Computer Workshop-I

BY : Amit R. Khaparde Dept: Information Technology College: NYSS College of Engineering & Research , Nagpur Practical 01 Aim: To study the various hardware components of Computer. Theory: A computer is: An electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), and process it into useful information (output). Data is put in secondary storage (storage) for safekeeping or later use. The processing of input into output is directed by the software, but performed by the hardware. Computer systems consist of the following hardware components: Input devices accept data or commands in a form useable by computers. Data and commands can also be sent to the processing unit; e.g., keyboards, mice, scanners, microphone, digital camera. Output devices display the processed information understandably and usefully; e.g. printers, monitors, speakers. Processing devices are contained in a computers system unit and are comprised of circuitry. The main circuit board is the motherboard, with its central processing unit (CPU) and memory. Storage devices include secondary storage for data and programs outside the computers processing unit; e.g., hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, Zip drives, CD-ROM, CD-RW and DVD-ROM drives. Drives read from and write to storage media (the physical material that can store data and programs). Communication devices provide connections between computers and communication networks, allowing for exchange of information and data with other computers via transmission media such as cables, telephone lines, and satellites

Graphic Representation of Computer Components: The term computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, namely Motherboard, CPU, Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse, and Printer, including the digital circuitry. Motherboard 1 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC. It contains all the circuits and components. Major Components found on the motherboard are: CPU - the Central Processing Unit is often an Intel Pentium or Celeron processor. It is the heart of every PC. All scheduling, computation and control occurs here. BIOS - Basic Input Output System is a non-volatile memory that contains configuration information about the PC. It contains all the code required for the CPU to communicate with the keyboard, mouse video display, disk drives and communications devices. RTC - the Real Time Clock chip keeps date, day and time in a 24 hour format just like your watch. The PC uses this clock to 'time stamp' files as they are created and modified. When you print a file it time stamps the pages as they are printed. Chip Set - these are large chip(s) that integrate many functions that used to be found in separate smaller chips on the motherboard. They save space and cost. Primary Connectors found on the motherboard are: Power, Keyboard, Mouse, Display, IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics), FDD connector, DRAM Serial Connectors found on the motherboard are: Standard Serial Connector, USB Parallel Connectors found on the motherboard are: Centronix or Standard Parallel, SCSI, Expansion Card Connectors This includes ISA, PCI, AGP. Input Devices: Keyboard and mouse are the most commonly used input devices. Output devices: It is a device used to provide the processed data from the computer to the user. Monitor (VDU/Screen) and printer are the most commonly used output devices. Storage devices Primary storage RAM is Primary Storage, also called internal storage. It serves as computers workspace. It storing all or part of the program that is being executed, as well as data being used by the program.RAM stores the operating system programs that manage the operation of the computer.RAM is Volatile storage, i.e. Power goes, data goes!.RAM provides instructions and data to the CPU. These instructions/data are coded in bytes. Each byte is placed in a precise location in memory, called an address. To access data or instructions in memory, the computer references the addresses containing the bytes. Ram chips consist of millions of switches that are sensitive to changes in electric current. When you turn on your computer, operating system files are loaded from a storage device (the hard disk, usually) into RAM, and they remain there as long as your computer is running. RAM contents changes as programs are executed.Two basic types of RAM are Dynamic RAM (DRAM), and Static RAM (SRAM). Most computers today use DRAM (specifically, Synchronous DRAM or SDRAM), which is faster because it is synchronized to the system clock.

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Secondary Storage Storing data is an important part of a computer system. So if there is a need to save data from getting lost, it can be put on a storage device like floppy disk, hard disks and CD-ROMS before switching off the Computer. Working of a Floppy Disk Conventional floppy drives contain the following basic components: 1. A spindle clamping mechanism to hold the diskette in place as it spins 2. Either one or two magnetic read/write heads mounted on a mechanism that moves the heads across the diskette's surface 3. A sensor that detects the rotational position of the diskette via an index hole (or magnetic sensor in 3.5 inch drives) on floppy disks.

Hard Disk Drive It is a storage device with very large capacity, which ranges from 1GB to Terabytes in the modern scenario. Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes and floppies. The working of a hard disk is similar to that of a floppy disk. In order to increase the amount of information the drive can store, most hard disks have multiple platters.

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CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) It is a storage device with medium capacity i.e. to hold 650 MB/700 MB (60/80 Min. Audio/Video). CD-Drive has a laser light source that reads data from the CD-ROM. The CD-ROM surface is a mirror covered with billions of tiny bumps that are arranged in a long, tightly wound spiral track of data, circling from the inside of the disc to the outside. The CD-Drive reads the bumps with a precise laser and interprets the information as bits of data. CD-ROMs are economical and easily available storage media. CDs are available in variations such as CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) and CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable). Working of a CD-ROM Drive When you play a CD, the laser beam passes through the CD's polycarbonate layer, reflects off the aluminum layer and hits an optoelectronic device that detects changes in light. The bumps reflect light differently than the flat parts of the aluminum layer, which are called lands. The optoelectronic sensor detects these changes in reflectivity, and the electronics in the CD-player drive interpret the changes as data bits. PC Ports and Connectors Port is generally a place for physically connecting to some other device usually with a socket.

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Other important parts of computer are Motherboard, Processor, RAM, CMOS battery, Power Supply, Hard Disk, Data bus, Address bus. Conclusion: The importance of various components is concluded. Review Questions: 1. What is Von-Neumann architecture of computer? 2. What do you mean by port? Whats the function of it? 3. Why you require fans on the CPU? 4. How does RAM influence speed of computer? 5. What do you mean 600MHz CPU?

Practical 02 Aim: To study PC construction and PC Assembly Theory: Step 1: open the case When installing computer hardware always unplug the power supply and all peripherals connected to the computer. Also use caution because there are sharp edges in a computer system. It is a good idea to wear a static electricity discharge wristband. The discharge strap will avoid damaging the components in the computer. Some other tools that might be needed are a non magnetic screwdriver, a pair of tweezers and an anti-static bag. Removing the front panel: Once I have the side panels removed I have to remove the front panel. Front panels come off in a variety of fashions. Sometimes they use screws, fasteners or clips. The case I am using has four 5 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I fasteners holding the front panel to the case. By squeezing the fasteners together I am able to unclip the front panel from the case.

The Front Panel Removed from the Computer Case Step 2: Prepare the case Next is preparing the computer case to begin installing all of the hardware purchased. The first thing I will do is find the bag of accessories that came with the computer case (this should consist of the mounting hardware for the motherboard, the screws or clips to mount the rest of the computer hardware, and other accessories that are needed to install the computer hardware), and the back IO shield that came with the motherboard. Step 3: Install the Motherboard Now that I have prepared the computer case it is time to start installing the computer hardware. The first thing I need to install is the Motherboard (Main Board). At this time I will use my anti-static wrist band. I use the band by strapping the Velcro side of the band to my wrist and clip the alligator clip end of the band to a metal part of the computer case. I need to take the motherboard out of its packaging and inspect it. I will inspect the front side of the case for any mis-manufactured items and the back side of the case for any visual cracks. Now I have unpacked the motherboard and I will begin installing it.

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The motherboard has been unpacked and checked for any problems and none were found. Notice the motherboard was placed on the table using the foam that it was packaged in. It is time to pick the motherboard up and place it in the computer case. When handling the motherboard, I hold it by the edges and am gentle when installing it into the computer case. I need to line the motherboard up with the IO shield and the motherboard spacers. Step 4: Install the CPU Now that the Motherboard has been installed, I can move on to installing the processor. First, I will need to locate the processor socket on the motherboard. In this tutorial I will be using an Intel Quad Core processor with a LGA 775 socket. (Note: Using a different type of processor and socket type may require a different installation. Please read the user manual that came with the Processor. ) Once the Processor socket has been located the load lever will need to be unlocked. This is done by pressing the lever down, and then gently pulling out until it passes the retention tab.

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Pressing down and pulling on the load lever so the load lever passes the retention tab Next, both the load lever and the load plate will need to be put into full open position. The PNP cap will need to be removed from the load plate. (Note: Do not touch the socket contacts.) The processor can now be removed from its packaging. When handling the processor I always hold it by the corners, and am careful not to touch the gold pad or pin side of the processor. Now it is time to install the processor. Holding the processor by the corners, I place it in the motherboard using the proper alignment procedure.

Placing the Processor into the motherboard socket Step 5: Installing power Supply 8 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I Installing a Power supply into a computer case is generally easy. First, the power supply will have to be unpackaged and inspected for damage. I am now ready to install the power supply. The power supply has to be aligned with the four screw holes where the power supply mounts to the back of the computer case. While doing this, I avoid hitting any of the other computer hardware already installed.

Installing the power supply in the computer case Once I have the power supply aligned, I screw it into place using the mounting screws. I make sure the power supply is held in place until the mounting screws have been installed to ensure that no damage will be done to any of the other computer hardware already installed. Now that this is done the plastic power supply holder will have to be reinstalled. Step 6: Install RAM Installing RAM is generally easy. The RAM needs to be unpackaged and checked for defects before installation. I locate the RAM slots on the motherboard so that the locking tabs can be pushed out. Then I look for the alignment tabs on both the RAM sticks and the motherboard to ensure proper installation. The RAM I am using was easy to align because the sets of pins were longer on one side of the alignment tab than the other side. (Note: this will differ depending on the type of RAM and how it is installed.) I will install the two RAM sticks in slots one and four as per the Motherboard user guide. Always check the motherboard user guide to get the information about where the RAM is to be installed. Now that the alignment slot on the RAM and the alignment tab on the Motherboard have been located it is time to install the RAM stick. I make sure the RAM is facing the proper direction 9 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I before installing it. Applying firm pressure, I slide the RAM stick into the proper slot. I continue to apply pressure until the RAM sticks clicks into place.

After the RAM stick has clicked into place, I make sure the locking tabs are again locked in the upright position and that the RAM is fully seated in the slot.

Step 7: Install CPU cooler Step 8: Various Motherboard connectors Step 9: Install Video cards Step 10: Install hard-Drive It is now time to unpack the hard drive(s) and check them for physical damage. The hard drive(s) will need to be installed in the hard drive slot(s) in the case. I will be using two hard drives, so I will pick two accessible hard drive slots and begin sliding the hard drives into them. Because this is only a mid tower case I have limited space as to where they can be installed. As I stated in the beginning of this tutorial, I will be expanding to a full tower case in the future, which will give me more room for cooling and components. Each hard drive will be held in by 4 mounting screws and I will now secure the first hard drive. To install the second hard drive, I will repeat the same procedure as the first hard drive, after finding a second accessible slot.

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Installing the hard drive Once both hard drives are installed, I will need to connect both the SATA power connectors from the power supply, and the SATA cables from the motherboard, to the hard drive. Step 11: Install CD/DVD Drives In this step I will install the DVD Burner, DVD Drive and a floppy drive. Again, as always, I have to unpack the items and check them for visual defects. The first thing I will do is start installing the two DVD drives. I need to slide the drives into the appropriate slots in the computer case and secure them using four screws.

Sliding the first DVD drive into a slot The same procedure will be used as I install the second DVD drive.

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Computer Workshop-I Next I have to install the SATA power cables from the power supply and the SATA connectors from the motherboard. Step 12: Installing case Fans Step 13: Installing the Operating System Conclusion: PC construction & PC assembly is studied. Review Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. What are the decisions to be taken while buying new PC? What is Core-2 Duo Processor? What is Graphics driver? What is master-slave configuration?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical 03 Aim :- To execute internal commands of the disk operating system with the help of example. Theory: Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a command line user interface.MS-DOS 1.0 was released in 1981 for IBM computers and the latest version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22, which was released in 1994. While MS-DOS is not commonly used by itself today, it still can be accessed from every version of Microsoft Windows by clicking Start / Run and typing "command" or by typing "CMD" in Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP. 1) CD: CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS. For example, if you needed to run Windows 3.11 from DOS, you would type: cd windows - Changing the directory to Windows; win - To run the win.com file within the windows directory. CD SYNTAX: CHDIR CHDIR[..][drive:][path] CD[drive:][path] CD[..] EXAMPLES:cd\ : Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive. cd.. :Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\WINDOWS> cd windows : If present, would take you into the Windows directory. Windows can be substituted with any other name. cd\windows :If present, would first move back to the root of the drive and then go into the Windows directory. cd windows\system32 :If present, would move into the system32 directory located in the Windows directory.If at any time you need to see what directories are available in the directory you're currently in use the dir command. 2) DIR: The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent directories. DIR SYNTAX: Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory. DIR [drive:][path][filename]

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Computer Workshop-I EXAMPLES: Dir: Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in. dir /ad :List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into one of the directories listed use the cd command. dir /s :Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that directory, if you are at root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to you every file and directory on the C: drive of the computer. dir /p :If the directory has a lot of files and you cannot read all the files as they scroll by, you can use this command and it will display all files one page at a time. dir /w :If you don't need the info on the date / time and other information on the files, you can use this command to list just the files and directories going horizontally, taking as little as space needed. dir /s /w /p :This would list all the files and directories in the current directory and the sub directories after that, in wide format and one page at a time. dir /on :List the files in alphabetical order by the names of the files. dir /o-n :List the files in reverse alphabetical order by the names of the files. 3) COPY: Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location. EXAMPLES: The below example would copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk in drive a: copy *.* a: Copy the autoexec.bat, usually found at root, and copy it into the windows directory; the autoexec.bat can be substituted for any file(s). copy autoexec.bat c:\windows Copy the win.ini file, which is already in your windows directory, to the windows directory, without prompting if you wanted to overwrite the file or not. copy win.ini c:\windows /y Copy the contents in myfile2.txt and combine it with the contents in myfile1.txt. copy myfile1.txt+myfile2.txt Finally, a user can create a file using the copy command. In the below example we create the file called "test.txt". copy con test.txt Once the above command has been typed in, a user could type in whatever he or she wishes. When you have completed creating the file, you can save and exit the file by pressing CTRL+Z, which would create ^Z, and then press enter. An easier way to view and edit files in MS-DOS would be to use the edit command. 4) DEL: Del is a command used to delete files from the computer. SYNTAX :Deletes one or more files. DEL[drive:][path]filename ERASE [drive:][path]filename

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Computer Workshop-I EXAMPLES: Notice: Users who are running Microsoft Windows 95 and are used to deleted items going to the recycle bin need to keep in mind that deleting files from MS-DOS does not send files to the recycle bin. del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists. del c:\windows\test.tmp = Delete the c:\windows\test.tmp in the windows directory if it exists. del c:\windows\temp\*.* = (* is for wild character(s)) *.* indicates that you would like to delete all files in the c:\windows\temp directory. RESULT:- Thus the above given experiment is studied and performed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Which MS-DOS commands are used to get back into windows? 2. Which MS-DOS commands are used to delete a file or folder?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical 04 Aim:- To work in MS-DOS Editor and execute external command of Disk operating system. Theory: A MS-DOS command is not included in command.com. External commands are commonly external either because they require large requirements and/or are not commonly used commands. Below are examples of MS-DOS external commands currently listed in the Computer Hope database. EDIT: Edit, also known as MS-DOS Editor, is a text editor which comes with MS-DOS (since version 5) and Microsoft Windows. Originally (up to MS-DOS 6.22) it was just a stub that started QBasic in editor mode, but since DOS 7 (Windows 95) it is a standalone program. Although it kept the COM file extension, it is actually an EXE. edit.com is sometimes used as a substitute for Notepad on Windows 9x, where Notepad is limited to small files only. edit.com can edit files that are up to 65,279 lines and up to approximately 5MB in size (MS-DOS versions are limited to approximately 300400KB, depending on how much conventional memory is free). edit can be launched by typing it into the RUN box on Windows, and by typing edit into the command line interface. Edit allows a user to view, create and or modify their computer files.If you are unable to get this program to work, try typing in "path c:\windows\command" SYNTAX: Allows a user to modify the files. EDIT [drive:][path]filename EXAMPLES: edit c:\autoexec.bat = This would look at the autoexec.bat; However, if the file is not found, you will have a blank blue screen. When editing this or any file, ensure that you know what you are placing in the files. Using edit you can also create files; for example, if you wanted to create a file called myfile.txt, you would type: edit myfile.txt <press enter> This would bring up a blank edit screen, as long as the file is saved upon exit this will create the file myfile.txt. DELTREE: Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and directories permanently from the computer. SYNTAX : Deletes a directory and all the subdirectories and files in it. DELTREE [drive:][path]filename EXAMPLES: deltree c:\windows\fake010 = Deletes the fake010 directory and everything in it. 16 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I 3) FORMAT: Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive. SYNTAX: Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS. FORMAT drive name EXAMPLES: When using the format command, remember all information on the drive you wish to format will be completely erased. format a: - Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not been formatted or on a diskette you wish to erase. format a: /q - Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly erase all information on the diskette. format c: - This would erase all the contents of your C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless you wish to erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless you're planning to start over. RESULT:- Thus the above given experiment is studied and performed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS: Which MS-DOS commands are used to determine the size of the file? Which ms-dos commands are used to execute a file from MS-DOS? What is Edit Editor? Explain the difference between Edit Editor and line editor?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical 05 Aim:- Write an experiment to create a batch file and describe the commands used in batch file. Theory: Batch files are files that allow MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows users to create a lists of commands and/or programs to run once the batch file has been executed. For example, a batch file could be used to run frequently run commands, deleting a series of files, moving files, etc. A simple batch file does not require any special programming skills and can be done by users who only know DOS commands. A good example of a batch file for someone who is more familiar with Windows is to think of a batch file as a shortcut in Windows. Much like a shortcut, batch files could be used to run one or more commands and/or programs through the command line.Another example of a very well known batch file is the autoexec.bat, which is a simple boot file loaded each time the computer is loaded on MS-DOS and early Windows computers. This batch file contained all the necessary commands and programs used to run MS-DOS and Windows each time the computer booted. CREATING A BATCH FILE: Microsoft Windows and other users A Windows user can still use the above MS-DOS steps if they wish to create a batch file. If, however, you're more comfortable using Microsoft Windows or your operating system, you can use any text editor, such as notepad or wordpad, to create your batch files, as long as the file extension ends with .bat. In the below example we use the Windows notepad to create a batch file. Click Start Click Run Type "notepad" and press enter. Once notepad is open, type the below lines in the file or copy and paste the below lines into notepad. @echo off echo Hello this is a test batch file pause dir c:\windows Click File and click Save; browse to where you want to save the file. For the file name, type "test.bat", and if your version of Windows has a "Save as type" option,choose "All files", otherwise it will save as a text file. Once all of this has been done click the Save button and exit notepad. Now, to run the batch file, simply double-click or run the file like any other program. Once the batch file has completed running it will close the window automatically. BATCH COMMANDS: Just like all MS-DOS commands, all batch file commands are not case sensitive. However, in the below listing we have listed commands in all caps to help you identify what is a command and what is not.

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Does not echo back the text after the at symbol. This is most commonly used as @ECHO OFF to prevent any of the commands in the batch file from being displayed, just the information needed.

%1

The percent followed by a numeric value, beginning with one, allows users to add variables within a batch file. The below line is an example of what can be used in a batch file. echo Hello %1 When the above one-line batch file is created, add your name after the batch file. For example, typing myname (being the name of the bat file) and then your name: myname bob would output: Hello bob Note: This can be extended to %2, %3, and so on.

:LABLE

By adding a colon in front of a word, such as LABEL, you create a category, more commonly known as a label. This allows you to skip to certain sections of a batch file such as the end of the batch file. Also see GOTO.

CALL

This is used to run another batch file within a batch file. When the batch file that is called is completed, the remainder of the original batch file is completed. Note if the batch file does not exist it will give an error message.

See running different programs for an example of how to use this command. Additional information and the syntax of this command in each version of Windows and CHOICE MS-DOS can be found on our CHOICE command page.

CLS

Just like the DOS command would clear your screen. Additional information and the syntax of this command in each version of Windows and MS-DOS can be found on our CLS command page

HOW TO START WINDOWS FILES AND PROGRAMS FROM A BATCH FILE: To run Microsoft Windows programs or files use the START command. The below example would run Windows Notepad. START /MAX NOTEPAD You can also specify the direct location of the file by typing the below command. 19 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

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START /MAX C:\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE *Windows users who have a different directory (i.e. Windows 2000 users) would need to substitute WINNT or the name of their directory in place of WINDOWS in the above example. The /m representing it to start the window Maximized. See our start command page for additional information about this command. CREATING A BATCH FILE DELAY: Below is an example of how to delay a batch file any where from 5 to 99 seconds. In the below example we illustrate a 5 second delay. TYPE NUL | CHOICE.COM /N /CY /TY,5 >NUL Additionally, you could use the sleep file found on our utility download section. RESULT:- Thus the above given experiment is studied and performed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS:1) How to start windows files and programs from a batch file? 2) How to Create a batch file delay?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical - 06 Aim: BIOS and CMOS settings Theory: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also known as the System BIOS, is a de facto standard defining a firmware interface. The BIOS is boot firmware, designed to be the first code run by a PC when powered on. The initial function of the BIOS is to identify, test, and initialize system devices such as the video display card, hard disk, and floppy disk and other hardware. This is to prepare the machine into a known state, so that software stored on compatible media can be loaded, executed, and given control of the PC. This process is known as booting, or booting up, which is short for bootstrapping.

What BIOS Does? Some of the common tasks that the BIOS perform include: A power-on self-test (POST) for all of the different hardware components in the system to make sure everything is working properly Activating other BIOS chips on different cards installed in the computer - For example, SCSI and graphics cards often have their own BIOS chips. Providing a set of low-level routines that the operating system uses to interface to different hardware devices - It is these routines that give the BIOS its name. They manage things like the keyboard, the screen, and the serial and parallel ports, especially when the computer is booting. Managing a collection of settings for the hard disks, clock, etc. The BIOS is special software that interfaces the major hardware components of your computer with the operating system. It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type of ROM.

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Computer Workshop-I Configuring BIOS To enter the CMOS Setup, you must press a certain key or combination of keys during the initial startup sequence. Most systems use "Esc," "Del," "F1," "F2," "Ctrl-Esc" or "Ctrl-Alt-Esc" to enter setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells you "Press ___ to Enter Setup." Once you have entered setup, you will see a set of text screens with a number of options. Some of these are standard, while others vary according to the BIOS manufacturer. Common options include: System Time/Date - Set the system time and date Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to "Yes" if your computer and operating system both support it Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect Mouse"... Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address Security - Set a password for accessing the computer Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount of time for standby and suspend Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings

CMOS Setup Be very careful when making changes to setup. Incorrect settings may keep your computer from booting. When you are finished with your changes, you should choose "Save Changes" and exit. The BIOS will then restart your computer so that the new setting can activate. 22 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I CMOS If your computer is older and begins losing BIOS configuration settings, it's probably time to replace the CMOS battery. CMOS is an abbreviation for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. Locate your CMOS battery Open the computer case and find the battery on the computer motherboard, verify that it will be accessible and that it can be removed. Most computers today use a coin cell CMOS battery as shown in the image to the right. If you are unable to locate your CMOS battery you will need to refer to your motherboard or computer documentation and/or contact your computer manufacturer for additional assistance in locating it.

Users with computers that do not have removable batteries only options to install a new battery will most likely also need to set a jumper when adding the new battery into their computer. Insert the new battery Once you have purchased a new battery, remove the old battery (as instructed above) and replace it with the new battery. Conclusion: BIOS and CMOS settings are configured. Review Questions: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) What is role of BIOS in DOS operation? How to update the BIOS? How to change the system password? What are different vulnerabilities of BIOS? How can you infect BIOS?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical 07 Aim: Introduction to MS-office and Windows System configuration Theory: Ms-Office provides various tools such as Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Access, Front Page etc. Microsoft Word is Microsoft's word processing software. There are commercially available add-ins that expand the functionality of Microsoft Word. Microsoft Word's native file formats are denoted either by a .doc or .docx file extension. Normal.dot - Normal.dot is the master template from which all Word documents are created. It determines the margin defaults as well as the layout of the text and font defaults. Macros - Word files can include advanced macros and even embedded programs. This extensive functionality can also be used to run and propagate viruses in documents. Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program developed by Microsoft. PowerPoint is widely used by business people, educators, students, and trainers. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of individual pages or "slides". PowerPoint provides three types of movements: 1. Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations 2. Transitions, on the other hand are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways 3. Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move Presentations can be saved and run in any of the file formats: .ppt, .pptx,.pot Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a spreadsheet-application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables and a macro programming language called VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). Programming Excel offers users the useful ability to write code using the programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Programmers write this code using an editor viewed separately from the spreadsheet. VBA also supports simple GUI forms based programming embedded in the spreadsheet so that entire forms based applications can be written in Excel. Bullets and numbering, creating tables, Sub and superscript issues are some of the features of MSOffice.

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Computer Workshop-I Windows System Configuration: The Control Panel is a part of the Microsoft Windows graphical user interface which allows users to view and manipulate basic system settings and controls via applets, such as adding hardware, adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing accessibility options. Additional applets can be provided by third party software. The Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating systems. It allows users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer. When a piece of hardware is not working, the offending hardware is highlighted for the user to deal with. The list of hardware can be sorted by various criteria. For each device, users can: Supply device drivers for the hardware Enable or disable devices Tell Windows to ignore malfunctioning devices View other technical properties Accessing the Device Manager 1. Click Start, then select Settings -> Control Panel 2. Select System applet, then Device Manager tab. Disk Defragmenter is a computer program included in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique commonly known as defragmenting. The purpose is to optimize the time it takes to read and write files to/from the disk by minimizing head travel time and maximizing the transfer rate. The Windows Registry is a database that stores settings and options for Microsoft Windows operating systems. It contains information and settings for hardware, operating system software, most nonoperating system software, and per-user settings. The registry also provides a window into the operation of the kernel, exposing runtime information such as performance counters and currently active hardware. Conclusion: Windows registry is configured and various features of MS-Office are explored. Review Question: 1. 2. 3. 4. What is a windows Registry editor? How to de-fragment a drive in windows? How to load device drivers? What is concept of hyperlink in Ms- Office?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical - 08 Aim: UNIX Operating System Theory: UNIX is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. Overview UNIX operating systems are widely used in both servers and workstations. The UNIX environment and the client-server program model were essential elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual computers. UNIX was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file system; treating devices and certain types of inter-process communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of software tools, small programs that can be strung together through a command line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are known as the UNIX philosophy. Components The UNIX system is composed of several components that are normally packaged together. By including in addition to the kernel of an operating system the development environment, libraries, documents, and the portable, modifiable source-code for all of these components, UNIX was a selfcontained software system. This was one of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching and learning tool and has had such a broad influence. The inclusion of these components did not make the system large the original V7 UNIX distribution, consisting of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of the source code and documentation occupied less than 10MB, and arrived on a single 9-track magnetic tape. The printed documentation, typeset from the on-line sources, was contained in two volumes. The names and file system locations of the Unix components have changed substantially across the history of the system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation is considered by many to have the canonical early structure: Kernel source code in /usr/sys, composed of several sub-components: o conf configuration and machine-dependent parts, including boot code o dev device drivers for control of hardware (and some pseudo-hardware) o sys operating system "kernel", handling memory management, process scheduling, system calls, etc. o h header files, defining key structures within the system and important system-specific invariables 26 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I Development Environment Early versions of Unix contained a development environment sufficient to recreate the entire system from source code: o cc C language compiler (first appeared in V3 Unix) o as machine-language assembler for the machine o ld linker, for combining object files o lib object-code libraries (installed in /lib or /usr/lib) libc, the system library with C run-time support, was the primary library, but there have always been additional libraries for such things as mathematical functions (libm) or database access. V7 Unix introduced the first version of the modern "Standard I/O" library stdio as part of the system library. Later implementations increased the number of libraries significantly. o make build manager (introduced in PWB/UNIX), for effectively automating the build process o include header files for software development, defining standard interfaces and system invariants o Other languages V7 Unix contained a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable arbitraryprecision calculator (bc, dc), and the awk "scripting" language, and later versions and implementations contain many other language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD releases included Pascal tools, and many modern Unix systems also include the GNU Compiler Collection as well as or instead of a proprietary compiler system. o Other tools including an object-code archive manager (ar), symbol-table lister (nm), compiler-development tools (e.g. lex & yacc), and debugging tools. Commands Unix makes little distinction between commands (user-level programs) for system operation and maintenance (e.g. cron), commands of general utility (e.g. grep), and more general-purpose applications such as the text formatting and typesetting package. Nonetheless, some major categories are: o sh The "shell" programmable command line interpreter, the primary user interface on Unix before window systems appeared, and even afterward (within a "command window"). o Utilities the core tool kit of the UNIX command set, including cp, ls, grep, find and many others. Subcategories include: System utilities administrative tools such as mkfs, fsck, and many others User utilities environment management tools such as passwd, kill, and others. o Document formatting Unix systems were used from the outset for document preparation and typesetting systems, and included many related programs such as nroff, troff, tbl, eqn, refer, and pic. Some modern UNIX systems also include packages such as TeX and Ghostscript. o Graphics the plot subsystem provided facilities for producing simple vector plots in a device-independent format, with device-specific interpreters to display such files. Modern UNIX systems also generally include X11 as a standard windowing system and GUI, and many support OpenGL. o Communications Early UNIX systems contained no inter-system communication, but did include the inter-user communication programs mail and write. V7 introduced the early inter-system communication system UUCP, and systems beginning with BSD release 4.1c included TCP/IP utilities. The 'man' command can display a manual page for every command on the system, including itself. 27 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I Documentation UNIX was the first operating system to include all of its documentation online in machine-readable form. The documentation included:
o o

man manual pages for each command, library component, system call, header file, etc. doc longer documents detailing major subsystems, such as the C language and troff

Conclusion: The Unix OS studied and Linux- RedHat is installed successfully. Review Questions: 1. What is Open Source operating system? 2. What are different editors supported by UNIX? 3. Explain the storage structure of UNIX file system 4. How UNIX is different from Windows? 5. What is the role of DOS in UNIX operating system?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical - 9 Aim: Installing LINUX and differentiate Linux with Windows Theory: Linux is predominantly known for its use in servers, although it is installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from embedded devices and mobile phones to supercomputers. Linux distributions, installed on both desktop and laptop computers, have become increasingly commonplace in recent years, partly owing to the popular Ubuntu distribution and the emergence of netbooks.

LINUX vs. WINDOWS Flavors Both Windows and Linux come in many flavors. All the flavors of Windows come from Microsoft; the various distributions of Linux come from different companies (i.e. Linspire, Red Hat, SuSE, Ubuntu, Xandros, Knoppix, Slackware, Lycoris, etc.). Windows has two main lines. The older flavors are referred to as "Win9x" and consist of Windows 95, 98, 98SE,Me and NT. Graphical User Interface Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. See a screen shot of Lycoris and Lindows in action from the Wal-Mart web site. The lynucs.org web site has examples of many substantially different Linux GUIs. Of the major Linux distributions, Lindows has made their user interface look more like Windows than the others. Here is a screen shot of Linux made to look like Windows XP. Then too, there is XPde for Linux which really makes Linux look like Windows. Linux GUI is optional while the Windows GUI is an integral component of the OS. He says that speed, efficiency and reliability are all increased by running a server instance of Linux without a GUI, something that server versions of Windows can not do. In the same article he points out that the detached nature of the Linux GUI makes remote control and remote administration of a Linux computer simpler and more natural than a Windows computer. Text Mode Interface This is also known as a command interpreter. Windows users sometimes call it a DOS prompt. Linux users refer to it as a shell. In general, the command interpreters in the Windows 9x series are very similar to each other and the NT class versions of Windows (NT, 2000, XP) also have similar command interpreters. There are however differences between a Windows 9x command interpreter and one in an NT class flavor of Windows. Linux, like all versions of UNIX, supports multiple command interpreters, but it usually uses one called BASH (Bourne Again Shell). Others are the Korn shell, the Bourne shell, ash and the C shell (pun, no doubt, intended). Installing the Operating System There are three ways to install Windows XP: a clean install, an upgrade install and a repair install. Then, there is a "recovery" install, which is not an install in the true sense of the word but rather the restoration of a disk image backup. A clean install refers to starting with nothing (either an entirely empty hard disk or just an empty partition or just unallocated space on the hard disk) and ending up with just Windows. 29 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I An upgrade install refers to starting with an older version of Windows and ending up with a newer version. Existing data files and applications should not be affected by the upgrade to the newer edition of Windows. A repair install refers to installing the same version of Windows on top of itself. This is used to fix a broken copy of Windows and existing data files and applications are not affected. A "recovery" is typically used to restore a computer to its factory fresh state. All data files are wiped out. All applications installed since the computer was new, are wiped out. All upgrades to Windows itself (patches, service packs) are lost. Applications pre-installed by the computer manufacturer are restored. Originally this was done from CDs, then DVDs. Now it is normally done from a hidden area of the hard disk. There is a huge variation in the Linux installation procedure. Different distributions of Linux have their own installation programs (which may even change with different versions of the same distribution). Installing Linux on a computer without an existing operating system is much easier than installing it on a machine with an existing OS that you want to preserve. File Systems Windows uses FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 and/or NTFS with NTFS almost always being the best choice. The FATx file systems are older and have assorted limitations on file and partition size that make them problematical in the current environment. Linux also has a number of its own native file systems. The default file system for Linux used to be ext2, now it is typically ext3. Other supported file systems includes XFS, JFS, JFFS and Reiser3. Reiser4 is in development.

The ext3 file system is being replaced by ext4. Among the improvements in ext4 is an increase in the maximum filesystem size from 16 terabytes in ext3 to one exabyte. The largest file in ext3 is 2 terabytes, in ext4 it is 16 terabytes. OpenSolaris includes ZFS which seems like a drastic change in file system design. Fragmentation: Windows file systems all suffer from fragmentation, which results in a file being scattered all over the hard disk. Crossing Over: As for supporting each others file systems, Linux can read/write FAT16 and FAT32. When I first wrote this topic, only some Linux distributions could read NTFS partitions. Now more can both read and update NTFS, a feature critical to using Linux as a Rescue CD for a broken copy of Windows.On its own, Windows cannot read partitions formatted with any Linux file system. However, a number of products enable this: Explore2fs by John Newbigin can be used to read Linux ext2 and ext3 partitions. Portable version Ext2Fsd claims to be an Ext2 File System Driver for Windows An open source project, the Ext2 File System Driver for Windows The free Linux Reader for Windows from Disk internals can read the Ext2/Ext3 file systems Portable version The Ext2 Installable File System for Windows is free and provides full read and write access to partitions and floppy disks formatted with either Ext2 or Ext3.

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Computer Workshop-I File Hierarchy: Windows and Linux use different concepts for their file hierarchy. Windows uses a volume-based file hierarchy, Linux uses a unified scheme. Windows uses letters of the alphabet to represent different devices and different hard disk partitions. Under Windows, you need to know what volume (C:, D:,...) a file resides on to select it, the file's physical location is part of it's name. In Linux all directories are attached to the root directory, which is identified by a forward-slash, "/. Every device and hard disk partition is represented in the Linux file system as a subdirectory of the lone root directory. For example, the floppy disk drive in Linux might be /etc/floppy. The root directory lives in the root partition, but other directories (and the devices they represent) can reside anywhere. Removable devices and hard disk partitions other than the root are attached (i.e., "mounted") to subdirectories in the directory tree. This is done either at system initialization or in response to a mount command. There are no standards in Linux for which subdirectories are used for which devices. This contrasts with Windows where the A disk is always the floppy drive and the C disk is almost always the boot partition. Hidden Files: Both support the concept of hidden files, which are files that, by default, are not shown to the user when listing files in a directory. Linux implements this with a filename that starts with a period. Windows tracks this as a file attribute in the file metadata (along with things like the last update date). In both OSs the user can over-ride the default behavior and force the system to list hidden files. Case: Case sensitivity is the same with commands as with file names. When entering commands in a DOS/command window under any version of Windows, "dir" is the same as "DIR". In Linux "dir" is a different command than "DIR". Conclusion: The Linux Vs Windows are identified and Programming in C is performed on Linux machine. Review Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are differences between Linux and Windows? Explain the file system in Linux? How to handle system files in Linux? How to access Windows files from Linux? Explain programming tools provided in Linux.

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Computer Workshop-I Practical - 10 Aim: Networking and various Networking accessories Theory: Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. A network of computers is a group of interconnected systems sharing resources and interacting using a shared communications link. The following are specific reasons for networking PCs: Sharing files Sharing printers and other devices Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the system Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services MODELS OF NETWORK COMPUTING The following are the three models for network computing: Centralized computing Distributed computing Collaborative or cooperative computing IEEE 802.1, 802.3, 802.6 are some of the Networking standards. Networking Accessories: 1. 2. 3. 4. A REPEATER, BRIDGE, OR ROUTER CAT-5 cable Modem LAN card

Conclusion: The various networking accessories are studied. Review Questions: 1. You have a small lab of computers. Each machine is responsible for its own security. What type of network are you running? 2. What is STAR topology? 3. What is MAN? 4. What is the need for networking? 5. What do you mean by i and I?

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Computer Workshop-I Practical - 11 Aim: Multimedia and its applications Theory: Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only use traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms. Categorization of multimedia Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active content progresses without any navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with a computer game or used in self-paced computer based training. Hypermedia is an example of non-linear content. Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer. Major characteristics of multimedia Multimedia presentations may be viewed in person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand. Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator. The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users' experience, for example to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to transcend everyday experience. A laser show is a live multimedia performance. Applications: Creative industries Commercial Entertainment and fine arts 33 Department of CSE/IT NYSSCOER

Computer Workshop-I Education Engineering Industry Mathematical and scientific research Medicine Document Imaging Miscellaneous Conclusion: The multi-media are collection of images and sound with direction and speed. Review Questions: 1. Identify the various fields where multimedia is used? 2. Give one application of Multimedia 3. What is difference between flash and movie?

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