Inter-Ing 2007

„INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN ENGINEERING”
SCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE,
TG. MUREŞ – ROMÂNIA, 15 -16 November 2007.

DEVICE FOR THE D.C. – D.C. CONVERTERS PWM COMMAND

Alexandru MORAR

“Petru Maior” University of Tg.-Mures, Romania

morar@upm.ro

Abstract: The author presents in this paper an electronic device for the PWM command of the two-
quadrant of four-quadrant choppers. A simple construction and enhanced operation safety, very smooth
regulation of the duty cycle, 11 values programming for the working frequency (500Hz – 5KHz), TTL or
CMOS compatibility are some of the advantages presented by this electronic device.

Keywords: PWM device, 2-Q chopper, 4-Q chopper, saw tooth voltage generator.

1. Introduction

A spectacular evolution in the field of the electric energy conversion has been produced
by the emergence and development of new power semiconductor devices which facilitated the
power converter improvement and diversification, interposed between the power supply and the
electrical device motor.
The d.c.– d.c. converter, also known as chopper, is frequently used for the separately-
excited d.c. motors speed regulation, being a converter which transforms a d.c. voltage, applied
to the input, into rectangular pulses to the output. The average value of a chopper’s output
voltage can be modified between zero and the feeding voltage, using the “Pulse Wawe
Modulation” principle of constant frequency pulses. In this way it is possible to achieve the
regulation by voltage of the d.c. motors speed [1],…,[5].
The block diagram of such an electrical drive system is presented in Fig. 1.

IBM PC
COMPUTER
FOUR QUADRANT CHOPPER

V+ +U

T1 T3

PWM1 D1 D3 Lf
DIGITAL
DBUS ABUS CBUS PART u Ex
INTERFACE K PWM T2 T4
i
M
PWM2 D2 D4
? - +
PROT
PWM SIGNAL DRIVER
LOAD
+
GENERATOR - LEM
COMP OPTICAL
ENCODER
V+ V+
A BN

P1 P2
(FREQUENCY) (DUTY CYCLE)

Fig. 1. Block diagram of d.c. electrical drive system.

IV-24-1
There are schemes of chopper operating in two or four quadrants, largely used in practice.
The H bridge converters are widely utilized in the adjustable electrical drives with d.c. motors.
An arm of this bridge is obtained by serially connecting two controllable power switching
devices (bipolar transistors, MOSFET, IGBT, GTO, MCT). Each device has an antiparallel
diode, called “free-wheeling diode”. The two devices of an arm structure work anti-phase like. In
practice, for passing from a state into another, the devices will be simultaneously blocked for a
short length of time, called “dead time ”[4], [5], [9]. The PWM command signal can be
generated either with the IBM-PC computer, in this case being necessary a specialized interface
and the required software tools, or with a special electronic device. Taking into consideration
what has already been revealed the authors present in this paper an electronic device for PWM
commanding the two or four quadrant chopper.

2. Device’s description

The command circuit for choppers, realized with traditional electronic means, are widely
used. The block diagram from where it can be deduced the operating principle of the device for
the chopper’s PWM command is presented in Fig. 2. There has been made the following
notations: OSC-astable circuit; M-monostable circuit; CD1, CD2-discharging circuits, GTLV1,
GTLV2-variable linear voltage generators; CS-selection circuit; CE-output circuit.
DUTY CYCLE=50%
I0
K

V+

+
K1 [50-0]%
K2
I1
-
C1
R1 C1 R2 C2

OSC CD1 GTLV1

= = V+
T
T
+
[50-100]% PWM-TTL
T I2 CE
- PWM-CMOS
FOUR QUADRANT CHOPPER C2
BS
PWM
PWM1
K3
DP
T
V+
R3 C3 R4 C4
PWM2
M CD2 GTLV2 + [0-100]% PROT
I3
- C3
T
T
TWO QUADRANT CHOPPER
A1 A0

V+

P
(DUTY CYCLE) K1 K0

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the PWM device.

The signal from the astable circuit output, of programmable frequency and duty cycle
50%, is applied to a sawtooth voltage generator, composed by the discharging circuit CD1 and
the variable linear voltage generator GTLV1.
In the four-quadrant choppers case, the sawtooth voltage is compared to a reference
voltage fixed with the potentiometer P by the comparators COMP1 and COMP2. At the output of
these comparators there are obtained PWM signals with adjustable duty cycle in the range of
[50-100]% (clockwise drive) respectively [50-0]% (anticlockwise drive).
In the two-quadrant chopper case, the signal from the astable circuit output is applied at
the monostable circuit M input. The very short time pulses from the monostable output command
a second sawtooth voltage generator made in the CD2 discharging circuit and the variable linear

IV-24-2
voltage generator GTLV2. The sawtooth voltage is compared with the same reference voltage by
the COMP3 comparator, at whose output it is obtained PWM signal with the duty cycle
adjustable in the range [0-100]%.By means of the switches K0, K1 and of the selection circuit CS
it is selected: the signal with the duty cycle 50% from the OSC astable circuit output (resting
motor),the PWM signal with the duty cycle adjustable in the range [50-100]% (clockwise
electrical drive motor), the PWM signal with the duty cycle adjustable range [50-0]%
(anticlockwise electrical drive motor), or the PWM signal with the duty cycle adjustable in the
range [0-100]% (two-quadrant choppers command).Through the intermediary of the CE output
circuit , the device provides PWM signal TTL or CMOS compatible. Meantime, through the
intermediary of a DP digital command part, there are also generated PWM command signals with
“dead time” for the power semiconductor devices of the half-bridge and full-bridge converter.
The electrical schematic of the programmable oscillator is shown in Fig. 3.
1K10

1K9

1K8

1K7

1K6

1K5

1K4

1K3

+5 IC1 +5 1K2
14 6
OSC +5 TRIG-
8 1K1
TRIG+
13
OSCO
4
AST
10 5
OSC Q AST C2
11 9 R2
Q EXT RES
12 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
RETRIG
1 R1
C
2
R
3
R-C COM
7 C1
GND
CD4047BE

RESET

Fig. 3. Electrical schematic of the programmable oscillator.

Nowadays, the CMOS integrated circuits imposed them selves as a dominant family
among the other families of digital circuits [6], [7].There are to be emphasized the following
advantages: low consumption power, enhanced immunity at perturbations, absence of input
current. Consequently, it has been utilized the integrated circuit MMC 4047. There has also been
utilized a rotating switch K with 3 sections and 11 positions each. The first section 1K1-1K10 is
utilized for the working frequency programming (11 values in the range 500Hz-5kHz ), the other
2 section (2K1-2K10 and 3K1-3K10) being utilized within the two variable linear voltage
generators. The 11 working frequencies values are established by means of 10 multiturn
adjustable resistances S1-S10.
In Fig. 4 it is presented the electrical block diagram of the PWM generator for the four-
quadrant choppers command.
The variable linear generator is realized with constant current generator and with the
capacitor C1 [8] whereas the discharging circuit is realized with the transistor T2.The 10 multiturn
adjustable resistances S1-S10 are in or off the circuit trough the intermediary of the second section
of the rotating switch K. Thus, for any value of the working frequency, the maximum amplitude f
the sawtooth remains the same, Umax (see Fig.5).Consequently, the smoothness of the duty cycle
regulation remain the same, very good, for every selected value of the working frequency. Led
with the emitter-repeater realized with the operational amplifier I2A of type TLO84, the sawtooth
voltage is applied to the comparators I3A, I3B of type betaM 339, where it is compared with the
prescribed command voltage by means of the multiturn potentiometer P.
The electrical schematic of the PWM generator for the two-quadrant chopper command is
presented in Fig. 6. The constant current generator realized with the transistor T1 together with
the capacitor C1 forms a second variable linear voltage generator.

IV-24-3
 +15 2K10

2K9

2K8

2K7

2K6

2K5

2K4

2K3

2K2

2K1

R3 T2
S1' S2' S3' S4' S5' S6' S7' S8' S9' S10'
D1 D2 D3 C3

R4

-15 +5

IC3AF
PM2 PM4 R14
14 15 +15 IC5B

12
C5 R10 7 KA339
1
CD4050BCN R11 I1A
IC3AE R8 6
C_PM4
11 12 PM3
C4 IC4C
11

R7 10 TL084ACN
CD4050BCN 8 P_PM3
IC3AC C COM
9 +5
7 6 R5 T1 C8
OSC NPN C7 R9
R6 PM5 R15
4

CD4050BCN IC5C
IC3AB R12 9 KA339
5 4 14
R13 I2A
8
+15 C_PM5
CD4050BCN
IC3AA
3 2 C_PM2 3
C9
CD4050BCN +15

Fig. 4. Electrical schematic of the PWM generator for the 4-Q choppers.

Fig. 5. Logic timing diagram of the PWM generator for the 4-Q choppers.

IV-24-4
 +15 3K10

3K9

3K8

3K7

3K6

3K5

3K4

3K3

3K2

3K1

R16 T4
S1'' S2'' S3'' S4'' S5'' S6'' S7'' S8'' S9'' S10''
D4 D5 D6 C11

R17

IC3BD
9 10

CD4050BCN
IC3BB
+5
IC2 5 4
6 14
TRIG- +5 PM6
8 +5
OSC TRIG+ CD4050BCN PM7
13 IC3BE
OSCO PM8
4 C13 IC4B
+5 AST R21
5 10 C_PM6 11 12 5 TL084ACN IC5D R24
AST Q R22
7 10 KA339
B
9 11 6 13
RESET EXT RES Q CD4050BCN R19 T3 R23 I3A
12 IC3BA 11
RETRIG NPN C_PM8
C12
R18 1 3 2 R20
C
2
R
3
R-C COM CD4050BCN
IC3BF
7 C_PM7
GND COM
14 15
CD4047BE
CD4050BCN

Fig. 6. Electrical schematic of the PWM generator for the 2-Q choppers

By means of the multiturn adjustable resistances S1”-S10” as well as of the third section of the
rotating switch K, it is modified the variable linear voltage slope so that, indifferent of the
working frequency value, the maximum amplitude is the same Umax. The discharging circuit,
realized with the transistor T2, is commanded by the very short-time pulses obtained at the I1
monostable circuit output of the type MMC 4047(see Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Logic timing diagram of the PWM generator for the 2-Q choppers.

IV-24-5
 The signal provided by the astable circuit OSC (duty cycle 50%) as well as the signals of
the PWM command of the four-quadrant (I1a and I2a) and the two-quadrant (I3a) choppers are
applied to the dual 4-line to 1-line multiplexer I3 of type CDB 4253E (see Fig. 8).Thus, through
the intermediary of the switches K1, K0 the desired PWM signal is selected (see Table 1).
+5

R?
U?A

12
R? U?B
5 KA339 P?
U?A +5 2 3 4
+5 U? 4
R27 1 2 14 16
OSC A VCC PWM_CMOS
2 DM7407N
B

3
IC6C DM7407N
9 1
1OE C?
8 6 +15
K1 1C0
10 5 7 +5
I1A 1C1 Y1
4
SN7400N I2A 1C2
3
I3A 1C3
R?
15 U?B
2OE
IC6D 10
2C0
12 11 9 3 4

PM12
D7 2C1 Y2
11 12
2C2
+5 13 +5 13 PWM_TTL
R25 2C3 DM7407N
SN7400N 8
R28 C? GND
SN74153N
+5
R?

+5
R29 R? R?

C? +15 C? +15
IC6B
4

1
6 U?A
K2 5 DM74ALS04BN
SN7400N
7

3
2
1

12
9

5
4

8
6

3
2
1

12
9

5
4

8
6

2
U?A
1 U?A
R
C

R
C
3 1 P?
IC6A
AST
AST

AST
AST
GND

GND

1 2 3
TRIG- VCC

TRIG- VCC
TRIG+

TRIG+
D8 3 2
RETRIG

RETRIG
R-C COM

EXT QRES

R-C COM

EXT QRES
+5 2 CD4011BCN CD4001BCN PWM1
R26 P?
Q

OSCO

OSCO
SN7400N PROT1
R30 U? U?
11

10

13

14

11

10

13

14
CD4047BE CD4047BE PROT1 P? U?B
+5 +15 +15 5 P?
U?B
5 4
4 6
6 PWM2
CD4001BCN
CD4011BCN
C? C?

Fig. 8. Electrical schematic of the selection circuit, output circuit and digital part.

Table 1
The working modes.
K1 K0 PWM-TTL PWM-CMOS Obs.
0 0 50% 50% STOP
0 1 [50-0]% [50-0]% FOUR-QUADRANT CHOPPER
1 0 [50-100]% [50-100]% FOUR-QUADRANT CHOPPER
1 1 [0-100]% [0-100]% TWO-QUADRANT CHOPPER

The output circuit CE is composed by the TTL-CMOS interface realized with the
comparator I4A of type betaM 339 and the noninverting buffers I2B of type MMC 4050 for
obtaining the CMOS-PWM signal and I5A of type CDB 407E for obtaining the TTL-PWM signal.
In Fig. 8 it is also presented the electrical schematic of the digital command part by means of
which there are obtained the “dead-time” command signals PWM1, PWM2 of the power
semiconductor devices within the half-bridge and full-bridge converter.

3. Experimental results.

The experimental researches has been made in the Electrical Drives Laboratory of the
Engineering Faculty, “Petru Maior” University of Targu- Mures. The general view of the PWM

IV-24-6
devices is shown in Fig. 9. It is has been integrated in a high-performance trial stand dedicated to
the separately-excited d.c. motors driving systems command.
As experimental results, the command PWM signal of a different working frequency, are shown
in Fig. 10.

Fig. 9. General view of the PWM device.

4. Conclusions

The electronic device for the choppers PWM command presented in this paper has the following
advantages:
• Very smooth regulation of the duty cycle indifferent of the working frequency value;
• The programming possibility, in the range of 500Hz – 5kHz, of the working frequency
value;
• Offers complementary PWM signals with “dead-time”;
• Offers PWM signal, TTL or CMOS compatible, for commanding two or four quadrant
choppers.

References

1 . Leonard W., Control of Electrical Drives, Springer-Verlage, Berlin, 1985.

2 . Mohan N., Undeland T., Robbins W., Power Electronics-Converters, Application and Design, John Wiley
& Sons , New York, 1989.
3 . Străinescu I., Variantelor statice de tensiune continuă. Editura Technică, Bucureşti, 1983.
4. Bogdanov I., Microprocesorul în comanda acţionărilor electrice.Editura Facla, Timişoara, 1989.

5 . Kelemen A., Imecs M., Electronică de putere. Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1980.
6. Ardelean I., Giurgiu H., Petrescu L., Circuite integrate CMOS. Manual de utilizare. Editura Technică,
Bucureşti, 1986.

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Fig. 10. PWM command signals of different working frequencies

IV-24-8
7. Băluţa Gh., Circuite logice şi structuri numerice.Proiectare şi aplicaţii. Editura Marix Rom, Bucureşti, 1999.
8 . Mitrofan Gh., Generatoare de impulsuri şi de tensiune liniar variabilă. Editura Technică, Bucureşti, 1980.
9 . Băluţa Gh., Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors Based Reversible PWM Converter for D.C. Motors. Bul.
Inst. Polit., Iaşi, XLIV (XLVIII), 1-4, s. IV, 49-57 (1998).
10. Morar A., Diaconescu I., Circuite digitale. Circuite logice combinaţionale, Editura Universităţii “Petru
Maior” Tg. Mureş, 2003 .
11. .Morar A., Diaconescu I., Circuite digitale. Circuite logice secvenţiale, Editura Universităţii “Petru
Maior” Tg. Mureş, 2005
12. Morar, A. Electronică digitală –Aplicaţii şi probleme- Editura MEDIAMIRA cluj Napoca, 2007.

IV-24-9