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Ethernet
The Ethernet MAC Sublayer
Ethernet
Frame Format
Source addresses (SA)—Consists of 6 bytes. The SA field
identifies the sending station. The SA is always an individual
address and the left-most bit in the SA field is always 0.
Ethernet
Ethernet Frame Format
Data—Is a sequence of n bytes of any value, where n is less
than or equal to 1500. If the length of the Data field is less
than 46, the Data field must be extended by adding a filler (a
pad) sufficient to bring the Data field length to 46 bytes.
Frame check sequence (FCS)—Consists of 4 bytes. This
sequence contains a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
value, which is created by the sending MAC and is
recalculated by the receiving MAC to check for damaged
frames. The FCS is generated over the DA, SA, Length/Type,
and Data fields.
Ethernet
ARP
and
RARP
Introduction
A computer connected to an IP/Ethernet has
two addresses
Address of network card (MAC address)
• Globally unique and unchangeable address stored on
the network card.
• Ethernet header contains the MAC address of the
source and the destination computer.
–IP address
• Each computer on a network must have a unique IP
address to communicate.
• Virtual and assigned by software.
Figure 7-1
ARP packet
Figure 7-5
Example 1
Figure 7-7: reply
Example 1 (Continued)
Figure 7-8
Proxy ARP
Figure 7-10
RARP
operation
The RARP request packets are
broadcast;
the RARP reply packets are
unicast.
Figure 7-11
RARP packet
Figure 7-12
RFC 894
Ethernet
The term Ethernet generally refers to a standard
published in 1982 by Digital Equipment Corp., Intel
Corp., and Xerox Corp.
It is the predominant form of Local Area Networks
technology used with TCP/IP today.
It uses an access method called CSMA/CD, which
stands for Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with
Collision Detection.
It operates at 10 Mbits /sec and uses 48-bit
addresses
Ethernet Encapsulation
48-bit (6bytes) source and destination addresses. These are
what we call hardware addresses.
The Ethernet type field identifies the type of data that follows.
The data field is the actual payload and must be at least 46
bytes
If needed (frames with less than 46 bytes of payload), Pad
bytes are inserted to assure that the frame is long enough.
The CRC field is a cyclic Redundancy check (a checksum)
that detects errors in the frame. (This is also called FCS or
Frame Check Sequence)
Ethernet and MTU
As you can see there is a limit on the size of
an Ethernet frame.
This limits the number of bytes of data to 1500
bytes.
This characteristics of the data link layer is
called MTU, or Maximum Transmission Unite
Typical MTUs
FDDI 4352
Ethernet 1500
IP datagram
IP portion of TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data
Contains information necessary for routers to transfer data between
subnets
IP header format
IP header format: Version
• 4 bits.
• Indicates the version of IP
currently used.
– IPv4 : 0100
– IPv6 : 0110
IP header format: Header length
• 4 bits.
• IP header length : Indicates the
datagram header length in 32 bit
words (4 bits), and thus points to the
beginning of the data.
IP header format: Service type
• 8 bits.
• Specifies the level of importance that
has been assigned by a particular
upper-layer protocol.
• Precedence.
• Reliability.
• Speed.
IP header format: Total length
• 16 bits.
• Specifies the length of the
entire IP packet, including
data and header, in bytes.
IP header format: Identification
• 16 bits.
• Identification contains an integer that
identifies the current datagram.
• Assigned by the sender to aid in
assembling the fragments of a
datagram.
IP header format: Flags
• 3 bits.
• The second bit specifying whether the packet
can be fragmented .
• The last bit specifying whether the packet is the
last fragment in a series of fragmented packets.
IP header format: Fragment offset
• 13 bits.
• The field that is used to help piece together
datagram fragments.
• The fragment offset is measured in units of 8
octets (64 bits).
• The first fragment has offset zero.
IP header format: Time to Live
• 8 bits.
• Time-to-Live maintains a counter that gradually
decreases to zero, at which point the datagram
is discarded, keeping the packets from looping
endlessly.
IP header format: Protocol
• 8 bits.
• Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives
incoming packets after IP processing has been
completed
• 06 : TCP
• 17 : UDP
IP header format: Header checksum
• 16 bits.
• A checksum on the header only, helps
ensure IP header integrity.
IP header format: Addresses
• 32 bits each.
• Source IP Address
• Destination IP Address
IP header format: Options
• Variable length.
• Allows IP to support various options, such
as security, route, error report ...
IP header format: Padding