Failure criterion for composite aircraft skin-stiffener interfaces

Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laborator y NLR
NLR-TP-98264
Failure criterion for the skin-stiffener interface

in composite aircraft panels
J.C.F.N. van Rijn

Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
NLR-TP-98264
Failure criterion for the skin-stiffener

interface in composite aircraft panels
J.C.F.N. van Rijn
This investigation has been carried out under a contract awarded by the Netherlands
Agency for Aerospace Programmes, contract number 01310N.
The Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes has granted NLR permission to
publish this report.
This report is based on an article to be published in the proceedings of the Thirteenth

Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites.
Division: Structures and Materials

Issued: 10 June 1998
Classification of title: Unclassified
-3-
NLR-TP-98264
Contents
ABSTRACT 5
INTRODUCTION 5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 6
SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION 6
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 6
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 7
RESULTS FROM EARLIER INVESTIGATIONS 8
Specimen description 8
Experimental procedure 8
Experimental results 8
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 8

OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 8
CRITERION DEFINITION 9
CONCLUSIONS 11
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM THE LITERATURE 11
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13

CONCLUSIONS 13
RECOMMENDATIONS 13
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14
REFERENCES 14
6 Tables
17 Figures
(33 pages in total)

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NLR-TP-98264
This page is intentionally left blank.

-5-
NLR-TP-98264
TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

ATTITUDE & ORBIT CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE XMM SATELLITE
Contents
by
FAILURE CRITERION FOR
H.A. van Ingen Schenau, THE
L.C.J. SKIN-STIFFENER
van Rijn, J. Spaa
Abstract 3
INTERFACE INNational
COMPOSITE AIRCRAFT
Aerospace Laboratory NLR PANELS
P.O. Box 153, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
1. Introduction Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210 3
J.C.F.N.lvrijn@nlr.nl;
E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl; van Rijn spaa@nlr.nl
ABSTRACT 2. Tensor Skin Concept
Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3
nature of the AOCS. A complete AOCS, together with
dynamics and environment can be considered as a
The National Aerospace Laboratory NLR in the loop which is actively closed by the Attitude Control
3. Experimental Results 4
Netherlands has developed a new generation of Test Computer (ACC).
and Verification Equipment (TVE) for testing of
Attitude and 4.OrbitSimulations
Control Subsystems of spacecraft. 7
target attitude
ABSTRACT
Based on a prototype TVE developed for ESA, test
equipment has been developed for Matra Marconi measurements commands
CONTROL
Space for AOCS subsystem
In 5.numerous
Recently and
panel system level
tests it Tests
performed testing
was established that, in the post-buckling regime, failure
and Future Developments 9 of
of athecomposite
XMM and stiffened
INTEGRAL scientific satellites.
panel is often induced by failure of a skin-stiffener interface. The present
SENSORS ACTUATORS
paper describes recent and on-going research performed at the National Aerospace Laboratory
This paper 6. Conclusions
describes the test concept and the 9
NLR, which
architecture of theaims
XMM at the
test derivation
system with ofitsa main
failure criterion for stiffener pop-off.
DYNAMICS
The strip
features, specimens development
the incremental used in theand
present investigation consisted
delivery, attitude of a tapered torquesstiffenermagnetic
flange
Info on: fields
9
andbonded References
on aobtained
experiences skin laminate. The specimens
during development and usewere loaded
Earth in four-point bending.
disturbances
of Itthe system. The described work Sun
was established that there washas also been influence
no significant Stars
of the stiffness properties of the flange
performed under ESA contract. ENVIR
ONMENT Syst
laminate on the skin-stiffener interface strength. The Magneticstrength field of the skin-stiffener interface was
governed by the deformation of the skin only.

1. INTRODUCTION 4 Tables Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
ol system
Sy
Based on experiences with the production and use of
8 Figures B
various test systems for the ISO, SAX, SOHO and Int
INTRODUCTION
other satellites, the National Aerospace Laboratory In the integration and test phase the AOCS subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLR in the Netherlands has developed a new is gradually built up Attitude
depending on the schedule ofData
generation In
of generic Test panel
numerous and Verification Equipment
tests it was established incoming units.post-buckling
that, in the Verification of regime,
Control Computerattitude control
failuremodes
of
(TVE) with re-usable hardware and software for andAOCS
real-time behaviour is done in the early period of
a composite stiffened panel is often induced by integration
testing of Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystems
failure ofusing
a skin-stiffener interface.
MACS bus It was
a combination of real and simulated
therefore deemed necessary
(AOCS) of spacecraft [Ref. 1]. to include a failure criterion
units. for the skin-stiffener interface as a
Protocol Le
vel
constraint in the panel design optimization code PANOPT.
Sensor PANOPT was developed
Actuator at the Data
Electronics Electronics
TheNational
TVE hadAerospace
to be usableLaboratory
from the early NLR
stageforof the
the design
Theofteststiffened
concept composite
described in panels this paper forisprimary
based on a
AOCS development up to the integration of the AOCS
aircraft structures with buckling and post-buckling constraints static closed loop test
(Ref. 1). facility (no real motion). The
Sensor
in the spacecraft environment i.e. open loop tests with test configuration is shown in figure Actuator
2. The dynamics
Earlier research at the NLR, aimed at the development Head of a failure criterion for the skin-
a single unit up to closed loop tests with any and environment simulation is responsible for theUser Level
stiffener interface, was reported in references 2 and 3. Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation
Physical
of stimuli
Electrical
for theMACS
MACS unit
sensor Electrical
units and the(Engineering
In reference
be supported. 2 the results of an experimental programme
processing
Stimuli
on strip specimens
ofStimulimonitorSimulation
data from with a secondarily
the actuator
Monitoring Monitoring units.units)
bonded blade-type stiffener was presented. The specimens The stimulated were tested sensors in four willpoint bending,
deliver sensor Gr
A under lateral
prototype TVEtension of the
was built for skin, and withto a pull-off
ESA/ESTEC test. Antoevaluation
measurements the AOCS
ACC of the
via
Unit Sim
ulation the results
MACS was attitude
demonstrate
performed,the new
usingapproach with re-usable
an analytical solution hardware control
for the stress databus. Dynamics
distribution In intheaand
ACCvironment
En the
lap jointSim
ureceived
lation data will be
configuration.
andInsoftware [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedT est Equipment
into the attitude control laws, which results in
reference 3 the results of an experimental programme on similar strip specimens is given.
been developed into a fullblown AOCS test system commanding of the actuator units. The response of the
Here, the influence of various manufacturing techniques Fig. 2 Test and
configur stiffener flange details on the Fig. 3 Architecture o
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and actuator units is ation
measured with a monitoring device
strength of the skin-stiffener interface
system level testing of the AOCS of the XMM and was established.
and routed back to thewere
The specimens tested under
corresponding lateraland
dynamics
tension of
INTEGRAL the skin and with a pull-off test.
satellites. environment model. In this way the loop is closed.
Research using a similar type of specimen is reported in references 4 and 5. However,
2. TEST CONCEPTused were further simplified by eliminating
the specimens The MACStheinterface
stiffenerhasweb.
to be programmable to
Figure
(9 pages in total)overview of a generic
1 gives a schematic
In reference 4 the influence of the taper on the flange was investigated underand
reflect any combination of real simulated units.
three-point and If
AOCS for spacecraft. The diagram reflects the cyclic real sensor and/or actuator units are not available they
four-point bending configurations. The results were evaluated using finite element analyses.
In reference 5 four different skin laminates and two flange laminates were used to establish the
-6-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
influence of skin and flange H.A.lay-up on Schenau,
van Ingen delamination initiation.
L.C.J. van Results were again evaluated
Rijn, J. Spaa
Abstract
using finite element analyses. 3
The present paper describes recent and on-going research performed at the National
Aerospace1.Laboratory P.O. Box
NLR, which153,aims
8300atADtheEmmeloord,
derivationThe of aNetherlands
failure criterion for stiffener3 pop-
Introduction Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210
off and the implementationE-mail:of thisingen@nlr.nl;
failure criterion in PANOPT.
lvrijn@nlr.nl; spaa@nlr.nl
Firstly, the test configuration used in the current work and the experimental results in terms of
ABSTRACT 2. and
failure loads Tensor Skinmodes,
failure Conceptis given. Then, the derivation
nature of a Afailure
of the AOCS. criterion
complete AOCS, based 3 on
together with
these results is presented. Subsequently, an evaluation dynamicsofandthisenvironment
criterion using
can be experimental
considered as a
Theresults
National
from Aerospace Laboratory 5 isNLR in Finally,
the loop which isandactively closedfor
by future
the Attitude Control
3. references 4 and
Experimental Results given. conclusions directions work4 are
Netherlands
given. has developed a new generation of Test Computer (ACC).
Attitude and 4.
OrbitSimulations
target attitude
EXPERIMENTAL
equipment INVESTIGATION
has been developed for Matra Marconi measurements
CONTR
OL
commands
Space for AOCS subsystem and system level testing

5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments 9
of SPECIMEN
the XMM and INTEGRAL
DESCRIPTION scientific satellites.
SENSORS ACTUATORS

A simple test specimen configuration, similar to the configuration used in references 4
architecture of the XMM test system with its main
and 5,the
features, wasincremental
used to determine theand
development significant
delivery, parameters whichattitudeinfluence the strength
DYNAMICS
torques ofmagnetic
a skin-
Info on: fields
andstiffener interface
obtainedinduring
References
experiences a composite stiffened
development and usepanel. Earth disturbances
9
The specimens
of the system. The described consisted
work hasofalso
a stiffener
been flange
Sun with a 45° taper, bonded onto a skin
Stars ENVIR
ONMENT Syst
performed under ESA contract.
laminate. The specimen width was equal to 50 mm. Specimen Magnetic field dimensions are given in figure 1,
in which the fibre direction of a 0° ply (parallel to the stiffener axis) is also indicated.
1. INTRODUCTION
The 4 Tables
experimental programme encompassed 5 Fig. skin1 Generic attitude contr
laminates which ol system
are combined with 4 Sy
flange 8 Figuresas given in tables I and II. The laminates were made using Fibredux 6376C
laminates, B
HTA
other prepreg,
satellites, thewith a nominal
National thickness
Aerospace of 0.181 mm.
Laboratory The
In the adhesiveand
integration usedtest to bond
phase thethe flange
AOCS and
subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLRskininlaminates was FMhas
the Netherlands 300M.
developed a new is gradually built up Attitude
generation First,
of generic
the Test and Verification
laminated plates forEquipment incoming
skins and flanges units.
were Verification
manufactured ofand
cured, modes
except
(TVE) with re-usable hardware and software for and real-time
AOCS behaviour
for skin laminate S5. Flanges were then cut to the required shape. Subsequently, MA is done in the
theearly period
and of
CS skins
bus
testing of Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystems integration using a combination of real and simulated
flanges were co-bonded, except for skin S5. Skin S5 was assembled in a wet' condition with
(AOCS) of spacecraft [Ref. 1]. units. Protocol Le
vel
the cured flange F4. Finally, all specimens were cut to the indicated dimensions.
Sensor Actuator Data
The TVE had to be usable from the early stage of the The test concept described in this paper is based on a
AOCS development up to the integration of the AOCS static closed loop test facility (no real motion). The
Sensor
in EXPERIMENTAL
the spacecraft environment i.e. open loop tests with
PROCEDURE test configuration
Head
is shown in figureActuator 2. The dynamics
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for the CS
The specimens were loaded in four-point bendingPhysical in the sameMAtest
Electrical CS unitrig MAassensor units and the(Engineering
usedElectrical
in earlier units)
be supported. processing
Stimuli ofStimulimonitorSimulation
data from the actuator
Monitoring Monitoring units.
research (Ref. 2). A schematic representation of the Theloading configuration
stimulated sensors is will given deliver
in figuresensor2.
Gr
A prototypeLoadTVE waswasapplied
built under displacement
for ESA/ESTEC to control, with a constant
measurements to the AOCSloading
ACC via
Unit Sim rate
ulation theofMACS
2 mm/min attitude
for the specimens
demonstrate with thinner
the new approach skinshardware
with re-usable (skins S1 and S2) and
control withDynamics
databus. In athe and vironment
En the
constant
ACC Sim
ureceived
lation
loading rate
data of will1 be
andmm/min
software for
[Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedTest Equipment
the specimens with the thicker skins (skins S3, S4 and S5).
been developed into a fullblown AOCS test system commanding
During the test, the mid-span deflection wasFig.monitored of the actuator units. The response of the
using two laser displacement Fig. 3 Architecture o
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and actuator 2 Test conf
units igur
is ation
transducers, which were plotted against the applied load. The displacement of the cross head
system level testing of the AOCS of the XMM and and routed back to the corresponding dynamics and
was also monitored.
INTEGRAL satellites. Moreover, the specimen were monitored visually
environment model. In this way the during loading
loop is using
closed. a
photocamera which was zoomed in on the flange region. For several tests, acoustic emission
monitoring
2. TEST CONCEPTequipment was also used. The MACS interface has to be programmable to
(9 pages
Figure 1 gives
in total)
a schematic
A picture of the overview of a set-up
experimental generic is shown
reflectinany combination
figure 3. of real and simulated units. If
-7-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
H.A. van Ingen Schenau, L.C.J. van Rijn, J. Spaa
Abstract 3
National Aerospace
The delamination onset moments, which wereLaboratory
foundNLR for the various specimens, are given
in table III. P.O. Box 153, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
It was established that the specimens, containing the same
E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl; lvrijn@nlr.nl; spaa@nlr.nl
skin laminate, exhibited a
similar behaviour. Some observations for each set of specimens is given in this section.
ABSTRACT 2. Tensor Skin
Delamination couldConcept
not be induced in the specimensnature of thewith AOCS. skinA S1 usingAOCS,
complete the current 3 test
together with
configuration. For these specimens the magnitudedynamics of the deflection and environment was so can large be that slippage
considered as a
Theoccurred.
National The Aerospace
moment Laboratory
given in NLR
table inIII the loop whichmoment
is the maximum is activelyapplied closed by until the the
Attitudetest Control
3. Experimental Results 4 was
Netherlands
stopped. has developed a new generation of Test Computer (ACC).
The
Attitude and 4.
load-deflection
OrbitSimulations
curve for specimens containing skin S2 showed a decrease in load
Control Subsystems of spacecraft.
when a delamination was formed, and the 7
test point of delamination onset could therefore be
target attitude
Based on a prototype TVE developed for ESA,
determined
equipment has beeneasily. Non-linear
developed for Matra behaviour
Marconi was noted just beforeCONTR
measurements theOL
formation
commands of the
delamination.
of Also,
the XMM and INTEGRAL scientific satellites.
the graph of the cumulative acoustic emission energy versus time showed a sharp increase
SENSORS ACTUATORS
in energy, which corresponded to the formation of a delamination.
The photographs taken during testing and post-mortem inspection of the specimens showed that
delaminations
features, the incrementalwere development
formed between the 0° and +45 layersattitude
and delivery, on the right hand
DYNAMICS
torques sidemagnetic of the
Info on: fields
andspecimen
experiences and between
References
obtained the development
during +45° and -45° and layers
use on theEarth
left hand side of the specimen. A matrix
disturbances
9
of crack in theTheoutermost
the system. described 0° workply haswas also observed
been at Sunsome stage before the formation of a
Stars ENVIR ONMENT Syst
delamination. A photograph of a specimen containing delaminations
Magnetic field on either side is given in
figure 4.
1. INTRODUCTION
The4 Tables
load-deflection curve for specimens containing Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
skin S3 had ol system
an area of non-linear Sy
behaviour 8 which
Figureswas quite large, and a drop of the applied load occurred in most instances B
onlysatellites,
other at final the failure, making
National it more
Aerospace difficult to establish
Laboratory In the integrationthe point andoftestdelamination
phase the AOCS onset. subsystem
NLRTheinacoustic emission equipment
the Netherlands has developed did anotnew provide isa clear-cut
gradually built indicationup Attitude of delamination
depending on the schedule onset ofPhysical
Data
Le
vel
generation
either: ofthegeneric
increase Testinandthe Verification
cumulative Equipment incomingenergy
acoustic emission units. Verification
was Contr
quite of attitudethroughout
gradual
ol Computer control modes
(TVE) with re-usable hardware and software
the loading process upto the point of final failure. for and AOCSreal-time behaviour is done in the early period of
MACS bus
The photographs taken during testing and post-mortem inspection of the specimens showed that
(AOCS) of spacecraft [Ref. 1]. units.
delaminations were formed in the adhesive layer on the Sensorright hand side of the specimen Actuator and Protocol
Data
Le
vel
Thebetween
TVE hadthe to be+45°
usableandfrom 0°thelayers on the
early stage left hand
of the Theside test of the described
concept specimen. in Figure
this paper5 isshows based on a a
delamination
AOCS developmentbetweenup to thethe +45° and
integration 0° AOCS
of the layers on the leftclosed
static handloop sidetest of afacility
specimen. (no realSubstantial
motion). The
Sensor
in growth
the spacecraft
of the environment
delamination i.e. open
wasloop seentests
in with test configuration
some instances. is shown in figureActuator
Head On the left hand side a jump of the
2. The dynamics
a delamination
single unit uptototheclosed loop tests with any and environment
adjacent interface between the 0° and -45° layers was observed. simulation is responsible for theUser Level
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for the sensor units and
The results obtained for specimens with skin S4 were Electrical
Physical very similar MACS unitto those MACS obtained
Electrical forthe(Engineer
units)
ing
data from Monitoringthe actuator
Monitoring units.
specimens containing skin S2, albeit at considerably The higher stimulated loads. sensorsThe non-linearity will deliver priorsensor
to
Gr
A delamination
prototype TVEwas wasabsent
built forfor these
ESA/ESTECspecimens. to measurements to the AOCS ACCUnit Sim via the MACS attitude
ulation
The delamination
demonstrate the new approachlocations were thehardware
with re-usable same as found control fordatabus.
specimens Dynamics and vironment
En the
In the containing
ACC Sim
ureceived
lationskin S2. data The will be
andformation
software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fed Test Equipment
of a delamination in specimen S4F3 is shown in figure 6.
been developed into a fullblown AOCS test
The results for the specimens containing skin system commanding S5 were of the actuator units.
again quite similar to those The response of the
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and Fig. 2 Test
actuator unitsconfigur
is ation
measured with a monitoring deviceFig. 3 Architecture o
obtained for the specimens containing the skin S3. For this specimens the only viable method
to determine
INTEGRAL the delamination onset load was visual
satellites. inspection,
environment model. since In the
this onset
way the ofloopdelamination
is closed.
was not evident on the load-deflection curve.
Delamination
2. TEST CONCEPT was observed between the +45° and The-45° MACS layers on thehasleft
interface to hand side of the to
be programmable
Figure
(9 pages in total)
1 gives a schematic overview of a generic reflect any combination of real and simulated units. If
specimen.
-8-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
RESULTS FROM EARLIER
H.A. INVESTIGATIONS
van Ingen Schenau, L.C.J. van Rijn, J. Spaa
Abstract 3
National
The results obtained earlier and Aerospace
reported Laboratory
in referenceNLR2 were again incorporated in the
current work P.O. Box 153, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
1. Introduction Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210 complement the parameters
since the parameters which were used earlier readily 3
used in the current work. E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl; lvrijn@nlr.nl; spaa@nlr.nl
ABSTRACT 2. Tensor Skin Concept nature of the AOCS. A complete AOCS, together 3 with
Specimen description dynamics and environment can be considered as a
NetherlandsThehas specimens
developed aused
new ingeneration of Test
reference 2 consistedComputer (ACC). stiffener bonded onto a skin
of a blade-type
laminate. Orbit
Attitude and 4.
The stiffener flange was not tapered. The specimen width was equal to 50 mm. The
overall Simulations
dimensions of the specimens weretestthe same as given in figure 1.target attitude 7
Based on a prototype TVE developed for ESA,
equipment The experimental
has been developed programme
for Matra Marconiencompassed 4 differentmeasurements skin lay-ups, commands
CONTR
OL
three different
stiffener
Space lay-ups
for AOCS and for
subsystem each
and stiffener
system level lay-up
testing one
5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments or two variants with either a thicker stiffener
9
of blade,
which was obtained by adding a centre laminate to the blade, or a wider stiffener flange.
SENSORS ACTUATORS
The laminates were made using Fibredux 6376/T400H prepreg, with a nominal thickness of
0.181 mm. The adhesive used to bond the stiffener to the skin was FM 300K.
The skin
features, the and stiffener
incremental identification
development and of all specimens is givenattitude
delivery, in table IV.
DYNAMICS
torques magnetic
Info on: fields9
References
and experiences obtained during development and use Earth disturbances
of the system. The described work has also been Sun
Stars ENVIR
ONMENT Syst
performed under ESA
Experimental contract.
procedure Magnetic field
1. INTRODUCTION
The 4 Tables
same test set-up as shown in figure 2 wasFig.used 1 Generic attitude contr
to load theolspecimens
system
in four-point Sy
bending. 8The
Figures
test were performed under displacement control with a constant loading rate of B
1 mm/min.
other satellites, Specimens
the Nationalwere also tested
Aerospace under lateral
Laboratory In tension, in which
the integration thephase
and test load the is applied to the
AOCS subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLRskininlaminate only. The
the Netherlands has tests were performed
developed a new under displacement
is gradually control with
built up Attitude
depending on thea constant
schedule ofData
generation
loadingofrate generic
of 1Test and Verification
mm/min. Equipment
During the incoming
tests, the applied units.
load andVerification
theContr
cross ofhead
ol Computerattitude control modes
displacement
(TVE) with re-usable hardware and software for
were monitored. Photographs were taken during the testing. and real-time
AOCS behaviour is done in the early period of
MACS bus
vel
TheExperimental
TVE had to beresults
usable from the early stage of the The test concept described in this paper is based on a
Sensor
in the spacecraft environment i.e. open loop tests
All specimens loaded in four-point bending with testshowed
configurationa similar is shown in figure
failure Actuator
2. The dynamics
behaviour. At a
Head
a certain
single unit up to closed loop tests with any and environment simulation
load level a crack initiated in the fillet of the bond layer. After a further load increase, is responsible for theUser Level
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for the sensor units and the
Electrical The (Engineer ing
a delamination formed either in the bond layer or inPhysical the firstElectrical
layer of MACSthe
unit skin MACS laminate.
units)
bending moments at delamination initiation for allThe specimensstimulated are givensensorsin table will V.deliver sensor Gr
A prototypeTheTVEfailure
wasbehaviour
built for of the specimens
ESA/ESTEC to loaded in lateral to
measurements tension
the AOCS(one
ACC specimen
via
Unit Sim
ulation the MACS for each attitude
configuration)
demonstrate the newwas quitewith
approach similar to that
re-usable of the specimens
hardware control databus.loaded Dynamics
in and
In the vironment
En the
four-point
ACC Sim
ureceived
lationbending. data The will be
andloads
software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedTest Equipment
at delamination initiation for all specimens are given in table VI.
actuator conf
units igur
is ation
EVALUATION
INTEGRAL satellites. OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS environment model. In this way the loop is closed.
OBSERVATIONS
2. TEST CONCEPT AND INTERPRETATION OFThe EXPERIMENTAL
MACS interface has RESULTS
to be programmable to
(9 pages in total)
Figure 1 gives a schematic overview of a generic reflect any combination of real and simulated units. If
AOCS for The
spacecraft. The diagram
delamination reflects
onset the cyclic
moments real sensor tested
for the specimens and/or in
actuator units areprogramme
the current not availableas
they
given in table III are shown in figure 7. The delamination onset moments for the specimens
-9-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
tested in four-point bending H.A.in van
theIngen
earlier programme
Schenau, L.C.J. van as Rijn,
givenJ. in Spaatable V are shown in figure
Abstract
8. The delamination onset loads for the specimens tested in lateral tension in the earlier 3
National
programme as given in table VI are shown in figure 9. Aerospace Laboratory NLR
In 1.figure 7 it is P.O.
Introduction seenBoxthat153,the
8300 AD Emmeloord,
variation in flange The lay-up
Netherlands did not have a significant 3
Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210
influence on the delamination onset moment. This might
be expected, since the delamination
location is in the skin and the interaction between flange and skin is governed by the bending
stiffnesses2. of Tensor
ABSTRACT Skin Concept
the flanges which are quite similar natureforofthe flange Alaminates
the AOCS. complete AOCS, in thetogether3
currentwith
programme. dynamics and environment can be considered as a
The National Aerospace
However, Laboratory
the same NLR in for
is observed thethe delamination
loop which is onset actively closed byfrom
moments the Attitude Control
the earlier
research shown in figure 8. Here it is seen that for the thinner skin laminates 1a and 1b neither
variation Orbit
Attitude and 4.
in stiffener lay-up nor variation in web thickness had a significant influence on the
Simulations 7
Based on a prototype TVE developedThe
delamination onset moment. absence test of influence of either stiffener lay-up or web
target attitude
for ESA,
thickness
equipment hasis been
also observed
developed for for the
MatraskinMarconi
laminate 2b. For skin laminateCONTR
measurements 2a OitL was commandsagain observed
thatfor
Space theAOCS
stiffener lay-up
subsystem had
and no
system significant
level testinginfluence,
5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments but for this laminate an increase in9 web
of thickness
(configuration 2a1c) or widening of the stiffener flange (configuration 2a3b) appeared
SENSORS ACTUATORS
to have a decreasing influence on the delamination onset moment.
The absence of an influence of the stiffener lay-up on the delamination onset moments is
unexpected,
features, especially
the incremental in view and
development of the variation by more than
delivery, attitude a factor 3 torques
DYNAMICS of the bending
magnetic
Info on: fields
andstiffnesses
experiencesof the stiffener
References
obtained laminates. and use
during development Earth disturbances
9
In figure
of the system. The 9 it can be
described seenhasthat
work alsoneither
been variation Sun in stiffener lay-up nor variation in the
Stars
web thickness had a significant influence on the delamination Magnetic field onsetENVIR loadONMENT
for all skin laminates. Syst
Observations of the delamination locations revealed that delamination always occurred

on either 4side Tables
1. INTRODUCTION
of the 45° layer nearest to the flange. AFig.schematic
1 Generic attitude contr ol system
representation of the situation Sy
at 8 Figures
delamination onset is given in figure 10, both for the configuration in which a 45° layer is B
situated
other adjacent
satellites, to the flange
the National and for
Aerospace the configuration
Laboratory In the in which aand
integration 0° test
layer phaseis situated
the AOCS between
subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLRthe in
firstthe45°Netherlands
layer and the has flange.
developed a new is gradually built up Attitude depending on the schedule ofData
generation of genericare
These findings Testsimilar
and Verification Equipment
to the typical incomingdescribed
failure patterns units. Verification
inContr
reference of attitude
ol Computer 4. control modes
MACS bus
vel
CRITERION DEFINITION Sensor Actuator Data
Based on
AOCS development up tothethe above observations
integration of the AOCS(no significant
static closedinfluence
loop test facility of flange (no real lay-up,
motion). andThe
Sensor
in delamination
initiation occurring at the 45° layer nearest test configuration is shown in figure Actuator
2. The dynamics
Head to the flange), it is postulated that the
a average
single unit up to normal
in-plane closed loopstraintests with any to the
perpendicular and fibre
environment
direction simulation
and theisaverage responsible in-planefor theUser Level
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for the sensor units and the(Engineering
shear angle in the 45° layer nearest to the flange govern Physical theElectrical
initiation MACSofunit a delamination.
MACS Electrical
units)
Obviously, the ratio between the normal strain The perpendicular
stimulated sensors to the fibre will direction
deliver sensor 22 Gr
A and the shear
prototype TVE angle γ12 depends
was built on the skin
for ESA/ESTEC to laminate. A laminate
measurements to theanalysis
ACC
AOCS viaprogramme
Unit Sim
ulation the MACS LAP attitude
(Ref. 6) the
demonstrate wasnewused to obtain
approach the normal
with re-usable strain perpendicular
hardware control databus. to the Dynamics and
fibre
In the ACCvironment
Endirection
theSimureceived
lation and will the be
22 data
andshear angle γ12 as functions of the applied moment or as functions of the applied lateral force. in
software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedT est Equipment
into the attitude control laws, which results
been developed into a caused
The initial strains fullblownbyAOCS test system
the curing commanding
process, are also taken of intothe actuator
account. units. The response of the
actuator conf
units igur
is ation
INTEGRALFor the evaluation of the experimental results,
satellites. the following
environment model. Inmaterial this way the parameters
loop is closed. were
used for the prepreg materials Fibredux 6376C HTA and Fibredux 6376/T400H:
Ex CONCEPT
2. TEST = 137000 MPa The MACS interface has to be programmable to
Figure
Ey 1 gives a schematic
= 9500 MPa reflect any combination of real and simulated units. If
AOCS for spacecraft.
Gxy = 5100 MPa The diagram reflects the cyclic real sensor and/or actuator units are not available they
νxy = 0.3
-10-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
αx = -1 10-6 K-1 H.A. van Ingen Schenau, L.C.J. van Rijn, J. Spaa
αy 10-5 K-1
= 3Abstract 3
A temperature difference of -150 °C (from 170 °C to a room temperature of 20 °C) was
used in the P.O. Box
the 153, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
1. determination
Introduction ofTel. initial strains.
+31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210 3
For the specimens with skin laminate S2 and S4 the presence
of the matrix crack in the
outermost 0° layer was taken into account by using the following material properties for the
outermost2.0° Tensor
ABSTRACT layer: Skin Concept nature of the AOCS. A complete AOCS, together 3 with
Ex = 137000 MPa dynamics and environment can be considered as a
TheE National -5
Aerospace
y = 1.10 MPa Laboratory
3. Experimental
NLR in the
Results
loop which is actively closed by the Attitude Control
4
Netherlands has -5
developed a new generation of Test Computer (ACC).
Gxy = 1.10 MPa
νxy and
Attitude
= 0Orbit Control Subsystems of spacecraft.
4. Simulations 7
Based on aThereby,
prototypethis
TVElayer is not for
capable
ESA, of testcarrying any load but partly restrains the Poisson's
target attitude
developed
contraction
equipment has of
beenthedeveloped
laminate.for Matra Marconi measurements
CONTROL
commands
Evaluation
Space for AOCS of
subsystem the
and tests
systemon specimens
level testing with
5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments various skin laminates rendered a failure
9
of envelope
in the 22-γ12 plane. As an example, ellipses are used to fit to the current data sets:
SENSORS ACTUATORS
This paper 6. the test concept  and the

Conclusions
describes 2  2 9
architecture of the XMM test system with its22main
  γ12 
features, the incremental development and delivery,
  f  1 (1)
attitude
DYNAMICS
torques magnetic
References  and
f  γ o on:
Inf fields
9
and experiences  22 use
obtained during development  12  th
Ear disturbances
Stars ENVIR
ONMENT Syst
performed under ESA contract. Magnetic field
The failure envelope for the specimens tested in the current programme is given in
figure 11.4The Tables
1. INTRODUCTION
22 and 1.75 for γ 12.
Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
ol systemf f
failure strains used to compose the criterion
were 0.5 for Sy
As can
various test be
8 Figures
seen, for
systems the the
variation in the
ISO, SAX, of 22 and γ12 is only minor for the skin laminates
ratioand
SOHO Int
B
S1, satellites,
other S2, S3 and the S4. The ratio
National is approximately
Aerospace Laboratory equal to integration
In the 0.4. The and ratiotestofphase22 and γ12 for
the AOCS skin
subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLRS5 is
in approximately
the Netherlandsequal has to 0.25. a new
developed is gradually built up Attitude
generation of generic
The criterion Test and
brings Verification
together Equipment
the results incoming
for specimens units.
with theVerification
thinner of laminate
S2
and modes
the
(TVE) with re-usable hardware and software for and real-time
AOCS
results for specimens with the thicker S3, S4 and S5 laminates. The plotted behaviour is done in the early
strains period
for of
MACS bus
specimens with skin S1 pertain to the maximum loads during the tests, which were not
vel
sufficient to cause delamination. Clearly, the results obtained Sensor for skin S1 are not in line with Data
Actuator
Thethe
TVEproposed
had to becriterion.
usable from the early stage of the The test concept described in this paper is based on a
The failure
AOCS development up to envelope for ofthe
the integration the specimens
AOCS tested
static closedin four-point
loop test facility bending (no in realthe earlierThe
motion).
Sensor
in programme
the spacecraft is
environment i.e. open loop tests with
given in figure 12. The failure strains Head test configuration
used to compose the criterion for dynamics
is shown in figure Actuator
2. The these
fand environment simulation is responsible for theUser Level
a experimental
single unit upresults
to closedwere 0.35 for 22 and 2 for γ 12 which are quite similar to the values used Data
loop tests f
with any
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should
in figure 13. It should be kept in mind that the computation flanges of stimuli
Physical of Electrical
the specimens for theMACS
MACS unit withsensor Electrical
whichunits and the(Engineering
these units)
experimental results were obtained, were not tapered. The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr
A As can be TVE
prototype seen, was
the ratio
built offor 22 and γ12 is similar
ESA/ESTEC to for skin laminates
measurements to the 1a ACC
AOCS and 2a, the
via
Unit Sim
ulation andMACS for 1b attitude
and
2b respectively.
demonstrate The signwith
the new approach of re-usable
the shearhardware
angle, whichcontrol databus. Dynamics
was negative the and
Insince vironment
En top
the
ACC theSimulayer
lation
received haddata a -45°
will be
andorientation,
software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedT est Equipment
was changed to bring all results into the first quadrant.
been developed into a fullblown AOCS test system
For the results in figure 12 the criterion appears to beFig. commanding
applicable: of the actuator units. The response of
the results for specimens with Fig. 3 Architecture o the
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and actuator 2 Test conf
units igur
is ation
thicker and thinner skin laminates, skin laminates 2a and 2b, and skin laminates 1a and 1b
respectively,
INTEGRAL satellites. are equally well described; also, the environment model. In this way laminates
results for very different the loop is closed. can be
described by the proposed criterion.
It should
2. TEST be noted that the skin laminate 1b from the
CONCEPT Theearlier
MACSprogramme interface has is identical
to be programmableto the skin to
Figure
(9 pages
1 gives
in total)overview of a generic
laminate S1a inschematic
the current programme. The same reflectapplies
any combination
for skinoflaminates real and simulated 2b andunits. S3 If
AOCS for spacecraft. The diagram reflects the cyclic
respectively. From the fact that the criterion appears to properly describe the behaviour ofthey
real sensor and/or actuator units are not available
specimens containing skin laminates 1b, whereas it appears to be less appropriate for specimens
-11-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
containing skin laminate S1, H.A.it might be Schenau,
van Ingen concluded thatvan
L.C.J. theRijn,
performance
J. Spaa of the test set-up under
Abstractshould be evaluated.
large deflections 3
The failure envelope for the specimens tested in lateral tension in the earlier programme
is given in 1. figure
P.O. ratios
13. The Box 153,of8300 AD γ12 are slightly
andEmmeloord, The Netherlands
different under lateral tension
Introduction Tel. +31 527 22
248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210 3
compared to the ratios under bending, but the same observations
as given above, apply. The
failure strains used to compose the criterion for these experimental results were 0.3 for f22 and
1.3 for γf12
ABSTRACT 2.. Again
Tensor Skinvalues
these Concept are quite similar to the ofvalues
nature used Aincomplete
the AOCS. figure 12.
AOCS, 3 the
Clearly,
together with
mode of loading should not be an important parameter in the
dynamics andcriterion. It iscan
environment presently not clear
be considered as a
Thewhether
NationaltheAerospace Laboratory NLR in the pertaining
loop which is actively closed byloading
the Attitude Control
3. difference
Experimentalbetween
Results the results to the lateral tension and
4 the
results pertaining to bending should be considered statistically significant.
Attitude and 4.
OrbitSimulations
target attitude
CONCLUSIONS
equipment has been developed for Matra Marconi measurements
CONTR
OL
commands

of the XMM andderived
The INTEGRAL scientific
failure satellites.
criteria and the failure strains as given in the previous section were
SENSORS ACTUATORS
used to calculate the delamination onset moments for the various skin laminates. These
calculated delamination onset moments are plotted against the experimental delamination onset
moments
features, in figures 14
the incremental and 15 for
development and the four point bending test
delivery, results
attitude of the torques
DYNAMICS current magneticand the
Info on: fields
andearlier experimental
experiencesReferences programme,
obtained during respectively.
development and use The black Earth
line in these figures indicates a perfect
disturbances
9
of match between
the system. The calculated
described workand experimentally
has also been determined Sun moments, both purple lines indicate
Stars ENVIRONMENT Syst
a variation of 20 percent for the experimental results. Magnetic field
If a margin of ±20 percent is considered acceptable, it can be concluded that the results
1. INTRODUCTION 4 Tables
of the current experimental programme are described Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
quite well, as can ol system
be seen in figure 18. Sy
The 8 Figures
calculated moment for specimens with skin laminate S1 was found to be too conservative. B
Thesatellites,
other calculated the moment
National for specimens
Aerospace with skin laminate
Laboratory S2 was and
In the integration almost exact.the
test phase The AOCScalculatedsubsystem
Physical Level
NLRmoment
in theforNetherlands
specimens has withdeveloped
skin laminatea new S3 wasisapparently
gradually built slightly conservative.
up Attitude
depending on theHowever,
schedule ofData
generation
it should of be
generic
keptTest and Verification
in mind that in view Equipment
of the lower incoming
than average units. detectability
Verification ofofattitude
Control Computer control modes
a delamination,
(TVE) with re-usable hardware and software for andAOCSreal-time
which may also be deduced from the large variation, the experimental results could behaviour is done in the early period of
bebus slightly
MACS
biased. The calculated moment for specimens with skin laminate S4 was somewhat high,
(AOCS) of spacecraft [Ref. 1]. units.
resulting in a non-conservative prediction. The variation Sensor in experimental resultsActuator was again Protocol Data
Le
vel
Thesubstantial.
TVE had to The calculated
be usable from themoment
early stageforofspecimens
the with
The test skin
concept laminate
described S5incorresponded
this paper is based quite
on a
welldevelopment
AOCS with the experimental results.
up to the integration of the AOCS static closed loop test facility (no real motion). The
Sensor
in the spacecraft
Fromenvironment i.e. openofloop
the comparison thetests with
calculated testthe
and configuration is shown in figureActuator
Head experimental results form the earlier
2. The dynamics
a experimental
single unit upprogramme
to closed (Fig.
loop 15),
tests itwith any and environment simulation
can be concluded that these results are generally described is responsible for theUser Level
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for the sensor units
quite well. The extreme values mostly pertain to specimens Physical with a stiffener
Electrical MACS unit which MACS hadElectricala thickerthe(Engineer
and
units)
ing
stiffener web or had an enlarged stiffener flange,The especiallystimulated as farsensors
as the specimens
will deliverwithsensor a
Gr
A thicker
prototypeskinTVE werewasconcerned.
built for ESA/ESTEC to measurements to the AOCS ACC Unit Simvia the MACS attitude
ulation
demonstrate the new approach with re-usable hardware control databus. Dynamics
In the and vironment
En the
ACC Sim
ureceived
lation data will be
and software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently Test Equipment
fed into the attitude control laws, which results in
been developed into a fullblown
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSAOCSFROMtest system commanding of the actuator units. The response of the
THE LITERATURE
actuator conf
units igur
is ation
INTEGRALThe applicability of the criterion was also environment
satellites. evaluated for model. experimental
In this way the results
loop isgiven
closed.in
references 4 and 5.
In reference 4 results are given for a 24-ply
2. TEST CONCEPT The MACS skin interface
with a hasquasi-isotropic lay-up. to
to be programmable
Figure
(9 pages
1 gives were
in total)
a schematic
Specimens similaroverview of a genericused inreflect
to the specimens any combination
the current of real and
experimental simulated units.
programme. The If
specimen width was equal to 25 mm. Specimens were manufactured from the prepreg materialthey
IM6/3501-6. They contained either square ended (specimen code B) or tapered flanges
-12-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
(specimen code T). The experimental H.A. van Ingenprogramme
Schenau, L.C.J.encompassed
van Rijn, J. Spaa three-point bending tests at a
3 inch span, Abstractthree-point bending tests at a 4 inch span and four-point bending tests. 3
For the evaluation of theNational Aerospaceresults
experimental Laboratory NLR
the following material parameters were
used for the prepreg P.O.
material Box 153,
IM6/3501-6:8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
Ex = 145000 MPa E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl; lvrijn@nlr.nl; spaa@nlr.nl
Ey = 9600 MPa
Gxy
ABSTRACT 2. 5200
= Tensor MPa Skin Concept nature of the AOCS. A complete AOCS, together 3 with
νxy = 0.3 dynamics and environment can be considered as a
Theα National= Aerospace 10-7Laboratory
K-1 Results NLR in the loop which is actively closed by the Attitude Control
x 3. -3.6Experimental 4
αy
Netherlands has developed
= 2.9 10 K -5 a -1new generation of Test Computer (ACC).
tlayer and =
Attitude
0.188 mm
OrbitSimulations
4. 7
Based on a prototype TVE difference
A temperature of -150
ESA, °C test(from 170 °C to a room temperature of 20 °C) was
target attitude
developed for
used in has
equipment the determination
been developed of forthe initial
Matra strains.
Marconi measurements
CONTR OL
commands
The
Space for AOCS specimens
subsystem with
and a
systemsquare
level ended
testing
5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments flange were unadvertently manufactured with
9 a
of slightly
the XMMdifferent
and INTEGRAL scientific satellites.
lay-up. The difference in lay-up is taken into account in the determination of
SENSORS ACTUATORS
the strains. The sign of the shear angle was changed to bring all results into the first quadrant.
In figure 16 the calculated strains at failure
architecture of the XMM test system with its main 22
and γ12 are given. The most salient observation
is the the
features, considerably
incremental lower strains and
development at failure
delivery,for these specimensattitude in comparison
DYNAMICS to the strains
torques magnetic at
Info on: fields
andfailure givenobtained
experiences in figures
References 11 development
during to 13: the strainsand use are less Ear than
th
50 percent of the strains given
disturbances
9there.
of As
the can be seen,
system. The the ratio of
described work22has andalsoγ12 been
is quite different
Sun for the skin laminate combined with
Stars
the square ended flanges and the skin laminate combined with the ENVIR
Magnetic field
ONMENT
tapered flanges. As a result Syst
of the low mechanical strain levels, the relative influence of the curing strains is larger.
1. INTRODUCTION 4 Tables
For the tapered specimens the strains at failure are similar Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
for all threeol loading system
conditions. For Sy
the square 8 Figures
ended specimens the strains at failure obtained using the three-point bending tests B
are satellites,
other somewhatthelower thanAerospace
National those obtained using the Infour-point
Laboratory the integration bending and testtest.phase Thethe variation
AOCS subsystem in the
NLRresults
in for
the specimens
Netherlandswith has square endeda flanges
developed new is considerably
is gradually built lessup than for
depending
Attitude
the specimens
on the schedulewith ofPhysical
Data
Level
generation
taperedofflanges.
generic Test
From andtheVerification Equipment here incoming
results presented it can beunits. concluded Verification
Controthat ofthe
l Computer attitude
influencecontrolofmodes a
transverse load on the delamination onset was absent for specimens with a tapered real-time behaviour is done in the early
flange period
and of
MACS bus
relatively small for specimens with a square ended flange.
vel
Since there is only one point per configuration, it is not possible to accurately construct
Sensor Actuator failure Data
Theenvelopes.
TVE had toFrom the available
be usable from the early results
stageitofappears
the likely
The test thatconcept
the applicable
described in failure
this paper strains would
is based on a
be less
AOCS for square
development up toended than foroftapered
the integration the AOCS specimens. staticThe closedfactloop that testthe facility
flange (no tapering appearsThe
real motion).
Sensor
in to
the influence
spacecraft environment i.e. open onset
the delamination loop tests with whereas
moment test configuration
Headthe flangeis lay-up shown in figureActuator
appears 2.toThe have dynamics
no
a significant
single unit influence,
up to closed loop tests with
would merit further research. any and environment simulation is responsible for theUser Level
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for theMACS sensor Electrical
In reference 5, results are given of four-point bending
Physical tests.MAFive
Electrical CS unit different specimen units)
data from Monitoringthe actuator
Monitoring units.
configurations were tested: four different skin laminates (A,C,D,F), and
The stimulated sensors one skin will laminatedeliver with sensor Gr
A two different
prototype TVEflange lay-ups
was built for (A, B). All flanges
ESA/ESTEC to were tapered with
measurements to theaAOCS 20°
ACC Unittaper.
Simvia the
ulation TheMACS specimen attitude
width was
demonstrate the 25
newmm. approach with re-usable hardware control databus. Dynamics In the andACC vironment
En the Sim
ureceived
lation data will be
andThesoftware [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedT est Equipment
into the attitude control laws, which results
delamination was reported to have occurred in the flange for all configurations but in
been developed into a fullblown AOCS test
configuration D. Therefore the proposed criterionFig. can system commanding notof the
be considered valid, for of
actuator units. The response allthe
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and actuator 2 Test
unitsconfigur
is ation
configurations but configuration D. For those configurations, the strains at failure, which are
shown insatellites.
INTEGRAL figure 17, should be viewed as lying inside the proposed
environment model.failure In this envelope.
way the loop The strains
is closed.
at failure were calculated using the same material data as used for the results of reference 4.
Comparing
2. TEST CONCEPT the rest for configurations A and B, the Theinfluence
MACS of the flange
interface has to laminate lay-up on to
be programmable
Figure
1 gives a schematic
the delamination onset moment is again found toreflect any combination
be negligible, also for of real and simulatedinunits.
delamination the If
flange. The failure strain in the outermost 45° layer for configuration C is much smaller, sincethey
this layer was the second layer from the flange interface while the layer adjacent to the flange
-13-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
interface had an orientation H.A.perpendicular to the
van Ingen Schenau, flange
L.C.J. edgeJ. (a
van Rijn, 90° layer in the coordinate
Spaa
frame givenAbstract
in figure 1). 3
The strains at failure were approximately 3 times higher than those based on the results of
should beP.O.
reference 1.4. ItIntroduction Boxthat
noted 153, the
8300average
AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
delamination onset moment obtained by3 four
Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210
point bending as given in reference 4 was 645 Nmm/mm, while the average delamination onset
moment obtained by four point bending as given in reference 5 was 790 Nmm/mm. The
ABSTRACT 2. Tensor
relevant bending Skin Concept
stiffnes of the 24-ply quasi-isotropic skin
nature of the laminate
AOCS. in reference
A complete 43 was
AOCS, together with
approximately 120 Nm for all skin laminates. Thedynamics difference
and in delamination
environment can onset moments
be considered as a
Thebetween
Nationalreferences
Aerospace4 Laboratory
is notNLR
and 5 Results in with
in line the the loop which is actively
experimental resultsclosed by theinAttitude
presented Control
this paper.
3. Experimental 4
Attitude and 4.
OrbitSimulations
CONCLUSIONS
Based AND
on a prototype TVE RECOMMENDATIONS
developed for ESA, test
target attitude

CONTR
OL
CONCLUSIONS
of the XMM and INTEGRAL scientific satellites.
SENSORS ACTUATORS
For the skin laminates considered, a variation of the flange lay-up did not have a
significant influence on the delamination onset moment in four point bending tests or the
delamination
features, load in development
the incremental lateral tension
and tests.
delivery, attitude
DYNAMICS
torques magnetic
Info on: fields
Observations
and experiencesReferences of thedevelopment
obtained during delamination
and locations
use revealed
Earth
that delamination
disturbances
always occurred
9
of on
theeither side
system. Theof described
the 45° layer
work nearest
has also tobeen
the flange.Sun
Stars ENVIR
ONMENT Syst
The proposed criterion brought together the Magnetic
results field for specimens with the thinner S2
laminate and the results for specimens with the thicker S3, S4 and S5 laminates. The results
1. INTRODUCTION
obtained for 4 Tables
skin S1 were not in line with the proposed Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
criterion. ol system Sy
8 Figures
various testThe criterion appeared to be also and
applicable for the results of the earlier experimental B
systems for the ISO, SAX, SOHO Int
programme.
other The National
satellites, the results for specimens
Aerospace with thicker In
Laboratory and
thethinner skinand
integration laminates
test phasewere equally
the AOCS well
subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLRdescribed.
in the Moreover,
Netherlands the
hasresults for very
developed a different
new laminates
is graduallycould
built beupdescribed
depending
Attitude
by
on the
the proposed
schedule ofData
generation of generic Test and Verification Equipment
criterion. incoming units. Verification of attitude control modes
Control Computer
From the difference in behaviour observed between the the skin laminatein1b
and real-time
AOCS behaviour is done theand
early period of
MACS bus the skin
laminate S1, it was concluded that the performance of the test set-up under large deflections
vel
should be evaluated. Sensor Actuator Data
The TVE hadThetomode of loading
be usable from theshould not of
early stage bethe
an important
The testparameter
concept described in the criterion.
in this paper It isis unclear
based on a
whether
AOCS the difference
development between of
up to the integration thetheresults
AOCS pertaining to theloop
static closed lateral test tension
facility (no loading and theThe
real motion).
Sensor
in results
pertaining to bending should be considered statistically test configuration is shown
significant. in figure Actuator
2. The dynamics
Head
a single unit up to closed loop tests with any and environment
From the comparison of experimentally determined and calculated delamination onset simulation is responsible for theUser Level
Data
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should computation of stimuli for the sensor units and the(Engineering
moments, it can be concluded that the results of the Physicalcurrent
Electricaland MA the
CS unit earlier
MACS experimental
Electrical
units)
programme can be described quite well. The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr
A prototypeTheTVE fact was
that built
the flange tapering appears
for ESA/ESTEC to to influence the
measurements to the delamination
ACC
AOCS via the
Unit Sim
ulation onsetMACS moment attitude
whereas the
demonstrate thenewflange lay-up
approach withappears
re-usabletohardware
have no significant influence,
control databus. Dynamics and
In themerits
ACCvironment
En the Sim
ureceived
furtherlation research.data will be
and software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fedT est Equipment
If the specimen width would be an important parameter, this might restrict the relevance
been developed into a fullblown AOCS test system
of the results obtained on strip specimens to the behaviour commanding of
ofigur the
panels. actuator units. The response of the
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and Fig. 2 Test conf ation
actuator units is measured with a monitoring device Fig. 3 Architectur
eo
RECOMMENDATIONS
INTEGRAL satellites. environment model. In this way the loop is closed.
The applicability of the proposed criterion The

2. TEST CONCEPT should
MACSbe further
interfaceassessed
has to bybe the execution to
programmable
Figure
(9 pages in total)
1 gives a experimental
schematic overview of a generic
of dedicated programme in which reflect any combination
a number of real andresulting
of skin laminates simulated units.
in a If
variety of strain ratios should be incorporated. The programme should also encompass a numberthey
of flanges with various stiffnesses and tapers. Moreover, the influence of the specimen width
-14-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
on the delamination onsetH.A. moment should
van Ingen be L.C.J.
Schenau, investigated.
van Rijn, J.The
Spaaissue of testing thin skin
laminates,Abstract
which would generally be loaded upto large deflections, should also be addressed. 3
A correlation between the results obtained with the current simple test configuration and
results from panel testsP.O.
1. Introduction
Box 153,
needs to be8300 AD Emmeloord,
established. The Netherlands
Possibly, bending tests on panels 3of an
Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210
intermediate size could fillE-mail:
the existing gap.
ingen@nlr.nl; lvrijn@nlr.nl; spaa@nlr.nl
Finally, when the criterion is proven to be applicable, it will be implemented in the
ABSTRACT 2. code
optimization Tensor Skin Concept
PANOPT, so the influence of the skin-stiffener
nature of the AOCS.interface strength
A complete AOCS, 3
ontogether
optimalwith
panel designs can be determined. dynamics and environment can be considered as a
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Attitude and 4.
OrbitSimulations
target attitude 7
equipment This investigation
has been developed has
for been
Matra carried
Marconiout under a contract
measurements awarded by the
CONTROL
Netherlands
commands
Agency
Space for
for AOCS Aerospace
subsystem Programmes,
and system level contract
testing number
5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments 01310 N. 9
of the XMM and INTEGRAL scientific satellites.
The contributions to the programme of a student from Imperial College, ms. S. Handley,
SENSORS ACTUATORS
and her supervisor K. Stevens, are gratefully acknowledged.
DYNAMICS
features, the incremental development and delivery, attitude torques magnetic
Info on: fields
andREFERENCES References
experiences obtained during development and use Earth disturbances
9
Stars ENVIRONMENT Syst
performed
1. under ESA contract.
P. Arendsen, H.G.S.J. Thuis, J.F.M. Wiggenraad Magnetic field
Optimization of composite stiffended panels with postbuckling constraints, National
1. INTRODUCTION4 Tables Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr ol system
Aerospace
Based on experiences
Laboratory
with the
Technical
production and
Publication
use of
NLR TP 94083 U, published in the Proc. Sy
50 8thFigures
Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Washington, DC,1994 B
2. satellites,
other H.G.S.J. Thuis, J.F.M.
the National Aerospace Wiggenraad
Laboratory In the integration and test phase the AOCS subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLR in the Investigation
Netherlands ofhas thedeveloped
bond strengtha new of a isdiscrete
gradually skin-stiffener
built up Attitude
depending interface,
on the National
schedule ofData
generation Aerospace
of generic Test and Verification
Laboratory Equipment
Technical incoming
Publication NLR TP units.92183Verification
L,ol1992
Contr of attitude control modes
Computer
(TVE)
3. with re-usable
H.G.S.J. Thuis hardware and software for and real-time
AOCS behaviour is done in the early period of
MACS bus
Onvestigation
(AOCS) of spacecraft [Ref. 1].
into the strength of bonded joints
units.
between composite stiffeneres and skins
- continuation of the investigation described inSensor NLR TP 92183 L -, NationalActuator Aerospace Protocol Data
Le
vel
The TVE had Laboratory
to be usableContract
from theReport NLR
early stage of CR
the 93279
TheCtest (inconcept
Dutch),described 1993 in this paper is based on a
4. development
AOCS P.J. Minguet,
up to theT.K. O'Brien
integration of the AOCS static closed loop test facility (no real motion). The
Sensor
in the spacecraft environment
“Analysis of test i.e. open loop tests
methods for with test configuration
characterizing is shown in figureActuator
Head skin/stringer debonding failures in
2. The dynamics
a single unit up to closed loop tests with any and environment
reinforced composite panels”, Composite materials: testing and design (Twelfth volume), simulation is responsible for theUser Level
Data
Physical
of
Electrical
stimuli for
MASociety
CS unit
the MACS
sensor units and the
Electrical and (Engineer ing
ASTM
be supported.
STP 1274, R.B. Deo and C.R. Saff, Eds.,
processing
Stimuli
American
ofStimulimonitorSimulation
data from
for Testing
the actuator
Monitoring Monitoring units. units)
Materials, 1994 The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr
A 5. P.J.TVE
prototype Minguet,
was built T.K.forO'Brien
ESA/ESTEC to measurements to the AOCS ACC via the MACS attitude
Unit Sim
ulation
demonstrate“Analysis of composite
the new approach skin/stringer
with re-usable hardware bondcontrolfailure usingDynamics
databus. Inathe and
strain
ACCvironment
En the Sim
energy ureceived
lation
release data rate
will be
and software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently fed Test Equipment
approach”, Proceedings of ICCM-10, Whistler, B.C., 1995
been
6. developed into a fullblown AOCS test
Laminate Analysis Program, User Guide, Anaglyphsystem commanding of
Ltd, the actuator
London 1996 units. The response of the
able to meet the requirements for both subsystem and Fig. 2 Test conf iguration
actuator units is measured with a monitoring device Fig. 3 Architectur
eo
2. TEST CONCEPT The MACS interface has to be programmable to

(9 pages in total)
-15-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
TABLE I LAMINATE
H.A. van Ingen LAY-UP DEFINITION
Schenau, L.C.J. van Rijn, J. FOR
Spaa SKIN (S)
Abstract AND STIFFENER FLANGE SIMULATION (F) 3
Code Laminate
P.O.lay-up
Box 153, 8300 AD Emmeloord, The Netherlands
S1 E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl; lvrijn@nlr.nl;
[45, 0, -45, 0, 45, -45, 0, -45, 0, 45] spaa@nlr.nl
F1
ABSTRACT 2. Tensor Skin Concept 3
nature of the AOCS. A complete AOCS, together with
S2
[0, 45,-45, 90, 45, -45, 90, -45, dynamics
45, 0] and environment can be considered as a
F2 Aerospace Laboratory NLR in the
The National loop which is actively closed by the Attitude Control
S3
and Verification [45, 0, (TVE)
Equipment -45, 0,for45,testing
0, -45,of0, 45, 0, 0, -45, 0, -45, 0, 45, 0, -45, 0, 45]
Attitude and 4.
OrbitSimulations
Based on aS4prototype [0,
TVE45,-45, 0, 45,
developed for 0, -45,test
ESA, 90, 45, 0, 0, -45, 90, -45, 0, 45, 0, -45, 45, 0]7
target attitude

CONTROL
S5
Space for AOCS
[45,-45,
subsystem and
0,system
45,-45, 90,testing
level
0, 45, -45]s
of the XMM F3and INTEGRAL scientific satellites.
[45, -45, 45, -45, 0, -45, 45, -45, 45] SENSORS ACTUATORS
This paperF46. Conclusions

describes the test0, concept
[45,-45, 0, 90, 0,and the 45]
0, -45, 9
DYNAMICS
features, the incremental development and delivery, attitude torques magnetic
Info on: fields9
References
Stars ENVIR
ONMENT Syst
performed under
TABLEESA IIcontract.
TEST MATRIX INDICATING THE NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
Magnetic field
PER CONFIGURATION
1. INTRODUCTION4 Tables Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
ol system
Sy
Based on experiences with the
8 Figures S1 production and S2use of S3 S4 S5 B
F1 the National3 Aerospace Laboratory
other satellites, 3 In the3 integration and test
3 phase the AOCS subsystem
Physical Le
vel
generation F2
of generic Test and3 Verification Equipment
3 3 units. Verification
incoming 3ol Computer
Contr of attitude control modes
testing of F3 3 Control Subsystems
3 3 3 MACS bus
Attitude and Orbit integration using a combination of real and simulated
vel
F4 Sensor 3
Actuator Data
Sensor
in the spacecraft environment i.e. open loop tests with test configuration
Head
Data
Physical
of stimuli
Electrical
for theMACS
MACS unit
sensor Electrical
Monitoring units)
Monitoring units.
The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr
A prototype TVE was built for ESA/ESTEC to measurements to the AOCS ACC via the MACS attitude
Unit Sim
ulation
demonstrate the new approach with re-usable hardware control databus. Dynamics In the and
ACCvironment
En the Sim
ureceived
lation data will be
and software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently Test Equipment
actuator conf
units igur
is ation

(9 pages in total)
-16-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
TABLE III EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
H.A. van Ingen Schenau, L.C.J.OF
vanCURRENT
Rijn, J. Spaa PROGRAMME
Abstract
Specimen Delamination onset moment [Nmm/mm] 3
configuration National Aerospace Laboratory NLR
Average Deviation
S1F11. Introduction155.8Tel. +31 527143.7 248 218; Fax: +31 147.5
527 248 210 149 53
S1F2 136.5E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl;
145.7 lvrijn@nlr.nl;148.3 spaa@nlr.nl 143.5 5.1
ABSTRACT S1F32. Tensor Skin 147.3
Concept 147.3 nature 152.4
of the AOCS. A149 complete AOCS, together 2.4
3 with
S2F1 148.0 145.5 143.8and environment
dynamics 145.8can be considered 1.7 as a
The National
S2F2 Aerospace Laboratory
148.0Results NLR in 151.8the loop156.3
which is actively 152 closed by the Attitude 3.4Control
3. Experimental 4
S2F3 Equipment 165.3
and Verification (TVE) for testing 154.9 of 148.1 156.1 7.1
Attitude and
S3F1OrbitSimulations
4. Control Subsystems
673.4 of spacecraft.
588.2 515.9 592.5 64.4 7
target attitude
S3F2 526.8 513.0 504.4 measurements
514.7 commands 9.2
equipment has been developed for Matra Marconi CONTR OL
Space forS3F3
AOCS
5. subsystem 565.7 level 540.0
and system Tests
Recently performed testing 528.4
and Future Developments 544.7 15.6 9
of the XMMS4F1and INTEGRAL scientific
477.6 satellites.
558.5 477.0 504.4 38.3
SENSORS ACTUATORS
S4F2describes
This paper 6.
478.7
Conclusions
the test concept and the
452.3 534.1 488.4 34.1 9
S4F3
architecture of the XMM test 538.8
system with its534.1 main 505.5 526.1 14.7
DYNAMICS
attitude
features, S5F4
the incremental development
531.6 and delivery,
631.8 Info565.9
on: 576.4 torques magnetic
41.6
fields
References
9
performedTABLE
under ESAIVcontract.
LAMINATE LAY-UP DEFINITION Stars FOR
Magnetic field
SKIN AND
ENVIR STIFFENER
ONMENT Syst
Skin laminates
1. INTRODUCTION 4 Tables Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr
ol system
Sy
BasedCode
on experiences with the production and use of
8Laminate
Figures lay-up B
other 1asatellites, the 45,
[-45, National Aerospace
-45, 45, -45, 45,Laboratory In the integration and test phase the AOCS subsystem
45, -45, 45, -45] Physical Le
vel
1b of generic
generation [-45, 0,Test
45,and
0, Verification
-45, 45, 0,Equipment
-45, 0, -45] incoming units. Verification of attitude control modes
Control Computer
MACS bus
testing 2aof Attitude
[-45, 45,
and -45,
Orbit45,Control
-45, 45, -45, 45, -45, 45]s
Subsystems integration using a combination of real and simulated
vel
2b [45, 0, -45, 0, 45, 0, -45, 0, 45, 0, 0, -45, 0,Sensor
-45, 0, 45, 0, -45, 0, 45] Actuator Data
AOCS development up to the integration of theStiffener
AOCS laminates
static closed loop test facility (no real motion). The
Sensor
in the spacecraft environment i.e. open loop tests with test configuration
Head
Codeunit up to closed loopLaminate
a single tests withlay-up
any and environment simulation Core laminate is responsible Flange for theUser Level
lay-up width Data
Physical
of stimuli
Electrical
for
MACS unit
the MACS
sensor units
Electrical
and the(Engineering
data from [mm] units.units)
the actuator
Monitoring Monitoring
The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr
1a
A prototype [0,
TVE45,was
0, -45,
built 0,for
90,ESA/ESTEC
0, -45, 0, 45,
to 0] measurements to the - AOCS
ACC via the MACS
Unit Sim
ulation 44 attitude
demonstrate the new approach with re-usable hardware control databus. Dynamics In the and
ACCvironment
En the Sim
ureceived
lation data will be
1b [0, 45, 0, -45, 0, 90, 0, -45, 0,
and software [Ref. 2]. This prototype has recently 45, 0] Test Equipment [0 ]
fed into the attitude 5control laws, which 44.9results in
able to1c [0,requirements
meet the 45, 0, -45, for
0, both
90, 0, -45, 0, and
subsystem 45, 0] actuator
Fig. 2 Test conf
units igur
is ation [0,-45,0,45,0]
measured with a smonitoring 45.81 deviceFig. 3 Architecture o
2a [0, 0, 45, 0, -45, 0, 90, 0, -45, 0, 45, 0, environment
INTEGRAL satellites.
0] -
model. In this way the loop is closed.
50
2b [0, 0, 45, 0, -45, 0, 90, 0, -45, 0, 45, 0, 0] [0,-45,0,45,0] 51.81
2. TEST CONCEPT The MACS interface has to be s programmable to
Figure 3a
(9 pages
1 gives[0,a 45,
in total)
schematic
-45, 45,overview
0, -45, of
0, a90,generic
0,-45, 0, reflect
45, -45,any45,combination
0] - of real and simulated44 units. If
3b [0, 45, -45, 45, 0, -45, 0, 90, 0,-45, 0, 45, -45, 45, 0] - 56
-17-
NLR-TP-98264

Contents
by
TABLE V FOUR-POINT H.A. vanBENDING TEST
Ingen Schenau, RESULTS
L.C.J. van Rijn, OBTAINED
J. Spaa IN EARLIER
Abstract PROGRAMME (REF. 2) 3
Specimen National Aerospace Laboratory
Delamination onset moment [Nmm/mm] NLR
configuration
1. Introduction Tel. +31 527 248 218; Fax: +31 527 248 210 Average Deviation 3
1a1a 101 E-mail: ingen@nlr.nl;
109 lvrijn@nlr.nl; 105spaa@nlr.nl 105 3.3
1a1b 90.9 98.9 107 98.9 6.6
3
ABSTRACT 2. Tensor Skin Concept nature of the AOCS. A complete AOCS, together with
1a2a 104 124 dynamics112 and environment 113.3 can be considered 8.2 as a
The National
1a2b3. Aerospace Laboratory
100 Results NLR in 117the loop 851 which is actively100.7 closed by the Attitude 134 Control
Experimental
1b1a Equipment 100
and Verification (TVE) for testing 92 of 874 93.1 5.2
1b1b4.
Attitude and OrbitSimulations 92
Control Subsystems 886
of spacecraft. 886 89.7 1.6
7
target attitude
Based on1b2aa prototype TVE developed
73.6 for ESA,
863 test 886 82.8 6.6
CONTR OL
Space for1b2b
AOCS subsystem 93.2
and system level 100
testing
5. Recently performed Tests and Future Developments 84 92.4 6.6
9
of the XMM2a1a and INTEGRAL506 454
scientific satellites. 500 486.7 23.2
SENSORS ACTUATORS
2a1c 374 305 385 354.7 35.4
2a3a
architecture of the XMM test 472system with its523 main 431 475.3 37.6
DYNAMICS
features, 2a3b
the incremental development
426 and delivery,
282 328 attitude 345.3 torques magnetic
60.1
Info on: fields
9
References
2b1a 437
of the system. The described work has also been
460 Sun
460 452.3 10.8
Stars
performed2b1c
under ESA contract.500 460 -
Magnetic field
480
ENVIRONMENT - Syst
2b3a 397 466 385 416 35.7

1. INTRODUCTION4 Tables Fig. 1 Generic attitude contr ol system
Based on2b3b
experiences with the460production and 552 use of 426 479.3 53.2 Sy
8 Figures B
TABLE
other satellites, the VI LATERAL
National TENSION
Aerospace TEST RESULTS
Laboratory OBTAINED
In the integration IN EARLIER
and test phase the AOCS subsystem
Physical Le
vel
NLR in the Netherlands has developed a PROGRAMME new is gradually built up Attitude
generation of generic Test and Verification Equipment incoming units. Verification of attitude control modes
Control Computer
Specimen configuration Delamination onset
load
andAOCS
testing of Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystems [N/mm]integration using a combination of real MACS bus
and simulated
1a1a[Ref. 1].
(AOCS) of spacecraft 240 units. Protocol Le
vel
1a1b 240 Electronics Electronics
AOCS development 1a2a
up to the integration of the AOCS240 static closed loop test facility (no real motion). The
Sensor
in the spacecraft environment
1a2b i.e. open loop tests with220 test configuration
Head
1b1a
combination of real and simulated AOCS units should
320 computation of stimuli for theMACS sensor Electrical
Data
Physical Electrical MACS unit
be supported. 1b1b 340 processing
Monitoring units)
Monitoring units.
1b2a 300 The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr

A prototype TVE was built for ESA/ESTEC to measurements to the AOCS ACC via the MACS attitude
Unit Sim
ulation
1b2b
demonstrate the new approach with re-usable hardware280 control databus. Dynamics In the and
ACCvironment
En the Sim
ureceived
lation data will be
and software [Ref.2a1a
2]. This prototype has recently480 Test Equipment
been developed into
2a1ca fullblown AOCS test system460 commanding of the actuator units. The response of the
actuator conf
units igur
is ation
2a3a
system level testing of the AOCS of the XMM and480 and routed back to the corresponding dynamics and
2a3b
INTEGRAL satellites. 460 environment model. In this way the loop is closed.
2b1a 580
(9 pages
Figure 1 gives a2b1c
in total)
schematic overview of a generic560 reflect any combination of real and simulated units. If
AOCS for spacecraft.
2b3aThe diagram reflects the cyclic620 real sensor and/or actuator units are not available they
2b3b 620
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-18-
NLR-TP-98264
250 mm
50 mm
50 mm
45°
C659-01N
0° 0°
Figure 1 Specimen dimensions and reference coordinate frame for lay-up definition.
114 mm
P/2 P/2
C659-01N
160 mm
Figure 2 Schematic representation of loading configuration.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-19-
NLR-TP-98264
Figure 3 Experimental set-up for four point bending tests in current programme.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-20-
NLR-TP-98264
Figure 4 Photograph of specimen S2F1-2 containing delaminations on either side.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-21-
NLR-TP-98264
Figure 5 Initial stage of a delamination in a specimen with skin laminate S3.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-22-
NLR-TP-98264
a) Cracking of the 0° layer adjacent to

the flange prior to delamination
b) Formation of the delamination
Figure 6 Initial stage of a delamination in a specimen with skin laminate S4.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-23-
NLR-TP-98264
700
600
Failure moment [Nmm/mm]
500
400
300
200
100
C659-07N
0
S1F1 S1F2 S1F3 S2F1 S2F2 S2F3 S3F1 S3F2 S3F3 S4F1 S4F2 S4F3 S5F4
skin 1 skin 2 skin 3 skin 4 skin 5
(10 plies) (10 plies) (20 plies) (20 plies) (18 plies)
Specimen code
Figure 7 Delamination onset moments for the specimens in the current experimental programme
as given in table III (for skin laminate S1 maximum applied moments are given
which were insufficient to cause delamination).
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-24-
NLR-TP-98264
600
500
400
300
200
100
C659-08N
0
1a1a 1a1b 1a2a 1a2b 1b1a 1b1b 1b2a 1b2b 2a1a 2a1c 2a3a 2a3b 2b1a 2b1c 2b3a 2b3b
skin 1a (10 plies) skin 1b (10 plies) skin 2a (20 plies) skin 2b (20 plies)
Specimen code
Figure 8 Delamination onset moments for the specimens tested in four-point bending in the
earlier programme as given in table V.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-25-
NLR-TP-98264
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
C659-09N
0
1a1a 1a1b 1a2a 1a2b 1b1a 1b1b 1b2a 1b2b 2a1a 2a1c 2a3a 2a3b 2b1a 2b1c 2b3a 2b3b
Specimen code
Figure 9 Delamination onset loads for the specimens tested in lateral tension in the earlier
programme as given in table VI.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-26-
NLR-TP-98264
a) Skin laminate with a 45° layer adjacent to the flange interface
b) Skin laminate with a 0° layer adjacent to the flange interface
Figure 10 Schematic represenattion of the situation at delamination onset.
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-27-
NLR-TP-98264
1,5
γ12
[%] 1
S1
S2F1
S2F2
S2F3
S3F1
0,5 S3F2
S1F3
S4F1
S4F2
S4F3
C659-11N
S5F4
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6
ε22 [%]
Figure 11 Failure envelope for the specimens tested in the current programme (results for skin
laminate S1 pertain to the maximum applied moments which were insufficient to
cause delamination).
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-28-
NLR-TP-98264
2.5
1a1a
1.5 1a1b
1a2a
γ12 1a2b
[%] 1b1a
1b1b
1 1b2a
1b2b
2a1a
2a1c
2a3a
0.5 2a3b
2b1a
2b1c
2b3a
C659-12N
0 2b3b
0 0.2 0.4 0.6

ε22 [%]
Figure 12 Failure envelope for the specimens tested in four-point bending in the earlier
programme [Ref. 2].
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-29-
NLR-TP-98264
1.5
1
1a1a
1a1b
1a2a
γ12
1a2b
[%]
1b1a
1b1b
1b2a
1b2b
0.5
2a1a
2a1c
2a3a
2a3b
2b1a
2b1c
2b3a
C659-13N
2b3b
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
ε22 [%]
Figure 13 Failure envelope for the specimens tested in lateral tension in the earlier programme
[Ref. 2].
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-30-
NLR-TP-98264
700
600
Calculated delamination onset moment [Nm/m]
500
400
S1
300 S2F1
S2F2
S2F3
S3F1
200
S3F2
S1F3
S4F1
100 S4F2
S4F3
C659-14N
S5F4
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Experimental delamination onset moment [Nm/m]
Figure 14 Comparison of the experimentally determined delamination onset moments for the
specimens tested in the current programme and calculated delamination onset
moments using ε22f = 0.5 and ε12f = 1.75 (experimental results for skin laminate
S1 pertain to the maximum applied moments which were insufficient to cause
delamination).
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-31-
NLR-TP-98264
600
Calculated delamination onset moment [Nm/m]
400 1a1a
1a1b
1a2a
1a2b
1b1a
1b1b
1b2a
1b2b
200 2a1a
2a1c
2a3a
2a3b
2b1a
2b1c
2b3a
C659-15N
2b3b
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Experimental delamination onset moment [Nm/m]
Figure 15 Comparison of the experimentally determined delamination onset moments for the
specimens tested in four-point bending in the earlier programme and calculated
delamination onset moments using ε22f = 0.35 and γ12f = 2.0
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-32-
NLR-TP-98264
0.6
0.4
γ12
[%]
0.2
B: 3-point (3 in)
B: 3-point (4 in)
B: 4-point
T: 3-point (3 in)
T: 3-point (4 in)
C659-16N
T: 4-point
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
ε22 [%]
Figure 16 Calculated strains at failure for the specimens tested in three-point bending and
four-point bending [Ref. 4].
FOKKER RESTRICTED
FOKKER RESTRICTED
-33-
NLR-TP-98264
2
AB
F
1.5
γ12
[%]
1 C D
0.5
C659-17N
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6

ε22 [%]
Figure 17 Calculated strains at failure for the specimens tested in four-point bending [Ref. 5].
FOKKER RESTRICTED

Failure criterion for composite aircraft skin-stiffener interfaces

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Failure criterion for composite aircraft skin-stiffener interfaces

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Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium

National Aerospace Laborator y NLR

Failure criterion for the skin-stiffener interface

J.C.F.N. van Rijn

Failure criterion for the skin-stiffener

J.C.F.N. van Rijn

This report is based on an article to be published in the proceedings of the Thirteenth

Division: Structures and Materials

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 8

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS FROM THE LITERATURE 11

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13

(33 pages in total)

This page is intentionally left blank.

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

governed by the deformation of the skin only.

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

Space for AOCS subsystem and system level testing

This paper 6. Conclusions

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

Observations of the delamination locations revealed that delamination always occurred

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

This paper 6. the test concept  and the

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

Space for AOCS subsystem and system level testing

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

equipment has been developed for Matra Marconi measurements commands

The applicability of the proposed criterion The

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

2. TEST CONCEPT The MACS interface has to be programmable to

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

equipment has been developed for Matra Marconi measurements commands

This paperF46. Conclusions

2. TEST CONCEPT The MACS interface has to be programmable to

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

TEST AND VERIFICATION EQUIPMENT FOR THE

2b3a 397 466 385 416 35.7

1b2a 300 The stimulated sensors will deliver sensor Gr

Figure 2 Schematic representation of loading configuration.

Figure 4 Photograph of specimen S2F1-2 containing delaminations on either side.

Figure 5 Initial stage of a delamination in a specimen with skin laminate S3.

a) Cracking of the 0° layer adjacent to

b) Formation of the delamination

Figure 6 Initial stage of a delamination in a specimen with skin laminate S4.

a) Skin laminate with a 45° layer adjacent to the flange interface

b) Skin laminate with a 0° layer adjacent to the flange interface

Figure 10 Schematic represenattion of the situation at delamination onset.

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

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