GPR

GPRGPR
Ground Penetrating Radar
Ground Penetrating RadarGround Penetrating Radaror
oror
Ground Probing Radar
Ground Probing RadarGround Probing Radar
What is GPR ?
What is GPR ?What is GPR ?

GPR also known as

GPR also known asGPR also known as ge
gegeoradar
oradaroradar is a non
is a nonis a non-
--
destructive and non
destructive and nondestructive and non-
--invasive geoph
invasive geophinvasive geophy
yys
ssical
icalical
technique for rapidly
technique for rapidlytechnique for rapidly imaging the shallow
imaging the shallowimaging the shallow
subsurface structure and producing high
subsurface structure and producing highsubsurface structure and producing high
resolution 2
resolution 2resolution 2-
--D graphical sections in real time.
D graphical sections in real time.D graphical sections in real time.
Parallel sections can be used to create 3
Parallel sections can be used to create 3Parallel sections can be used to create
3-
--D
DD
images.
images.images.
How GPR works
How GPR worksHow GPR works

High frequency
High frequencyHigh frequency impu
impuimpulses
lseslses of electromagnetic
of electromagneticof electromagnetic w
wwaves
avesaves
are transmitted dow
are transmitted doware transmitted down
nnw
wwa
aards
rdsrds into the ground from an
into the ground from aninto the ground from an
antenna placed close to
antenna placed close toantenna placed close to the ground surface.
the ground surface.the ground surface.
Signals are reflected back from interfaces
Signals are reflected back from interfacesSignals are reflected back from interf
aces w
wwh
hhere
ereere
there is a contrast in the
there is a contrast in thethere is a contrast in the dielectric properties
dielectric propertiesdielectric properties
betw
betwbetween tw
een tween two adjacent lay
o adjacent layo adjacent laye
eer
rrs
ss.
..
Target depth is proportional
Target depth is proportionalTarget depth is proportional to the time taken for t
he
to the time taken for theto the time taken for the
back to a given layer.
signal to travel dow
signal to travel dowsignal to travel down
nn and
andand back to a given layer.

The reflected signals are detected b

The reflected signals are detected bThe reflected signals are detected by
yy a receiver
a receivera receiver
placed on the ground surface adjacent to the
placed on the ground surface adjacent to theplaced on the ground surface adjacen
t to the
transmitter.
transmitter.transmitter.
How GPRHow GPR
worksworks
How GPR works
How GPR worksHow GPR works

GPR responds to changes

GPR responds to changesGPR responds to changes in e
in ein el
llectrical properties
ectrical propertiesectrical properties
(
((dielectric permittivity
dielectric permittivitydielectric permittivity and
andand conductivit
conductivitconductivity
yy) w
) w) wh
hhich are a
ich are aich are a
function of soil and rock material and moisture
function of soil and rock material and moisturefunction of soil and rock materia
l and moisture
content.
content.content.
Higher conductivit
Higher conductivitHigher conductivity
yy makes radar signal penetration
makes radar signal penetrationmakes radar signal penetration
difficult
difficultdifficult
Conductivity
ConductivityConductivity > .01 S
> .01 S> .01 S/
//m (resistiv
m (resistivm (resistivity
ityity < 100 Ohm.m)
< 100 Ohm.m)< 100 Ohm.m)
are difficult GPR conditions
are difficult GPR conditionsare difficult GPR conditions
Conductivity variation as aConductivity variation as a
function of porosity in sedimentsfunction of porosity in sediments
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0 10 20 30 40 50
porosity (%)
conductivity (Siemens/m)
SAND
SILT
CLAY
Effect of water content on electrical
Effect of water content on electricalEffect of water content on electrical
conductivity
conductivityconductivity
Water content (grams H2O/grams soil)
0 5 1015202530
log conductivity (mhos/m)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8

General divisions of materials by

General divisions of materials byGeneral divisions of materials by electrical
electricalelectrical
conductivity
conductivityconductivity

Low
LowLow cond
condcondu
uuc
cctivity
tivitytivity -
--exc
excexcellent ra
ellent raellent radar con
dar condar conditi
ditiditions
onsons (
((s
ss < 10
< 10< 10-
--7
77 S/m)
S/m)S/m)
air
airair
dry
drydry grani
granigranite,
te,te, dry
drydry limestone
limestonelimestone
concre
concreconcret
tte, a
e, ae, asphal
sphalsphalt
tt
Me
MeMedium co
dium codium condu
ndunductivi
ctivictivit
tty
yy -
--medium radar co
medium radar comedium radar condi
ndinditi
titions
onsons (10
(10(10-
--7
77 -
--10
1010-
--2
22
S/m)
S/m)S/m)
freshw
freshwfreshwater, freshw
ater, freshwater, freshwater ice, snow
ater ice, snowater ice, snow
sand, sil
sand, silsand, silt
tt, d
, d, dr
rry
yy cla
claclay
yy,
,, bas
basbasalt, seaw
alt, seawalt, seawater ice
ater iceater ice
High c
High cHigh co
oon
nnd
ddu
uuc
cctivity
tivitytivity -
--p
ppo
ooo
oor radar co
r radar cor radar conditio
nditionditions (
ns (ns (s
ss > 10
> 10> 10-
--2
22 S/m)
S/m)S/m)
w
wwe
eet cla
t clat clay
yy, wet shale
, wet shale, wet shale
seaw
seawseawater
aterater
MATERIAL s (mho/m) er
Air 0 1
Pure Water 10-4 to 3.10-2 81
Seawater 4 81
Freshwater Ice 10-3 4
Granite (dry) 10-8 5
Limestone (dry) 10-9 7
Clay (saturated) 10-1 to 1 8 to 12
Firn Snow 10-6 to 10-5 1.4
Sand (dry) 10-7 to 10-3 4 to 6
Sand (saturated) 10-4 to 10-2 30
Silt (saturated) 10-3 to 10-2 10
Seawater Ice 10-2 to 10-1 4 to 8
Basalt (wet) 10-2 8
Granite (wet) 10-3 7
Shale (wet) 10-1 7
Sandstone (wet) 4.10-2 6
Limestone (wet) 2.5.10-2 8
Soil
-Sandy Dry 1.4.10-4 2.6
-Sandy Wet 6.9.10-3 25
-Loamy Dry 1.1.10-4 2.5
-Loamy Wet 2.1.10-2 19
-Clayey Dry 2.7.10-4 2.4
-Clayey Wet 5.0.10-2 15
Permafrost 10-5 to 10-2 4 to 8
Dielectric permittivity
Dielectric permittivityDielectric permittivity

Dimensionless measure of th
Dimensionless measure of thDimensionless measure of the capacit
e capacite capacity
yy of a material
of a materialof a material
to store a charge w
to store a charge wto store a charge wh
hhen an
en anen an electric field is applied
electric field is appliedelectric field is applied
Relative dielectric permittivit
Relative dielectric permittivitRelative dielectric permittivity
yy (
((E
EEr
rr), ranges: 1
), ranges: 1), ranges: 1 -
--81
8181
The value is primarily
The value is primarilyThe value is primarily controlle
controllecontrolled by
d byd by w
wwa
aater content
ter contentter content
 Dielectric constant diffe
Dielectric constant diffeDielectric constant differences at bounda
rences at boundarences at boundaries cause
ries causeries cause
reflections in the rada
reflections in the radareflections in the radar data, the strength of
r data, the strength ofr data, the strength of
reflections
reflectionsreflections is controlled
is controlledis controlled b
bby
yy the contrast in the
the contrast in thethe contrast in the
dielectric
dielectricdielectric constants
constantsconstants
Dielectric differences
Dielectric differencesDielectric differences as small as 1 can cause
as small as 1 can causeas small as 1 can cause
reflections
reflectionsreflections in
inin GPR da
GPR daGPR data.
ta.ta.
Dielectric constant variation as a function of
Dielectric constant variation as a function ofDielectric constant variation as a
function of
porosit
porositporosity
yy in sediments
in sedimentsin sediments
35
5
10
15
20
25
30
dielectric constantCLAY
SILT AND SAND
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
porosity (%)
Effect of water content on dielectric constant
Effect of water content on dielectric constantEffect of water content on dielect
ric constant
120
100
moisture content (%)
80
60
40
20
0

1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 81
relative dielectric constant
Dielectric constants of some common
Dielectric constants of some commonDielectric constants of some common
materials
materialsmaterials
AIR 1
SNOW 1-2
PVC 3
ASPHALT 3-5
FRESHWATER ICE 4
CONCRETE 4-11 (5)
BEDROCK
GRANITE 4-7
SANDSTONE 6
SHALE 5-15
LIMESTONE 4-8
BASALT 8-9
SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 4-30
FRESH AND SALTWATER 81
Geophysical SurveySystem Inc.Geophysical Survey System Inc.
(GSSI SIR(GSSI SIR--2)2)
GPRGPR received signal andreceived signal and
graphic profile displaygraphic profile display
Linescan ColorLinescan Color Scale DisplayScale Display
Linescan GreyLinescan Grey Scale DisplayScale Display
Wiggle DisplayWiggle Display
GPR
GPRGPR APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
CIVIL/STRUCTUR
CIVIL/STRUCTURCIVIL/STRUCTURA
AAL
LL ENGI
ENGIENGINEERING
NEERINGNEERING
Utilities (pi
Utilities (piUtilities (pip
ppes, cables), rebar and
es, cables), rebar andes, cables), rebar and v
vvo
ooids
idsids
T
TTr
rran
anansp
spspo
oor
rrtatio
tatiotation
nn:
:: ro
roroad
adadw
wwa
aay
yys
ss,
,, ru
rurun
nnw
wway
ayays an
s ans and
dd railro
railrorailroa
aad
dd tracks
trackstracks
Ice th
Ice thIce thickn
icknickness
essess
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTA
AAL
LL
Ha
HaHaza
zazardous
rdousrdous w
wwa
aas
sst
tte
ee ma
mamapping
ppingpping
Sto
StoStor
rrag
agage tan
e tane tank
kk d
dde
eetectio
tectiotection
nn
GEOTECHNICA
GEOTECHNICAGEOTECHNICAL
LL
Stra
StraStratigra
tigratigraphic
phicphic ma
mamapping,
pping,pping, c
cca
aav
vvi
iitie
tieties
ss a
aand s
nd snd si
iink
nknkh
hho
oole
leles
ss
Ground
GroundGroundw
wwa
aate
teter, mining
r, miningr, mining ha
hahaza
zazards
rdsrds
MILIT
MILITMILITA
AARY
RYRY
Ordna
OrdnaOrdnanc
ncnce
ee de
dedete
tetec
cct
ttion
ionion
Run
RunRunw
wway
ayay integ
integintegr
rrity
ityity
A
AARCH
RCHRCHA
AAE
EEOLOGY
OLOGYOLOGY
Strateg
StrategStrategi
iic site p
c site pc site pl
llan
anann
nni
iin
nng
gg,
,, smart exca
smart excasmart excav
vva
aatio
tiotion
nn an
anand
dd co
cocon
nnser
serserv
vva
aat
tti
iio
oon
nn
GPR image with a 400 MHz antenna of three undergroundGPR image with a 400 MHz an
tenna of three underground
storage tanks (UST, left), and UST being removed fromstorage tanks (UST, left),
and UST being removed from
ground (right).ground (right).
underground utility mapping
using GPR
underground utility mapping
using GPR
GPR modelling for
underground utility (pipes)
buriedburied wastewaste mappingmapping
Waste Pit
Water
Table
Hydrocarbon
Plume
lake bottom profiling usinglake bottom profiling using GGPRPR
Stratigraphic studyStratigraphic study usingusing GGPRPR
Original DataOriginal Data Corrected DataCorrected Data
SurfaceSurface
00
100ns100ns
effect of elevation changeseffect of elevation changes
on GPR dataon GPR data
Original DataOriginal Data Corrected DataCorrected Data
SurfaceSurface
00
100ns100ns
effect of elevation changeseffect of elevation changes
on GPR dataon GPR data
datadata
respons modelrespons model
graveyard mappinggraveyard mapping
Bridge Deck Inspection SystemBridge Deck Inspection System
with the Model 5100with the Model 5100 --1.5 GHz Antenna1.5 GHz Antenna
bridgebridge foundation studyfoundation study
usingusing GPRGPR
Cipularang KM 91.6
Cipularang KM 91.6Cipularang KM 91.6
.
..Jakarta
JakartaJakarta
Cipularang KM 91.6
Cipularang KM 91.6Cipularang KM 91.6
Bandu
BanduBandung
ngng .
..
Cipularang KM 91.6
Cipularang KM 91.6Cipularang KM 91.6
Bandu
BanduBandung
ngng .
..
Tunnel LinerTunnel Liner
SurveysSurveys
Tunnel Liner SurveysTunnel Liner Surveys
Summ
SummSummary of GPR
ary of GPRary of GPR

High resolution imaging;

High resolution imaging;High resolution imaging;
Ideal for resistive ground;
Ideal for resistive ground;Ideal for resistive ground;
Work best for searching large electric property
Work best for searching large electric propertyWork best for searching large ele
ctric property
contrast (concrete/re
contrast (concrete/recontrast (concrete/re-
--bar);
bar);bar);
Still challenging for direct search and image
Still challenging for direct search and imageStill challenging for direct search
and image
contaminants;
contaminants;contaminants;
Need sophisticated interpretation skill
Need sophisticated interpretation skillNeed sophisticated interpretation skill.
..