Local Environments

LE consists of the following types of netwoork:

1. Corporate area network
2. WPAN
3. WLAN
4. HAN
5. Vehicular Area Network

Wireless ad hoc network classified into (Wikipedia):

1. MANET – Mobile Ad Hoc Network
2. Wireless Mesh Networks – WMN
3. Wireless Sensor Networks – WSN

WPAN can communicate with remote networks such as HAN, Corporate area
networks or VAN using:
• UMTS and Internet as interworking structures.

WPAN: devices carried around by a person in everyday life for work and pleasure
e.g: Mobile phone, PDA, notebook, dig camera.

Current cellular and wireless networking technologies consider terminals only in

isolation. However, in WPAN we no longer have a single terminal but a dynamic
configuration of WPAN devices wanting to access remote devices or remote PANs.

Issues that need to be addressed:

1. Self-organization
2. establishing and maintaining QoS for particular applications
3. Routing and mobility management

WLAN can operates in two modes namely:

1. Infrastructure Mode
Devices form a star topology with AP as central controller
2. Ad Hoc mode
Devices communicate with each other directly on peer-to-peer basis.

Personal Network gateway (PNG) is used to seamlessly connect WPAN/WLAN to

global UMTS.
Also used to facilitates communication between devices which are equipped with
different technologies.
E.g: Bluetooth enabled device communicate with WLAN device through PNC.

PNG operates as bridge in order to link Bluetooth, 802.15.3 and 802.11 devices.
If 2 communicating devices are more than one hop away, then they use multi-hop
communication.
Self –Organization
WPAN is self-organized network which is formed with little or no user intervention.

Bluetooth uses Inquiry procedures and 802.15.3 uses Association procedures.

802.11 ad hoc network; any device within radio range can join by scan procedure.

Before any device in WPAN can send and receive traffic from interconnecting
structure (Internet or UMTS); it must be able to obtain a valid IO address and
configure the PNG as default router.

PNG Discovery
WPAN must find PNG even if several hops away. Use PNG Advertisement and PNG
Solicitation.

PNG periodically broadcast PNG Advertisement in WPAN.

If a device wants to learn about PNG immediately; it broadcast PNG Solicitation and
in response PNG sends PNG Advertisement.

Address Auto-config
There exists 2 options:
1. Private Address Auto-config
Entire WPAN appears as a single globally unique IUP address assigned to
PNG through PDP of UMTS.
NAT in PNG assign private IP to devices within WPAN.
2. Global address auto-configuration
Available only for IPV6 addresses

QoS
QoS service characteristics can be expressed in terms of throughput, delay, loss ,
BER, relative priority of access of network.
End-to-end QoS in personal network spans across different domains and relies on the
coordination of QoS in different domains along end-to-end communication path.

Challenge is to seamlessly interwork QoS mechanism in each domain.

Note:
Bluetooth contain master
802.15.3 contains PNC- Piconet Controller
Personal Networks

A personal distributed environment where people interact with various companion,

embedded, or invisible computers not only in their close vicinity but potentially
anywhere. These systems are called personal networks (PNs).

PNs have an unrestricted geographical span, and incorporate devices into the personal
environment regardless of their geographic location.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

Network connecting devices in the close vicinity of a person/personal entity→local
scope
Personal Network (PN)
Network that connects all nodes (of all PANs) of a person or private entity
• User centred
• Secure and trustworthy
• Virtual vicinity of local and remote resources
• Self-organisation of network connections
• Heterogeneity of technologies
Personal Networks (PNs) - Overview and standardisation Needs
[http://www.ecma-international.org/memento/TC32-PNF-M.htm]

PNs make it easy and secure to interconnect a person''s electronic devices. They
enable the usage of personal devices and applications in a completely new way.
Imagine users controlling their front door using their mobile phones or seamlessly
accessing files stored on their office PC with their personal Internet tablet from home.

Today, most users of electronic devices, including mobile phones, struggle with
setting up both wired and wireless networking between their devices even though
several network technologies, such as WiFi and Bluetooth, are available in most
devices. However, there is no reason why it should be like this. We believe that
connecting your electronic devices and using them together should be both easy and
secure.

PNs make secure and ubiquitous communication using personal devices over any
network technology a reality by providing automatic configuration of networking and
security, and offering users access to their Services across their PNs. PNs can run with
existing hardware, including embedded systems, and use any communication
technology, such as Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, WiMedia, 3G/LTE, and WiMAX.

With PNs, applications and services on people's devices can start to interact with each
other allowing for telecommunications, access and synchronization of documents,
remote monitoring and control, multimedia, as well as medical applications. It can
also connect with wireless sensor networks and cloud-based services. For instance, it
becomes possible to build a single personal virtual file system that contains all storage
on all a person's devices as well as cloud-based storage.

PN Ebook

Others may understand that the PN is beyond current capabilities but may not see why
anyone would want to adopt it. Yet others may find the notion of PNs desirable but
believe that it is really unattainable.

PN network is basically allows every person has his fingertips at all the digital devices
he owns regardless of where he or she is and where those devices are, as long as they
are connected.