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PERSONAL PROCESS
SAFETY SAFETY
LEADING LAGGING
Depth of Investigation
Scenarios 1 and 2 presented in Section 2).
There is another dimension of systems thinking which consists of four levels of thinking shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Four levels of thinking (Adapted from: Maani and Cavana [5], p. 16, Figure 2.1).
Ease Effectiveness
Events
Patterns
Systemic structures
Mental models
The four levels of thinking shows the depth of thinking in a vertical way by focusing on events,
patterns, systemic structures and mental model levels [5]. The analogy of an iceberg is used to describe
the four levels of thinking where the only visible part is the events level which often requires immediate
Beirut – December 2021
attention [5]. In most situations, managers prefer to address issues at the events level because they are 30
visible. However, the level of events thinking is the shallowest; actions based on events thinking are
ALoSP
• SPI: based on current data or best estimate of
current situation
• SPT: Medium or long-term objectives of a safety
programme or an SMS
- Reduce the number of un-stabilized approaches
by 10 % by December 2022
• Safety Action to achieve targets:
– Investigate root cause of un-stabilized approaches
– Act based on outcome of investigation (training,
awareness, briefings, etc..)
Beirut – December 2021
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Selection Sources
SPTs
ü Reporting
ü Investigations
ü Audits Alert Level
ü Monitoring
ü Studies
SPIs
ü Reviews
ü Surveys
Safety Management
DATA INFORMATION Decision-Making
Measurement
3
Measures of Effective
Safety Management
Hazard H H H
R Mitigation
R
R
R