Professional Documents
Culture Documents
century events
Timeline
1494 – Florence expels the Medici family and restores their
Repubblica – Machiavelli plays leading role in civil gov’t,
organizes Florentine citizen militia
organizes Florentine citizen militia
1512 – Medici with Papal support invade Tuscany, defeat and
take over Florence, Machiavelli imprisoned, tortured, then
exiled
1513 – Giovanni dei Medici becomes Pope Leo X
1513/14? – Machiavelli circulates The Prince in Latin version
( t bli h d i It li
(not published in Italian until 1532, 5 years after his death)
til 1532 5 ft hi d th)
1516‐1519 – Machiavelli writes Discourses on Livy
1516 – Th. More publishes his Utopia
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1516 – Humanist Desiderius Erasmus published his Greek/Latin
New Testament at Basel
1517‐18
1517 18 – Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses in Wittenberg,
Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses in Wittenberg
condemning sale of indulgences
Timeline
1518 – Luther writes a letter to Erasmus, his reply
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(May 1519) is polite but non‐committal
1520 – Luther condemned by Pope Leo, but refuses
to recant
to recant
1521 – Pope Leo dies, Luther stands trial at Diet of
Worms – excommunicated and outlawed, but
Worms excommunicated and outlawed, but
protected by Frederick III, hides out in Wartburg
Castle, publishing several long frontal assaults on
the Catholic Church
the Catholic Church
Erasmus and Thomas More take up positions in
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opposition to Luther and schism
Timeline
1522 – Luther returns to Wittenberg and enjoys wide
g j y
support as he goes about reforming and changing church
practices
1523 Giuliano
1523 – Gi li d i Medici becomes Pope Clement VII
dei M di i b P Cl t VII
1524‐26 – Peasant revolts break out in Germany, 1525
Twelve Articles, peasants all over Holy Roman Empire
Twelve Articles, peasants all over Holy Roman Empire
mobilized and fought imperial & princes’ armies, in end
brutally suppressed
1527 – Soldiers of H.R.Emp. Charles V mutiny for pay and
sack Rome, Pope Clement refuses to annul marriage of
Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon (Emperor’ss aunt)
Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon (Emperor aunt)
Timeline
1527 – Machiavelli dies
1526‐29 – Luther organizes separate Church
1529‐32 – With divisive pretext of marriage issue, England and
Henry takes steps separating from Catholic Church
Henry takes steps separating from Catholic Church
1534‐35 – Thomas More convicted for treason, beheaded
1536 – Erasmus dies
1543 Copernicus’ On Revolutions of Celestial Spheres
1543 – C i ’ O R l ti f C l ti l S h
published just before author’s death
1559 – Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Francis Bacon (1561‐1626), Galileo Galilei (1564‐1642),
Johannes Kepler (1571‐1630)
Machiavelli on his studies in exile
Machiavelli on his studies in exile
“When evening comes, I return home and go to my study.
On the threshold, I strip naked, taking off my muddy,
sweaty work day clothes, and put on the robes of court
sweaty work day clothes, and put on the robes of court
and palace, and, in this graver dress, I enter the courts
of the ancients, and am welcomed by them, and there I
taste the food that alone is mine, and for which I was
taste the food that alone is mine, and for which I was
born. And there I make bold to speak to them and ask
the motives of their actions, and they, in their
humanity reply to me And for the space of four hours
humanity, reply to me. And for the space of four hours
I forget the world, remember no vexation, fear poverty
no more, tremble no more at death; I pass indeed into
their world ”
their world.
Erasmus on books
Erasmus on books
“When I get a little money, I buy books. If I have
any left over I eat ”
any left over, I eat.