Professional Documents
Culture Documents
4, 2008
III. PRODUCTION OF PARENTERALS
Cleaning Compounding Filtering Filling Sealing Sterilization
A. Cleaning
1. Containers
Containers and equipments coming in contact with parenterals should be cleaned meticulously.
New and unused containers and equipment will be contaminated with such debris as dust, fibers,
chemical films and other materials arising from the atmosphere, cartons, manufacturing process and
human hands.
Treatment Cycle
Loose debris removed by vigorous rinsing with water
Thermal shock treatment
Air rinse for new containers (if only loose debris are present)
Use only new containers for parenterals.
2. Rubber closures
Gentle agitation in a hot solution of a mild water softener or detergent (0.5% sodium
pyrophosphate)
Remove from solution and rinse several times with WFI
*Rinsing is done in a manner that will flush away loosened debris
Final rinsing with WFI
*cleaning and final rinsing must remove pyrogens since autoclaving does not remove pyrogens
Sterilize by autoclaving
Store in closed containers until ready for use
*If closures are immersed during autoclaving, drain-off solution before storage to reduce
hydration of the rubber
Vacuum dry at 100o if necessary
3. Equipment
Disassembled
Surfaces scrubbed with a stiff brush, using an effective detergent
*Especially joints, crevices, screw threads and other structures were debris is apt to collect
Thorough rinsing with distilled water
4. Glassware
Use dichromate cleaning solution
Wrap in parchment paper and secure with autoclave tape
Sterilize by autoclave
5. Rubber tubing
Soak in 10% NaOH for 24 hours
Rinse thoroughly and boil in 1% HCL for 1 hour
Rinse several times with water
Final rinsing with WFI
Sterilize by autoclave
*Rubber tubing must be left wet when preparing for sterilization by autoclaving
Because of the relatively porous nature of rubber compound and difficulty in removing all traces of
chemicals from previous use, it is inadvisably to reuse rubber or polymeric tubing.
B. Compounding
All measurements should be accurate and checked by a second qualified person
*liquids are prepared by weight since weighings are more accurate than volume and no
consideration on temperature has to be made.
Equipment should be dry and sterile
Follow established order of mixing
For parenteral suspensions and emulsion: maintain proper reduction of particle size under
aseptic conditions
Distilled water as solvent/vehicle should be kept and stores at 60-80oC and used within 24
hours
C. Filtering
Mechanisms of action of filters
Sieving or screening
*Particles are retained on the surface of the filter
Entrapment or impaction
*particles smaller than the pores become lodged in a turn or impacted on the surface of the
passageway
Electrostatic attraction
*Particles opposite in charge to that of the surface of the filter pore are held or adsorbed to the
surface
Membrane filters
used exclusively for parenterals because of their particle-retention effectiveness, nonshedding
property, nonreactivity and disposable characteristics
Ex: Cellulose ester, Nylon, Polysulfone, Polycarbonate, Polyvinylidene difluoride,
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
Other filters used: asbestos, sintered glass (bacterial filters), unglazed porcelain, kieselguhr
Polishing
Filtering to remove particles 2-3 microns in size
Cold sterilization
Filtering to remove particles 0.2-0.3 microns in size
Eliminates microorganism = bacterial filtration
D. Filling
Must be done with minimum exposure time
Fill under a blanket of HEPA-filtered laminar-flow air
Flow air while filling until sealing
Employ aseptic technique
For smaller volumes of liquid: use hypodermic syringe
For large volumes of liquid: use liquid filters with multiple filling units
To speed up filling: use gravity, vacuum or pressure pumps
Allowable excess by USP (to permit withdrawal and administration of labelled amount)
Liquids:
For 1mL: mobile 0.1mL; viscous 0.15mL
For 10mL: mobile 0.5mL; viscous 0.7mL
For > 50mL: mobile 2%; viscous 3%
Solids:
For single dose containers: 1-3%
For multiple dose containers: 5-8%
E. Sealing
For ampules – fusion method (melting a portion of the glass neck)
1. Tip Sealing
melting enough glass at the tip of the neck of an ampule to form a bead and close the
opening
rotating the ampule on a single flame to heat evenly on all sides
*leaker – an incomplete sealed ampule
2. Pull Sealing
heating the neck of ampule below the tip, leaving enough of the tip for grasping with
foreceps
ampule is rotated in a single flame when glass has softened, the tip is grasped firmly
and pulled quickly away from the body which continues to rotate
thus, the small capillary tube formed is twisted close
slower but seals are more sure
applied to ampoules with wide opening e.g. powder ampoules
For vial/bottles – manual or mechanical sealing with rubber stoppers then crimped with
aluminium caps or seals
F. Sterilization
To destroy microorganisms and their spores
Methods: steam, dry heat, gas, ionizing radiation, bacterial filtration, tyndallization
1. Steam
Saturated steam under pressure (autoclave)
Most common and most effective
121oC, 15-30 mins, 15 psi
MOA: coagulation of cellular protein
Application: aq. solutions containing heat-stable substances
2. Dry heat
Employs oven heated by gas or electricity
160-170 oC, 2-4 hrs, (can lower temp and increase time or vice versa)
MOA: oxidation
Application: non-aq. solutions with heat-stable substances
3. Gas
Employs ethylene or propylene oxide
MOA: alkylation of essential metabolites thus affecting reproduction of microorganisms
Application: Dry materials e.g., medical and hospital supplies
4. Ionizing radiation
Employs increased energy radiation emitted by radioactive isotopes like cobalt 60 or
produced by mechanical electron accelerators
MOA: adverse effect on DNA or nucleis acid synthesis or metabolism resulting to lethal
mutation and reproductive stoppage
Application: aq. or non-aq. injections with heat-labile substances
5. Bacterial filtration
MOA: physical removal
Application: aq. solution with heat-labile substances
6. Tyndallization
Intermittent steam sterilization exposing material to 100 oC for 30 mins or 80 oC for 1hr to 3
days
Application: heat-labile substances
*Freeze-Drying (Lyophilization)
Process of drying in which water is sublimed from the product after it is frozen
Adv: preparations are more stable and more rapidly soluble; dispersions are stabilized
throughout shelf-life; products subject to oxidation have enhanced stability because
process is carried out in vacuum
IV. QC
Quality Control
bacteria.
Incubation:
*Growth Promotion Test is done to check whether the media used in the sterility testing is
suitable for growth of microorganisms. This is done by inoculating different species of
microorganisms (quantity: 100 colony-forming units) in separate media preparations and
incubating it for 3 days (bacteria) or 5 days (fungi).
*Species of highly resistant bacterial spores included in the materials being sterilized to
validate whether the sterilization process is sufficient enough to kill these
microorganisms.
PYROGEN TEST
• Limit: Temperature rise for any one rabbit is 0.6 0C and the
total for three is 1.4 0C.
• If the limit is exceeded: Expand the test to include five
additional rabbits. The requirement for absence of pyrogen
states that no more than three rabbits each exhibit a
temperature rise of less than 0.6 oC and the total temperature
rise for all eight rabbits is 3.7 0C or less.
• Disadvantage: Not all injections can be subjected to this test
since some medicinal agent may have physiological effect on
the test animal such that any fever response would be masked.
• Disadvantage:
Can only detect gram-negative bacteria.
To provide standardization, the USP established reference endotoxin against
which lots of the lysate are standardized. Thus, the sensitivity of the lysate
is given in terms of endotoxin units (EU). Most injections now have been
given limits in terms of EU, i.e. Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, 1.0
EU/mL.
PARTICULATE EVALUATION
Limitation:
o Size of the particles that can be seen (visible in unaided eye: 50 µm)
o Variation of visual acuity from inspector to inspector
o Emotional state
o Eye strain
o Fatigue
Test Procedure:
Microscopic (Stage 2)
•
Procedure: filter the measured sample through
membrane filter (under ultraclean condition) and
counting the particles on the surface of the filter
• Microscope and oblique light at 100x magnification
Subvisible Particulate Matter Limits in USP Injections
>10 µm >25 µm
SVIs 6000 600/container
LVIs 25 3/mL
>10 µm >25 µm
LVIs 12 2/mL
LEAKER TEST
Test Procedure
o Developing specifications for the fit of the closure in the neck of the
container
o Physical characteristics of the closure
o Need for lubrication of the closure
o Capping pressure
***vials and bottles are not subjected to leaker test because the sealing material (rubber
stopper) is not rigid.
SAFETY TEST
Conducted in animals to provide additional assurance that the product does not have
unexpected toxic properties.