Côte d'Ivoire

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"Ivory Coast" redirects here. For other topics, see Ivory Coast (disambiguation).

Republic of Côte d'Ivoire

République de Côte d'Ivoire

Flag Coat of arms

Motto: Union – Discipline – Travail

(French: Unity – Discipline – Labour)

Anthem: L'Abidjanaise
 Yamoussoukro
Capital
6°51′N 5°18′W / 6.85°N 5.3°W / 6.85; -5.3

Largest city Abidjan

Official language(s) French

Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin and

Vernacular languages
Cebaara Senufo among others

Demonym Ivorian/Ivoirian

Government Semi-presidential Republic

- President Laurent Gbagbo[1]

- Prime Minister Guillaume Soro[1]

Independence from France

- Date 7 August 1960

Area

322,460 km2 (68th)

- Total
124,502 sq mi

- Water (%) 1.4[2]

 Population

- 2009 estimate 20,617,068[2] (56th)

- 1998 census 15,366,672

63.9/km2 (139th)
- Density
165.6/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate

- Total $35.803 billion[3]

- Per capita $1,674[3]

GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate

- Total $22.497 billion[3]

- Per capita $1,052[3]

Gini (2002) 44.6 (medium)

HDI (2007) ▲ 0.484[4] (low) (163rd)

Currency West African CFA franc (XOF)

Time zone GMT (UTC+0)

- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+0)

Drives on the right

ISO 3166 code CI

Internet TLD .ci

Calling code 225

a
Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to
AIDS; this can result in lower population than would otherwise be expected.

The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (English pronunciation: /ˌkoʊt dɪˈvwɑr/; French: [kot di
ˈvwaʁ]), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast,[5] is a country in West Africa. It has
an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and
Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which
was 15,366,672 in 1998,[6] was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.[2]
Prior to its occupation by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several important states,
including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were also two Anyi kingdoms,
Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French
colonial period and even after Côte d'Ivoire's independence.[7] An 1843–1844 treaty made
Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the
European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led
by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its
West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West,
especially to France. However, since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has
experienced two coups d’état (1999 and 2001) and a civil war,[8] although elections[9] and a
political agreement between the new government and the rebels have brought a return to
peace.[10] Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power personified in the
President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan.
The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation
of the Islamic Conference, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic
Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
The official language is French although there are many other local languages, including
Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin and Cebaara Senufo. The main religions are Islam, Christianity
(primarily Roman Catholic) and various indigenous religions.
The country, through its production of coffee and cocoa, was an economic powerhouse
during the 1960s and 1970s in West Africa. However, Côte d'Ivoire went through an
economic crisis in the 1980s, leading to the country's period of political and social turmoil.
The 21st century Ivorian economy is largely market-based and relies heavily on agriculture,
with smallholder cash crop production being dominant.[2]

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Name
○ 1.1 Usage in English
• 2 History
○ 2.1 Land migration
○ 2.2 Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods
○ 2.3 Establishment of French rule
○ 2.4 French colonial era
○ 2.5 Independence
○ 2.6 Houphouët-Boigny administration
○ 2.7 Bédié administration
○ 2.8 1999 coup
○ 2.9 Gbagbo administration
○ 2.10 Ivorian Civil War
 2.10.1 2002 unity government
• 3 Regions and departments
○ 3.1 Population of major cities
• 4 Politics
 • 5 Geography
• 6 Economy
• 7 Environment
• 8 Religion
• 9 Demographics
○ 9.1 Health
○ 9.2 Education
• 10 Culture
○ 10.1 Music
○ 10.2 Sport
• 11 See also
• 12 Notes
• 13 References
• 14 External links

[edit] Name
The region, and then the country, was originally known in English as "Ivory Coast". In
October 1985, the government requested that the country be known in every language as
Côte d'Ivoire[11] without a hyphen between the two words.
[edit] Usage in English
Despite the Ivorian government's request, the Anglicised rendering "Ivory Coast" (sometimes
"the Ivory Coast") is still frequently used in English.
The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country,
[12]
The Guardian newspaper's Style Guide says: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Côte
D'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians",[13] ABC News, The Times, The New York Times, and the
South African Broadcasting Corporation all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or
predominantly.
Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons. The English country name
registered with the United Nations and used by ISO 3166 is "Côte d'Ivoire". Other
organizations that use "Côte d'Ivoire" include the United States Department of State (which
uses "Côte d'Ivoire" in formal documents, but uses "Ivory Coast" in many general references,
speeches and briefing documents[14]), FIFA and the IOC (referring to their national football
and Olympic teams in international games and in official broadcasts), The Economist
newsmagazine,[15] Encyclopædia Britannica,[16] and National Geographic Society.[17]
[edit] History
Main article: History of Côte d'Ivoire
[edit] Land migration
Prehistoric polished stone celt from Boundiali in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Photo taken at the
IFAN Museum of African Arts in Dakar, Senegal.
Of the first human presence in Côte d'Ivoire has been difficult to determine because human
remains have not been well-preserved in the country's humid climate. However, the presence
of new weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and
remnants of cooking and fishing) in the country has been interpreted as a possible indication
of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC),[18] or at
the minimum, the Neolithic period.[19]
The earliest known inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire, however, have left traces scattered
throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by
the ancestors of the present inhabitants, who arrived before the 16th century, including the
Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).[20]
[edit] Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods
The first recorded history is found in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who,
from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold,
and other goods. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the
edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the
rain forest. The more important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major
commercial centers around which the great Sudanic empires developed.
By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to
dominate neighboring states. The Sudanic empires also became centers of Islamic education.
Islam had been introduced into the western Sudan (today's Mali) by Muslim Berber traders
from North Africa and spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. From the
eleventh century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it
spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Côte d'Ivoire.
The Ghana empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern
Mauretania from the fourth to the thirteenth century. At the peak of its power in the eleventh
century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuctu. After the decline of
Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the
early part of the fourteenth century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Côte d'Ivoire was
limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.
Its slow decline starting at the end of the fourteenth century followed internal discord and
revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the
fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led
to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations of peoples southward
toward the forest belt. The dense rain forest covering the southern half of the country created
barriers to large-scale political organizations as seen further north. Inhabitants lived in
villages or clusters of villages whose contacts with the outside world were filtered through
long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.
Five important states flourished in Côte d'Ivoire in the pre-European era. The Muslim Kong
Empire was established by the Juula in the early eighteenth century in the north-central
region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although
Kong became a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and
religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. The city of Kong was destroyed in 1895
by Samori Ture.
The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the seventeenth century by an Akan
group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what
is present-day Ghana. From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually
extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent émigrés
from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into a major center of commerce and
Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. In the
mid-Seventeen century in east-central Côte d'Ivoire, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante
established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.
The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, elaborated a highly centralized political and administrative
structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the
breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants
of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Côte
d'Ivoire's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi of Krinjabo attempted to break away from
Côte d'Ivoire and form an independent kingdom.[21]
[edit] Establishment of French rule
Compared to neighboring Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire suffered little from the slave trade, as
European slaving and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast, with better
harbors. The earliest recorded French voyage to West Africa took place in 1483. The first
West African French settlement, Saint Louis, was founded in the mid-seventeenth century in
Senegal, while at about the same time the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Goree
Island off Dakar. A French mission was established in 1637 Assinie near the border with the
Gold Coast (now Ghana).
Assinie's survival was precarious, however, and only in the mid-nineteenth century did the
French establish themselves firmly in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1843–1844, French admiral Bouët-
Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assinie regions, placing
their territories under a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading
companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the
lagoon region. However, pacification was not accomplished until 1915.
Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two
great rivers, the Senegal River and the Niger River. Concerted French exploration of West
Africa began in the mid-nineteenth century but moved slowly and was based more on
individual initiative than on government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series
of treaties with local West African rulers that enabled the French to build fortified posts along
the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centers.
The first posts in Côte d'Ivoire included one at Assinie and another at Grand Bassam, which
became the colony's first capital. The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the
posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local
rulers for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French
because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose.
Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.
France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of
the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. Thereafter, the French built naval bases to keep
out non-French traders and began a systematic conquest of the interior. (They accomplished
this only after a long war in the 1890s against Mandinka forces, mostly from Gambia.
Guerrilla warfare by the Baoulé and other eastern groups continued until 1917).[citation needed]
The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by
Germany of the French province of Alsace Lorraine caused the French government to
abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its French West
African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at
Grand Bassam in Côte d'Ivoire was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur
Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Côte d'Ivoire.[21]
In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of
its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration
in the interior. In 1887 Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that
traversed parts of Côte d'Ivoire's interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four
treaties establishing French protectorates in Côte d'Ivoire. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent,
Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence
from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Côte d'Ivoire.
[edit] French colonial era
By the end of the 1880s, France had established what passed for effective control over the
coastal regions of Côte d'Ivoire, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the
area. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. In 1893
Côte d'Ivoire was made a French colony, and then Captain Binger was appointed governor.
Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and
western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because
of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina
Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Côte d'Ivoire for economic and administrative
reasons.
France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa and palm oil
crops were soon planted along the coast. Côte d'Ivoire stood out as the only West African
country with a sizeable population of settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the
French and British were largely bureaucrats.[citation needed] As a result, a third of the cocoa, coffee
and banana plantations were in the hands of French citizens and a forced-labour system
became the backbone of the economy.
Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to
establish new posts. The African population resisted French penetration and settlement.
Among those offering greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was
establishing the Wassoulou Empire which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea,
Mali, Burkina Faso, and Côte d'Ivoire. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could
manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The
French responded to Samori Ture's expansion of regional control with military pressure.
French campaigns against Samori Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in
the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898.
France's imposition of a head tax in 1900, aimed at enabling the colony to undertake a public
works program, provoked a number of revolts. Ivoirians viewed the tax as a violation of the
terms of the protectorate treaties because it seemed that France was now demanding the
equivalent of a coutume from the local kings rather than the reverse. Much of the population,
especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.[22]
From 1904 to 1958, Côte d'Ivoire was a constituent unit of the Federation of French West
Africa. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic. Until the period
following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from
Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association",
meaning that all Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were officially French "subjects" without rights to
representation in Africa or France.
French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. Assimilation
presupposed the inherent superiority of French culture over all others, so that in practice the
assimilation policy in the colonies meant extension of the French language, institutions, laws,
and customs. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the
colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the
colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were allowed to preserve their own
customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests.
An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group
between the French and the Africans. Assimilation was practiced in Côte d'Ivoire to the
extent that after 1930 a small number of Westernized Ivoirians were granted the right to
apply for French citizenship. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as French subjects and
were governed under the principle of association.[23] As subjects of France they had no
political rights. Moreover, they were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and
on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were also expected to serve in the
military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.[24]
In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of Gen.
Charles de Gaulle's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The
Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in
1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching
governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the
right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were
abolished.
Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Côte d'Ivoire, using a
system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in
policy making. The English colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies,
applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. The French were also interested in
ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to
refrain from any anti-French sentiment. In fact, although they were strongly opposed to the
practices of association, educated Ivoirians believed that they would achieve equality with
their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from
France, a change that would eliminate the enormous economic advantages of remaining a
French possession. But after the assimilation doctrine was implemented entirely, at least in
principle, through the postwar reforms, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation
implied the superiority of the French over the Ivoirians and that discrimination and inequality
would end only with independence.[25]
[edit] Independence
The son of a Baoulé chief, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, was to become Côte d'Ivoire's father of
independence. In 1944 he formed the country's first agricultural trade union for African cocoa
farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, they
united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to
prominence and within a year was elected to the French Parliament in Paris. A year later the
French abolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the
French government, expressing a belief that the country would benefit from it, which it did
for many years. France made him the first African to become a minister in a European
government.
A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act
(Loi Cadre ), which transferred a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial
governments in French West Africa and also removed remaining voting inequalities. In 1958,
Côte d'Ivoire became an autonomous member of the French Community (which replaced the
French Union).
At the time of Côte d'Ivoire's independence (1960), the country was easily French West
Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When
Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for
their products to further stimulate production. Coffee production increased significantly,
catapulting Côte d'Ivoire into third place in world output (behind Brazil and Colombia). By
1979 the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa.
It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians
contributed to the 'Ivoirian miracle'. In the rest of Africa, Europeans were driven out
following independence; but in Côte d'Ivoire, they poured in. The French community grew
from only 30,000 prior to independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers
and advisors.[26] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%
—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.
[edit] Houphouët-Boigny administration

Ivorian Civil War

Politically, Houphouët-Boigny ruled with a firmness some called an "iron hand"; others
characterized his rule more mildly as "paternal." The press was not free and only one political
party existed, although some accepted this as a consequence of Houphouët-Boigny's broad
appeal to the population that continually elected him[citation needed]. He was also criticized for his
emphasis on developing large scale projects. Many felt the millions of dollars spent
transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new capital that it became, were
wasted; others support his vision to develop a center for peace, education and religion in the
heart of the country. But in the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent
shock waves through the Ivoirian economy. Due to the overcutting of timber and collapsing
sugar prices, the country's external debt increased threefold. Crime rose dramatically in
Abidjan[citation needed].
In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional
corruption. The unrest forced the government to support multi-party democracy. Houphouët-
Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his
successor.
[edit] Bédié administration
In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and
disorganised opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred
opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with
decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt.
Election results of 2002 in Côte d'Ivoire
Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful in avoiding any ethnic conflict and left
access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié
emphasized the concept of "Ivority" (French: Ivoirité) to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara,
who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for future presidential election. As
people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivoirian population, this
policy excluded many people from Ivoirian nationality, and the relationship between various
ethnic groups became strained.
[edit] 1999 coup
Similarly, Bédié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of
dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bédié fled
into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals
pressed for austerity and openly campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society.
[edit] Gbagbo administration
A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï,
but it was peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest.
Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by
Gbagbo. Alassane Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court, due to his
alleged Burkinabé nationality. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Guéï] did
not allow non-citizens to run for presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his
supporters, mainly from the country's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro.
[edit] Ivorian Civil War
Main article: Ivorian Civil War
In the early hours of September 19, 2002, while the President was in Italy, there was an
armed uprising. Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several
cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but
by lunchtime the government forces had secured the main city, Abidjan. They had lost
control of the north of the country, and the rebel forces made their strong-hold in the northern
city of Bouake. The rebels threatened to move on Abidjan again and France deployed troops
from its base in the country to stop any rebel advance. The French said they were protecting
their own citizens from danger, but their deployment also aided the government forces. It was
not established as a fact that the French were helping either side but each side accused them
of being on the opposite side. It is disputed as to whether the French actions improved or
worsened the situation in the long term.
What exactly happened that night is disputed. The government said that former president
Robert Guéï had led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the
street; counter-claims said that he and fifteen others had been murdered at his home and his
body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Alassane Ouattara took refuge in the
French embassy, his home burned down.
President Gbagbo cut short a trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that
some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived.
Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by the thousands, attacking the
residents.

"Child soldier in the Ivory Coast." (drawing by Gilbert G. Groud)

An early ceasefire with the rebels, who had the backing of much of the northern populace,
proved short-lived, and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in
troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries,[27] and militias, including warlords and fighters
from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west.
[edit] 2002 unity government
In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating a "government of national
unity". Curfews were lifted and French troops patrolled the western border of the country.
Since then, the unity government has proven unstable and the central problems remain with
neither side achieving its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed in an opposition rally,
and subsequent mob violence led to foreign nationals being evacuated. A later report
concluded the killings were planned.
Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a Zone of Confidence, relations between
Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate.
Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed following the
rebels' refusal to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these
airstrikes in Bouaké, on November 6, 2004, French soldiers were hit and nine were killed; the
Ivorian government has said it was a mistake, but the French have claimed it was deliberate.
They responded by destroying most Ivoirian military aircraft (2 Su-25 planes and 5
helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan.[28]
Gbagbo's original mandate as president expired on October 30, 2005, but due to the lack of
disarmament it was deemed impossible to hold an election, and therefore his term in office
was extended for a maximum of one year, according to a plan worked out by the African
Union; this plan was endorsed by the United Nations Security Council.[29] With the late
October deadline approaching in 2006, it was regarded as very unlikely that the election
would be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of
another term extension for Gbagbo.[30] The U. N. Security Council endorsed another one-year
extension of Gbagbo's term on November 1, 2006; however, the resolution provided for the
strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Gbagbo said the next day
that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[31]
A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on March
4, 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister.
These events have been seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's
position.[32]
[edit] Regions and departments
Main articles: Regions of Côte d'Ivoire and Departments of Côte d'Ivoire

Regions of Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'Ivoire is divided into nineteen regions (régions):

1. Agnéby
2. Bafing
3. Bas-Sassandra
4. Denguélé
5. Dix-Huit Montagnes
6. Fromager
7. Haut-Sassandra
 8. Lacs
9. Lagunes
10. Marahoué
11. Moyen-Cavally
12. Moyen-Comoé
13. N'zi-Comoé
14. Savanes
15. Sud-Bandama
16. Sud-Comoé
17. Vallée du Bandama
18. Worodougou
19. Zanzan

The regions are further divided into 81 departments.

[edit] Population of major cities
The official capital of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro (295,500), the fourth most populous
city. Abidjan, with a population of 3,310,500, is the largest city and serves as the commercial
and banking center of Côte d'Ivoire as well as the de facto capital. It is also the most populous
city in French-speaking Western Africa.
City Population
Abidjan 3,310,500
Bouaké 775,300
Daloa 489,100
Yamoussoukro 295,500
Korhogo 163,400
San Pédro 151,600
Divo 134,200

[edit] Politics
Main article: Politics of Côte d'Ivoire
See also: Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire
Since 1983, Côte d'Ivoire's official capital has been Yamoussoukro; Abidjan, however,
remains the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan,
although some (including the United Kingdom) have closed their missions because of the
continuing violence and attacks on Europeans. The Ivoirian population continues to suffer
because of an ongoing civil war (See the History section above). International human rights
organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both
sides and the re-emergence of child slavery among workers in cocoa production.
Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the
north controlled by the New Forces (FN). A new presidential election was expected to be
held in October 2005, and an agreement was reached among the rival parties in March 2007
to proceed with this, but it has since then been postponed numerous times due to delays in its
preparation.
[edit] Geography

Map of Côte d'Ivoire

Main article: Geography of Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire is a country of western sub-Saharan Africa. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the
west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic
Ocean) in the south.
[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Côte d'Ivoire
The maintenance of close ties to France since independence in 1960, diversification of
agriculture for export, and encouragement of foreign investment, have been factors in the
economic growth of Côte d'Ivoire. In recent years Côte d'Ivoire has been subject to greater
competition and falling prices in the global marketplace for its primary agricultural crops:
coffee and cocoa. That, compounded with high internal corruption, makes life difficult for the
grower and those exporting into foreign markets.
Côte d'Ivoire is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in
Africa (OHADA).[33]
[edit] Environment
Main article: Environment of Côte d'Ivoire

[edit] Religion
Further information: Religion in Côte d'Ivoire
Religion in Côte d'Ivoire remains very heterogeneous, with Islam (almost all Sunni Muslims)
and Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic) being the major religions. In 2008 38.6% of Côte
d'Ivoire is Muslim, followed by 32.8% Christian, 11.9 practicing indigenous religions and
16.7% with no religion.[2] Religion is largely divided in the country, with most Christians
living in the south and conversely, most Muslims live in the north.[34] Côte d'Ivoire's capital,
Yamoussoukro, is also home to the largest "church"[35] in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady
of Peace of Yamoussoukro.
Religion in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Religion Percent
Islam   38.6%
Christianity   32.8%
Indigenous   11.9%
None   16.7%

[edit] Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Côte d'Ivoire

Ivoirian woman in a head tie.

77% of the population are considered Ivoirians. They represent several different peoples and
language groups. An estimated 65 languages are spoken in the country. One of the most
common is Dyula, which acts as a trade language as well as a language commonly spoken by
the Muslim population.
French, the official language, is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca in the country.
The native born population is roughly split into three groups of Muslim, Christian (primarily
Roman Catholic) and animist.[2] Since Côte d'Ivoire has established itself as one of the most
successful West African nations, about 20% of the population (about 3.4 million) consists of
workers from neighbouring Liberia, Burkina Faso and Guinea. Over two thirds of these
migrant workers are Muslim
4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Many are French,[36] Lebanese,[37]
Vietnamese and Spanish citizens, as well as Protestant missionaries from the United States
and Canada. In November 2004, around 10,000 French and other foreign nationals evacuated
Côte d'Ivoire due to attacks from pro-government youth militias.[38] Aside from French
nationals, there are native-born descendants of French settlers who arrived during the
country's colonial period.
[edit] Health
Main article: Health in Côte d'Ivoire
Life expectancy at birth was 41 for males in 2004, for females it was 47.[39] Infant mortality
was 118 of 1000 live births.[39] There are 12 physicians per 100,000 people.[39] About a quarter
of the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.[40]
[edit] Education
Main article: Education in Côte d'Ivoire
A large part of the adult population, in particular women, are illiterate. Many children
between 6 and 10 years are not enrolled in school. [41] The majority of students in secondary
education are male.[42] At the end of secondary education, students can sit the Baccalauréat
examination.[42] The country has universities in Abidjan (Université de Cocody) and Bouaké,
(Université de Bouaké).
[edit] Culture
Main article: Culture of Côte d'Ivoire

Mask from Côte d'Ivoire

[edit] Music
Main article: Music of Côte d'Ivoire
Each of the ethnic groups in Côte d'Ivoire has their own music genres, most showing strong
vocal polyphony. Talking drums are also common, especially among the Appolo, and
polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Côte d'Ivoire and are
especially common in the southwest.
Popular music genres from Côte d'Ivoire include zoblazo, zouglou and Coupé-Décalé.
[edit] Sport
See also: Côte d'Ivoire at the Olympics and Côte d'Ivoire national football team
Côte d'Ivoire won an Olympic silver medal for men's 400 metres. The Côte d'Ivoire football
team has played in the World Cup finals twice.
[edit] See also
Côte d'Ivoire portal

Main articles: Outline of Côte d'Ivoire and Index of Côte d'Ivoire-related articles
• Art of Côte d'Ivoire
• Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire
• Communications in Côte d'Ivoire
• Fédération Ivoirienne du Scoutisme
• Foreign relations of Côte d'Ivoire
 • Ivoirian diplomatic missions
• Labor exploitation in the chocolate industry
• List of cities in Côte d'Ivoire
• List of Ivoirians
• List of writers from Côte d'Ivoire
• Military of Côte d'Ivoire
• Operation Licorne
• Transport in Côte d'Ivoire
[edit] Notes
1. ^ a b "FACTBOX-Key facts on rebel leader Guillaume Soro", Reuters AlertNet, 29 March
2007, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29656284.htm, retrieved 1 April 2007
2. ^ a b c d e f "Côte d'Ivoire", The World Factbook, CIA Directorate of Intelligence, 24 July 2008,
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html, retrieved 8 August
2008 .
3. ^ a b c d "Côte d'Ivoire". International Monetary Fund.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?
sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=662&s=NGDPD
%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=73&pr.y=3. Retrieved
2010-04-21.
4. ^ "Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G" (PDF).
The United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved
2009-10-17.
5. ^ Its government officially discourages this usage, preferring the French name Côte d'Ivoire
to be used in all languages
6. ^ (French) Premiers résultats définitifs du RGPH-98 (Recensement Général de la Population
et de l’Habitation de 1998), Abidjan: Institut National de la Statistique, Bureau Technique
Permanent du Recensement, 2002 .
7. ^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0013), retrieved 11 April
2009
8. ^ (French) "Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte
d’Ivoire", Journal Officiel de la République de Côte d’Ivoire 42 (30): 529–538, 3 August
2000, http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf, retrieved 7 August
2008 .
9. ^ Background Note: Cote d'Ivoire, United States Department of State, July 2008,
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2846.htm, retrieved 7 August 2008 .
10.^ (French) Accord politique de Ouagadougou, Presidency of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, 4
March 2007, http://www.cotedivoire-pr.ci/?action=show_page&id_page=570, retrieved 7
August 2008
11.^ Jessup 1998, p. 351.
12.^ "Country profile: Ivory Coast". BBC News. 2010-02-24.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
13.^ Iannucci, Armando (2008-12-19). "International Atomic Energy Agency". The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,5817,184827,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
14.^ Living in a World of Limited Resources[dead link]
15.^ "Research Tools". Economist.com.
http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805717. Retrieved 2010-06-
20.
16.^ "Cote d'Ivoire – Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
http://www.britannica.com/nations/Cote-D'Ivoire. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
17.^ "Places Directory – Facts, Travel Videos, Flags, Photos – National Geographic".
nationalgeographic.com. 2008-06-25.
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/directory.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
18.^ Guédé, François Yiodé (1995), "Contribution à l'étude du paléolithique de la Côte d'Ivoire :
État des connaissances", Journal des africanistes 65 (2): 79–91, doi:10.3406/jafr.1995.2432,
ISSN 0399-0346 .
19.^ Rougerie 1978, p. 246.
20.^ Kipré 1992, pp. 15–16.
21.^ a b Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0014), retrieved 11 April
2009
22.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0016), retrieved 11 April
2009
23.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0018), retrieved 11 April
2009
24.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0019), retrieved 11 April
2009
25.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0017), retrieved 11 April
2009
26.^ Ivory Coast – The Economy, U.S. Library of Congress
27.^ "Ivory Coast – Heart of Darkness". Kepi.cncplusplus.com.
http://www.kepi.cncplusplus.com/Ivory_Coast/Ivory_Coast.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
28.^ "France's 'Little Iraq'". CBS News. November 15, 2004.
29.^ "UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate", IRIN, October 14, 2005.
30.^ Joe Bavier, "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President",
VOA News, August 18, 2006.
31.^ "Partial rejection of UN peace plan", IRIN, November 2, 2006.
32.^ "New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'", AFP (IOL), April 12, 2007.
33.^ (French) OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa,
http://www.ohada.com/index.php, retrieved 2009-03-22
34.^ "Christians fear Muslim takeover French-brokered deal could lead to Islamic state in Ivory
Coast". Global Jihad. World Net Daily. 8 February 2003. http://www.wnd.com/?
pageId=17179. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
35.^ It is actually a Basilica, but is listed in the Guiness World Records as the largest "church" in
the world
36.^ "Ivory Coast – The Economy". Countrystudies.us. http://countrystudies.us/ivory-
coast/41.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
 37.^ "Ivory Coast – The Levantine Community". Countrystudies.us.
http://countrystudies.us/ivory-coast/72.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
38.^ "Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast"
39.^ a b c "WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region — WHO | Regional Office for
Africa". Afro.who.int. http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/cotedivoire.pdf.
Retrieved 2010-06-20.
40.^ Human Development Indices, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1
June 2009
41.^ Earthtrends.wri.org
42.^ a b "Côte d'Ivoire – Secondary Education". Education.stateuniversity.com.
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/310/C-te-d-Ivoire-SECONDARY-
EDUCATION.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.

• This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

the Library of Congress Country Studies.

• This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

the CIA World Factbook.

• This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

the United States Department of State (Background Notes).
[edit] References
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• (French) Garrier, Claude (2007), Côte d’Ivoire et zone OHADA: gestion immobilière et
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• Jessup, John E. (1998), An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution,
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• (French) Lisette, Gabriel (1983), Le Combat du Rassemblement Démocratique Africain
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 • (French) Loucou, Jean Noël (2007), Côte d’Ivoire: les résistances à la conquête
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du XXe siècle: Dictionnaire de France, Paris: Société générale d'édition et de diffusion,
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• (French) [[fr:Utilisateur:GARRIER |Le Toubabou]] (2005), Le millefeuille ivoirien: un
héritage de contraintes, Paris: Harmattan, ISBN 2-7475-9866-7, OCLC 62895346 .
• (French) Touré, Saliou (1996), L'ivoirité ou l'esprit du nouveau contrat social du
Président Henri Konan Bédié, Abidjan: Presses Universitaires de Côte d'Ivoire,
ISBN 2716603928, OCLC 40641392 .
• (French) [[Francis Wodié |Wodié, Francis]] (1996), Institutions politiques et droit
constitutionnel en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan: Presses Universitaires de Côte d'Ivoire,
ISBN 2-7166-0389-8, OCLC 37979208 .

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Government
 • (French) Présidence de la République de Côte d'Ivoire Official Site of the Ivoirian
President
• Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire in Japan[dead link] government information and links
• Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire in Scandinavia
• Consulate of Côte d'Ivoire in Los Angeles
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
General information
• Country Profile from BBC News
• Cote-D'Ivoire from the Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Cote d'Ivoire entry at The World Factbook
• Cote d'Ivoire from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Côte d'Ivoire at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of Côte d'Ivoire
News
• allAfrica – Côte d'Ivoire news headline links
• Abidjan.Net news forum links
Tourism
• Côte d'Ivoire travel guide from Wikitravel
Other
• Cote D'Ivoire literature
• Map of Côte d'Ivoire[dead link]
• (French) Parti Ivoirien du Peuple
• Akwaba in Ivory Coast
• French intervention in Ivory Coast 2002–2003
• Crisis briefing on Ivory Coast's recovery from war from Reuters AlertNet
• Safer Access – A Precis of the Historical Security Context in Cote
d'IvoirePDF (193 KiB)
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i Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · Somaliland
t
e
d

r
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o
g
n
i
t
i
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P France (Réunion) · Italy (Pantelleria) · Portugal (Madeira) · Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla
a
/ Plazas de soberanía) · Yemen (Socotra)
r
t
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i
n

A
f
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d Iles Eparses (France) · Mayotte (France) · Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
e (United Kingdom)
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[show]

International membership
 [show]
v•d•e
African Union (AU)

Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde ·
Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic
of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Equatorial Guinea ·
Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya ·
Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger ·
Nigeria · Rwanda · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal ·
Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo ·
Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe

[show]
v•d•e
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

M
e
Angola • Argentina • Benin • Brazil • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Republic of the
m
Congo • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Côte d'Ivoire • Equatorial Guinea •
b
Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Namibia • Nigeria •
e
São Tomé and Príncipe • Senegal • Sierra Leone • South Africa • Togo • Uruguay
r
s

M
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2nd (1993) · 3rd (1994) · 4th (1996) · 5th (1998) · 6th (2007)
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[show]
v•d•e
Member states and observers of the Francophonie
 Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Belgium (French Community) · Benin · Bulgaria · Burkina
Faso · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada (New Brunswick • Quebec) · Cape Verde ·
M
e Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Cyprus · Democratic Republic of the
1

m Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Dominica · Egypt ·

b Equatorial Guinea · France (French Guiana • Guadeloupe • Martinique • St. Pierre and Miquelon) ·
e Gabon · Ghana1 · Greece · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Laos · Luxembourg ·
r
s Lebanon · Macedonia · Madagascar · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Moldova ·
2

Monaco · Morocco · Niger · Romania · Rwanda · St. Lucia · São Tomé and Príncipe ·
Senegal · Seychelles · Switzerland · Togo · Tunisia · Vanuatu · Vietnam

O
b
s
e
Austria · Croatia · Czech Republic · Georgia · Hungary · Latvia · Lithuania ·
r
v Mozambique · Poland · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Thailand · Ukraine
e
r
s

1
Associate member. 2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute.

[show]
v•d•e
Latin Union

M
e
m
b
e Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte
r d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France ·
Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco ·
n Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal ·
a Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay ·
t Venezuela
i
o
n
s

P Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta

e
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Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish
l
a
n
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u
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s

[show]
v•d•e
Niger-Congo-speaking nations

[show]

Kordofanian

Sudan

[show]

Mande

G
G
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SC
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[show]

Atlantic-Congo

A
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[show]

Volta-Congo

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a
CAR = Central African Republic • DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"
Categories: Côte d'Ivoire | African countries | African Union member states | Countries
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members | West Africa
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