TENSES

INDEFINITE
Present Indefinite –
veiksmas, priskiriamas esamajam laikui, bet paprastai
nevykstantis kalbos momentu.
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma Pabrėžtinė teigiamoji forma
I ask We ask I do not (don’t) ask We do not (don’t) ask Do I ask? Do we ask? I do ask We do ask
You ask You ask You do not (don’t) ask You do not (don’t) ask Do you ask? Do you ask? You do ask You do ask
He (she, it) They ask He (she, it) does not They do not (don’t) ask Does he (she, Do they ask? He (she) does They do ask
asks (doesn’t) ask it) ask? ask
Vartojamas:
1) Reikšti įprastiems, pasikartojantiems ar nuolat vykstantiems veiksmams dabartyje (always, often, usually, regularly,
daily, every day, never, seldom, rarely, sometimes):
Nick always helps his comrades in their studies.
What time do you get up?
We seldom meet.
We have our dinner at 5 o’clock
2) reikšti bendriems teiginiams, nesiejant jų su laiku:
Rockets fly faster thab airplanes.
3) Reikšti veiksmams arba savybėms, būdingiems veiksniui nuolat arba dabartiniu laikotarpiu:
Tom speaks English well.
His sister Mary plays the piano and sings.
I’m a schoolgirl.
Where do you live?
Jane’s mother works on a dairy farm.
My little brother already goes to school.
 4) Reikšti veiksmams (arba būsenoms), vykstantiems kalbos momentu, jeigu jie reiškiami veiksmažodžiais, kurie
nevartojami eigos laikais (want, like, belong, know, suppose, need, love, see, realise, mean, prefer, hate, hear, believe,
understand, remember, forget, seem, sound, appear, smell, taste, wish, own, think (when the meaning is “believe”), have
(when it is used for actions or the meaning is “possess”):
What do you want?
5) Reikšti būsimiems (numatomiems) veiksmams arba būsenoms šalutiniuose laiko ir sąlygos aplinkybių sakiniuose po
jungtukų if, unless, till, until, when, as soon as, before (atitinkamuose lietuviškuose sakiniuose vartojamas būsimasis laikas):
I’ll wait till you finish your breakfast.
What shall we do if it rains tomorrow?
Come and see me when you are passing my way.
Come next week unless you are very busy.
Let’s wait until the rain stops.
I’ll join you as soon as I can.
P a s t a b a . Šalutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose po jungtukų if, when vartojamas Future Indefinite Tense:
Ask him ih he will go with us. I
6) Reikšti iš anksto numatytiems veiksmams, kurie įvyks artimiausioje ateityje (daugiausia su veiksmažodžiais to
leave, to start, to come, to return, to come back, to go, to arrive):
We leave next Saturday.

Past Indefinite – veiksmas (būsena), vykęs kuriuo nors laikotarpiu praeityje ir nesusijęs su kalbos momentu.
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma Pabrėžtinė teigiamoji
forma
I asked We asked I did not (didn’t) ask We didn’t ask Did I ask? Did we ask? I did ask We did ask
You You asked You did not (didn’t) You didn’t ask Did you Did you You did ask You did ask
asked They ask They did not ask? ask? He (she) did They did
He (she, asked He (she, it) did not (didn’t) ask Did he (she, Did they ask ask
it) asked (didn’t) ask it) ask? ask?

1) Reikšti atskiriems faktams (veiksmams, būsenoms), įvykusiems praeityje ir nesusijusiems su dabartimi (kartais V
patikslinama aplinkybiniais žodžiais yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, last summer, the other day, in
1945, five minutes ago, būtojo laiko rodikliu gali būti klausiamieji įvardžiai how ir when):
I bought this book in London.
I knocked at the door, but no one answered.
How did you sleep? – I slept like a baby.
I’m sorry I was out when you called.
Where were you yesterday?
The great Russian poet Pushkin was bors in 1799.
When did you begin to study English?
How did it happen?
 2) Reikšti kartotiniams arba įprastiems veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje ir nesusijusiems su dabartimi:
Last summer I often played chess.
P a s t a b a . Reikšti kartotiniams veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje, vartojama taip pat konstrukcija used + infinityvas:
We used to see each other very often when I lived in Kaunas.
Taip pat reikšti įprastiniam arba tęstiniam veiksmui ar būsenai praeityje (paprastai tolimoje):
I used to know her very well when she was still in her teens.
3) Reikšti veiksmams ar savybėms, kurios buvo būdingos veiksniui praeityje:
Jack played chess very well when he was a small boy.
4) Netiesioginės kalbos šalutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose, kai pagrindinio sakinio veiksmažodis vartojamas Past Indefinite
laiku:
He said he lived in Parko street.

Future Indefinite – vienkartiniai, kartotini ar pastovūs veiksmai (būsenos), vyksiantys ateityje.

Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I shall/will (I’ll) ask We will (we’ll) I shall/will not (shan’t/won’t) We shall/will not Shall I ask? Shall we ask?
You will (you’ll) ask ask (shan’t/won’t) ask Will you Will you ask?
ask You will (you’ll) You will not (won’t) ask You will not (won’t) ask? Will they
He (she, it) will ask ask He (she, it) will not (won’t) ask Will he (she, ask?
They’ll ask ask They will not (won’t) it) ask?
ask
Vartojamas:
1) Vienkartiniai veiksmai, būsenos:
What will you do after the lessons?
Will you wait for me? I sahn’t be long.
I’ll do my best to help you.
 Pastovūs ir kartotiniai veiksmai (būsenos):
I’ll write to you every week.
P a s t a b o s . 1. Klausiamojoje vienaskaitos 1-ojo asmens formoje veiksmažodis shall paprastai turi modalinę reikšmę; klausiantysi
teiraujasis, ko pašnekovas nori:
Shall I go on reading?
2. Veiksmažodis will dažnai turi modalinį pažado, ketinimo, mandagaus prašymo atspalvį: S
If you’ll wait a moment, I’ll be back in a minute.
I won’t forget what you’ve done for me.
2) Šnekamojoje kalboje numatomiems būsimiems veiksmams reikšti vartojamos šios konstrukcijos:
To be going + infinityvas reikšti ketinimui (kalbant apie asmenis) arba galimybei (kalbant apie įvykius):
I’m going to write a letter to my mother.
The task is going to be more difficult than I expected.
To be sure (certain) + infinityvas reikšti įsitikinimui, kad būsimasis veiksmas įvyks:
Ann is sure to be there.
It’s certain to rain.

Future Indefinite in the Past – veiksmas ar būsena, vykstantis, tebesitęsiantis kalbos momentu arba esamuoju laikotarpiu.
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I should/would ask We would ask I shouldn’t ask We shouldn’t ask Should/would I ask? Should we ask?
You would ask You would ask You wouldn’t ask You wouldn’t Would you ask? Would you ask?
He (she, it) would They would He (she, it) wouldn’t ask Would he (she, it) Would they
ask ask ask They wouldn’t ask? ask?
ask
Vartojamas:
1) Pasakojimuose apie praeities įvykius, kai netiesiogine kalba esti atpasakojami kokio nors asmens žodžiai arba mintys,
susiję su ateitimi:
He told me he would never repeat the same mistake.
I was sure she’d be late as usual.
CONTINUOUS
Present Continuous – veiksmas (būsena), vykstantis, tebesitęsiantis kalbos momentu arba esamuoju laikotarpiu.
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I am (I’m) asking We are (we’re) I am not asking We are not Am I asking? Are we
You are (you’re) asking You are not (aren’t) asking Are you asking?
asking You are asking asking You aren’t asking? Are you
He (she, it) is (he’s) They are (they’re) He (she, it) is not (isn’t) asking Is he (she, it) asking?
asking asking asking They are not asking? Are they
asking asking?
Vartojamas:
1) Reikšti veiksmui, vykstančiam kalbos momentu:
What are you doing now?
2) Reikšti veiksmui (būsenai), vykstančiam esamuoju laikotarpiu, bet nebūtinai kalbos momentu:
Where are you staying now?
I hope you are enjoying your vacation?
I’m reading an intresting book.
They are building a lot of new buildings in our district.
 3) Šnekamojoje kalboje atskiriems artimiausiai ateičiai numatytiems veiksmams reikšti (ypač su veiksmažodžiais to come, to
leave, to stay, to call ir išsireiškimais to have guests, to give a party ir pan.):
When are you coming to see us?
She is giving a birthday party tomorrow.
We are going to the cinema this afternoon.
He’s calling on me tonight.
 4) Nuolatiniam įpročiui arba polinkiui reikšti (su prieveiksmiais always, constantly, all the time) ir reiškia nepritarimą,
nekantrumą:
You’re always coming late!
He’s constantly getting into trouble.
5) Veiksmažodžio to go Present Continuous junginys su kito veiksmažodžio infinityvu vartojamas reikšti ketinimui atlikti
veiksmą artimiausioje ateityje:
I’m going to present my old toys to my little brother.

Past Continuous
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I was asking We were asking I was not (wasn’t) asking We were not asking Was I asking? Were we asking?
You were asking You were asking You were not (weren’t) You were not asking Were you asking? Were you
He (she, it) was They were asking They were not Was he (she, it) asking?
asking asking He (she, it) was not (wasn’t) (weren’t) asking asking? Were they
asking asking?
Vartojamas:
veiksmui, vykusiam kuriuo nors praeities momentu arba laikotarpiu reikšti. Veiksmo laikas paprastai nurodomas
aplinkybiniais žodžiais arba šalutiniais sakiniais:
It was snowing all day yesterday.
What were you doing when I rang you up yesterday?
I wasn’t expecting you quite so early.
The light went out while we were having supper.

Future Continuous
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I shall/will be We shall/will be I shall/will not (shan’t/won’t) We shall/will not Shall/will I be Shall/will we be
asking asking (I’ll not) be asking (shan’t/won’t) be asking asking? asking?
You will be You will be You will not (won’t) be asking You will not (won’t) be Will you be asking? Will you be
asking asking He (she, it) will not (won’t) be asking Will he (she, it) be asking?
He (she, it) will They will be asking They will not (won’t) be asking? Will they be
be asking asking asking asking?
Vartojamas:
Veiksmui, vyksiančiam kuriuo nors ateities momentu arba laikotarpiu išreikšti. Veiksmo laiką gali nurodyti aplinkybiniai
žodžiai arba kontekstas. Iškyrus kai kuriuos nusitovėjusius išsireiškimus su veiksmažodžiais to expect, to stay, to see ir kt., šis
laikas vartojamas labai retai:
I’ll be expecting you at 4 o’clock sharp.
When my train arrives, my parents will be waiting on the platform.
It’s no use trying to see our teacher at 10. He will be giving a lesson at that time.
Šnekamojoje kalboje Future Continuous kartais vartojamas Future Indefinite reikšme:
Will you be staying for dinner?
I’ll be seeing him this afternoon.

Future Continuous in the Past

Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I should/would be We I should/would not be We should/would not Should/would I Should/would
asking should/would be asking be asking be asking? we be asking?
You would be asking You would not be asking You would not be Would you be Would you be
asking You would be He (she, it) would not be asking asking? asking?
He (she, it) would asking asking They would not be Would he (she, it) Would they be
be asking They would be asking be asking? asking?
asking
Vartojimas:
I didn’t call on you yesterday evening because I thought you’d be working at your composition.
Don’t trouble him now! He said he’d be writing an article all day long.
PERFECT
Present Perfect –
parodo veiksmo, kuris įvyko praeityje ryšį su dabartimi, t. y. kalbos
momentu. Šis ryšys paprastai pasireiškia tuo, kad būtasis veiksmas turi kokį nors
reziltatą dabartyje.
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I have (I’ve) We have (we’ve) I have not (haven’t/I’ve not) We have not Have I Have we
asked asked asked asked asked asked?
You have You have (you’ve) You have not (haven’t/you’ve You have not sked Have you Have you
(you’ve) asked asked not) asked They have not asked? asked?
He (she, it) has They have (they’ve) He (she, it) has not (hasn’t/he’s asked Has he Have they
(he’s) asked. asked not) asked (she, it) asked?
asked?
Vartojamas:
1) Sakinuose, kuriuose nėra laiko aplinkybių:
Has the bell gone?
What mark have you got for dictation?
I’m glad you’ve dropped in.
I’ve heard so much about it.
You haven’t changed at all.
Look, what nice flowers Kate has brought.
 2) Sakiniuose su neapibrėžto laiko ar kartotinumo prieveiksmiais ar aplinkybinėmis frazėmis already, ever, never, yet,
often, always, seldom, rarely, several times ir pan.:
Have you ever been to London?
We’ll have to wait for Tom, he hasn’t yet finished his task.
You’ve always been lazy, Nick. Now it’s time for you to get down to work in earnest.
I’ve never seen such a wonderful film.
3) Sakiniuose su apibrėžto laiko aplinkibiniais žodžiais ir prieveiksmiais tais atvejais, kai nurodytasis laikotarpis dar nėra
pasibaigęs kalbos momentu: today, this morning, this week, all day, just:
I’ve worked hard all day today.
4) Sakiniuose su laiko aplinkybėmis, nurodančiomis laikotarpį, kuriuo vyko ar galėjo vykti veiksmas, pradedant kokiu nors
praeities momentu ir iki pat esamojo momento: lately, for a long time, how long, so far, up to now, up to the present, for the
past two hours (days, months, years), for three hours (days, months, years) ir kt., arba su aplinkybėmis, nurodančiomis tiktai
tokio laikotarpio pradžią (paprastai su jungtuku since):
Have you been to the theatre lately?
I haven’t seen you for ages.
We haven’t met since January, have we?
So much has happened since I saw you last.
 5) Ypatingą funkciją Present Perfect atlieka šalutiniuose laiko ir sąlygos aplinkybių sakiniuose po jungtukų if, when, till,
untill, unless, as soon as, after, before. Čia Present Perfect reiškia veiksmą, kuris baigsis tam tikru ateities momentu (turi Future
Perfect reikšmę):
You’ll think otherwise after (when) you’ve seen the film yourself.
You mustn’t leave before you’ve put everything in order.
Past Perfect
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I had asked We had asked I had not asked We had not asked Had I asked Had we
You had asked You had asked You had not asked You had not asked Had you asked? asked?
He (she, it) had They had He (she, it) had not They had not asked Had he (she, it) Had you
asked asked asked asked? asked?
Had they
asked?
Vartojimas:
Veiksmas, kuris įvyko ir baigėsi prieš kitą būtąjį veiksmą arba prieš kurį nors praeities momentą ar laikotarpį:
Yesterday he told me that he had seen Mike a week before.
He thanked me for what I have done for him.
He did as you had told him.
Jane told her friends that she had decided to become an actress.
Jane had scarcely put her head on the pillow when she fell asleep.
By noon the young tourists had climbed the mountain.
By twelve o’clock yesterday I had finished all my work.

Future Perfect
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I shall/will have We shall/will I shall not have We shall/will not have Shall I have Shall we have
asked have asked asked asked asked asked?
You will have You will have You will not have You will not have Will you have Will you have
asked asked asked asked asked? asked?
He (she, it) will They’ll have He (she, it) will not They will not have Will he (she, it) Will they have
have asked. asked have asked asked have asked? asked?
Vartojamas:
Reikšti veiksmui, kuris iki tam tikro momento arba veiksmo ateityje jau bus atliktas, pasibaigęs:
By the end of the term we shall have read two English books.
Come tomorrow evening; by that time I’ll have finished my work.

Future Perfect in the Past

Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I should/would We should/would I should/would not We should/would not Should/would I Should/would we
have asked have asked have asked have asked have asked have asked?
You would have You would have You would not You would not have Would you have Would you have
asked asked have asked asked asked? asked?
He (she, it) would They would have He (she, it) would They would not have Would he (she, Would they have
have asked. asked not have asked asked it) have asked? asked?
Vartojamas:
Tais pačiais atvejais kaip ir Future Perfect, bet tik netiesioginėje kalboje, po veiksmažodžių say, think, tell, write, pavartotų
būtuoju laiku:
He said he would have done his task by two o’clock.
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present Perfect Continuous
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I have been asking We have been I have not been We have not been Have I been Have we been
You have been asking asking asking asking? asking?
asking You have been You have not been You have not been Have you been Have you been
He (she, it) has asking asking asking asking? asking?
been asking They have been He (she, it) has not They have not been Have he (she, it) Have they been
asking been asking asking been asking? asking?
Vartojamas:
Veiksmui, būsenai, kuri rasidėjo praeityje ir tęsėsi tam tikrą laikotarpį iki kalbos momento ir (arba) vis dar tebesitęsia kalbos
momentu, arba pasibaigė prieš pat jį:
I’ve been waiting for him (for) two hours.
Sakiniuose su Present Perfect Continuous paprastai vartojamos laiko palinkybės, nurodančios veiksmažodžio reiškiamo laiko ar
būsenos trukmę arba pradžios momentą (for two hours (aweek, three months, ten years), for a long time, all day, all day long,
how long; since
1950, since 8 o’clock, since I came here):
How long have you been studying English?
I’m tired, I’ve been working in the garden all day long.
I’ve been living in London since 1985.
It’s been raining since early morning.
What have you been doing since I saw you last?
Present Perfect Continuous gali būti vartojamas ir nenurodant veiksmo trukmės, jeigu iš konteksto aišku, kad veiksmas prasidėjo
praeityje ir tęsėsi (tęsiasi) iki dabar:
Please, excuse my dirty clothes, I’ve been tidying the room.
Veiksmažodžių, kurie neturi Continuous formų, Present Perfect Continuous reikšme vartojamos Present Perfect formos:
How long have you been here? I
’
Past Perfect Continuous
Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I had been asking We had been I had not been We had not been Had I been Had we been
You had been asking asking asking asking? asking?
asking You had been You had not been You had not been Had you been Had you been
He (she, it) had asking asking asking asking? asking?
been asking They had been He (she, it) had not They had not been Had he (she, it) Had they been
asking been asking asking been asking? asking?
Vartojamas:
Eigos veiksmui, kuris prasidėjo prieš kurį nors praeities momentą ir tęsėsi ligi pat to momento, reikšti:
I was very tired when I went to bed for I had been working hard all day.
The news didn’t surprise me for I’d been expecting it for some time past.

Future Perfect Continuous

Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I shall/will have We shall/will I shall/will have not We shall/will have not Shall/will I have Shall/will we have
been asking have been asking been asking been asking been asking? been asking?
You will have You will have You will nothave You will not have been Will you have Will you have been
been asking been asking been asking asking been asking? asking?
He (she, it) will They will have He (she, it) will not They will not have Will he (she, it) Will they have been
have been asking been asking have been asking been asking have been asking? asking?

Vartojamas:
Reikšti besitęsiančiam būsimajam veiksmui, kuris prasidės prieš kurį nors ateities momentą arba laikotarpį ir tęsis ligi pat to
momento (laikotarpio):
By next year we shall have been living in this town for five years.
When Ann gets her diploma she will have been studying at the University for five years.

Future in the Past Perfect Continuous

Teigiamoji forma Neigiamoji forma Klausiamoji forma
I should/would We should/would I should/would We should/would have Should/would I Should/would we
have been asking have been asking have not been not been asking have been asking? have been asking?
You would have You would have asking You would not have Would you have Would you have
been asking been asking You would nothave been asking been asking? been asking?
He (she, it) would They would have been asking They would not have Would he (she, it) Would they have
have been asking been asking He (she, it) would been asking have been asking? been asking?
not have been
asking
Vartojamas:
Netiesioginėje kalboje vietoj future Perfect Continuous, kai pagrindinio sakinio veiksmažodis-tarinys esti išreikštas būtuoju laiku:
He said that by next April his father would have been working at the factory for ten years.