanated from the left
side, from that darkness.

Night and Light


The English words for night seem to have been shaped by negating the light. In Hebrew the contrast
had been symbolized by subtracting two letters, which have been used to represent vowels:
• Yud [j] - Yodh
• Vav [w], or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see mater lectionis).

Night by subtracting two letters from Light (= Day)


The English words for night [Hebrew: kara] seem to have been shaped by negating the light
[Hebrew: vayikra]. In Hebrew the contrast had been symbolized by subtracting two vowels Yud
[j]99 and Vav [w]100 from the light (day) [vayikra] to form the word for the night [kara] “he called
(kara) night”. The light had been delivered by two sources, symbolized by Vav and Yud:
43. The Musaf, WHICH IS YESOD OF ZEIR ANPIN, contains the secret of the
supernal point, WHICH IS ARICH ANPIN101, and the secret of the Central Column,
WHICH IS TIFERET OF ZEIR ANPIN102 THAT RECONCILES all sides.

99 Yud [j] - Yodh


100Vav [w], or placeholder for "O"/"U" vowel (see mater lectionis)
101Wikipedia: Arich Anpin or Arikh Anpin (Aramaic: ‫ אריך אנפין‬meaning "Long Face/Extended Countenance" (also
implying "The Infinitely Patient One",[1] called Macroprosopus in the Kabbala Denudata) is an aspect of Divine
emanation in Kabbalah, identified with the sephirah attribute of Keter, the Divine Will.
102Wikipedia: Ze`ir Anpin (Aramaic: ‫נפין‬ ‫ זע עא יר אנ י‬meaning "Lesser Countenance/Small Face", called Microprosopus
in the Kabbala Denudata) is a revealed aspect of God in Kabbalah, comprising the emotional sephirot attributes:
Chesed, Gevurah, Tiphereth, Netzach, Hod and Yesod.
Because of this, two letters were added to YESOD, WHICH ARE VAV AND YUD, IN
THE PHRASE: "AND ELOHIM CALLED (HEB. VAYIKRA) THE LIGHT DAY"
(BERESHEET 1:5), IN WHICH THE LETTER VAV ALLUDES TO THE LIGHT OF
CHASSADIM THAT IT RECEIVED FROM THE CENTRAL COLUMN AND THE
YUD TO THE LIGHT OF CHOCHMAH THAT IT RECEIVED FROM ARICH
ANPIN.

IN THE EMANATION ON THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE, WHICH IS night, these two


letters were missing. So OF HER IT IS WRITTEN kara, without the Vav and Yud. OF
THE DAY, WHICH IS YESOD, it is written vayikra.

He subtracted, IN THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE, THE LETTERS Vav and Yud from
vayikra, and so it is written OF HER only "he called (kara) night."

Here lies the secret of the name with the 72 letters that are inscribed in the supernal
crown - REFERRING TO THE SECRET OF THE LETTERS VAV AND YUD.

Eternity, Matrimony, Law

The particle “Et” as a set of all letters from A to T


One of the basic principles is the particle “Et” (the) as a set combining the complete alphabet,
represented by the initial letter Aleph and the terminal letter Tav.
11. The particle Et (the) is created by combining the letters Aleph and Tav, which are
the first and last letters of the alphabet. Thus, Et includes all the letters from beginning
to end.

The letter Hei

Changing life to animal


The addition of Hei changes life (chai) to animal (chayah):

283. THE SIX PERMUTATIONS OF YUD HEI VAV consist of eighteen letters of the
six directions CHESED, GVURAH, TIFERET, NETZACH, HOD AND YESOD,
included in the Righteous, the life (Heb. Chai=18) of the worlds, WHO IS YESOD OF
ZEIR ANPIN.

Together with Hei, MALCHUT, it becomes Chayah (lit. 'animal'). The mystery of this
is Hei, such as the ark of Noah, MALCHUT, in which every kind was gathered two and
two, and seven and seven of the animals for offering. Two and two are four, seven and
seven are fourteen, AND TOGETHER they are eighteen (Heb. chai). The ark itself is
Hei, BEING MALCHUT; thus, the WORD Chayah is completed.

Forming the word Atah (you)


Adding a letter Hei to words symbolizes a union between objects. Adding a letter Hei to the
complete alphabet (Aleph->Tav) symbolizes Atah (a singular “you”103).

103Ernst Müller specifies for this section a singular version for “you”
11. Afterwards, the letter Hei was added to Et, so all the letters would be united with
Hei.

This formed the word Atah (you), which consists of the letters Aleph-Tav-Hei. Thus,
the verse reads: "And you do preserve them all" (Nechemyah 9:6). Et is the secret of
Adonai and is so called.

The matrimonial link


In section 261 the matrimonial link between male and female is explained by adding a letter Hei to
a word:

261. Whence do we know this? From the words, "If a girl (na'arah) is a virgin" Devarim
22:23), "na'arah" is written without a letter Hei (i.e., na'ar). What is the reason for this?

It is because she has not been linked to a male. And wherever male and female are
separate, the letter Hei cannot be found. NAARAH IS THEREFORE SPELLED
WITHOUT THE HEI, and THE HEI ascends, while THE NUKVA stays WITH THE
LETTER Dalet, WHICH ALLUDES TO POVERTY.

Sometimes the Hebrew letter Hei directly seemed to have been copied from Hebrew to the German
language, especially in “Heirat” (German: “marriage”) and Ehe” (German: “matrimony”). The
correlation between the vowel Hei and “ewig” (German for “eternal”) and “eeuwig” (Dutch for
“eternal”) seems to be obvious:
ǣw (“custom, tradition, law”) has been derived from Proto-Germanic *aiwō, *aiwaz
(“law”), from Proto-Indo-European *oiw- (OIW, “custom, tradition, law”). Cognate
with Old Saxon êo, Ol Frisian ewa, êwe, ê, â, Old German êwa, êha, êa, ê (German Ehe
→ Matrimony).104

The Tetragrammaton Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei refers to “Heaven105” - the matrimonial union of male


(chirik - I) and female (shuruk - U), which cannot be divorced. The basic principles of male (chirik
- I) and female (shuruk – U), combined with the Hebrew letter Hei symbolizes an eternal
matrimonial union I & U.

YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI = Heaven
The following section explains the Tetragrammaton Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei as “Heaven” - the
matrimonial union of male and female, which cannot be divorced.
10. The term "the heavens" alludes to the union of the male and female, and it is
forbidden to separate them, BUT RATHER COMBINE THEM, FOR THEY ARE THE
SECRET OF THE VOICE AND THE UTTERANCE--YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI-ADONAI,
WHICH ARE UNITED INTO ONE.

11. Heaven is Yud-Hei-Vav-Hei, which is superior TO THE NAME ADONAI, FOR


ZEIR ANPIN, CALLED "THE HEAVENS" AND ALSO CALLED "VOICE", IS THE
SECRET OF THE NAME OF YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI.

104æ: meaning, origin, synonyms


105The modern English word heaven (“sky”) is derived from the earlier (Middle English) heven (attested 1159); this in
turn was developed from the previous Old English form heofon. In many languages, the word for "heaven" is the
same as the word for "sky".
AND HIS FEMININE PRINCIPLE, CALLED 'ET' AND 'SPEECH,' IS THE SECRET
OF THE NAME ADONAI.

Both Heis as width and length in YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI


206. This is THE SECRET OF the two Heis IN THE NAME YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI;
THE FIRST HEI ALLUDES TO WIDTH AND THE LOWER HEI TO LENGTH, AS
EXPLAINED ELSEWHERE.

The letter Aleph = Unity


The letter Aleph as a beginning of all beginnings represents unity.
38. The Holy One, blessed be He, said, ALEPH, ALEPH, even though the world is
created with the letter Bet, you shall be the first (lit. 'head') of all the letters. My
attachments shall be expressed only by you and all calculations and actions of the
people shall commence with you. Therefore, all unity shall be expressed by the letter
Aleph!

The pronouns I & You

I [Ani] - formed by the letters Aleph-Nun-Yud


95. As it is written, "As I was in exile" (Yechezkel 1:1). THIS MEANS that a certain
grade, which is called I (Ani, which is formed by the letters Aleph, Nun, and Yud),
WHICH IS MALCHUT, was in exile.

You [Atah] - formed by the letters Aleph-Tav-Hei


Adding a letter Hei to the complete alphabet (Aleph->Tav) symbolizes Atah (a singular “you”106).

Using the vowel Chirik instead of Patach (/a/)


The vowel Patach (/a/) seems to be avoided in vowel symbolism:
67. Do not say Ami (my people) Ata (You are), but rather Imi (with me) Ata (You are).
Do not say Ami Ata, WITH THE VOWEL PATACH, but rather Imi Ata, WITH THE
VOWEL CHIRIK, WHICH MEANS, 'be my partner.'

106Ernst Müller specifies for this section a singular version for “you”
Creation

The first two days


61. Although ON THE SECOND DAY, the upper and lower waters were divided, the
dispute BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND THE LEFT, WHICH ARE THE LETTERS
ALEPH-LAMED AND HEI-YUD-MEM, did not cease until the third day, WHICH IS
TIFERET. THE THIRD DAY settled the dispute BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND THE
LEFT, AS THE TWO COLUMNS--ALEPH-LAMED AND HEI-YUD-MEM—
ENCLOTHED EACH OTHER, and both were established properly in their places.
Because of this dispute, even though the world exists upon it, it is not written: "it was
good" about the second day, because the work was not yet completed ON THAT DAY.

The third day


62. Although the separation OF THE LOWER WATERS FROM THE UPPER WATERS
occurred on the second day, the dispute BETWEEN EL, WHICH IS THE RIGHT, AND
HEI-YUD-MEM, WHICH IS THE LEFT, was unresolved. ONLY the third day
reconciled between them. Both became one AND JOINED THEM INTO THE ONE
NAME ELOHIM. THE THIRD DAY, WHICH IS ZEIR ANPIN, IS the name, upon
which is engraved Hei-Vav-Hei, to make the upper waters, BINAH, equal to the lower
waters, MALCHUT.

HVH
BECAUSE THE LETTERS HEI-VAV-HEI ARE THE SECRET OF THE TWO HEIS
WITH VAV BETWEEN THEM: the upper Hei IS BINAH, and the lower Hei IS
MALCHUT.

The Vav in between IS ZEIR ANPIN AND it completes AND ILLUMINATES both
sides, ABOVE IN BINAH AND BELOW IN MALCHUT.

This was signified by THE SPLITTING OF the waters of the Yarden (the Jordan River),
where the upper waters rose in a heap AND DID NOT DESCEND INTO THE DEAD
SEA.

THIS IS THE SECRET OF THE UPPER HEI OF THE NAME YUD-HEI-VAV-HEI,


NAMELY BINAH. ON THE OTHER HAND, the lower waters--WHICH ARE THE
SECRET OF THE LOWER HEI, MALCHUT--flowed down into the DEAD Sea--
WHICH IS THE SECRET OF THE LOWER HEI, MALCHUT. And Yisrael, THE
SECRET OF THE LETTER VAV, went in the middle BETWEEN THE UPPER
WATERS AND THE LOWER WATERS OF THE YARDEN. THUS YISRAEL, THE
SECRET OF THE VAV OF YUDHEI- VAV-HEI, RECEIVED THE ABUNDANCE
FROM THE UPPER HEI AND BESTOWED IT UPON THE LOWER HEI.
Metals
The Sepher Yetzirah documents the Hebrew definitions I H V (sky), I V H (“depth”), East (H I V),
West (V H I), South (V I H) and North (H V I). This may be included in the first column:

Sepher Yetzirah direction Element Vowel Column Sefirah Metal


HVI North Fire Shuruk (U) - moon Left column Gvurah gold
HIV East Air Chririk (I) - sun Central column Tiferet silver
VIH South Water Cholam (O) Right column Chesed brass
VHI West Earth - - Malchut iron
Table 17 Definitions according to the Sepher Yetzirah and
The Zohar Aramaic (English Shimon Bar Yohai, Moses De León)

35. These four ELEMENTS - FIRE, AIR, WATER AND EARTH-correspond to the four
directions of the world, BECAUSE THE RELATION BETWEEN THEM IS THAT OF
AN OUTER TO THE INNER.

THEREFORE, THEY are situated in these four - north, south, east and west - which are
the four directions of the world, and the four ELEMENTS abide in them. Fire IS to the
north side, WHICH ARE THE VOWEL SHURUK, THE LEFT COLUMN AND THE
SFIRAH OF GVURAH.

Air is to the east side, WHICH IS THE VOWEL CHIRIK, THE CENTRAL
COLUMN AND THE SFIRAH OF TIFERET.

Water is to the south side, WHICH IS THE VOWEL CHOLAM, THE RIGHT
COLUMN AND THE SFIRAH OF CHESED.

Earth is to the west, WHICH IS THE SFIRAH OF MALCHUT THAT RECEIVES


THE THREE, FIRE, AIR AND WATER.

And these four ELEMENTS - FIRE, AIR, WATER EARTH – are connected to the four
DIRECTIONS - NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, AND WEST. And they are all one, EXCEPT
THEY ARE WRAPPED ONE WITHIN THE ANOTHER AS OUTER AND INNER.
And these FIRE, AIR, WATER, EARTH produce four metals, NAMELY BY MEANS
OF UNION WITH MALCHUT, which are gold, silver, brass and iron.

Colors
We are told that there are three colors in the eye - white, red and green - which are like
the three colors of Zeir Anpin. The pupil of the eye is black, the mirror that does not
illuminate. Rabbi Shimon says that the secret of seeing the three concealed lights is to
close your eyes and turn them inwardly toward Cholam, Shuruk and Chirik - the three
places that receive love, power and beauty.

When the eye is closed it sees the higher colors as did Moses, but when it is open it sees only the
lower colors.

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