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For a system of interacting objects, adding up Newton´s second laws for all objects:
• Inelastic (objects glue together after collision; Some part of the mechanical energy is lost)
PA,1+ PB,1 = P2 mAvA,1+ mBvB,1 = (mA+ mB)v2
• Elastic (Objects rebound; Mechanical energy is conserved)
PA,1+ PB,1 = PA,2+ PB,2 mAvA,1+ mBvB,1 = mAvA,2+ mBvB,2
EA,1+ EB,1 = EA,2+ EB,2 mAv2A,1+ mBv2B,1 = mAv2A,2+ mBv2B,2
v A,1 + v A, 2 = vB ,1 + vB , 2
For equal masses, mA= mB, the equation above can be combined with
Leading to
v A, 2 = vB ,1 , vB , 2 = v A,1 (colliding bodies exchange velocities)
Demonstration 3
Center of mass (CM) of an extended system
Acceleration of CM:
Ma = ∑ mi a i = ∑F ≡ F
i
- the net force (total external force)
i i
Center of mass of an extended system moves in the same way under the influence
of the net force F as the point mass M would move in this case. If we are interested
in the motion of an object as a whole we can consider only the motion of the CM.
If the net force is zero, CM moves with a constant velocity, whereas the object, in
general, rotates around its CM.
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Applications, exercizes
Problem
A golf club exerts an average force of 500 N on a 0.1 kg golf ball, but the club is in
contact with the ball for only a hundredth of a second. a) What is the magnitude of
the impuls delivered by the club? b) What is the velocity acquired by the golf ball?
Solution
Given: F=500 N, ∆t=0.01 s, m=0.1 kg
To find: a) F∆t - ? b) v - ? (this is final velocity; initial velocity is zero: v1=0, v2=v)
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Problem
Four railroad cars, all with the same mass of 20000 kg sit on a track. A fifth car of
identical mass approaches them with a velocity of 15 m/s. This car collides with
the other four cars. a) what is the initial momentum of the system? b) what is the
velocity of the five coupled cars after the collision?
Solution
Given: mA=4m, mB=m, m=20000 kg, vA,1=0, vB,1=15 m/s
To find: a) P1 - ? b) v2 - ?
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Problem
Calculate the fraction of the energy lost in the railroad car collision of the problem
above
Solution
(m A + mB )v22 mvB ,1 5m(vB ,1 / 5)
mB vB2 ,1 2 2
Elost = E1 − E2 = − = −
2 2 2 2
mvB2 ,1 1 4 mvB2 ,1 4
= 1 − = = E1
2 5 5 2 5
Elost 4
= , that is, 80%
E1 5
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Problem
Billiard ball A moving with a speed 3 m/s in the +x direction strikes an equal-mass
ball B initially at rest. The two balls are observed to move off at 45° to the x axis,
ball A above the x axis and ball B below. What are the speeds of the two ball after
the collision?
Solution
Given: mA=mB, vA,1=3 m/s, vB,1= 0, θA,1=45°, θB,1=−45°