Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Note: The electronic version of this guideline is the version currently in use. Any printed version can
not be assumed to be current. Please remember to read our disclaimer.
Definition
A state of unrousability. The changes in mental state which precede coma may be classified by the
“Modified Glasgow Coma Scale For Infants And Young Children”
In this scale, the total score = eye opening + motor response + verbal response. The best
response is scored. The lowest score is 3, and the highest is 15 (the fully conscious child).
Children in coma have GCS scores of 8 or less. In the context of head trauma, a GCS of 8 or less
suggests severe cerebral injury, a GCS of 9 - 12 moderate cerebral injury, and a GCS of 13 - 15
minor cerebral injury.
Limitations of the GCS include the fact that the verbal component is difficult to apply to young
children and cannot be applied to the intubated patient. The score does not give any weight to
focal deficits such as hemiparesis. The score was developed in adults, and does not have the
same predictive value in childhood.
1
apply knuckles to sternum and observe arms
2
arouse patient with painful stimulus if necessary
Author: Drs Liz Segedin/Richard Aickin/Mike Shepherd Service: Children’s Emergency Dept.
Editor: Dr Raewyn Gavin Date Issued: Reviewed August 2007
Coma (The Unconscious Child) Page: 1 of 7
Starship Children’s Health Clinical Guideline
Note: The electronic version of this guideline is the version currently in use. Any printed version can
not be assumed to be current. Please remember to read our disclaimer.
Causes
Cerebral hypoxaemia/ Severe anaemia, apnoea, asphyxiation, carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning,
ischaemia respiratory failure, shock (adrenal crisis, cardiogenic, septic, hypovolaemic),
cerebrovascular event.
Raised intracranial Mass lesions (abscess, empyema, haemorrhage or pressure tumour), cerebral
oedema, hydrocephalus, malfunction of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
History
• Time-course of changes in mental state (behavior, feeding, schoolwork)
• Past and recent medical history (including medications)
• Family history (for example, of epilepsy or migraine)
• Drugs or toxins present in the house
• History of head trauma.
Author: Drs Liz Segedin/Richard Aickin/Mike Shepherd Service: Children’s Emergency Dept.
Editor: Dr Raewyn Gavin Date Issued: Reviewed August 2007
Coma (The Unconscious Child) Page: 2 of 7
Starship Children’s Health Clinical Guideline
Note: The electronic version of this guideline is the version currently in use. Any printed version can
not be assumed to be current. Please remember to read our disclaimer.
Examination
Examination
Do not assess for meningeal irritation unless cervical spine trauma is unlikely or has been
excluded. A complete physical examination is essential. Do not forget:
Neurological Posture, evidence of a ventricular shunt, level of consciousness, localising signs, pupillary
responses, examination of the fundi, signs of trauma to the head
Skin Abnormal pigmentation, anaemia, bruising, jaundice, needle marks, petechiae, sweating
Suspect raised ICP if there is a GCS score < 9; abnormal vital signs (hypertension,
bradycardia, abnormal respiratory pattern); fixed dilated pupils; decerebrate / decorticate
posturing; or status epilepticus unresponsive to standard therapy. (see Emergency
Management of Raised ICP)
Infratentorial Dilated pupils with poor response to light (if no mydriatic given), midposition
fixed pupils (midbrain), small reactive pupils (pons), Horner syndrome (lateral
medullary lesions), abnormal respiratory pattern, cranial nerve palsies,
negative ice water caloric test / doll’s eye, decerebrate rigidity (generalised
extension of trunk and limbs)
Metabolic Changes in mental state precede motor signs, motor signs are symmetrical,
pupillary reactions are preserved, disturbed acid-base is common, seizures or
abnormal motor movements are common
Author: Drs Liz Segedin/Richard Aickin/Mike Shepherd Service: Children’s Emergency Dept.
Editor: Dr Raewyn Gavin Date Issued: Reviewed August 2007
Coma (The Unconscious Child) Page: 3 of 7
Starship Children’s Health Clinical Guideline
Note: The electronic version of this guideline is the version currently in use. Any printed version can
not be assumed to be current. Please remember to read our disclaimer.
Management
Airway Protect and maintain. Use airway adjunct (oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal,
LMA) or intubate if unable to maintain airway.
If GCS < 9 and clinical circumstances do not suggest improvement imminent
then intubation is indicated to secure airway.
Breathing Give oxygen until saturations known, monitor O2 saturation, assess rate and
pattern of breathing. Support breathing by hand bagging if required.
Supplemental oxygen is indicated for hypoxia, but should not be given
routinely to comatose children with normal circulation & oxygen saturation.
Circulation Obtain venous access. Assess for signs of shock and treat as indicated (see
guidelines on shock)
The aim of fluid therapy in raised ICP is to maintain adequate cerebral
perfusion pressure (CPP).
CPP = Mean arterial pressure – Intracranial pressure
Resuscitation of the circulation takes priority over fluid restriction & osmotic
therapy. These treatments should not be commenced until after adequate fluid
resuscitation to restore a perfusing blood pressure
Specific therapy After stabilisation a rapid approach to diagnosis is imperative so that specific
therapy can be given. See guidelines for the management of poisoning and
specific conditions, and consult the National Poisons Centre for specific toxins
Acyclovir and cefotaxime should be administered acutely if encephalitis or
meningitis is a possibility.
Author: Drs Liz Segedin/Richard Aickin/Mike Shepherd Service: Children’s Emergency Dept.
Editor: Dr Raewyn Gavin Date Issued: Reviewed August 2007
Coma (The Unconscious Child) Page: 4 of 7
Starship Children’s Health Clinical Guideline
Note: The electronic version of this guideline is the version currently in use. Any printed version can
not be assumed to be current. Please remember to read our disclaimer.
Osmotic therapy Use 3% NaCl – give 3 ml/kg IV given as a rapid infusion (e.g. over 5 to 10
minutes)
or
Use Mannitol – 0.5g to 1.0g/kg (2.5 to 5ml/kg of 20% Mannitol)
Will need to place a urinary catheter
Author: Drs Liz Segedin/Richard Aickin/Mike Shepherd Service: Children’s Emergency Dept.
Editor: Dr Raewyn Gavin Date Issued: Reviewed August 2007
Coma (The Unconscious Child) Page: 5 of 7
Starship Children’s Health Clinical Guideline
Note: The electronic version of this guideline is the version currently in use. Any printed version can
not be assumed to be current. Please remember to read our disclaimer.
Further Investigations
FBC Consider coagulation screen
Glucose If hypoglycaemic measure insulin, blood ketones, growth hormone and cortisol
A laboratory or blood gas analyser glucose is required for confirmation of the
bedside testing result, but do not delay treatment of symptomatic
hypoglycaemia awaiting this result.
Blood Gas
Lumbar puncture Contra-indicated in presence of coma (GCS <9), raised intra-cranial pressure
or unstable clinical state. If meningitis is suspected but LP is contra-indicated,
start antibiotics
Cervical spine imaging Protect neck until injury has been excluded by standard criteria in cases of
trauma or possible trauma. It is often not possible to exclude cervical spine
injury in a comatose child.
May need to CT upper cervical spine in trauma
PICU should be involved early for a child who clearly meets these criteria. A child requiring a CT
scan and admission to PICU should be transferred and monitored in CT by the PICU team.
Responsibility for children not requiring PICU admission will by the CED team with Anaesthetist
involvement as required for CT, and subsequent referral as appropriate.
References
• Avner JR. Altered States of Consciousness. Peds in Rev 2006;27:331-337.
• Kirkham FJ. Non-traumatic coma in children. Arch Dis Child 2001;85;303-312.
• Wong CP, Forsyth RJ, Kelly TP, Eyre JA. Incidence, aetiology, and outcome of non-
traumatic coma: a population based study. Arch Dis Child 2001;84;193-199.
Author: Drs Liz Segedin/Richard Aickin/Mike Shepherd Service: Children’s Emergency Dept.
Editor: Dr Raewyn Gavin Date Issued: Reviewed August 2007
Coma (The Unconscious Child) Page: 7 of 7