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ENGG1050

Engineering
Thermodynamics

Basic Concepts in Thermodynamics

Content
 Basic concepts
 Basic laws

 Systems

 System properties

 See Cengel & Boles: 1-1 to 1-6

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Basic concepts
 Energy (“capacity to do work”)
 Heat (“energy that flows”)

 Temperature (“a measure of internal


energy”)
 Entropy (“the quality of energy”)

Basic Laws
 0th law: helps define temperature 
T
 1st law: energy is conserved

 helps define internal


energy, U
 2nd law: unavailable energy

 helps define entropy, S

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Systems – where all this takes place
 Some physical region we want to
study
– What systems can you name?
– Characteristics?
 System + boundary/surface + surroundings

 Types:
– Isolated (no mass and heat transfer)
– Closed (no mass but heat transfer)
– Open (both mass and heat transfer)

Examples of systems
 Domestic hot water heater
– Sketch it … what type of system is it?
A refrigerator
– Sketch it … type of system?
 Potatoes in a microwave oven
– Sketch … type of system?

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System properties
 Types:
– Temperature (T)
– Pressure (P)
– Volume (V)
– Mass (m)
 Classes of properties:
– Extensive (changes with extent of
system)
– Intensive (independent of system
extent)
Question: How do you classify the system properties above?

Some properties
 Density m
ρ= Units = kg/m3
V

 Specific volume
1 V Units = m3/kg
v= =
ρ m

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Units
 Commonly SI, sometimes Imperial
(British)
 Consistent use of units is very
important !

 Mass: m (kg)
 Weight: W = m.g (units?) kg m s-2

 Total = My mass (m) + your weight


(W) ??

State and equilibrium


 State:
– A set of properties describing a system
 Equilibrium:
– A condition of balance in a system
 Thermal (temperature)
 Mechanical (pressure)

 Phase (mass)

 Chemical (composition)

Question: What properties could be used to describe this room?

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State Postulate
 “Allof the equilibrium states of a
simple compressible system are
completely specified by 2
independent, intensive properties”

 e.g. for a gas: T and v (specific volume)

Equations of State
 For gases T, V and P are not all
independent
 Ideal gas equation of state is:

PV = nRT P = N/m2 = ?
n = moles of gas J=Nm=?
R = ideal gas constant (J/mol/K)

 Is
this consistent in terms of units?
Check it!

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Processes
 Going from one equilibrium state to
another
P P2, V2 (State 2)
(State 1) P1, V1 Thermodynamic
path

(State 2) P2, V2 P1, V1 (State 1)

• Types of processes
• isothermal (T constant)
• isobaric (P constant)
• isochoric (v constant)

Review
 Basic thermodynamic units and
prefixes
 Systems help us to define regions of
interest – what are the 3 main
systems?
 We need properties to characterize
systems – intensive and extensive
 Making sure units are consistent !
 Understanding thermodynamic
processes and cycles – how to move
around the P,v and other regions.

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Some other information
 These slides available on course web
page:
http://www.cheque.uq.edu.au/ugrad/e
ngg1050/
 Textbook Cengel and Boles has
tutorial problems
 Please make arrangements with
tutors if you are going to miss
tutorials

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