APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of animal ecology experiment with the title “Taxis
response to the animal mobile” Created by:
Name : Lokita purnamasari
Reg.no : 081404156
Group : IV
Class : D/ ICP BIOLOGY
Have been checked and consulted by Assistan and Assistant Coordinator and this
report is accepted.
Makassar, April 2011
Assistant coordinator Assistant

( Nunung Rahayu Anas ) ( Titin Mutmainna )

Reg. no: 071404151 Reg no.: 071404190

Know by
Lecturer of resposibility

( Drs. Jutje S. Lahay )

NIP: 130 504 158
 CHEPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The response to the stimulus is one of the defining features of life so that
in the presence of these cirri organism capable of providing a response or
responses against various environmental factors and changes in the surrounding.
Movement the movement of animals in their environment was not random but
rather a response - a response to a wide - range of stimuli in the environment,
either directly or indirectly. One form of response is taxis the form of migratory
movement is directly oriented toward a stimulus.
Generally taxis response found in invertebrate animals. Animals that
inhabit the habitat will be concentrated in places - places. With the most suitable
conditions of eligibility of his life each. Thus can be said that every animal has
different microhabitat accordance with their needs - each.
Various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and
sunlight is a factor that is required by animals, but sometimes - sometimes it can
also as a factor for the few animals to move with a distance of a couple of meters
from its original place, and there are also animals that are not able to do that
because exist that affect the tolerance limit for responding to a changing
environment. Based on the above, lab work was done to investigate how
responses are shown in dark place to live life to the stimulus of light and to find
out how the response of animals shown in the light of the stimulus in the form of
light.
B. Purpose
The Purpose of this practicum is to know the response shown a dark
place to live to the stimulus in the form of light. And the animals in the light of
the stimulus in the form of light.
C. Benefit
The Benefit of this practicum provides feedback to the author that the
invertebrate animals such as weaver ants and black ants are sensitive to stimuli in
the form of light.
 CHEPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

A taxis is an innate behavioral response by an organism to a directional

stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity. A taxis differs from a tropism (turning
response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that the organism has
motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus
source. It is sometimes distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in
activity in response to a stimulus For example, flagellate protozoan’s of the genus
Euglena move towards a light source. Here the directional stimulus is light, and the
orientation movement is towards the light. This reaction or behavior is a positive one
to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is a response to
a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the stimulus. If the organism
moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative. Many types of taxis have
been identified and named using prefixes to specify the stimulus that elicits the
response (Anonyma, 2011).
The response to the stimulus is one of the main characteristics of life so that in
the presence of this trait of organisms able to respond (responses) to various
environmental factors and changes in the surrounding environmental factors and
changes in the vicinity. Movements of animals in their environment is not random but
rather responses to various stimuli in their environment, either slim or indirectly
Various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and sunlight is a factor
that is required by animals, but sometimes it can also operate as one limiting factor.
For example sun light for the animals that live in a protected area can be considered
as another stimulus that can cause the animal to respond to avoidance of light and
vice versa ((Lahay, 2011).
The interaction of orientation directional response to a stimulus with
locomotor response to a stimulus yields a taxis. In biology a taxis is a movement that
is directed with respect to a stimulus, such as an object, a light, or an odor source.
Simultaneous or sequential comparisons of stimulus strength can be used to establish
the direction of movement. While many organism display simple positive and
negative taxes, such as an insect moving directly to a light, more complex navigation
like that which occurs in homing and migration direct can require the ability it keep
the stimulus at the a fixed angle somewhere between o degree and 180 degree away
from the stimulus (Breed, 2008).
The angle of the turn is directly determined by the one between the
longitudinal axis of the animals body and the different types of orienting mechanism
are derived primarily from their most common function, just as that of the phobic
response, which he also called phobotaxis, in the first edition of his book, later he
reserved the term taxis for topical responses. Some of the terms he chose also
suggested physiological explanations (Lorenz, 1978).
The taxis response is made by sensing the direction of the light, which is
achieved by different techniques in different species. It requires only the most
elementary kind of sensory information. The animal does not need to know anything
about the light source, only that it is light and where it is coming from. More of the
behavior patterns that we can see animals performing are controlled also by the
pattern of the stimulus in the environment (Ridley, 1995).
Animal behavior is not only a set of simple responses to various environment
situation, but we can make some points about how an animal uses its sensory
information without implying that it is all there is to behavior. All sense organs their
knowledge in coded form to the central nervous system by means of sensory neuron.
Different sensory neurons are stimulated by different properties of the environment.
Light sensitive neurons for instance, contain a light sensitive pigment, which, when
illuminated, changes its chemical form and causes the neuron to burst into action
(Sarkar, 2003).
The simplest kind of sensory information is used in the responses called
kinesis and taxis, in a kinetic response, the animal alters its rate of movement, in a
random direction, according to the intensity of the stimulus. When the stimulus,
which might be light, is of the right intensity is slows down and thus spends more of
its time under those conditions, woodlice show a kinetic response to moisture. They
move faster where is is drier, and, therefore spend more time where it is moist
(Sarkar, 2003).
In addition to the hands on experience, you should learn a few ecological
terms while completing this lab. The first two terms deal with how animals react to
stimuli. If an organism react directly in response to the direction from which the
stimulus originates, it is called taxis. When isopods into light and dark chambers, they
reach to the light by moving away and toward the dark This is an example of taxis.
The other term is kinesis, is when there is reaction to a stimulus, but the reaction is
random in regard to the stimulus ( Kaplan, 2009).
Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a
whole organism moves in response to the stimulus of light. This is advantageous for
phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light
for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of
increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite. Two types of
positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes. The first is called scotophobotaxis
(from the word "scotophobia"), which is observed only under a microscope. This
occurs when a bacterium swims by chance out of the area illuminated by the
microscope. Entering darkness signals the cell to reverse flagella rotation direction
and reenter the light. The second type of phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a
directed movement up a gradient to an increasing amount of light. This is analogous
to positive chemotaxis except that the attractant is light rather than a chemical
(Anonymb, 2011).
 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD

A. Time and place

Day / date : Sunday/ April 21th 2011
Time : At 02.00 pm until 04.00 pm
Place : Home Laboratory of Biological 2nd floor west FMIPA UNM
B. Tools and materials
1. Tools :
a. Box experiment of phototaxis
b. Lux meter
c. Thermometer
d. Stopwatch
2. Materials :
a.
B. Work procedure
 CHEPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCCUSSION

A. Observation result
1. a. Shade (red ant)
Minutes Area Temperature Intensity
+ intermediate _
2 2 3 5 340C 115

4 3 2 5

6 4 2 4

8 3 1 6

10 4 2 4

b. Shade (black ant)

Minutes Area Temperature Intensity
+ intermediate _
2 0 1 9 330C 115

4 0 0 10

6 0 0 10

8 0 2 8

10 1 0 9

2. a. The light (red ant)

 Minutes Area Temperature Intensity
+ intermediate _
2 1 5 4 370C 220

4 2 1 7

6 1 2 7

8 1 5 4

10 2 4 4

b. The light (black ant)

Minutes Area Temperature Intensity
+ intermediate _
2 0 4 6 360C 205

4 0 1 9

6 0 0 10

8 0 0 10

10 0 1 9
B. Discussion
Based on observation data obtained for the light which has an average
temperature of 37oC temperature, and light intensity of 220 Candella, this was
done in the red ant to study the response to their environment is to do Phototoxis
weaver ants and most negative in areas that are not exposed to light then the
intermediate area of the transitional space between the bright and dark room, and
to place or room that is free of light (Phototoxis negative) is less. Means
sunshine for the red ants provide a stimulus to move apart so that the color on a
transparent weaver ants because adaptation to the habitat that place of light that
is affected by light intensity.
While observations on black ants on the area bright with the temperature
36o C and light intensity 205 Candella to study the response to its environment
the ants are doing Phototoxis and most negative in areas unaffected by bright
light and then in the intermediate area of the transitional space between the
bright and dark room , and to place or room that is free of negative Phototoxis
light does not exist.
For observations of red ants in the shade with a temperature of 34 oC and
light intensity of 115 responses to its environment that is aware of red ants that
do Phototoxis s and most widely in the negative region, then to a place or room
that is free of light (Phototoxis negative) are not exposed to bright light then the
intermediate area of the transitional space between the bright and dark room a
little more.
As for the observation of black ants in the shade with a temperature of
33oC and intensity of the 115 Candella do Phototoxis and most negative in areas
not exposed to bright light and then in the intermediate area of the transitional
space between the bright and dark room, and to place or room which is free of
negative Phototoxis only one light.
In theory according Lahay (2010), while the oriented response to light
can be categorized as follows:
1. Positive phototoxis, if the animal found in the room that bears the
bright light.
2. Negative phototoxis, if an animal found in a room that is free of light
(dark).
3. Intermediates phototoxis, namely animals found in the transitional
space between a bright room with dark room.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on the results of discussion can be concluded that:
The response of animals that live in the light of red ants (Oecophylla
smaragdigna) oriented at a positive photo taxis, temperature and light factors
that affect the stimulus animal, other than that adaptation the lighter body color
due to the influence of light. While the black ant (Dolichoderus bituberculatus)
oriented at a negative photo taxis is because adaptation of the animal habitats
that are influenced by light and temperature factors.
B. Suggestion
1. Practicing to be more careful in making observations and measurements so
that the results obtained more accurate and appropriate theory.
2. Assistant, for wearing a lab attribute as an assistant and on time in guiding
the course of practical work.
3. Laboratory, in order to provide enough material for the entire group and
provide quality tools so that data obtained lab results more accurately.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonyma. 2011. Taxis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis. Accessed on 26th April 26,

2011.

Anonyma. 2011. Phototaxis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T Phototaxis. Accessed on

26th April 26, 2011.

Breed, Mechael. 2008. Animal Behavior. Academic Library of Congress.USA. New

York

Lahay. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Ekologi Hewan. Jurusan Biologi. FMIPA. UNM.
Makassar.

Kaplan. 2009. AP Biology. Publishing Liberty Plaza. USA. New York

Lorenz. 1978. The Fondamental of Enthology. Library of Congress. Austria.

Ridley, MARK. 1995. Animal Behavior. Department Of Anthropology And Biology

Emory University. Georgia.

Sarkar, Amita. 2003. Fundamental of Animal Behavior. Discovery Publishing House.

New Delhi.
Phototaxis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a

whole organism moves in response to the stimulus of light.[1] This is
advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most
efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if
the movement is in the direction of increasing light intensity and negative if
the direction is opposite.[2]

Two types of positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes. The first is

called scotophobotaxis (from the word "scotophobia"), which is observed only
under a microscope. This occurs when a bacterium swims by chance out of
the area illuminated by the microscope. Entering darkness signals the cell to
reverse flagella rotation direction and reenter the light. The second type of
phototaxis is true phototaxis, which is a directed movement up a gradient to
an increasing amount of light. This is analogous to positive chemotaxis except
that the attractant is light rather than a chemical.

Phototactic responses are observed in many organisms such as Serratia

marcescens, Tetrahymena, and Euglena. Each organism has its own specific
biological cause for a phototactic response, many of which are unintended and
serve no end purpose.
Taxis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the behavioural response. For the vehicle, see Taxicab.
For aircraft movement, see Taxiing.

A taxis (plural taxes, /ˈtæksiːz/) is an innate behavioral response by an

organism to a directional stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity. A taxis
differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a
stimulus) in that the organism has motility and demonstrates guided
movement towards or away from the stimulus source .[1][2] It is sometimes
distinguished from a kinesis, a non-directional change in activity in response
to a stimulus.

For example, flagellate protozoans of the genus Euglena move towards a light
source. Here the directional stimulus is light, and the orientation movement is
towards the light. This reaction or behaviour is a positive one to light and
specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is a response to a
light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the stimulus. If the
organism moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative. Many
types of taxis have been identified and named using prefixes to specify the
stimulus that elicits the response. These include aerotaxis (stimulation by
oxygen) anemotaxis (wind), barotaxis (pressure), chemotaxis (chemicals),
galvanotaxis (electrical current), geotaxis (gravity), hydrotaxis (moisture),
magnetotaxis (magnetic field), phototaxis (light), rheotaxis (fluid flow),
thermotaxis (temperature changes) and thigmotaxis (physical contact).

Depending on the type of sensory organs present, taxes can be classified as

klinotaxes, where an organism continuously samples the environment to
determine the direction of a stimulus, tropotaxes, where bilateral sense organs
are used to determine the stimulus direction, and telotaxes, which are similar
to tropotaxes but where a single organ suffices to establish the orientation
Time and Place

Day / Date: Sunday / 4 April 2010

Time: at 13.00 s. d 15:30 pm

Place: Home Laboratory of Biological Science Faculty UNM West

Second Floor

B. Tools and Materials

a. Tools:

1. Box experiment fototaksis

2. Lux meter

3. Thermometer

4. Jam jar

b. Material:

1. Cotton

2. Weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdigna)

3. Black ants (Dolichoderus bituberculatus)

C. Working Procedure

Carefully insert 10 individuals weaver ants and black ants in turn into the tube, first
do so in the light then in the shade. Replacing the glass tube well to mark the
limit. Then attach the box to mark a third glass tube subjected to light.
Experimental animals acclimatized for 5 minutes in his new environment. The
air temperature inside the box and measuring the light intensity above the
glass tube that is open, then registrars are next to the box by not doing
movements that may affect the response of animals observed. With intervals
of 2 minutes, then cover the box is removed and counted the number of
animals found in the room who got the light (positive space) and space that is
not exposed to light negative space and the space between them. Leaving the
lid of the box to its original position immediately after each calculation,
calculate dive 5 kalli, changed the position of the lid to the tube that was not
shining into the open medium that had been subjected to light to be closed.
With the same time interval as the previous observations, calculations
performed till the tenth observation. Record the results on data sheets
prepared yan g. Observing animals in the glass tube.