အေနာ္ရထာအရင္ကျမန္မာနိဳင္ငံ

Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
AkdvfrSL;b&Sif\
taemf&xmt&ifu
jrefrmEkdifiH
'kwd,tBudrf
1975? azaz:0g&Dv/
tkyfa& 2000
yef;csDrsKd;nGefYxGef;
bavmuf vGif
tzkH;&kduf oZif
a&mif;aps; ajcmufusyf
ykHESdyfol
xkwfa0ol
OD;ausmfckdif(NrJ-01638)&Jabmfa[mif;
rkd;ausmfatmif ykHESdyfwkduf? 149-37vrf;?
&efukefNrdKU/
OD;aiGqkdif (NrJ-01362)
aqGaqGarmfpmay?
trSwf 210? tcef; 2/
&efuif;-&efukef/
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
pma&;ol\
xkwfa0cJhNyD;aom tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;
1/ acwfopfrmC
1937
2/ jrefrmEkdifiH aus;vufjyKjyifa&;pmwrf;
1939
3/ Oa&my pD;yGm;a&;orkdif;
1942
4/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmforkdif;
1948
5/ Loka Htaikpan
1962
6/ yk*Hrifpmpk okawoDc&D; tpD&ifcHpm
1964
7/ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&m orkdif;
pmwrf;rsm;
1969
a'gufwm OD;omqkdif? a'gufwmtef'&yfwkdYESifhyl;wGJ jyKpkonf/
rmwdum
-AkdvfrSL;b&Sif
-ed'gef;
tydkif; 1
ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwf
tydkif; 2
orkdif;OD; bkHajracwf
tydkif; 3
ya'o&mZf acwfOD;\tp
tykdif; 4
ysLya'o&mZfacwf
tydkif; 5
a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufcJhykH
tykdif; 6
wr'DyEkdifiH wnfaxmifjcif;
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
AkdvfrSL;b&Sif
(1914-1971)
pmtkyo
f nf Akv
d rf LS ;b&Sif aemufq;Hk vufpowfjyKpo
k mG ;Ekid f
cJhaom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ (vufpowf roGm;EkdifcJhaom pmtkyfrSm ]yk*H
acwfjrefrmEkdifiH} jzpfonf/)pmtkyfudk AkdvfrSL;b&Sifonf tcef;i,f
rsm;cGv
J suf ]ynmwefaqmif}r*Zif;wGif OD;pGm tcef;qufoabmrsK;d az:
jycJhonf/ 1968 *RefvrS 1968 Ekd0ifbmtxd jzpfonf/ xkdaemuf
pmtkyf\tqufjzpfaom ]yk*Hacwf jrefrmEkdifiH}udk qufvufa&;om;
jyKpkcJhonf/ odkYaomf tqkH;rowfEkdifrDrSmyif ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh 1971 *sef
e0g&Dv 7&uf nae 5;50em&DtcsdefwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/
AkdvfrSL;b&Sifonf pmayavmuESifh 1935-ckESpf(wuodkvf
ausmif;om;b0)uwnf;u eD;pyfxad wGUcJo
h jl zpfonf/ jrefrmhtvif;ESihf
ol&d,owif;pmwkdY\,k'oefaumvdyfowif;axmuftjzpf 1935 rS
1941txd aqmif&GufcJhNyD; owif;ESifhaqmif;yg; trsm;tjym;udk a&;
om;cJhonf/ wuokdvfausmif;om;b0rSmyif aus;vufawm&Gm jyKjyif
a&;vkyfief;twGuf Soerates of School trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk jyKjyif
bmomjyefonfh]acwfopfrmC}trnf&Sd pmtkyfudk 1937 a&;om;
xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/ ,k'oefaumvdyrf *Zif;wGiv
f nf; aqmif;yg;trsm;a&;
cJNh y;D jrefrmpmt,f'w
D mtjzpfvnf; aqmif&u
G cf \
hJ / ]jcif}trnf&dS vuf
a&;r*Zif;\t,f'w
D mtjzpfvnf; wESpaf qmif&u
G cf ahJ o;onf/ 1938
wGif *syfqifaumvdyfrS ta&SUwkdif;&mZ0ifjzifh 0dZm*kPfxl;&cJhonf/
7
1939 wGif a'gufwmOD;omqkdif? a'gufwmtef'&yfwkdYESifhtwl

]jrefrmEkdifiH aus;vufjyKjyifa&; pmwrf;}udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
*syefacwfwGif tm&Svli,ftpnf;t&kH;\PAvrSL;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? umuG,af &;wyfrawmf ynma&;t&m&St
d jzpfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&u
G cf NhJ y;D zufqpfawmfveS af &;wGiu
f m; wkid ;f 4 &JabmfwOD;tjzpf
awmfvSefa&;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ odkYxrf;aqmif&if;u ]wkdif;
4 owif;pm}udk OD;pD;xkwfa0ao;&kHru awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;twGuf
t&if;&Sifpepf ay:aygufvmykHtaMumif; jzpfaom ]Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;
orkdif;}trnf&Sd usrf;wapmifudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhao;onf/
ppfNyD;acwf a&mufaomf wyfrawmfodkY 0ifa&mufvsuf ppfrSwf
wrf; wyfrSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? NAdwdefEkdifiHqkdif&m jrefrmppfoHrSL;(Akdvf
rSL;BuD;tqifh)tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonf/
]jrefrmEkid if aH wmforkid ;f }udk 1948 jrefrmEkid if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;&onfh
ESpw
f iG f a&;om;jyKpx
k w
k af 0cJo
h nf/ (aemifaomf xkpd mtkyu
f dk wuov
dk f
0ifwef; ausmif;okH;pmtkyftjzpf ESpftwefMum jy|mef;okH;pGJcJhonf/)
wyfrawmfwiG f trIxrf;aepOftwGi;f ]ppfEv
S ;Hk *sme,f}ESi]hf jr0wD
r*Zif;}wkdYwGif ,Ofaus;rI? orkdif;ESifhppfa&;qkdif&m aqmif;yg;trsm; a&;
cJo
h nf/ xkjYd yif ]cav;*sme,f? Armhacwfowif;pmESijhf refrmhtvif;owif;
pm}wkdYwGif cav;oli,frsm;twGuf aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh]ppfynm*sme,f}
wGif ppfa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tvsifrjywf a&;cJhonf/
wyfrawmfrS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;onfhaemufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;
aumfr&Sif usrf;jyKt&m&Sdtjzpf trIxrf;cJhonf/ (onfht&ifu ta&SU
zsm;ESifhjrefrmhorkdif; uxdutjzpfvnf; &efukefwuodkvf trIxrf;cJh
onf/)
8
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
orkdif;aumfr&Sif usrf;jyKt&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf

]orkdif;wHcGef*sme,f}wGif t*Fvdyf jrefrm ESpfbmomwkdYjzifh okawoe
pmwef;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tapmqkH;yk*H,Ofaus;rIESifhjrefrmpmt
aMumif;udk az:jyaom ]avmuxdyfyef}pmtkyfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
vnf;aumif;? yk*Ha&S;a[mif; rifpmrsm;taMumif;az:jyaom ]yk*Hrifpm
pkokawoec&D; tpD&ifcHpm}trnf&Sdpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif; a&;om;jyK
pkcJhonf/ ,if;ESpftkyfudk orkdif;aumfrD&SifrSyif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
xkjdY yif ]jrefrmhp,
G pf u
Hk sr;f }vnf; vlrsK;d pkqidk &f m jynfe,fqidk &f m
ESifhorkdif;qkdif&mtaMumif;t&yfrsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
wuodkvfrsm;tkyfcsKyfa&;rS BuD;rSL;xkwfa0aom ]ynmya'om
pmapmif? 0dZm ESio
hf yd w
H uov
kd f jrefrmpmtoif;? owaA'toif;? rGwf
pvifausmif;om;rsm;toif; ponfwkdYrS xkwfa0aom r*Zif;rsm;ESifh
]aiGwm&D? ynmwefaqmif? vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOf(t*FvdyfESifhjrefrm)
owif;pmwkdYvnf; okawoeaqmif;yg;trsm; a&;om;cJhonf/
Akv
d rf LS ;b&Sio
f nf aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;&m Akv
d rf LS ;b&Si?f OD;b&Sif
[laom uavmiftrnfrsm;tjyif pHatmif? Akv
d rf LS ;P? armifyifwnf?
okawoD? wkdif; 4&Jabmfa[mif;? uif;axmufarmif? 0&D;pH[laom u
avmiftrnfcGJrsm;jzifhvnf; a&;om;cJhonf/
Akv
d rf LS ;b&Sirf mS tpvmrfomoem0if wkid ;f &if;om;jrefrmtrsK;d
om;wOD;jzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmEkdifiHtpvmrf omoema&;aumifpD
XmecsKyf\taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpfvnf; uG,fvGefcsdeftxd
aqmif&GufchJonf/
uG,fvGefcsdef AkdvfrSL;b&SifwGif ZeD;a':cifarBuD;(owaA'
Xme uxdu)ESifhom; armifPfxdef? orD; rPfopf? reDvm? rat;
9
at;? raxG;axG;wkdYu usef&pfcJhonf/

Akv
d rf LS ;b&Sio
f nf ysO;f rem;NrKd U &Gmaumuf&yfZmwdjzpfNy;D ausmif;
tkyfq&mBuD;OD;[def;? a':apm&ifwkdYrS 1914wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/
uG,v
f eG cf sed f jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f aumfr&Siw
f iG f ]tapmydik ;f jrefrm
EkdifiHorkdif;}usrf;udk jyKpkaeqJ jzpfonf/
10
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ed'gef;
OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf
t&nftjcif; wlnMD uaom ta0;ckef tm;upm;orm;ESpOf ;D wGif
t&Sdefaumif;pGm ,lEkdifaom &Snfonfhtajy;vrf;aumif;&Sdolu ,if;uJh
odkYaom ajy;vrf;rsKd;r&Sdolxuf ykda0;a0; ckefEkdifrnfom jzpfonf/
tvm;wlyif Ekid if w
H ck\wk;d wufrt
I wGuv
f nf; t&Sed af umif;udk ay;Ekid f
rnfh tpOftvmvrf;aMumif;wnf;[laom aemufco
H rkid ;f pOf&&dS efvadk y
onf/ acwfajymif;awmfveS af &; umvtwGi;f jrefrmhq&dk ,
S v
f pfvrf;
pOftm;jzifh uREyfk w
f EYdk idk if H vkyo
f m;jynfow
l \
Ydk Bu;D yGm;wk;d wufa&;twGuf
a&SUokcYd sw
D ufpeG pYf m;aqmif&u
G af erIrsm;udk t&Sed af umif;ay;Ekid rf nfh uREyfk f
wkdY\aemufcHorkdif;pOfonf &SdcJhygoavm/ &SdcJhygu rnfrQ &Snf&Snfa0;
a0;&Sd rnfrQaumif;rGefaom orkdif;pOf jzpfygoenf;/
orkdif;pOf[lonf
orkdif;pOfqkd&mwGif 'Em&DrqH? ,kHwrf;pum;vnf; r[kwf ckdif
vkaH om taxmuftxm;&S
d obm0usaom orkid ;f pOf? odyeH nf;usus
ppfaq;vmvQifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sdaom vkyfom;jynfolwkdY\orkdif;pOfudk
qkv
d ydk gonf/ uREyfk w
f \
Ydk Ekid if u
H kd NAw
d o
d Qe,fcsUJ wkYd Bu;D pk;d cJph Ofu a&;om;
cJah om Oa&myom; orkid ;f q&mwk\
Yd jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f wkw
Yd iG f taxmuf
txm;&Sd obm0usaom jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdY\orkdif;pOfonf yk*H t
aemf&xmrif;Bu;D (11&mpkEpS rf sm;)ESiphf cJo
h nf[k qkMd uonf/ olwo
Ydk o
d rQ
11
&Ekid o
f rQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t&om qkcd MhJ ujcif; jzpfayrnf/ ol
wk\
Yd tqkt
d &qkv
d Qif uREyfk w
f \
Ykd orkid ;f pOfonf ESpaf ygif; 900rQom Mum
anmif;cJhao;onf[k em;vnf&ygonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdY\orkdif;tp
a&S;acwf jrefrmEkdifiH&mZ0ifq&mwkdYurl uREkfyfwkdY\orkdif;pOf
onf jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmfrwkdifrD (6&mpkbDpD)uyifponf[k
tpOftvmt& qkdjyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;tqkdjyKcsufxufyifapm uREkfyf
wdkY\orkdif;pOfonf rpcJhoavm/
ajrxJyifv,fta&SUydkif;&Sd tD*spf? abbDvkHpaom EkdifiHwkdYwGif
vlwkdY\ordkif;pOfonf bDpD 4000 ausmfu pcJhaMumif; ckdifvkHaom t
axmuftxm;rsm;t& odEkdifonf/ tvm;wlyif w&kwfjynf a0jrpf0Srf;
wGiv
f nf;aumif;? taemufygupwefjynf tdEK jrpf0rS ;f wGiv
f nf;aumif;
vlwkdY\orkdif;pOfonf bDpD 3000 ausmfu pcJhaMumif; az:xkwfay;
onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGUcJh&NyDjzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufrwkdifrDuyif uREkfyfwdkY\orkdif;pOf pcJh
onf[al om a&S;acwf&mZ0ifq&mwk\
Yd tqkrd mS odyeH nf;uspmG ppfaq;
jcif;udk cHEkdifrIr&Sdaom tqkdjzpfonf[k tcsKdUu apm'uwufcJhMu\/
odyHenf;uspGm avhvmod&Sd&aom a&S;OD;vlrsm;? ausmufacwfa[mif;
ausmufacwfv,f ausmufacwfopfvrl sm;jzpfonfh orkid ;f rwifraD cwf
vlw\
Ydk taMumif;udk tjcm;tjcm;aom Ekid if w
H w
Ydk iG f awGU&SEd idk o
f vkd uREyfk f
wkdYEkdifiHwGifvnf; rawGU&SdEkdifoavm/
12
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
vlwkdY\orkdif;pOf[l&m touf&SifaerItwGuf ,if;vlwkdYu

BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhykHrsm; taMumif;yif jzpfonf[k &dk;&kd;yif em;vnf
Ekdifayonf/ touf&Sifae&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;qkdonfrSm pm;0wfaea&;t
wGuf zefw;D aqmif&u
G rf rI sm;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;okaYd qmif&u
G &f mwGif ukef
xkwfpGrf;tm;rsm;? ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;udk tenf;enf;tzkHzkHwDxGif t
okH;jyKvmcJhMu&onf/ wGif ukefvkyfqufqHa&;onf rvGJraoGay:
aygufvm&onf/ ,if;ukefvkyfqufqHa&;\enf;ESifhtoGifwkdYudk tajc
jyK vlwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYonf ykHwnf
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ajymif;vGJvmcJh&onf/ jzpfpOf jzpf&yfwkdYrSm t
qef;wMu,f tHhbG,fo&Jjzpf&yfrsm; r[kwf/ jzpf&kd;jzpfpOftwkdif; jzpfcJh
onfhomrefjzpfpOf?obm0usaom jzpfpOf? &kd;&kd;uav; jzpfysufvmcJh
aom jzpfpOfom jzpfonf/ jzpfpOfonfyifvQif vlwkdY\orkdif; jzpf
onf/
taemf&xmt&ifu
Oa&mywkdufom; orkdif;q&mwkdYu ckdifvkHaom jrefrmEkdifiH\
orkid ;f pOfonf taemf&xmrif;Bu;D vufxufavmufurS ponf[k qkcd hJ
onfjzpf&m taemf&xmrif;BuD; rwkdifrDu uREkfyfwkdY\orkdif;pOfonf
rnfokdY&SdcJhoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdY\ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;? pD;
yGm;a&;pepfESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYonf rnfodkY&SdcJhoenf;/ uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHwGif
rnfonfu
h mvavmufup vlwaYdk exkid v
f mcJMh uoenf;/ orkid ;f rwif
rDacwfu vlwdkY\pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;b0wkdYonf rnfokdY&SdcJhoenf;/
uREyfk w
f EYdk idk if w
H iG f orkid ;f wifacwfonf rnfonft
h csed af vmufu pwif
cJo
h enf;/ orkid ;f wifacwfponfrS taemf&xmrif;Bu;D vufxuf(11&m
pkat'D)txd uREkfyfwkdYEkdifiHom;wkdY\jzpfpOfonf rnfokdY&SdcJhoenf;/
tar;wkdY\ tajzrsm;udk odvkdMurnfom jzpfayonf/
13
odyHenf;usus ppfaq;jcif;udk cHEkdifaom ckdifvkHonfhrl&if; t

axmuftxm;rsm;ESifhtudk;tum;rsm; &SdrSom ,if;tar;rsm;udk ajzqkd
Ekdifcsdrfhrnf/
,if;odkY ajzEkdifpGrf;&Sdaprnfh taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdygovm;/
&Sdygonf/ ESHYESHYpyfpyf jynfhjynhfpkHpkH &SmazGavhvmjcif;? wl;az:avhvmjcif;
rjyKEkdifao;onfhwkdifatmif ajrjyifvTmay:rS tvG,fwul aumuf,l&
&SEd idk af om a&S;a[mif;taxmuftxm;rsm; tawmftoifh &Sad eygonf/
xkdYjyif qufpyf,l&rnfhbmomaA'ESifhrEkaA'taxmuftxm;rsm;
udkvnf; tawmftoifh &SmazGEkdifygonf/
vufvrS ;f rDo
S rQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tajcjyK uREyfk f
wkEYd idk if t
H wGi;f aexkid o
f mG ;cJMh uaom orkid ;f rwifraD cwfvrl sm;ESit
hf aemf
&xmrif;BuD;vufxuftxd jzpfaom orkdif;wifacwftwGif; aexkdifcJh
Muaom a&S;vlwkdYtouf&SifaerItwGuf vkH;yrf;cJhMu&ykHwkdYudk az:jy&m
jzpfaom xkda&S;a[mif;vlwkdY\ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m
taMumif;jcif;wrsm;udk acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&; qifETJvsuf&SdMuukef
aom vkyo
f m;jynfow
l x
Ydk H tMurf;tm;jzifh wifjy&ef[al om OD;wnfcsuf
jzifh ]taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH}(jrefrmEkdifiH acwfa[mif;orkdif;)
pmwef;rsm;udk a&;om;jyKpk&jcif; jzpfygaMumif;/
14
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tydkif;(1)
ta&SUawmiftm&S
ausmufacwf
15
jynfaxmifpkorkdif;[lonf
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if \
H orkid ;f qk&d m vlrsm;pkjzpfaom jrefrm
pum;udk ajymqkdol wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\orkdif;udkom qkdvkdonfr[kwfyg/
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHtjzpfyg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;tyfaom jynfaxmifpk
wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;wkdY tusKH;0ifaomorkdif;jzpfonf/ tjriftm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? ajymqkdaom bmompum;t&vnf;aumif; wdkif;&if;
om;wk\
Yd toGit
f rsK;d rsK;d aqmif uGjJ ym;oa,mif&\
dS / pD;yGm;a&;tajc
taeESifh,Ofaus;rItoGifwkdYwGifvnf; qlMuKHedrfhjrifh tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;wGif
a&mufvsuf&SdMu\/
,if;odkY uGJjym;jcm;em;vifhupm; wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;wkdY\
,Ofaus;rIwo
Ydk nfvnf;aumif;? orkid ;f pOfonfvnf;aumif;? wenf;qkd
aomf jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rIonfvnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpkorkdif;pOf
onfvnf;aumif; wlnDaom t&Sdeft[kef odkYr[kwf tpOftvmay:
wGif wnfaeonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ ,if;wkdY\tajccHrSmvnf; rl&if;tm;
jzifh wlnDonfom jzpf\/
wdkif;&if;om;wkdY\pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerIb0ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk
ajymif;vJapcJah om taMumif;w&m;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? tpOftvm
wkdYonfvnf;aumif; xyfwlxyfrQom &SdcJhonfjzpf\/
16
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tpudk &Smaomf
jynfaxmifp,
k Ofaus;rIEiS jhf ynfaxmifpo
k rkid ;f pOf\tponf t
b,fenf;/ rnfodkY pwifcJh rnfodkYtqifhqifh ajymif;vJvmcJhoenf;/
taMumif;udk avhvm&mwGif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHwck
wnf;udk uGu
f avhvm&ef rjzpfEidk af y/ ,ckacwfwiG f tjynfjynfqidk f
&m e,fedrdwfrsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;xm;aom ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHwkdYudk w
uGw
J jym;pD jrifawGUae&onf/ orkid ;f \acwfumv twkid ;f tqESiMhf unfh
aomf ,if;odkYe,fedrdwfqGJ uGJjym;vmonfrSm raeYwaeYuudprsKd;om
jzpfonf/
yx0Dtaetxm;t& jrefrmEkdifiHonf ta&SUawmiftm&S&Sd
avm? ,dk;',m;? rav;? uarm'D;,m;? awmifESifhajrmufAD,uferfEkdifiH
wkdYESifha&? ajrwaMumwnf; wpyfwnf; wajy;wnf; jzpfonf/ odkY
wpyfwnf;&Sad om ta&SUawmiftm&SwiG f a&S;acwfa[mif;twGi;f u vl
wkdY\vIyf&Sm;a&TUajymif;aexkdifrI? ,Ofaus;rIpwifykHwnfrI? jyefYESHYrIESifh
ajymif;vJrIwkdYrSm EkdifiHudkvkduf woD;wjcm;pDjzpfay:vmcJhjcif;r[kwf/
Murf;wajy;wnf; &Sdonfhtm;avsmfpGm wavQmuf wajy;wnf; jzpfay:
ajymif;vJcJhjcif;om jzpfonf/
odjYk zpf jynfaxmifpEk idk if \
H acwfO;D ydik ;f orkid ;f udk avhvm&mwGif
ta&SUawmftm&Sw&yfvkH;ESifh[yf qufpyf avhvm&ef vkdtyfonf
[kqkdjcif;jzpfonf/
17
ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhvltp
vlonf t"dujzpfonf/ vlonf orkdif;udk zefwD;olvnf; jzpf
onf/ jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f \tpudq
k v
dk Qif ta&SUawmiftm&Sorkid ;f \tp
udk qkd&rnf/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sorkdif;tpudkqkdvQif xkda'o\vlwkdY\
tpESifhyif pwif&rnfjzpfonf/
AkdeD,kduRef;
ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif urmOD;vl\tpudk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/
dS nf/ a&S;OD;vlwYdk
Aked ,
D u
dk Re;f \taemufyikd ;f wGif eDtm;1 [kac:aom*l&o
aeoGm;cJah om*ljzpfonf/ *lwiG f wl;az:awGU&aom taxmuftxm;
udk a&'D,kdumbGefenf;ESifhprf;oyfMunfhaomtcg c&pfray:rDESpfaygif;
2195 cefYu[k twefckdifvkHpGm od&onf/
*sm;0g;vl2 rS rEkvlom;3
xufapmonf[k ,lq&aom vl\tpudk *sm;0g;uRef;wGif
awGU&onf/ *sm;0g;uRef; qkdvkd4jrpf0Srf;wGif urmOD;vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf
<uif;udk awGUcJ&h onf/ xku
d rmOD;vlukd *sm;0g;vl[k ac:onf/ xkjd rpf0rS ;f
wGifvnf;aumif;? *sm;0g;uRef;awmifydkif; 0'fh*suf5a'owwGifvnf;
aumif;? MopaMw;vswkduf r,fvbkef;NrdKUteD; uJavm6a'owGifvnf;
aumif; urmOD;vltqifhrS rEkvlom;tqifhodkY tqifhqifh ajymif;
vJwkd;wufvmaomvlwkdY\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;rsm;udk awGUcJh&onf/
1. Niah
2. Pithican-throid
3. Homo Sapien
4. Solo
5. Wadjak 6. Keilor
18
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
vlay:aygufNyD;aemuf tqifhqifhajymif;vJcJhykH
ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vlay:aygufcJhNyD;aemuf tqifhqifwkd;
wufajymif;vJcyhJ u
Hk o
kd rkid ;f rwifraD cwf blrad A'ynm&Siw
f u
Ydk odjYk zpf
cJh[efwlonf[k ,lqMu\/
a&S;OD;pGm *sm;0g;vl\toGifrS qkdvkdvltoGif1? ,if;rS 0'f*suf
uJavm rEkvlom;toGifodkY a&mufvmcJh\/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif
a&S;tusq;Hk aom rEkvlom;wkrYd S ajymif;vJvmaomtoGirf S ,aeY
wkdif &Sdaeaom MopaMwvRduf2vl\toGifjzpfonf/
NrdwfuRef;pk&Sd qvkHrav;wkdYwGifvnf;aumif;? rav;uRef;qG,f
tv,fydkif; awmeuftwGif;ae qudkif3vlwkdYwGifvnf; MopaMwvRduf
vlwkdY\toGifudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUEkdifayonf/
a&S;OD;vlwkdYjyefYESHYcJhykH
,ckacwfwiG f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;uRe;f pkonf ta&SUawmiftm&Suek ;f r
ESifhyifv,fjcm;vsuf &Sd\/ a&S;usvSaom acwfwacwfuaomf wpyf
wajy;wnf; &SdcJhonf[k blrdaA'ynm&SifwkdYu qkdMu\/ a&S;OD;vlwkdY
onf wae&mwnf;wGif pGJpGJNrJNrJaecJhjcif;r&Sd/ jyefYESHY oGm;vmaecJhMu
[efwo
l nf/ taMumif;rSm *sm;0g;vlwx
Ydk uf wk;d wufaeaom tjcm;
vlwkdY\taxmuftxm;wkdYudk tjcm;a'orsm; awGUcJh&jcif;aMumifhjzpf
ayonf/
w&kwjf ynf yDuif;NrKd UteD; csLudw
k ,ef*w
l w
Ykd iG f awGU&aomurm
1. Solo Man
2. Australoid
3. Sakai
19
OD;vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;wkdYrSm *sm;0g;vlxuf wkd;wufaeaMumif;od&

\/ vludk yDuif;vl[k ac:Muonf/ xkdrSwyg; ,ckajrmufAD,uferf
\ajrmufydkif;wGif yDuif;vlESifhqufonfhausmufjzpf&kyf<uif; vl\oGm;
rsm;udk awGUcJh&jyefonf/
a&S;OD; vla&pD;aMumif;rsm;
taxmuftxm;wku
Yd kd tajcjyK a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;
u ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vlrsm;ay:xGef;cJhonf/ a&TUajymif;oGm;vmcJh
Muonf/ vlwkdY\a&TUajymif;oGm;vmrIwnf;[laom vla&pD;aMumif;wkdY
tajrmuftjrm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;a&pD;aMumif;wkdYrSm t&yfrsufESmwzuf
wnf;odkYom pD;qif;onfr[kwf/ t&yfrsufESmtoD;oD;odkY &IyfaxG;pGm
pDqif;cJhMuonf/ vla&pD;aMumif;wkdY awGUqkHaygif;pnf;rdonfvnf; &Sd
onf/ wckudkwcku wGef;vSefy,f&Sm;ypfonfvnf; &Sdonf/ vrf;vTJypf
onfvnf; &Sdonf/
vlom;wko
Yd nf tpOfwpdu
k f vIy&f mS ;a&TUajymif;cJMh uonfomjzpf
\/ touf&iS Ef idk af &;ESib
hf 0wnfwefrY t
I wGuf cGet
f m;udk tok;H jyKvsuf
wDxiG f Muq
H rIwu
Ydk kd jyKc&hJ onf/ tawGUtMuKw
H nf;[laom q&m\enf;
vrf;jyrIaMumifh b0\vkjH cKrH t
I wGuf topftqef;jzpfaom aqmif&u
G f
rIrsm;onf ay:aygufcJh&onf/ odYkjzifh vlY,Ofaus;rI\tponf jzpf
cJhonf/
vlom;\pGrf;yum;okH;rI
a&S;vlwdkYaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&Sonf touf0if vIyf
vIyf&Sm;&Sm; &SdcJh\/ xl;jcm;qef;us,faom vIyf&Sm;rI? us,fjyefYaom vIyf
&Sm;rIrsm; &SdcJhonf/ vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;wGif vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Of
aus;rIqkdif&m vIyf&Sm;rItrsm; yg0ifvmcJhonf/ onfwkdYum; vlay:
xGef; tpkvkduf a&GUvsm;vSnfhvnfMupOfuwnf;uyif jzpfonf/
20
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
odYk urmOD;vlom;wk\
Yd vIy&f mS ;a&TUajymif;oGm;vmrIEiS v
hf o
l m;\pGr;f yum;
udk tokH;jyKrIwkdYwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sonf urmhtjcm;a'orsm;xuf
ydkrkdvGefuJonf[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHESifha&S;OD;vl
ta&SUawmiftm&Svlom;wkdY\ vIyf&Sm;rIESifh,Ofaus;rI\tp
wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf rnfodkYyg0ifcJhoenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif urmOD;vl
\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;udk rawGU&ao;yg/ orkdif;rwifrDacwf urmOD;
wd&pmefwdkY\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;rsm;udkum; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wGif trsm;
tjym;awGUcJh&onf/ vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;udk rawGU&aomfvnf; t
xufwGif qkdcJhaom vla&pD;aMumif;rsm; pD;qif;onfhrlt& jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif a&S;OD;vlrsm; &SdoGm;cJhonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/ txl;ojzifh xkdvlwkdY
xm;&pfcahJ om oJveG pf taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGU&Sx
d m;&NyjD zpf&m jref
rmEkdifiH a&S;OD;vlrsm;aexkdifoGm;cJhMuonf[laom tcsufudk oHo,
jzpf&efrvkday/
ausmufacwfOD;
,if;a&S;OD;vlwkdY xm;&pfcJhonfhoJvGefp taxmuftxm;rsm;
qko
d nfrmS xkv
d w
l b
Ydk 0&yfwnfrt
I wGuf tok;H jyKcMhJ uaom ausmufMurf;
vufeufrsm;yif jzpfonf/ od&orQaomf vlwkdYonf ausmufMurf;
vufeufrsm;ukd ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;tjzpf trsm;tpm; a&S;OD;vufrGef
okH;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf ausmufMurf;vufeuf tokH;jyKonfh vl
wdkY\acwfumvudk ausmufacwfOD;[k ac:Muonf/
vufeuf[k qkdapumrl ykHoPmef az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sd/ qkyfEkdif
udik Ef idk t
f &G,&f adS om yifu,
dk t
f wkid ;f jzpfonfah usmufw;Hk i,frsm;omjzpf
onf/ omreftm;jzifh vufeufudk &kd;&kd;ausmufwkH;i,fESifhcGJjcm;&ef
21
rvG,u
f al y/ obm0tavsmufyg&Sad om tpGe;f bufwiG f qkwcf mG onfh
enf;jzifh rnDrnm toGm;ozG,f az:xm;jcif;omvQif xl;jcm;onf/
MunfhwwfrS ,if;toGm;ygaMumif;? toGm;udk ckwfpOf;&mwGif tokH;jyK
cJhaMumif; odomEkdifygonf/
ukefxkwfu&d,mausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;udk jyKvkyfaom
ausmuftrsKd;tpm; 2-rsKd;&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ wrsKd;rSm opfyif\
ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;jzpfaom tifMuif;ausmuf jzpfonf/ ayyif? xef;
yifrSjzpfaom ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif; vufeuftcsKdUudkyif awGU&onf/ t
jcm;wrsK;d rSm qDvu
D mygaom rD;awmufausmufrsK;d 1jzpfonf/ ausmuf
rsKd;ESifhjyKvkyfaom ausmufMurf;vufeufrsKd;udk ydkawGU&onf/
ausmufacwfO;D vlwYdk xm;&pfcahJ om vufeufrsm;udk rk;d acgif
a&&Sm;&yf0ef; {&m0wDjrpfrsm;\urf;yg;qifhrsm;wGif trsm;tpm;awGU&
onf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;vnf; tenf;tusOf;awGU&onf/ odkYjzpf
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f ausmufacwfO;D vlwo
Ydk nf rk;d acgifa&&Sm;&yf0ef; {&m0wD
jrpf\urf;yg;qifhrsm;ESifh&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;wGif aeoGm;cJhMuonf[k qkd
bG,f&m&Sdonf/
tnmom;(tnmoD,ef),Ofaus;rI2
ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiH
ausmufacwfOD;vlwkdY\,Ofaus;rIudk orkdif;rwifrDacwf ynm&SifwkdYu
tnmom;(tnmoD,ef),Ofaus;rI[k uifyGef;wyfxm;Mu\/
ausmufvufeufrsm;udak wGU&onfah jrvTmtqifrh sm;udk blrad A'
ynmt&qef;ppfvnf;aumif;? ausmufvufeufwkdY\t&G,fuGJjym;rI
1. Silicifide Tuff
2. Anyathian Culture
22
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
udkaxmufvnf;aumif;? tnmom;,Ofaus;rIudk tapmydkif;acwfESifh

aemufydkif;acwf[k acwfESpfacwf cGJjcm;xm;onf/
wzef tvm;wlyif tapmydkif;acwfudk tqifhokH;qifh? aemuf
ydkif;acwfudk tqifhESpfqifh xyfrH cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/
aemufydkif;acwfwGif ausmufvufeufwkdYonf t&G,fi,fvm
onf/ ok;H pGo
J nfeh nf;vnf; ydrk rdk sm;jym;vmonf/ ydrk adk umif;rGev
f monf/
vufESifhqkyfudkifom okH;onf/ tydkvufudkif&kd;wyf okH;jcif;rsKd;r&SdcJh
ay/ pif;&ef? ckwf&ef? cGJ&ef? jcpf&efwkdYtwGuf okH;cJh[efwlaom vufeuf
rsm;ygonf/
wpkwpnf;wnf;&SdcJhaom ta&SUawmiftm&S
ausmufacwfOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGifomru ,kd;',m;EkdifiH? r
av;uRef;qG,f? *sm;0g;uRef;? qJvJADuRef;? AkdeD,kduRef;ESifhzdvdpfydkifuRef;
wkdYwGifvnf; ay:xGef;cJh\/ EkdifiHtoD;oD;wGif aexkdifcJhMuaom
ausmufacwfO;D vlwo
Ydk nf tcsi;f csi;f qufqrH &I MdS uonf[q
k Edk idk \
f /t
aMumif;rSm a'oyif a0;uGmjcm;aomfvnf; tokH;jyKaomausmufvuf
eufwdkYrSm trsKd;tpm; ykHoPmefESifhtxl;ojzifh toGm;az:eef;wkdYwGif
vGepf mG wlaeonf/ ausmufvufeufwrYdk mS tm;vk;H obm0taetwkid ;f
&Sdaom yifudk,fausmufwkH;i,frsm;om jzpfMuonf/
tcsufu ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif tvGefa&S;usaom umv
uwnf;u vla&pD;aMumif;rsm; pD;qif;aecJhonf/ vlwkdY\vIyf&Sm;a&TU
ajymif; oGm;vmrI&SdcJhonf[laomtcsufudk axmufcHaeayonf/ xkdrS
wyg; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oonf ausmufacwfOD;u wpkwpnf;
wnf;usaom wrsKd;wnf;jzpfaom orkdif;toGifaqmifaeonfudk xif
&Sm;apayonf/
23
ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfOD;onf w&kwfjynftm&S t

v,fyikd ;f wkEYd iS v
hf nf; tquftoG,f &Scd [
hJ efw\
l / taMumif;rSm w&kwf
jynfawmifydkif; ,DusifESifhcsKHuifpyfMum; ,efpDjrpfurf;yg;? w&kwfjynf
ajrmufyikd ;f csLudw
k ,ef*?l &Sepf ED iS &hf eJS pf pD yfMum; jrpf0gjrpf0rS ;f a'oESit
hf m&S
tv,fydkif; Moa'gh(pf)a'owkdY awGU&aom ausmufacwfOD;vufeuf
wko
Yd nf ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfO;D vufeufwEYdk iS w
hf al omaMumifh
wnf;/
taemufESifhuGJjym;csuf
f nf; tvm;
taemufygupwef? yef*syef ,f pdt
k ef1jrpf0rS ;f wGiv
wl ausmufacwfOD;vufeufwkdYudk awGUcJh&onf/ odkYaomf xl;jcm;aom
uGJjym;rI&Sd\/ ,if;wkdYrSm ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfOD;vufeufwkdY
udk ausmufwkH;\rsufESmwzufwGifom qwfcGm toGm;az:onf/
aqmufoGm;\ oabmrsKd;jzpfonf/ pdktefausmufvufeuftcsKdUrSm
ausmufwkH;\ rsufESmESpfzufvkH;udk qwfcGm toGm;az:xm;onf/
ausmufykqdefoabm jzpfonf/ vufeufrsKd;rSm Oa&myESifhtmz&du
ausmufacwfOD;wkdY\xl;jcm;aom trSwftom; jzpfonf/
taemufa'o ausmufacwfO;D ESirhf wlaom tcsurf mS jrefrm
EkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vufeufudkif ausmufykqdefrsKd; r&SdcJhjcif;
yif jzpfonf/
ausmufacwfOD; ,Ofaus;rI
ausmufacwfO;D wGif jrefrmEkid if H tnmoD,ef(tnmom;),Of
aus;rI pwifcJh\/ xkdacwfvlwdkY\b0&yfwnfrItwGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif
&GufrIrsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rItajctaeudk qkd&m xkdacwf vlwkdY tokH;jyKcJh
1. Soan
24
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
aomausmufvufeufypn;f wdu
Yk o
kd mvQif taxmuftxm;jyK cefrY eS ;f
az:jyEkid af yrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xifjrif,q
l csuw
f u
Ydk kd csichf sed jf yKvyk f
om qkdEkdifayrnf/
tpm&SmazG pkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0
vlwkdYonf tpmudk &SmazGpkaqmif;EkdifonfhtqifhwGifom &SdMu
ao;onf/ tajcwpkduf aexkdifjcif;r&Sdao;/ vSnfhvnfoGm;vm t
ouf&iS af exkid rf u
I kd vk;H yrf;Mu&onf/ rsm;jym;vSaom obm0tE&m,f
tMum;wGif olwkdYtrSDo[J jyKEkdifaom tultnDwkdYrSm ausmufMurf;
vufeufrsm; rD;ESi,
hf Ofyg;vmaom acG;wkaYd vmufom &Scd ahJ yrnf/ acw
em;ck&d mwGif rD;&IUd awm&Si;f jcif;? om;&Jw&d pmefrsm;udk a0;&modEYk iS jf cif;?
opfyifjrifrh sm;wGif todu
k t
f tkzH UJG tdyjf cif;wku
Yd kd jyKc&hJ ayrnf/ ausmuf
*lrsm;? ausmufaqmif&dyfrsm;rSmvnf; olwkdYuGef;cdkcJh&m ae&mrsm;jzpfay
rnf/
t0wftpm;
0wfpm;qif,ifrI[lum; &SdOD;rnfrxif/ 0g;yif? MuHyif? udkif;
yifwkdYuJhodkYaom obm0ayguftyifwkdY\tokH;udkom olwkdYodcJhMu[ef
wl\/ olwkdYydkifqkdif tNrJwap xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfh yk*vduykdifypnf;
rsKd;um; r&Sdao;[k qkdEkdifonf/ olwkdY\toufarG;rIrSm trJvkdufjcif;?
opfoD;0vH&SmazGpm;aomufjcif;wkdYavmufom &SdcJhayrnf/ xkdacwfvl
wkdYonf tom;tjyif ozef;oD;? wnfoD;? iSufaysmoD;? ydef;O? arsmuf
O? jrufoD;ESifhrIdESifhMuHyif? yifv,furf;ESifha&em;wGif aeMuolwkdYonf
ig;? c&k? a,mufoGm; paom a&ow0grsm;ESifhtkef;oD;avmufudkom
pm;okH;cJhonf[k ,lq&\/
25
vlaerItzGJUtpnf;
vkdtyfvmvQif pkaygif;aqmif&Guf cGJa0pm;okH;MuonfrSty
olw\
Ydk vlUtzGUJ tpnf;rSm tkypf o
k abmrQom &Sad yrnf/ tdraf xmifonf
b0? rdom;pkb0[l &Sd[efrwlay/ olwkdY\b0rSm tvGefa&S;usvS
aom 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm; bkHb0\tpjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/
ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,kHMunfrI
olw\
Ydk ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &;? olw\
Ydk ukev
f yk u
f &d,mESiu
hf ek v
f yk f
pGrf;tm;wkdYrSmvnf; txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; &kd;&kd;ESifh&Sif;&Sif;yifjzpf
onf/ xl;jcm;aom ,kHMunfrIvnf; &Sd[efrwl/ tHhbG,fo&J&Sd cefYnm;
BuD;rm;onfhanmifyifuJhodkYaom tyifBuD;rsm;udk aMumuf&GHUav;pm;rI
um; pwifcJhayNyD[k ,lq&\/
ausmufacwfO;D \umvtydik ;f tjcm;udk twdtus rqkEd idk af o;
ay/ yvkdif;pwkd;pD;1uyf\tv,fydkif;ESifhtay:ydkif;umvwkdYwGif ay:
aygufcJhonf[k cefYrSef;Mu\/
ausmufacwfv,f
ausmufacwfOD;jzpfaom tnmom;,Ofaus;rIonf jrefrmEkdif
iHwiG f axmifEiS chf s
D ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm Mumanmif;cJ\
h / b0tawGUtMuKH
wkdYu olwkdY\todudk wkd;wufapcJhonf/ wDxGifrIudk jzpfapcJhonf/ vl
onf b0wnfNrJa&;twGuf tajctaeESifhywf0ef;usifwkdYESifhpyf[yfrd
atmif jyKjyifvmcJMh uonfom jzpfayrnf/ odaYk jymif;vJrw
I o
Ydk nf jzpf
cJh\/ ajymif;vJrIqkd&m t"duajymif;vJrIrSm ukefxkwfu&d,mjzpfaom
ausmufvufeufrsm; ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf/
1. Pleistocene
26
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
vlb
Y 0onf yd
k axGjym;vmonfEiS t
hf rQ tok;H jyKaom ukex
f w
k f
u&d,monfvnf; tokH;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhudkufnDatmif ajymif;vJvmonf/
ausmufvufeufwkdY\ykHoPmef? tokH;ESifhpGrf;tm;wkdYonf wkd;wuf
aumif;rGefvmcJh\/ ,if;odkYajymif;vJonfESifhtrQ vlwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;b0?
vlraI &;b0onfvnf; ajymif;vmonf/ odjYk zifh ,Ofaus;rIonfvnf;
toGifopfudk aqmifvmcJhayonf/
,if;odkY wkd;wufvmaom olwkdY\acwfudk ]ausmufacwfv,f}
[kynwfMuonf/
ay:aygufcJh&ma'orsm;
ausmufacwfv,fokH; ausmufvufeufypnf;rsm;udk plrmMw
uRe;f ? zdvpfyikd u
f Re;f ? rav;uRe;f pG,?f ,k;d ',m;Ekid if EH iS ahf jrmufA,
D uferf
EkdifiHwkdYwGif txift&Sm; awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;
vnf; awGUcJhMuonf/
rkdif;yGefe,f
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f ausmufacwfv,f taxmuftxm;rsm;udak wGU
&NyD[k twdtus rqkdEkdifao;yg/ odkYaomf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGef
e,f ausmufaqmif&yd w
f ckatmufwiG f ausmufvufeuf tydik ;f tprsm;
udk awGUcJh&\/ ,if;ausmufvufeuf tydkif;tpwkdYrSm ausmufacwf
v,fvufeufw\
Ydk tydik ;f tp[k orkid ;f rwifraD cwf ynm&Siw
f u
Ydk ,lq
Muonf/ odkYjzpf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGefe,f&Sd tqkdyg ausmuf
aqmif&dyfrSm wcsdefu ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aexkdifoGm;cJh&m uGef;ckd
cJh&mae&m[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/
27
AD,uferfESifhrav;rS taxmuftxm;
ajrmufA,
D uferfEidk if H [EGKid Nf rKd Uawmifbuf&dS AufpH1k *lrsm;? ,if;
*lrsm;teD;&Sd [dktmAif;2*lrsm;? rav;EkdifiHajrmufydkif; y&ufESifhy[ef*l
rsm;wGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,fvufeufypnf;wkdY\taxmuf
txm;wkdYrSm ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk tawmf
twef cefYrSef;od&Sd&onf/
ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif a&S;ya0oPDuyif vla&pD;aMumif;rsm;
pD;qif;cJhonf[laomrlt& ausmufacwfOD;rSmuJhodkY ausmufacwfv,f
wGifvnf; vla&pD;aMumif;wkdYonf pD;qif;cJhonfjzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiHwGif
rawGU&ao;vifhupm; ausmufacwfv,f ,Ofaus;rIonf jrefrmEkdifiH
wGifvnf; ay:aygufcJhonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sd\/
ausmufacwfv,f vlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm;
ajrmufA,
D uferfAufp*Hk w
l iG ;f atmufq;Hk tvTmwGif awGU&aom
ausmufacwfv,f vlw\
Ydk t&k;d pkwrYdk mS ,ckacwfe,l*eD u
D Re;f &Sd r,fveD;
&Si;f eD*&k;d wk\
Yd t&k;d pkrsm;ESiw
hf n
l aD Mumif; okawoDwu
Ydk qko
d nf/ odjYk zpf
e,l;*DerD ,fveD;&Si;f vlrsK;d wkrYd mS ausmufacwfv,fvw
l \
Ydk tquf
tEG,f[k ,lq&onf/ tmoHe,fESifhjrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyf&Sd ukef;jrifhrsm;
wGiv
f nf;aumif;? tif'rifuRe;f awmifbuf&dS euAm&DuRe;f om;rsm;wGif
vnf;aumif; r,fveD;&Si;f vlrsK;d \taoG;ta&mifEiS Mhf ueftifvuPm
rsm;ay:xGef;wwfonfudk awGU&\/ onfwkdYuvnf; ausmufacwf
v,fvlwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif aeoGm;cJhbl;aMumif;udk axmufcHaeay
onf/
1. Baeson
2. Hoa-binh
28
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
eD*&GKdufrsm;
vlrsKd;rEkaA't& vlrsKd;udk eD*&GKduf[k ac:onf/ eD*&GKduf
wGif t&yf&Snfol t&yfykol[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ vlrsKd;rEkaA'ynm&Sif
wkdYu ykaomeD*&GKduf(eD*&pfwkdeD*&kd;vlyk)rsm;onf eD*&kd;vl&Snfrsm;xuf
ydkapmonf[k qdkMu\/ r,fveD;&Sif;wkdYrSm eD*&kd;vl&Snfrsm; jzpfMu\/
&SdESifhNyD;aom MopaMwvGKdufrsm;ESifheD*&pfwkdwkdY aoG;aESm&mrS r,fveD;
&Sif;rsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf[kqkdMuonf/ odkYjzpf&um; ausmuf
acwfv,frS qif;oufaygufzGm; ,aeYwkdif&Sdaeao;aom tjcm;t
quftEG,fwkdYrSm wuRef;ac: tif'rifuRef;&Sd eD*&kd;ykrsm;? rav;uRef;
qG,ftv,fykdif;ae qDrefrsm;1 auvefwefe,f&Sd yef*ef2rsm;? zdvpf
ydkifuRef;&Sd ttDw3rsm; paom eD*&dk;vlykrsm; jzpfMuonf[kqkd&ayrnf/
olw\
Ydk ,aeY,Ofaus;rItajctaerSmvnf; ausmufacwfv,f,Ofaus;
rItajctaexuf rsm;pGmomvGefjcif; r&Sdao;ay/
ausmufacwfv,f\umv
ausmufacwfv,f\a&S;tusqkH;tydkif;onf c&pfray:rDESpf
10000-cefYwGif pwifcJh[efwlaMumif; ynm&SdwkdYu cefYrSef;Muonf/
xkdacwfvlwkdY tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufrsm;? tokH;taqmif
ypnf;rsm;? olwkdYrS qif;oufonf[k,lq&aom ,ckacwf&Sd rwkd;wuf
ao;aom vlrsK;d pkw\
Ydk rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;? ,if;vlw\
Ydk a&S;usaom tavh
txrsm;udk tajcjyK ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0udk cefYrSef;od&SdEkdif
ayonf/
1. Semang 2. Pangan
3. Aeta
29
pD;yGm;a&;b0
ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYuJhodkY
yif tajcwpku
d af eMujcif; r&Sad o;ay/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh vSnv
hf nfomG ;
vmaeolrsm; jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYuJhodkYyif tpm;tpm
udk &SmazGpkaqmif;onfhpD;yGm;a&;b0&Sdae trJvkdufjcif;? a&ow0g
rsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;? opfoD;opfOESifhtoD;tESHrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;jcif;
jzifh toufarG;Muonf[k omreftm;jzifh qk&d ef&adS omfvnf; [dt
k mAif;
*lwGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,ftaxmuftxm;wkdYu xkdvlwkdY
onf tpmpkaqmif;&onfhb0udk ausmfvGefpjyKum tajcpkdufaexkdif
jcif;ESiw
hf &d pmefrsm;udk ,Ofyg;atmif arG;jrLjcif;wku
Yd kd pwifaeNy[
D k ,lq
&ef&Sdayonf/
vlESifheD;pyfaom ow0grsm;
,Ofyg;aomacG;wkdYrSm olwkdY\taz:jzpf\/ ausmufacwfv,f
vlw\
Ydk tquftEG,jf zpfaom qDrefw\
Ydk ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f m rl&if;a0g[m
&wku
Yd kd bmomaA'enf;t& qef;ppfMunfah omtcg ausmufacwfv,f
vlwkdYESifheD;pyfaeNyDjzpfaom ouf&Sdow0gwkdYrSm 0uf0H? 0uf? &SOfh? zGwf?
zm;? a>r? iSuf? ,if? ig; ponfwkdYjzpfaMumif; od&\/ rav;uRef;qG,f
tv,fyikd ;f &Sd ausmufacwfv,fvw
l \
Ydk *lrsm;wGif c&k? a,mufomG ;cGrH sm;?
qif? MuHh? pdkif? orif? awmifqdwf? 0uf? jzL? &SOfh? arsmuf? ukef;vdyf? a&
vdyfponfhow0gwkdY\t&dk;rsm;? ig;&kd;ESifha<uaphrsm;udk awGU&jcif;jzifh
vnf; ausmufacwfv,fvw
l \
Ydk b0? owavmuESiq
hf ufo,
G af eykw
H Ydk
udkvnf; cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/
30
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tpm;tpm
ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYwGif *ludk trSDjyKaom vlrsm;&Sdonf/
vGifjyifudk trSDjyKaom vlrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ yifv,furf;ajcudk trSDjyK
aomvlrsm;vnf; &So
d nf/ olwaYdk exkid &f ma'oudv
k u
kd
f olw\
Ydk b0wGif
uGmjcm;csufrsm;&Sdonf/ tpm;tpmwGifvnf; uGJjym;Muonf/ txuf
wGifqkdcJhaom,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;t& olwkdYonf om;
aumifwkdY\tom;rsm;tjyif opfoD;0vHtrsKd; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk pm;
okH;wwfaMumif; odEkdif\/ rav;uRef;qG,fbufwGif aeMuolwkdY\t
pm;tpmwkdYrSm om;ig;tjyif jrufrsKd;wkdYrS taphtqHrsm;? arsmufO? iSuf
aysmoD;? tkef;oD;wkdYjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf qm;udkvnf; okH;pGJwwfMuNyD
jzpfonf/
tkd;vkyfief;ESifhcsufjyKwfpm;aomufrI
tkd;xdef;puftokH;udk rodao;aomfvnf; vufvkyftkd;rsm;udk
jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ BudK;rQifrsm;udk tokH;jyK tpif;taMumif;av;
a'gifhuGufponfjzifh tkd;tjyifbufydkif;udk tvSty ykHaz:xm;wwfMu
onf/ olwkdYonf tpm;tpmudk tkd;jzifh csufjyKwfpm;wwfMuNyD[k ,lq
bG,&f adS yonf/ xkt
d ;dk rsm;ESi*hf w
l iG ;f rD;zkad e&mrsm;u tcsuu
f kd axmuf
cHaeayonf/
ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;
ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYxuf
todEiS t
hf wwfwiG f wk;d wufvmMuNy;D jzpfonf/ olw\
Ydk ukex
f w
k u
f &d,m
rsm;rSm ausmufvufeufrsm;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ausmufacwfa[mif;rSm
uJo
h Ykd ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm; r[kwaf wmhay/ ykaH z:xm;aom ausmuf
vufeufrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmufrsm;udk qwfcGmjcif;jzifh vufeuf\ykH
31
oPmefudk zefwD;,lMuonf/ aoG;tacsmudkifxm;onfh vufeufrsKd;

r[kwfao;onfhwkdifatmif twefyifykHus oyf&yfayonf/ vuf
powfrIrsKd;&Sdonfudk awGU&\/
av;jrm;\tp
tokH;rsm;aom pOf;"m;? yJuGyfponfwkdYtjyif vSHoGm;rsm;? jrm;
oGm;rsm;udkvnf; ausmufrsm;jzihf jyKvkyfEkdifMuavonf/ ausmufacwf
v,foaYkd &mufaomtcg ta&SUawmiftm&Svw
l o
Ydk nf av;ESijhf rm;udk ok;H
pGJwwfMuNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/ olwkdY\tEG,ftqufjzpfaom tif'rif
uRe;f eD*&k;d vlyw
k rYkd mS av;ESijhf rm;udk wDxiG o
f rl sm;[k ynm&Siw
f ,
Ydk q
l Mu
onf/
0wfqifrI
qDrefvlrsKd;\,Ofaus;rIrl&if;a0g[m&wGif ukd,fwkH;vkH;ESifhcg;
pnf;[laom a0g[m&ESpfckudk awGU&onf/ a0g[m&rsm;tm;jzifh xkd
acwfvlwkdYonf udk,fwkH;vkH;raejcif;ESifhudk,fwkH;vkH;aejcif;udk cGJjcm;odcJh
NyD[k qkd&ayrnf/ onfudk axmuf ausmufacwfv,fwGif vlwkdY
onf udk,fwkH;vkH;aeonfhb0udk pGefYvTwf&ef pwifcJhMuNyD[kqkdEkdif\/
odaYk omf t0wftpm;0wfMuNy[
D u
k m; rqkEd idk af o;ay/ olwo
Ydk nf t&Suf
udk zkH;Ekdif&ef aygifcsdefzkH;onfhtodkif;rsKd; odkif;qifjcif;avmufom jyKcJh
onf[kqkd&ayrnf/ olwkdY\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfMuaom qDrefrsm;ESifh
uyvDvlykrsm;u tcsufudk vufawGUaxmufcHaeayonf/ udk,fw
ud,
k v
f ;Hk udk tvSty wefqmqifaomtm;jzifh xkad cwfvw
l o
Ydk nf uyvD
vlyrk sm;uJo
h Ykd ta&mif&adS om &GUH rsm;jzihf ud,
k u
f kd tpif;aMumif;ay:atmif
vdrf;jc,fjcif;rsKd;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm jyKvkyfaumif; jyKvkyfcJhMuayrnf/
32
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
a<uaphrsm;? c&kcGHrsm;udkazmuf oDukH;um udk,fwGif tvSty

qGcJ MhJ ujcif;vnf; &So
d nf[k qkEd idk o
f nf/ xkad &S;vlwYdk aexkid cf ahJ om rav;
uRef;qG,fajrmufydkif; *lwkdYwGif ,if;odkYBudK;jzifhoD&ef azmufxm;aom
a<uaphrsm;? c&kcGHrsm;udk awGUcJhMu&ayonf/
uGrf;pm;"avh
ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf uGrf;&Gufudk aumif;pGm odaeMu
NyjD zpf\/ odaYk omf tvGeaf &S;usaom uGr;f pm;"avhonf xkad cwfu ay:
aygufaeNyD[kum; rqkdomay/
<,kH,kHMunfrI
tpm;tpm pkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0yif &Sdaevifhupm;
ausmufacwfv,fvw
l \
Ydk b0rSm ausmufacwfa[mif;rSmxuf wk;d wuf
cJh\/ qef;us,fvmcJh\/ ,kHMunfrIwnf;[laom pdwfydkif;qkdif&m cH,l
csufwkdYvnf; wkd;wufvmonf/ ausmufacwfa[mif;rSmuJhodkYyif BuD;
rm;aom anmifyifrsm;udk tav;*&kjyKMu&\/ ,if;anmifyifukdvnf;
zGUH NzKd ;rI\txdr;f trSw[
f k oabmxm;Muonf/ oabmxm;rIrmS vGef
pGma&S;usonf/ ,ckacwfeD*&kd;vlykuav;rsm;\a'owGifomru a&S;
tcgu tdE,
d ? tmz&du? Oa&myESiyhf pdzw
d u
f Re;f rsm;txd t,ltq
jyefYESHYcJhayonf/
wrvGef,kHMunfrI
xkdrSwyg; vlwdYkonf wrvGefb0udkvnf; ,kHMunfcJhMu[ef
wl\/ aooludk av;pm; tavmif;udk w&kdwaojrKyfESHonfh"avh&Sd
Muonf/ txufwGif qkdcJhaom xdkvlwkdYaexkdifcJh&m rav;uRef;qG,f*l
wkdYwGif rD;zkd\atmuf vl&dk;rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhayonf/ aooludk aexkdif
33
&ma'o\tywGif rjrK yyf J tdrw

f iG ;f jrK yEf jHS cif;rSm aool\0dnmOftm;
tdrfwGif; aeapvkdonfhoabm? txl;ojzifh rD;zkdatmuf jrKyfESHjcif;
rSm pm;aomufMuaomtcgwGif wygwnf;0ifa&mufpm;apvkdaom o
abmrsKd;jzpfayonf/ ,ckacwfwkdifatmif jynfaxmifpkukef;jrifhom;t
csKdUwGif aooltdrfom;udk tdrfwGif;yif jrKyfESHonfh"avh &Sdaeayao;
onf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf;
omreftm;jzifh vSnv
hf nfomG ;vm 0rf;aMumif;rIjyKaomolrsm;
yif jzpfvifhupm; *lrsm;wGif uGef;ckd ajrtkd;rsm;jzifh csufjyKwfpm;wwf
Mujcif;? aoolukd rD;zkdatmufwGif jrKyfESHjcif;wkdYudk axmuf ausmuf
acwfv,fvlwdkYonf pkpkpnf;pnf; aexkdifonfhvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk
pwifvmMuNyD[k qkd&ayrnf/ tdrfaxmifonf odkYr[kwf rdom;pkb0
rsKd;ukd tpjyKvmNyD[k ,lqbG,f&m\/
jrefrmEkdifiH ausmufacwfv,f
&Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGefe,fwGif ausmufacwfvufeuf t
ydik ;f tprsm;udk awGU&jcif;? jynfaxmifpk uke;f jrifo
h m;tcsKUd wkw
Yd iG f ausmuf
acwfv,fvw
l \
Ydk MueftifvuPmrsm; ay:xGe;f wwfjcif;wkaYd vmufukd
om taxmuftxm;jyK jynfaxmifpktwGif; ausmufacwfv,fvl
rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI &SdcJhonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkdEkdifjcif; jzpfygonf/
ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aexkdifcJh&m ae&mrsm;udk pepfwus &SmazG
orkdif;rwifrDacwf a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;t& avhvmokawoe
jyKEkdifaomtcgwGif jynfaxmifpk\ausmufacwfv,f ,Ofaus;rIudk ydk
rkd xif&Sm;pGm xkwfaz:ay;Ekdifrnf jzpfayonf/
34
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
wkd;wufajymif;vJvmaom ,Ofaus;rItopf
ausmufacwfv,fvw
l Ydk aecJ&h m Aufp*Hk rl sm;ESirhf av;uRe;f qG,f
y[ef*lrsm;wGif ausmufacwfv,f ausmufvufeufESifhypnf;rsm;awGU
&S&d m ajrvTm\txufyikd ;f wGif aumif;pGmaoG; ykaH z:xm;aom ausmuf
acsmvufeufypnf;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ uJhodkY acsmarGUoyf&yfpGm ykH
az:xm;aom ausmufvufeufwrYdk mS ausmufacwfopfvufeufrsm; jzpf
onf/ wae&mwnf;wGif ausmufacwfESpfacwfrS vufeufrsm;awGU&
onfukd axmuf ausmufacwfv,fvw
l o
Ydk nf wjznf;jznf;ESiahf usmuf
acwfopfoYkd wk;d wufu;l ajymif;cJMh uoavm? odrYk [kwf ausmufacwfv,f
vlwYdk aexkid &f modYk ausmufacwfopfvrl sm; a&muf&BdS u;D pd;k vmMuoavm
[k awG;awmbG,f&m &Sdayonf/
ausmufacwfO;D vlwo
Ydk nf ,Ofaus;rIukd pwifay;cJ\
h / ausmuf
acwfv,fvw
l u
Ydk ydrk w
dk ;dk wufqef;us,af pcJo
h nf/ ukev
f yk u
f &d,mrsm;
wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; ukefvkyfqufqHrIwnf;[laom vlwkdY
\pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGifrl xl;jcm;odomavmufaom ajymif;vJrIrsKd; rjzpf
ay:ao;ay/
a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepf
ausmufacwfv,fvw
l \
Ydk vlraI &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&;b0wGif yk*v
u
d
ykid q
f idk rf I ray:aygufao;ay/ vlw\
Ydk b0onf ausmufacwfa[mif;
rSmuJhodkY ]a&S;OD;bkH vlaerIpepf}ay:wGifom rlwnfqJ &Sdayonf/
xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmaom vufeuf u&d,m? ukefvkyfpGrf;
tm;? ukev
f yk q
f ufqrH EI iS phf ;D yGm;a&;pepf? ,if;wku
Yd kd taMumif;jyK ajymif;
vJw;dk wufvmaom,Ofaus;rIwu
Ydk kd ausmufacwfopfwiG af wGU&ayonf/
35
tydik ;f (2)
orkdif;OD; bkHajracwf
36
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwdkY\tajctae
ausmufacwfOD;wGif vlonf ausmufMurf;vufeuf? rD;? ,Of
yg;vmaom acG;wdkYavmufudkom trSDo[JjyK tpkvkduf vSnfhvnfae
cJhaMumif;? tajcwpdkuf raecJh? rdom;pkb0&Sd[efrwl/ opfoD; opfO
om;aumifrsm;udk pkaygif;&SmazG pkaygif;cGJa0 pm;aomuf&onfh a&S;OD;
bkHvlaerIpepfwGif &SdcJhaMumif;? ausmufacwfv,fodkYa&mufaomf vSnfh
vnf tpm&Sm&onfhpD;yGm;a&;b0yif &Sdvifhupm; tajcpdkufaexkdif
rIEiS t
hf pm;tpm xkwv
f yk o
f nfph ;D yGm;a&;b0odYk a&SU&IaeNyjD zpfaMumif;udk
qkdcJhNyD;jzpfayonf/
37
a&S;tusqkH;aom ukefypnf;xkwfvkyfrIawmfvSefa&;
ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdY\a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepfonf bpD
10000-ceft
Y xdvnf;aumif;? ausmufacwfv,f\a&S;OD;bkv
H al erIpepf
onf bDpD 3000-cefYxdvnf;aumif; toD;oD; wnfcJhonf[k ,lqMu
ayonf/ xkdbDpD 3000-avmufrSp ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'ovlaerI
pepfESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfwkdYonf xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJhay
onf/ a'ovlw\
Ydk ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &; orkid ;f wGif a&S;tusq;Hk aom
ukefypnf;jyKvkyfrI awmfvSefa&;jzpfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/
ajymif;vJvmaom ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifhvlaerIb0
a&S;acwfa[mif;umvu ukev
f yk u
f &d,mrsm; xl;jcm;pGmajymif;
vJvmonfEiS t
hf rQ ukex
f w
k v
f yk rf pI epf? ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &;wko
Yd nfvnf;
xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJhonf/ ajymif;vJrIudk tajcjyK vlaerIzGJU
pnf;yk?H vlraI &;,Ofaus;rI ponfwo
Ydk nfvnf; ajymif;vmcJ
h vlo
Y rkid ;f
wGif vlwkdYonf u@opfw&yfudk zGifhEkdifcJhayonf/
rnfuo
hJ aYkd om wk;d wufaumif;rGeo
f nfu
h ek x
f w
k u
f &d,mrsm;udk
vlwkdYonf wDxGif jyKvkyfvmcJhoenf;/ ,if;wkdYudk taMumif;jyK ukef
vkyfqufqHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;b0wkdYonf rnfokdYajymif;vJvmcJhoenf;/
ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;
ajymif;vJrIwkdYonf &kwfjcnf;ay:aygufcJhonfr[kwf/ txl;
ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tcsdefMumjrifhpGm jzpfay:ajymif;vJcJh&onf/ pepf
wusavhvmNyD;jzpfaom ausmufyef;awmif; rD;&xm;blwm&kH awmif
bufteD;ESirhf auG;anmifO;D pyfMum; ausmufacwfopfpcef;wkw
Yd iG f awGU
&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;wGif
38
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ok;H cJo
h nfh ausmufvufeufypn;f wk\
Yd toGio
f PmefwrYkd mS acsmarGUjcif;
r&Sv
d aS o;? tawmftwefyif Murf;aeonfukd awGU&\/ toGm;az:enf;
ESifhausmuftvTm cGmenf;wkdYwGif wDxGifrIrsm;&Sdvmojzifh ausmufvuf
eufwkdYrSm ododomom ao;i,fvmayonf/ tifMuif;ausmufudk jyK
vkyfxm;aom ausmufvufeufwkdYrSmrl toGifajymif;vJrI tenf;i,f
om &Sdayonf/ odkYykHrusao;aom ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;
vufeufwkdYESifhtwl aoG; usepGm ykHaz:xm;aom ausmufacsmvuf
eufrsm;ESifhtpif;aMumif;rsm;? zsm&mykHrsm;ygaom tkd;jcrf;uGJwkdYudkyg
ausmufacwfaESmif;pcef;wkw
Yd iG f awGU&ojzifh tapmydik ;f umv ,Ofaus;
rIonf aemufyikd ;f umv ,Ofaus;rItjzpfoYkd wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvm
onf[k qkdEkdifayonf/
ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;
ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;vlwkdY tokH;jyKcJhaom ausmuf
acsmvufeufrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif ajray:yif omreftm;
jzifh awGUcJh&ayonf/ jrpfBuD;em;c&dkif Bwd*Ha'o? a&Tbkdc&kdif? rkH&Gmc&kdif?
rEav;? ausmufqnf? &rnf;oif;? rauG;? o&uf? jynf? armfvNrdKif p
onfhc&kdifwkdYwGif tawmfrsm;rsm; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ausmufrmtrsKd;
rsK;d jyKvyk x
f m; yko
H PmeftzkzH Hk ta&miftoG,o
f ,
G &f adS om vufeuf
rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk aq;buf0ifaom rkd;BudK;oGm;rsm;jzpfonf[k
tcsKdUaomolwkdYu ,kHMunfpGm tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/
tpGrf;xufaom vufeufrsm;
ausmufvufeufrsm;rSm aoG; ykaH z:xm;aomvufeufrsm;
jzpf acsmarGUvSonf/ vufudkif&kd;wyf&ef trif;az:xm;onfvnf;
&Sdonf/ trif;rygonfvnf; &Sd\/ toGm;az:&mwGif ykqkdefoGm;uJhodkY
2-zufaoG; toGm;az:jcif;rsK;d r&S/d aqmufomG ;uJo
h Ykd rsuEf mS wzufudk
39
om aoG; toGm;az:xm;onf/ tcsurf mS xl;jcm;onf/ xl;jcm;

csufrSm Oa&myESifhtdEd,ausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdYESifhrwlonfh
xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ xkda'o ausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdYwGif 2zufaoG; toGm;az:xm;aom vufeuftrsm; yg0ifonf/
awGU&NyD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdY
rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh t&G,fao;onf/ t&G,fBuD;aom vufeufrsm;
vnf; &So
d nf/ trif;rJv
h ufeufww
Ydk iG f tBu;D qk;H rSm 7 vufr&Sno
f nf/
7
ti,fqkH;rSm 1 8vufrom&Snf\/ trif;&SdvufeufwkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;rSm
11 vufr&Snf tenf;qkH;rSm 2-vufr &Snfonf/ t&G,ftpm;pm;
ykHoPmeftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhtavsmuf ,if;vufeufwkdY\tokH;rSmvnf;
axGjym;vSonf/ opfyifckwfvSJ&m? opfcGJ&m? tdrfaqmuf&m? avSxGif;
&mwkw
Yd iG o
f ;Hk aom vuform;vufeufrsm;? ajrxGe&f m? ajrwl;&m? ajrmif;
azmuf&mponfwkdYwGif okH;aom awmifolv,form;okH; vufeufrsm;?
ckw&f m? xk;d &m ypfcwf&mwkw
Yd iG o
f ;Hk &aom rkq;dk vufeufrsm;? omreftrd f
axmifokH; vufeufrsm;rSp xkdacwfvlaerIb0twGuf tzufzufrS
0ifqHhtokH;usaom vufeufypnf;rsm; yg0ifayonf/
pD;yGm;a&;pepf ajymif;vJcsuf
uJhokYd ydkrkdpGrf;tm; xufjrufvmonfh ukefxkwfvufeufu&d,mrsm;udk ydkifqkdifaom ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkdY\b0wGif xl;jcm;
aom ajymif;vJcsuf 3-&yfudk awGU&\/
(u) tpm;tpm &SmazGpkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0udk ausmfvGefum
tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfEkdifonfhpD;yGm;a&;b0okdY a&mufvmcJhMu\/
(c) xkdodkYtpm;tpmESifhvlokH;ypnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfMu&mwGifvnf;
wOD;wnf;ydik x
f w
k v
f yk jf cif;rsK;d xuf pkaygif;xkwv
f yk Mf ujcif;? pkaygif;pm;
aomufMujcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyfonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usihfokH;Mu\/ xkdpepf
40
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
udk ]orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepf}[kac:onf/
(*) xkwv
f yk o
f nfyh pn;f wkw
Yd iG f t"durSm vlwpYdk m;ok;H &efjzpfaom toD;
tESrH sm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wku
Yd kd awmifuek ;f rsm;ay:wGif awmif,mpepfjzifh
pdkufysKd;Mu ajrjyefYwGif v,f,mpepfjzifh pdkufysKd;Muonf/ txl;ojzifh
rkd;aumif;v,frsm;? qnfa&aomufv,frsm;wGif pyg;udk pwifpdkufysKd;
vmMuNyDjzpfonf/
rkqkd;? awmif,morm;? v,f,morm;
pm;ukefypnf;xkwfvkyfwwfonfhtqifhodkY a&mufaomfvnf;
rkqkd;tvkyfoufoufjzifhvnf;aumif;? rkqkd;vkyfief;ESifhpkdufysKd;rI? arG;jrL
rIvyk if ef;udk yl;wGaJ qmif&u
G jf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? pku
d yf sK;d jcif;? arG;jrLjcif;
jzifhomvnf;aumif; toufarG;Muolrsm; &SdcJhayonf/
ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkdY\vlrsKd;tEG,frsm;
odaYk om toufarG;rIrsm; &Scd ahJ om ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwYkd
rSm trsm;tm;jzifh MopMwpfac: awmifydkif;bmompum; tEG,fBuD;0if
pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh a&S;usaom
awmifyikd ;f tEG,(f y&kw
d Mdk opaMwvGKu
d )f ESirhf eG *f v
dk KG u
d t
f EG,0f ifrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ rGe*f v
dk KG u
d t
f EG,0f ifwo
Ydk nf y&dw
k Mdk opaMwvGKu
d f tEG,0f ifwx
Ydk uf
aemufusolrsm; jzpfonf/ ydkwkd;wufolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ tm;vkH;
rSm MopMwpfbmompum; tEG,fBuD;0ifrsm;jzpfMu xkdacwf tm&St
a&SUawmifydkif; vlwkdY\,Ofaus;rIudk MopMwpf,Ofaus;rI[kvnf; orkdif;
rwifrDacwf ynm&SifwkdYuac:a0:Muonf/ xkdpOfu ,aeYvlrsKd;pkjzpf
aom wdAuf w&kwfbmompum;tEG,fBuD;0ifwkdY ta&SUawmiftm&SodkY
ra&mufMuao;ay/
41
tapmydkif; tvTmrS vlrsm;

y&dw
k Mdk opaMwvGKu
d rf sm;jzpfaom ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydik ;f
tvTmvlwkdYonf tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfwwfNyDjzpfaomfvnf; t"du
tm;jzifh trJvu
dk jf cif;? awmif,mvkyif ef;wkjYd zifo
h m toufarG;Muonf/
rav;uRef;qG,ftv,fydkif; awmeuftwGif;ae qudkifvlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm
xkdacwf ukefvkyfqufqHa&;b0yif &SdaeMuao;onf/ olwkdY\vuf&Sd
ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk taxmuftxm;jyK ausmuf
acwfaESmif;tapmydik ;f tvTmolw\
Ydk b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;jyK
Ekdifayonf/
pkdufysKd;rI
olw\
Ydk pku
d yf sK;d rIrmS rus,jf yefaY o;yg/ pkaygif;awmeufr;D &IUd jcif;
jzifh awmif,mudk &Sif;vif;az:xkwf pl;xkd;pdkufysKd;onfhpepfwGifom
&SMd uao;onf/ awmif,ma&TU&onfEiS t
hf rQ a&TUajymif;aexkid Mf u&ojzifh
tajcwpkduf aexkdifjcif; r&Sdao;[kqkdEkdif\/
tpm;tpm
bmomaA' taxmuftxm;rsm;t& olwpYdk u
dk yf sK;d cJo
h nf[k ,l
qEkdifaom oD;ESHyifwdkYrSm pyg;? ajymif;? yJBuD;? yJvGef;? c&rf;? ausmufz&kH?
ydef;O? arsmufO? MuHyifponfwkdY jzpfonf/ ,if;pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;tjyif
trJvkduf&aom om;aumifrsm;rSm olwkYd\tpm;tpm jzpfonf/
aetdrf
olwkdY\aetdrfwkdYrSm oufi,f odkYr[kwf udkif;jrufrkd;tdrfrsm;
jzpfonf/
42
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
t0wftxnf
avQmfawt0wf? iSufaysmavQmft0wfwkdYudk rJe,fqkd; 0wf
wwfMuNyD[k ,lq&\/
vufeuf
vufeufwkdYrSm av;? jrm;? rIwfajymif;? qdyfvl;jrm;? yJuGyf? pOf;
"m;ponfwkdY jzpfcJh[efwl\/
aysmf&TifrI
yavGrIwfjcif;? oDqkdjcif;? ujcif;wkdYjzifh tem;,laysmf&TifcJhonf
[k qkdEkdifonf/ uGrf;yif? uGrf;oD;yifwkdYudkvnf; pdkufMuonf/ uGrf;pm;
"avhudk olwkdYu pwifchJMuonf[k awG;xif&onf/
yifv,ful;avS
olwo
Ydk nf jrpfrsm;wGio
f mru yifv,fwiG f oGm;vm&ef txde;f
ygaom avSi,frsm;udk wDxGifokH;pGJcJhMuonf[k qkdEkdifonf/
taxGaxGESifh,kHMunfrI
a&wGu&f mwGif 3 txdom a&wGuEf idk Mf u\/ 4 udk ajymvkv
d Qif
taygif; 1? 5 qkdvQif 3 taygif; 2 ponfjzifh a&wGufMuonf/ t
xdrf;trSwftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;aom wkdwrfrsm;udk ukd;uG,fMuonf/ wr
vGefb0udkvnf; ,kHonf/ vlaovQif wapo&Jjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMu
onf/
43
ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;tvTmvlrsm;
ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydik ;f tvTmvlrsm;rS qif;ouf ,aeY
wkdifatmif xkdacwf,Ofaus;rIESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;rsm;udk txkduft
avsmuf qufvufusifhokH;aeMuolrsm;rSm qkdcJhaom qudkifrsm;? oD[kdVf
uRe;f &Sd aA'rsm;jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEkid if w
H iG ;f ae u,m;rsm;? A&ufu&if
rsm;? 0rsm;wGif y&kdwkdMopaMwvGKdufvlwkYd\MueftifvuPmrsm; ay:
xGef;wwfonfudk awGU&ojzifh xdkvlwkdY\a&S;a&S;u bdk;bGm;BuD;wkYdrSm
ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydik ;f tvTmvlw\
Ydk tquftEG,rf sm;jzpfonf
[k qkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/
ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlrsm;
bDvl;rsm;
ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufyikd ;f tvTmvlrsm;\tquftEG,f
rsm; ,aeYwkdif tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdonf/ rGefcrmbmompum;rsm;udkajym
Muaom AD,uferfEkdifiH? tmeef awmif&kd;ae pudif? rGKdifuJhodkYaom ukef;
jrifhom;rsm;? rJacgifjrpf0uRef;ay:ajrmufykdif;&Sd csif;rsm;? jrefrmEkdifiHNrdwf
uRef;pk&Sd qvkHrsm;rSm xdkacwf vlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm; jzpfonf/
&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ESifh'Em&D('@m&D)wkdYwGif vm&SdaombDvl;ac:
vlMurf;rsm;rSm vlrsm;yifavm[k awG;awmbG,f&m &Sdonf/ vlwkdY
rSm vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh awmifydkif; rGef*kdvGKdufrsm; r[kwfMuay/
ausmufacwfaESmif;tEG,f awmifydkif;rGef*kdvGKdufrsm;
acwfvw
l \
Ydk tEG,t
f qufrsm;jzpfaom awmifyikd ;f rGe*f v
dk KG u
d f
rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ olwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHESifh,kd;',m;EkdifiH&Sd rGefrsm;?
uarm'D;,m;EkdifiH wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaom crmrsm;? &Srf;jynfajrmuf
ydkif;&Sd yavmifESifhyav;rsm;? &Srf;jynfta&SUydkif;&Sd 0ESifhv0rsm;? &Srf;jynf
44
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
awmifydkif;&Sd ,if;Mum;? ,if;eufrsm; jzpfonf[k tMurf;tm;jzifh qkdEkdif

\/ vlwkdY\,ckacwf,Ofaus;rI? ukefvkyfqufqHa&; ponfwkdYrSm
wnDwnmwnf; wajy;worwfwnf; r&SMd uay/ ywf0ef;usiq
f ufo,
G f
rItvkduf tqifhqifhuGJjym;aeMuayNyD/
vlwkdYaemuf jyify,Ofaus;rI vTrf;rkd;csufenf;aom vlwkdY\
xl;jcm;aom ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvufrsm;? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfrsm;
udk taxmuftxm;jyK a&S;ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvl
wdkY\b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf,lEkdifrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/
r[maovm ,Ofaus;rI
vlwkdY\a&S;us trsm;vkdufemMuonfh xkH;pH"avhwckrSm
tquftpyfr&Sd? wwkH; wqkdif wcJwnf;jzpfaom ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;
udk av;pm;udk;uG,fonfh"avh jzpfonf/ ,kHMunfrIudk taMumif;jyK
acwf,Ofaus;rIudk r[maovm(ausmufwkH;BuD;),Ofaus;rI[k
vnf;tcsKdU orkdif;rwifrDacwfynm&SifwkdYu ac:a0:Muonf/ a&S;u
ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vGefpGmjyefYESHYcJhaom ,kHMunfrIw&yfjzpfcJhonf[k
qkdEkdifonf/ tdEd,tv,fydkif;&Sd a&S;usvSaom rkefursm;? tmoHe,f
cgqDawmifrsm;wGifaeaom cgqDrsm;? tif'kdeD;&Sm;EkdifiH&Sd a&S;a[mif;vl
rsm;? tmeefawmif&kd;ae a&S;a[mif;vlrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif r[maovm
uk;d uG,rf &I
dS ,if;ESiq
hf ufpyfaeaom"avhx;Hk pHrsm;udk vku
d ef musio
hf ;Hk
qJ&SdMuonf/ aemufrS a&mufvmaom wdAuf jrefrm bmompum;t
EG,f0if rGef*kdvGKdufrsm;jzpfMuaom em*rsm;? csif;vlrsKd;tcsKdUESifhaysmuf
uG,o
f mG ;NyjD zpfaom ysLwkYd yif r[maovm,Ofaus;rI&o
dS nfjzpf&m ,if;
,Ofaus;rIukd ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufyikd ;f tvTm vlrsm;xHrS quf
cH&&SdcJhavoavm[k awG;bG,f&mjzpfayonf/
45
v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rI
ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlwkdYonf v,fpyg;pkduf
ysK;d rIukd tm&Sta&SUawmifyikd ;f a&S;OD;pGm wwfoo
d rl sm;jzpfonf/ a'
o v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rIudk wwfodaqmif&GufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf vl
rsKd;pkwpkonf ,Ofaus;rIe,fedrdwfudk jzwfausmf0ifa&mufvmNyD[k qkd&
ayrnf/ &Sd&if;ukefxkwfvkyfrIpepftwGif;odkY v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rI a&muf&Sd
vmonfESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;rSp vlaerIb0 ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdY
yg ajymif;vJvm&onf/
orkdif;OD; bkHajrpepf xif&Sm;vmjcif;
v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;&mwGif a&S;uxufydk vkyftm;vkdvmonf/
v,frsm;udk wDxGif&jcif;? a&oGif;&ef a&xkwf&ef ajrmif;azmuf&jcif;?
xGe,
f ufpu
dk yf sK;d &jcif;? &dwo
f rd ;f jcif;wkt
Yd wGuf vkyt
f m;yd
k vkv
d monf/
wGif vlwkdYonf pkaygif;um bkHpepfjzifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk jyKvkyf&
onf/ bkpH epfonf yd
k ta&;ygvmonf/ bkaH jrpepfxeG ;f um;rIukd tm;
ay;axmufulcJhayonf/ tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepf
xif&mS ;vmaomumv jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmykid ;f tvTm
vlrsm;ESiahf emufyikd ;f tvTmvlw\
Ydk ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &;ESiv
hf al erIb0 uGm
jcm;csufrSmvnf; v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rIudk wwfodaqmif&Gufvmaom
aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/
tajcwpdkuf aexkdifvmjcif;
rkd;aumif;v,fESifha&oGif;v,fwkdYwGif pyg;udk trsm;tjym;pkduf
ysKd;NyD; tpm;tpmudk tajrmuftjrm; xkwfEkdifcJhMu\/ pyg;udk tajcjyK
aom us,jf yefo
Y nfh ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &;pepfonf vlO;D a& tajrmuft
jrm;udk axmufyHhauR;arG;Ekdifonf/ pdkufcif;aumif;aomae&mteD;wGif
46
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
vlwkdYonf tajcwpdkuf aexkdifvmMu\/ pkaygif;aqmif&GufMu&onfh

twGuf pkaygif;aexkdifvmMuum aus;&Gmrsm; ay:aygufcJhayonf/
vlOD;a& wkd;wufjcif;ESifha&TUajymif;jcif;
tpm;tpmudk aygrsm;pGm xkwfvkyfEkdif vlOD;a&vnf; rsm;pGm
wk;d wufvmonf/ rsm;vGe;f vmaomtcg ydv
k QaH omvlwo
Ydk nf v,fpyg;
pdkuf&ef ae&mopfudk &Sm a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ rkd;aumif;a&oGif;
v,fpyg;pkdufysKd;onfhpepfudk tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif ajrmufAD,uf
erfwkHuifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'o pwifcJhonf[k ,lq&\/ ,if;a'orS
wqifh pkdufcif;aumif;aom rkd;ajrjyefYa'ojzpfonfh rJacgifjrpf0uRef;
ay:a'o(awmifA,
D uferfEiS u
hf arm'D;,m;)? ,if;rSwqifh acsmifzsrehJ ef
(areef)jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;a'o(,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;)? ,if;rSwqifh
*sKdif;? tw&Hjrpf0Srf;rsm;ESifhoHvGifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'o? ,if;rSwqifh ppf
awmif;jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;ESifh{&m0wDjrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;wkdYodkY wacwfNyD;
wacwf tqifhqifh a&TUajymif;cJh[efwlayonf/
awmifydkif; rGefcrmtEG,f0ifwkdY\a&TUajymif;rIrSm v,fpyg;ysKd;
EkdifrIudkvkduf uJhodkY wkHuifa'orS jrefrmEkdifiH& mrna'otxdd
a&mufcJhonf[k qkd&ef&Sdayonf/
ajymif;vJvmcsufrsm;
uJhodkY ukefvkyfud&d,m? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;wkYdajymif;vJvm
aomaMumifh ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTm vlwkdY\vlaerIb0?
vlrIqufqHa&;? pDrHcefYcGJrI? ,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdYonf rsm;pGm
ajymif;vJvmcJ\
h / topfwo
Ydk nf ay:aygufc\
hJ / wk;d wufrv
I nf; &Sv
d m
cJh\/ orkdif;pOfajymif; orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfonf xGef;um;vmcJh\/
47
wd&pmefvkyftm;udk okH;vmjcif;
,cifu pm;okH;&eftwGufESifhtaz:o[JtwGufom wd&pmef
rsm;udk ,Ofyg;atmif vkyf arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ ,ckaomf v,fpyg;pkduf
ysKd;a&;wGif tultnD&&ef wd&pmefrsm;udk arG;jrLvmMuonf/ 0efqGJ
wd&pmefwkdYteuf tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif a&S;OD;pGm tokH;csonf[k
,lq&aomwd&pmefrSm uRJjzpfonf/ xkdYaemufrS EGm;rsm;udk arG;jrLokH;pGJ
Muonf[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/
qifESifhjrif;wkdYudkvnf; vlokH;wd&pmefrsm;tjzpf arG;jrLvmMu
onf/ xdkacwfvlwkYd\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfaom v0ESifhcrkufvlrsKd;wkdY
rSm ,aeYwkdif qifzrf;aumif;? qifOD;pD;aumif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ]jrif;}
twGujf zpfaom rGecf rma0g[m&rSm ta&SUawmiftm&S\awmifyikd ;f wcGif
wGif tjyefEY q
YHS ;Hk jzpfaeonfukd axmuf acwfval [mif;rsm;jzpfaom
rGefESifhcrmwkdYrSm jrif;udk pwifarG;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; odEkdifayonf/
ukefzvS,frI
rdrdwdkYxkwfvkyf ydkvQHaeaom ukefypnf;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYtvkd&Sd
aom tjcm;olxkwf ypnf;rsm;jzifh xnfcsif;zvS,fcJhMuonf/ tcsKdUa'
owGif a<uaphrsm;? &Sm;yg;aomyifv,fc&kcGHrsm;udk ypnf;vJvS,frIwGif
tokH;jyKcJhonfhpepfvnf; &SdcJh[efwlonf/ onfudk ausmufacwf
aESmif;aemufydkif;tvTmvlwkdY\ ukefoG,frIpepf[k qkd&ayrnf/
ajrtkd;ajrcGufvkyfief;
ausmufacwfv,fuwnf;u tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;&Sd a&S;
a[mif;vlwkdYonf ajrtkd;rsm;udk jyKvkyfwwfaMumif; qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;wGif ajrtkd;ajrcGuf vkyfief;onf ykdrkd
aumif;rGefvmonf[k qkdEkdif\/ tkd;rsm;udk vufcwfESifh&kduf ydkrkdckdifrm
48
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
aponf/ &mZrwfuu
G ?f av;axmifu
h u
G &f ;dk &k;d ? zsmykw
H u
Ydk t
kd jyif qef;us,f
aom tpif;aMumif;wkdYjzifh tkd;\jyifyudk tvStywefqmqifMuonf/
ausmufacwfaESmif; ukefvkeD;aomf vlwkdYonf tkd;xdef;puf\tokH;udk
odvmMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ tkd;xdef;pufESifhjyKvkyfonf[k ,lq&aom
tkd;rsm;\tkd;jcrf;uGJrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ausmufacwfaESmif;
pcef;wkdYwGif xkdacwf ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl awGUcJh&NyD; jzpfay
onf/
udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI
r[maovm(ausmufw;Hk Bu;D )ud;k uG,,
f MHk unfrt
I aMumif;udk t
>rufrQ qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ ausmufw;Hk Bu;D rsm;udk wpkwa0;wnf; pepfwus
pdkufxljcif;? ausmufjym;BuD;rsm;udk ajray:wGif wckay:wck pepfwus
xyf ae&mcsxm;jcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyfMuonf/ ,if;odkYjyKvkyfxm;jcif;rSm
a&S;OD;zcifBuD; odkYr[kwf uG,fvGefoGm;Muaom a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm;udk
txdrf;trSwf&&ef jzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSmrl ,if;ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;yifvQif
a&S;bd;k ab;Bu;D rsm; jzpfonf[k ,kMH unfu;dk uG,Mf uonf/ onfu a&S;
bdk;ab;BuD;wkdYudk &kdaoav;pm; ukd;uG,fonfhtpOftvm\tp[k qkd
bG,&f m &Sad yonf/ aojcif;w&m;ESiw
hf rvGeb
f 0udk ,kMH unfMuaMumif;
udkvnf; odomEkdifonf/
a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;
a&SUwGif jzpfvwHYaom taMumif;&yfrsm;\tqkd;taumif;udk
wifBuKd o&d adS tmif jyKvyk Ef idk o
f nfuv
kd nf; ,kMH unfMu\/ a&SUjzpfzwfenf;
tzkHzkH &SdcJhonf/ pDrHxm;aom ysOfjym;ay:wGif MuufOudk azmufcGJNyD;
aemuf tum tESpfESifhtcGHwkdY wnfaeykHudk Munfhum a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;?
Muuf? iSuf? 0ufponfwkdY\tludk cGJMunfhNyD; a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;ponfwkdY&Sd
cJo
h nf/ ,aeYwidk f a&S;usaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if o
H m;wko
Yd nf enf;
49
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh udpwckckudk aqmif&Gufoifh raqmif&Gufoifh? aqmif&Guf

vQif atmifjrifrnf ratmifjrifrnfudk wifBudKod&Sd&atmif aA'ifar;
onfhES,f ,kHMunfpGm twdwfedrdwfudk zwfvsuf &SdMuayao;onf/
wm;jrpfcsufrsm;
vlrsKd;\tpOftvmudk vkduf rvkyf&[k wm;jrpfxm;aomt
csurf sm;udv
k nf; ,kMH unfpmG vku
d ef mcJMh u[ef wl\/ bmoma&;,kMH unf
csuu
f o
hJ yYkd if av;pm;&rnfyh nwfcsurf sm;tjzpf vufcMH uavonf/
onfrSmvnf; a&S;a[mif;vlwkdY\,kHMunfrIw&yf jzpfayonf/
vludk ,ZfylaZmfjcif;
olpdrf;wkdY\OD;acgif;udkjzwf aoG;jzifh odkYr[kwf OD;acgif;jzifh yl
aZmfvQif toD;tESHydk xGufrnf[k ,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ ,ckacwf a&S;
usaom cgqD? v0? em*wkw
Yd iG f ,cifu vlacgif;jzwf ,Zfyal Zmfonfh
"avh&SdcJhonf/ "avhrSm vlom;pm;onfh"avhum; r[kwfay/
ewfudk;uG,frI
a&S;jzwfzwf&mwGif tqkH;tjzwfay;ol? wm;jrpfrIudk usL;ausmf
vQif 'Pfcwfo?l vlowf ,Zfyal ZmfvQif ESpo
f uf toD;tESt
H xGuf
rsm;atmif vkyfay;ol[l wefcdk;&Sifewfrsm; &Sdonfudk ,kHMunfcJhMuay
onf/ ,if;wkt
Yd jyif tdraf xmifpek wf? v,fewf? awmif,mewf? awmif
ewf? awmewf? opfyifewfrsm;udv
k nf; ,kMH unfMu\/ ewfu;kd uG,rf t
I
wGuf pDpOfay;&aom ewfq&m 0wf0ifonfponfhorkdif;OD;bkHajracwf
a&S;tusq;Hk acgif;ykjH zwfvw
l ef;pm;onfvnf; ay:aygufvmcJah yonf/
50
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
e*g;udk;uG,frI
a>re*g;udk;uG,frIonfvnf; ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkYdESifhyif
pwifcJh[ef wlonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm;wGif a>re*g;udk udk;uG,frIESifh
qufpyfaeaom ,kMH unfr?I "avhx;Hk pHrsm; &Sad eayao;onf/ jrefrmEkid if H
waumif;&mZ0ifvm armifaygufusKdif;'Em&D('@m&D)rSm udk;uG,frI
ESifhqufpyfcJh[ef wl\/
tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrI
vlwkdYonf rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;pktvkduf pka0; tajcwpdkufae
vmMuojzifh vlaerIjyemrsm;? vlraI &;jyemrsm; ay:aygufco
hJ nf/
aus;&Gmrsm;omru aus;&Gmrsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,fzGJUpnf;tyfaom
a'orsm;wGif ,if;jyemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifrnfht&nftcsif; t
ajrmftjrif&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufcJhavonf/ rsm;aomtm;
jzifh rdom;pkrsm; aygif;pyfxm;aomaqGrsKd;pk\tBuD;tuJrsm; jzpfonf/
wcgw&H tBuD;tuJwOD;om&Sd wcgw&H ESpfOD;&Sdwwfonf/ tBuD;
tuJwkdYonf udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI? vlrIa&;ESifhxkH;wrf;pOfvm"avhwkdYt&
om BuD;uJtkyfcsKyfMu&onf/
vlpk\ tpOftvmESifh"avhrSm xkdvlpktwGuf Oya'rsm; jzpf
onf/ tjiif;yGm;rI&SdvQif a&ikyfjcif;uJhodkYaom tNydKifjyKvkyfrIrsKd;udkap
ckdif; tqkH;tjzwfay;onf[k qkdEkdifonf/ a&S;usaom vlpkwkdYwGif
,if;tpOftvmonf ,aeYwkdif usef&Sdaeayao;onf/
trdBuD;pkd;aom vlYtzGJYtpnf;
vlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdYwGif tz BuD;pkd;onfvnf; &SdcJhonf/ trdBuD;
pkd;onfvnf; &SdcJhonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0if cgqDvlrsKd;wkdYwGif ,cktxd
trdBuD;pdk;onfhpepf&Sdaeonf/ tcsKdUumv tcsKdUa'owGif trsKd;orD;
51
wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf ydkta&;yg t&ma&mufcJhMuonf/ ausmuf

acwfaESmif;twGif;u trsKd;orD;wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf tqifht
wef; redrfh&kHomru vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;wkdYwGif a&SUwef;rS
OD;aqmifcJhonfrsm; &Sdayonf/ ukef;jrifha'oae wkdif;&if;om;vlYtzGJU
tpnf;wGif trsKd;orD;wkdY\0wfpm;wefqmonf vlrsKd;owfrSwf&m t
rSwftom; jzpfaejcif;? trsKd;orD;wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf ydkwm0ef
,laqmif&Gufaejcif;wkdYu tcsufudk axmufcHaeayonf/
t0wftxnfESifhaq;rifxkd;jcif;
avQmrf sm; rIrYd sm;udk ,ufvyk af omt0wftxnfrsm;udk 0wfqif
cJhMuonf[k qkdEkdif\/ txl;ojzifh t0wftxnfrsm;udk aq;a&mifqkd;
0wfwwfMuayNyD/ trsKd;orD;wkdYonf a&mifpkHykwD;rsm;udkvnf; qif
,ifwwfMuNyD[k ,lq&\/ a<uaphrsm;? usdwfoD;rsm;ponfwkdYjzifh ykwD;
jyKvkyfcJhayrnf/
trsKd;om;wkdYonf aq;rifaMumif xkd;vmNyD[k ,lq&\/ udk,f
udk tvSty wefqmqif&ef t0wftxnf0wfonhfae&mwGif tpm;
xkd;onfh"avh[k ,lq&\/
aysmf&TifrIESifhtyef;ajzrI
ausmufacwfaESmif; vlwo
Ydk nf aot&ufukd azmufvyk af omuf
ok;H wwfMuNy[
D k ,lq&onf/ ewfyal Zmf&mwGiv
f nf; aot&ufyg&onf/
0g;? opf? ponfjzifh jyKvkyfaom wl&d,m*Dwypnf;rsm;udk wD;
rIw
f tyef;ajzcJMh u[efw\
l / rsuEf mS jyifrnDaom opfw;Hk udk tacgif;
jzpfatmif xGif;um wD;acgufcJhMuonf/ aysmf&TifrItwGufomru t
csuaf y;&ef? owday;&eftwGuyf g ok;H cJ[
h efw\
l / opfom;pnfrsK;d rSm
aMu;udk oGef;vkyftyfaom zm;pnfwkdY\a&SUajy;yif jzpfonf[k,lq&
onf/
52
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
aMu;jzifh zm;pnfudk oGef;vkyfum tokH;jyKvmwwfaomtcsdef

wGif ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYonf aMu;acwfodkY
csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmNyD jzpfayonf/ owK\tokH;ukd odvmonfESifh
acwfvnf; ajymif;vmcJhonf/ acwfonfum; jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SU
awmiftm&StwGuf orkdif;wifacwftp odkYr[kwf orkdif;acwfOD;yif
jzpfayonf/
orkdif;acwfOD; jrefrmEkdifiH
orkdif;rwifrDacwf vlYabmifb0taMumif;udk orkdif;OD;bkHajr
pepf tajccHaom vlrpI ;D yGm;a&;b0taMumif;xd qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ orkid ;f
rwifraD cwftwGi;f pmaya&;om;rItwwfay:aygufvmaomf? odrYk [kwf
xkdacwfu vlwkdYtaMumif; pmayjzifh acwfNydKifrSwfwrf; wifvmaomf
orkdif;rwkdifrDacwfrSonf orkdif;wifacwfokdY ajymif;vJonf[k EkdifiH
orkdif;ynm&SifwkdYu a,bk,stm;jzifh rSwfom;Muonf/
orkdif;acwfodkYajymif;apcJhaom tajctaersm;
jrefrmEkid if H ta&SUawmiftm&StaMumif; acwfNyKd irf w
S w
f rf;wif
rI a&S;OD;pGm awGU&onfrSm c&pfESpfrsm;ay:NyD;pumv wenf;qkdaomf
yxr&mpk at'DEpS rf sm; ywf0ef;usiaf vmufwiG f jzpfonf[k qkEd idk o
f nf/
onfukd axmuf jrefrmEkid if EH iS t
hf a&SUawmiftm&Sa'owkw
Yd iG f c&pf
ESpfrsm; ay:OD;umvw0dkufwGif orkdif;acwfOD;pwifcJhonf[k omref
tm;jzifh qkEd idk af vonf/ umvwGif tajctaeopfrsm; jzpfay:cJ\
h /
odkYyif jzpfvifhupm; a'owGif &SdaecJhaom orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfonf
qufvufwnfqJjzpf\/
orkdif;acwfOD;twGif;odkYvnf; trQifwef; ygvmcJhayonf/
xl;jcm;aom tajctaeopfwkdYum; tb,fwkdYenf;/
53
(1) pmayrSwfwrf;wifrIudk jzpfapaom EkdifiHjcm;rSvlrsm; a'oodkY

a&muf&Sdvmjcif;/
(2) Ekid if w
H iG ;f odYk wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d opfrsm; a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufvmjcif;
ESifh
(3) vlokH;vufeufu&d,mrsm; jyKvkyfonfh0wKypnf;opfudk awGU&SdokH;
pGJcJhjcif;wkdY jzpfonf/
EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; a&mufvmjcif;
pmayrSww
f rf;wifru
I kd jzpfapEkid o
f nfh Ekid if jH cm;om;rsm; a&muf
&ykHudk ESpfydkif;cGJEkdifonf/ yxrwydkif;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;rS jzwf
oef;oGm;aom ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;udk ydkrkdwkd;csJUtokH;jyKvmrIESifh'kwd,
ydik ;f rSm jrefrmEkid if aH wmifyikd ;f yifv,furf;wavQmufwiG f ta&SUtaemuf
ukefonfrsm; ydkrkda&muf&Sdvmjcif;wkdY jzpf\/
ajrmufydkif;ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;
c&pfEpS f ay:OD;umvywf0ef;usiw
f iG f Oa&myawmifyikd ;f a&mr
tifyg,mBuD; wefcdk;xm;aeonf/ tm&SwkdufwGif w&kwf[eftifyg,m
BuD; wefcdk;xGm;aeonf/ a&mrESifh[efwkdYonf tm&Stv,fydkif; ukef;
vrf;c&D;jzifh ukepf nfa&mif;0,fazmufum;cJMh uonf/ [eftifyg,m wef
ckd;xm;cJhaomfvnf; tapmydkif;acwfwGif ,leefe,fudk ydkifqkdifjcif; r&Sd
ao;ay/
tapmydkif;[efrif;quf(206bDpDrS 25at'D)? [efplwd{u&mZf
(140-87bDp)D vufxufwiG f tm&Swu
dk t
f v,fyidk ;f &Sd vlrsK;d wko
Yd nf [ef
w&kwudk ykefuefwkdufckdufojzifh ukefoG,fvrf;ydwfcJhonf/ xdkwkdufckduf
olwkdY\taemufzuf&SdEkdifiHrsm;odkY w&kwfoHrsm; oGm;a&mufqufoG,f
Mu&mrS jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;udkjzwf tdEd,rSwqifh tm&Staemuf
ydkif;odkY a&mufaom ukefoG,fc&D;vrf;wck&SdaMumif; odcJhMu&onf/
54
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
wGirf S [efw&kww
f o
Ydk nf jrefrmEkid if aH jrmufyidk ;f qDoYkd c&D;vrf;azmuf&ef
BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif; [efrif;qufvufxuf(25-220at'D)
a&mufrS ,leefe,f [efw&kww
f Ydk ,m,DBu;D pd;k Ekid cf
hJ ,aeYjrefrme,fpyf
ESifhrkdif 70-uGm ,leefe,ftaemufzufydkif;&Sd ,kifcsef(,aeY aygif&Sef)
wGif tkyfcsKyfrIe,fwckudk 69-at'DwGif zGifhvSpfum ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;
udk xdef;odrf;csKyfudkifcJhMuavonf/ vrf;BuD;ukd vkduf a&mrtifyg
,mbufrS oHtzGJYrsm; w&kwfjynfodkYa&mufcJhMu\/ ukefonfrsm;vnf;
tjyeftvSef ul;vl;qufqHcJhMu\/
odjYk zifh jrefrmEkid if aH jrmufyikd ;f &Sd ukeo
f ,
G v
f rf;ESiq
hf ufo,
G f
aeaom vlwt
Ydk aMumif;udk [efacwfw&kw&f mZ0ifww
Ydk iG f rSww
f rf;wif
vmcJhayonf/
tkdifavmifvlrsKd;
,kifcseftkyfcsKyfa&;e,fwGif aexdkifolrsm;rSm tkdifavmifvlrsKd;
jzpfaMumif;? vSyqef;us,fpGm xkd;xm;aomZmt0wf? yef;xkd;t0wfwkdY
udk 0wfqif a&mifpOHk ;D aqmif;t0wfukd qif,ifaMumif;? pOfY odrYk [kwf
zef vlo;Hk ypn;f rsm;udk ok;H pGaJ Mumif;? ykvEJ iS yhf ifv,fow0gwk\
Yd tcGrH sm;
udk tokH;jyKMuaMumif;? tkdifavmifwkdY\taemufzuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmuf
ydkif;&Sd vlwkdYrSm vlykrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh [efacwf &mZ0ifusrf;wkdY
u qkdonf/ vlwkdYrSm ,Ofaus;aom urmhEkdifiHBuD;ESpfckudk qufoG,f
ay;xm;aom ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;ESifhqufpyfaeolrsm;jzpf jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif urm,
h Ofaus;rIEiS ahf &S;OD;pGm xdawGUcJ&h olrsm;[k qkEd idk af yonf/ tdik f
avmif[al om trnfuakd xmuf xdt
k rnf&o
dS w
l rYdk mS a&S;OD; xdik ;f trsK;d
om;rsm;avm[k ynm&SiftcsKdUu awG;xifcJhMuayonf/ vlykrsKd;wkdYrSm
rGef*kdvGKdufr[kwfaom rl&if;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/
55
awmifbufyifv,fc&D;vrf;
a&mrESi[
hf efwo
Ydk nfvnf;aumif;? tm&StaemufEiS t
hf a&SUydik ;f
wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? xkdacwfavmufwGifyif yifv,fc&D;jzifh ul;vl;
qufqcH MhJ u\/ yxraomf a&mr&Guo
f abFmwko
Yd nf yifv,fjyifoYkd &Guf
rvTifhcJhMuao;/ urf;&kd;wef;udkvkdufom tdEd,EdkifiHtxd ul;oef;cJh
Muonf/ aemufydkif;wGif rkwfokefav\tokH;udk odNyD;aemuf tma&As
yifv,fudk jzwful;um tdEd,awmifydkif;odkY wkduf&kdufa&mufcJh\/ tm&S
ta&SUydkif;rS w&kwfESifhrav;ukefonfwkdYonf ta&SUawmiftm&SrS ukef
ypnf;rsm;udk tdEd,awmifydkif;ESifhoD[dkVfuRef;odkY o,faqmif a&mif;
0,fazmufum;Muonf/ odkYaom ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm; ay:aygufcJh&m
rS a'owkdYtaMumif;onf acgr? a&mrESifhtdEd,pmaywkdYwGif yg0if
cJhayonf/
[eftifyg,m ysuo
f Ok ;f Ny;D aemuf w&kwjf ynf 0lEidk if rH S oHwo
Ydk nf
zleef(,ck uarm'D;,m;)EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJh ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;?
tdEd,EkdifiHESifhjrefrmEkdifiHwkdYtaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhMujyefonf/
awmfvrD\yx0Dusrf;
acgrrSwfwrf;wkdYwGif awmfvrD\yx0Dusrf;udk todrsm;Mu
onf/ tdEd,pmayrsm;jzpfaom 550-edygwfawmfrsm;? rdvdEyOmponfh
Ak'0g'pmayrsm;? &mrm,eponfh [dEL0g'pmayrsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHESifh
ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otaMumif;udk awGU&onf/ w&kw?f acgrrSww
f rf;
rsm;ESit
hf Ed ,
d pmayvm tcsut
f vufwrYdk mS rsm;pGmuGjJ ym;jcif;r&Sad y/ t
xl;ojzifh tdE,
d pmayESiahf wmfvrDyx0Dusr;f vm a'otrnf? odrYk [kwf
trnf\t"dyg,fwkdYrSm vGefpGmeD;pyfonf/ awmfvrDonf tdEd,ukef
onfxrH &S aom owif;tcsuw
f u
Ydk kd rlwnf olyY x0Dusr;f udk a&;cJ[
h ef
wl\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif yg&Sdcsufrsm;udk jcKH
aumufcsucf sMuaomtcg atmufygtaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk od&\/
56
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
orkdif;acwfOD; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae bDvl;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHurf;&kd;wef;wavQmufwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
pcef;rsm;jzpfaom qdyu
f rf;NrKd Ursm; &Scd o
hJ nf/ txif&mS ;qk;H rSm ok0Pbrl d
jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;wGif tdEd,EkdifiHom;ukefonfrsm; pwnf;cs
aexkid cf MhJ uonf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wkrYd mS ykwkwcf idk o
f nf/ qHyifvidI ;f xae
ouJhodkY wGefYonf/ ESmacgif;jym; tarT;trQifxlonf/ vlpkrSm Mop
aMwvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f0if a&S;usaomvlrsm; jzpfwef&m\/ a&S;usaom
MopBwKdat;&Sm;wpf pum;udk ajymMuaom a&S;OD;rGefcrm tEG,fcGJ0if
rsm;[k qkb
d ,
G &f m&S\
d / jrefrmpmtkyrf sm;? ykjH yifrsm;wGif yg0ifaom bDv;l
wdkYrSm olrsm;ukdyif qkdavoavm[k awG;bG,f&mjzpfonf/ ajrmuf
ydkif; w&kwfe,fpyfteD;ae vlykrsKd;wkdYonf w&kwfjynfxGuf ukefypnf;
rsm;udk o,f,lykdYaqmifay;jcif;jzifh ta&SUtaemuf ukeful;rIudk ulnDcJh
Muonf/
AdEkd;
ok0Pbrl (d w&kwrf w
S w
f rf;wGif usiv
f ifac:onf/ a&Te,ferd w
d f
[k t"dyg,f&onf/)rkwrauGUw0dkufwGif &SdEkdifaumif;\[k rSwfwrf;
rsm;rS wGufcsuf,lEkdifonf/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;ESifhacgryx0Dusrf;wkdYu ok
0Pbrl \
d ajrmufzuf(jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f )wGif NrKd UBu;D wNrKd U &Sad Mumif;
qkd\/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGifrl Ak'0g'xGef;um;aomEkdifiH[k qkdonf/
xkdEkdifiHrSm ta&SUtaemuf ukef;aMumif;ukefoG,f&m c&D;vrf;cGJ
jzpfaom {&m0wDjrpfteD;&Sd AdEkd;NrdKUudkyif nTef;jcif;jzpfwef&monf/
NrdKUa[mif; wl;az:&mwGif 2-&mpkat'DokH; tdEd,awmifydkif; jA[D
tu&mESifhwHqdyfwckudk awGUcJhbl;onfjzpf&m xkdacwfu pma&;onfh
twwfonf jrefrmEkdifiHodkYa&mufaeNyD[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/
57
ya'o&mZfpepf\tp
onfwkdYudk axmuf orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfESifhaexkdifvsuf&Sd
aom jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd rl&if;wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\
vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;odkY wrlxl;jcm;aomvlaerIpepfwckonf orkdif;
acwfO;D twGi;f u a&muf&v
dS mcJo
h nf[k ckid cf idk v
f v
Hk Hk qkEd idk af yonf/ ,if;
pepfopfrSm tckdiftrm t&Hwefwkdif;? usKH;NrdKU&kd;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmuftyf
aom NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;wGif wkdufwmtkd;tdrfESifhaexkdifvmonfhpepf? vlYtzGJU
tpnf;wGif tkyfcsKyfoltBuD;tuJESifhtkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;? ttkyfcsKyfcH
vlwef;pm;wkdYyg0ifvmaompepf? pkaygif;aqmif&Guf pkaygif;tusKd;cHpm;
rIraS oGznf trdeaYf y;tcGit
hf a&;xl;cHol vlenf;pku tvkyv
f yk af om
vlrsm;pkudk appm;onfhtjrwfxkwfonfhvlaerIpepfrsKd; jzpfonf/
tdE,
d Ekid if o
H m;wkaYd &mufvm OD;aqmifzUJG pnf;cJah om olwx
Ydk H
rS enf;,lzGJUpnf;cJhaom ya'o&mZfpepfyif jzpfonf/ odkYaom ya'
o&mZfpepfusio
hf ;Hk onfrmS ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcsut
f csmae&mrsK;d
omjzpf vlrsm;pkrSmrl &Sd&if;pGJ bkHajrpepf pD;yGm;a&;udkyif qufvuf
usifhokH;qJ[k qkd&ygrnf/
vlrsKd;opfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;
awmifbufyikd ;f wGif Ekid if jH cm;ukeo
f nftpki,fuav;rsm; a&muf
&SdtajcpkdufaevmrIonf orkdif;acwfOD;\xl;jcm;csufw&yf jzpfonf/
tcsdefavmufwGif ajrmufydkif;rS wkdif;&if;om;opfwkdY tifESifhtm;ESifh
wokwfNyD;wokwf qkdovkd wqifhNyD;wqifh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/
onfrSm orkdif;acwfOD;\'kwd,xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om;
opfwkdY 0ifa&mufvmrIonfvnf; orkdif;acwfOD;vlwkdY\orkdif;pOfudk t
oGifajymif;apcJhonf/
wkdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfwkdY ra&mufvmrDu tm&Sta&SUawmif
ydik ;f rSm MopBwKad t&Sm;wpftEG,0f if rGecf rmbmompum;rsm;udk ajymol
58
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
wk\
Yd a'ojzpfaMumif; qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ olwrYdk mS ausmufacwfaESmif; ,Of
aus;rIEiS o
hf rkid ;f OD;bkaH jrpepft& tajcwpdu
k f aexkid Mf uolrsm;jzpfonf/
xdkvlwkdY\a'ookdY wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfwkdY a&TUajymif;azmufxGif;vm
Muaomtcg &S&d if;pGv
J t
Yl zGUJ tpnf;wkrYd mS wuGw
J jym;pDjzpfMu wkid ;f &if;
om;opfvt
Yl zGUJ tpnf;wkYd ay:aygufvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ onfuakd jymif;
vJrIw&yf[k qkdjcif;jzpf\/
ysL? ouf? em*? csif;? u&if
ajrmufzufqDrS topf0ifa&mufvmolwkdYrSm wdAufjrefrmEG,f
0ifpum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jzpf\/ wdAufjrefrmEG,0f ifvw
l \
Ydk a&TUajymif;
rIwnf;[laom vla&pD;aMumif;wGif wyfO;D rS ygvmolwrYkd mS a&S;OD;ysLrsm;?
oufrsm;? em*rsm;? csif;rsm;ESifhu&ifrsm;[k ,lq&ayonf/
a&S;OD;ysLwko
Yd nf ta&SUajrmufqrD S 0ifvm 1-&mpkat'Davmuf
wGif ,ckAdEkd;[kwGifaeaom od&orQ a&S;tusqkH;NrdKUBuD;udk wnf
axmifcMhJ uolrsm; jzpfonf/ uomc&dik &f dS ,ck u'l;? ueef;wkid ;f &if;om;
wk\
Yd a&S;bd;k ab;Bu;D rsm; jzpfMuonf/ oufwo
Ydk nf taemufajrmufzuf
rS {&m0wDjrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJhMu\/ olwkdY\a'oodkY em*vlrsKd;rsm;0if
vmMu\/ em*wkdYonf taemufzufydkif;wGif aexkdifvmMu oufwkdY
\taemufzufydkif;a'oudk azmufxGif;cJhMuonf/ csif;wkdYonfvnf;
taemufajrmufrS 0ifvm csif;wGif;jrpf&kd;wavQmufwGif aexkdifvm
Muojzifh oufwkdY\tpkrSm xyfrH uGJoGm;&jyefonf/ awmifbufodkY
vnf; wqifhwkd; a&TUoGm;cJh&[ef wlonf/
ouf? em*ESichf si;f wkYd 0ifvmMuojzifh rlvu&Scd ahJ om rGecf rm
tEG,f0ifwkdYrSmvnf; a0;vHpGm wuGJwjym;pD jzpfcJh&ayonf/
tvm;wlyif orkdif;acwfOD;avmufu u&iftrsKd;om;wkdYonf
ta&SUajrmufzufqrD S oHviG jf rpfaMumif;wavQmufwiG f vIy&f mS ;a&TUajymif;
aeNyD; jzpfcJh[efwl\/ olwkdYonf &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;&Sd rGefcrmtEG,fcGJ
0ifwkdYae&mudk azmufxGif;cJh Nidrf;csrf;at;aq;pGm awmifbufodkYa&TU
59
ajymif;vmcJ\
h / &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f avmufoYkd a&mufrS taemufoq
Ykd uf
vuf a&TUajymif;cJhMu[efwlonf/ odkYjzifh &Srf;jynfESifh,ck,dk;',m;Ekdif
iH&Sd rGefcrmtEG,fcGJ0ifwkdYonf wuGJwjym;jzpfcJhMu&onf[k qkdbG,f&m
&Sdayonf/
ajymif;vJrIrsm;
&Sd&if;rlvwkdif;&if;om;wkYdrSm rdrdwkdYykdif vlaerIpepf? ,Ofaus;rI
ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkdY&SdMuonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf tenf;pkrSm EkdifiHjcm;rS
a&mufvmaom tdEd,om;vlpkwkdY\,Ofaus;rIpepf ponfwkdYESifh awGU
xd&onf/
,ck wzef wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifwkdY a&mufvmjyefonf/ t
opf0ifvmaom vlpkrSmvnf; olwkdYpepf olwkdY,Ofaus;rIESifhjzpfonf/
&Sd&if;vlpkESifhawGUxda&maESmrdMuaomtcg vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Of
aus;rIwkdYonf tjyeftvSef tusKd;jyKjcif;&Sd txkduftavsmufajymif;
vJrIrsm; &Sdrnfomjzpfrnf/
NrdKUjyjynf&Gm wnfaxmif tdEd,pepftm;aumif;aom ae&m
wkdYwGif ya'o&mZfvlrIa&;pepfopf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfopfwkdY ykHwnfay:
aygufrnfomjzpfonf/
odkYjzpfvifhupm; vlrsKd;rsm; a&TUajymif;rI? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;
pepftoGifajymif;rIwkdYrSm &ufcsif;? vcsif;? ESpfcsif;jzpfonfh jzpf&yfrsm;
r[kw/f ESp&f n
S v
f rsm; vltqufqufMumatmif wa&GUa&GUwjznf;jznf;
jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmonfhjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf/ a&TUajymif;jcif;rjyKbJ csef
ae&pfcJhjcif;? vlrIa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfa[mif;yif pGJNrJpGmusefae&pfjcif;
rsm; trsm;yif &Sdonfudk owdcsyfzdkY vdkayonf/
vlrIpD;yGm;a&;udk xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJapcJhaom orkdif;acwfOD;
jzpf&yfwckrSm vlokH;ukefxkwfvufeufrsm;udk aMu;owKESifhjyKvkyfwwf
vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ taMumif;udkum; oD;jcm;az:jy&ef vkdayrnf/
60
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tydkif;(3)
ya'o&mZfacwfOD;\tp
(aMu;acwf)
61
ukefxkwfu&d,majymif;vJrI
orkid ;f OD; bkaH jracwfrS ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfacwfO;D \tpodaYk jymif;
vJvmcJhykHudk txufwGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ay:wGif
tajcjyKaom vlaerIb0ajymif;vJrIudk zefwD;onfh taMumif;t&mwkdY
wGif ukefvkyfu&d,m ajymif;vJvmrIonf taMumif;w&m;w&yf jzpfay
onf/
orkid ;f OD;bkaH jracwftwGi;f u ukev
f yk u
f &d,mrsm; ajymif;vJvm
rIaMumifh ukex
f w
k v
f yk ef nf;ESiphf epfrsm;yg ajymif;vJcyhJ ?Hk ,if;wku
Yd kd tajc
jyK vlaerIb0 wkd;wufcJhykHudk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpf\/
62
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfrsm;
c&pfESpfay:OD;umvwGifrl ta&SUawmiftm&S vlwkdYonf aMu;
\tokH;udk odcJh\/ aMu;oGef;twwfudk wwfodvmMu\/ aMu;owK
rSm ausmufavmufraygrsm;? vG,fulpGmvnf; r&Ekdif/ tzkd;wefypnf;
jzpfonf/ odYkjzpf&um; aMu;oGef;twwfudk odMuNyDqkdonfhwkdifatmif
vlenf;pkavmufom aMu;jzifjh yKvyk af om ukex
f w
k u
f &d,m vufeufrsm;
udk ydkifqkdifMuonf/ trsm;pkurl tpOftvmausmufacsmvufeufrsm;
udo
k m ok;H Ekid cf MJh uonf/ xufjrufaom aMu;vufeufrsm;udo
k m ok;H Ekid f
cJhMuonf/ xufjrufaom aMu;vufeufydkifolwkdYrSm tjcm;olrsm;xuf
tcGifhta&; ydkomvmMu\/ tcGifhta&;ydk ,lEkdifMu\/ tjcm;olrsm;
ay: vTrf;rkd;vmEkdifMu\/
odkYjzifh vTrf;rkd;BuD;pdk;vmolvlrsm;ESifhtvTrf;rkd;cHvlrsm;[k uGJ
jym;vmMu\/ vTrf;rkd;EkdifolwkdYonf tjcm;olrsm;udk appm; udk,fusKd;
&SmvmMu\/ odjYk zifh a&S;OD;acgif;ykjH zwfrrI sm; ay:vmcJo
h nf/ acgif;
ykjH zwfow
l o
Ydk nf ukex
f w
k v
f ufeufrsm;ESiw
hf uG pdu
k yf sK;d ajrponfh tjcm;
ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;udkyg ydkifqkdifvmcJhMu\/ olwkdYum; ta&SSU
awmiftm&S\a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfrsm;aywnf;/
odkYajymif;vJrI&Sdvmaom umvavmufwGifyif tdEd,om;
rsm;ESit
hf wl tdE,
d ,Ofaus;rIEiS yhf a'o&mZfpepfrsm; ta&SUawmiftm&S
odaYk &mufvmcJ\
h / ,if;wk\
Yd vTr;f rk;d rIaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwiG f tdEd
,toGifaqmifaom ya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:aygufcJhaom tdEd,toGifaqmifonfh y
a'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm;taMumif;udk rqkdrD jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmif
tm&SwGif awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfaom aMu;vufeufrsm;? ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;?
vlokH;ypnf;rsm;taMumif;ESifh,if;wkdYrS od&SdEkdifaom aMu;acwfvlwkdYt
aMumif;udk tusOf;tm;jzifh az:jyvkdonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH aMu;vufeuf u&d,mrsm;ESifhvlokH;ypnf;rsm;udk
ucsijf ynfe,f Bw*d aH 'o? rk&H mG c&dik ?f &rnf;oif;c&dik ?f yJc;l &k;d rawmifp,
G f
63
rsm;? o&ufNrdKU? &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;a'orsm;wGif tEHYSt

jym; awGUcJ&h Ny;D jzpf\/ rk;d rdwEf iS Bhf w*d aH 'owkw
Yd iG f aMu;eDvuf0wfwefqm
rsm;udkyg awGU&onf/ vufeuftrsm;pkrSm ykqdefoGm;ESifhvSHpGyfrsm;jzpf
onf/ vufuikd t
f &k;d pGy&f ef tacgif;aygufrsm;ygonfvnf; &So
d nf/ ryg
onfvnf;&Sdonf/ {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wGif awGU&aom aMu;ykqdefoGm;rsm;
rSm tcsKd;us a&SUaemufnDonf/ &Srf;jynfbufwGif awGU&aom aMu;
ykqdefoGm;wkdYrSm toGm;aemufydkif;wkdY a&SUydkif;&SnfNyD;vQif txufodkY
aumhwufae\/ ajcykHESifhwlaom toGm;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ykHrsKd;udk w&kwf
jynfawmifyikd ;f ,leefe,fEiS Ahf ,
D uferfEidk if aH jrmufyikd ;f wkw
Yd iG f awGU&onf/
jrefrmEkdifiH aMu;vufeufud&d,mrsm;onf acsmarGU vuf&m
ajrmufvSonf/ aMu;oGef;twwfudk aumif;pGm wwfajrmufolwkdY\
vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/ vufeufwo
Ydk nf tdE,
d Ekid if b
H uf awGU&aom
vufeufrsm;ESifhrwl/ ,leefe,fwGif awGU&aom vufeufrsm;ESifhqif
onf/ odkYjzpf tdEd,om;rsm; ra&mufrDuwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiH aMu;
oGef;twwf&SdaeNyD[k qkdEkdifonf/
xkdrSwyg; wdAuf-jrefrma&SUajy;vlrsm; r0ifa&mufrDuwnf;u
yif jrefrmEkdifiH aMu;oGef;twwf&SdaeNyD[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/
taMumif;rSm AD,uferfEidk if aH jrmufyikd ;f 'kiaf pmifoif;csKid ;f *lrsm;
wGif awGU&aom vufeufwrYdk mS wdAufjrefrmr[kwo
f w
l \
Ydk vufeufrsm;
jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ xkda'owGifawGU&aom aMu;zm;pnfrsm;ESifhajc
ykHykqdefoGm;rsm;ay:wGif xkdacwfvlwkdY\ykHrsm;? avSrsm;ESifhyifv,fc&D;
ppfcsDykHrsm;? uckefwD;rIwfaeykHrsm;udk awGU&\/
,if;ykHwkdYudk axmuf aMu;acwfvlwkdYwGif rkqkd;rsm;? wHigrsm;?
v,form;rsm;? ppfonfrsm;yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ 'kifapmif aMu;
ypn;f wkw
Yd iG f v,form;tok;H taqmifypn;f rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ at
'D 100-cefYu w&kwfaMu;ypnf;rsm;vnf; awGU&onf/ 'kifapmifaMu;
ypnf;rsm;onf oyf&yf csyfcsyf&yf&yf &Sdonf/ w&kwfypnf;rsm;rSm yG
a,mif;a,mif;ESifhxlydef;ydef; &Sdonf/ w&kwfvuf&mESifhrwlaomypnf;
rsm; jzpfonf/
64
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
'kiaf pmifaMu;acwfvw
l \
Ydk zm;pnfrsK;d ukd avm? ,k;d ',m;ESijhf ref
rmEkdifiHwkdYwGifvnf; awGU&onf/ olwkdY\Al;cg;yavGrSm &Srf;jynfawmif
ydkif; wkdif;&if;om;ukef;jrifhom;wkdY\uJef;ac:Al;cg;yavGrsm;ESifhtvGefwl
onf/ ,leefjrefrme,fpyfwiG f 'kiaf pmifajcykyH q
k ed o
f mG ;ESiw
hf al om ykqed f
oGm;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odjYk zpf 'kiaf pmifaMu;acwf,Ofaus;rIrsK;d onf
jrefrmEkdifiHbufwGifvnf; ay:aygufcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/
c&pfay:OD;avmufu[k cefYrSef;&aom {&m0wDjrpf0Srf; rauG;
c&kdif AdEkd;NrdKUa[mif;wGif oHypnf;tcsKdUudk awGU&onf/ odkYjzpf jref
rmEkdifiHwGif aMu;acwftwGif;u oH\tokH;udkvnf; odaeMuNyD[kqkd&
ayrnf/
a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm;
orkid ;f acwfO;D wGif ta&SUawmiftm&S ya'o&mZfEidk if iH ,frsm;
ay:aygufcahJ omfvnf; orkid ;f OD;bkaH jrpepfval erIb0ESiahf exkid o
f t
l rsm;
qufvuf &SdaecJhayonf/ pepfopftwGif;odkY pepfa[mif;trQifwef;
ygvmjcif;onf obm0w&m;twkdif; jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f a&S;OD;ay:aygufcahJ om ya'o&mZfEidk if w
H t
Ydk euf
ok0Pblrd? AdEkd;? waumif;ESifha0omvDEkdifiHi,fwkdY xif&Sm;onf/
ok0Pblrd
,ckppfawmif;ESio
hf v
H iG jf rpfEpS o
f ,
G pf yfMum; rkwr yifv,fauGU
ay:&Sd urf;ajrmifa'orSm ok0PblrdEkdifiHwnfcJh&m a'ojzpf\/ NrdKU
awmfrSm xkda'o&Sd auomvawmifajcwGif &Sdonf/ tdEd,awmifydkif;
rav;uRef;qG,f? oD[kdVfuRef;wkdYESifhukefoG,f&m qdyfurf;NrdKUBuD;jzpf\/
xkNd rKd Uonf weoFm&D&;dk rudk jzwfausmu
f m ,d;k ',m;Ekid if b
H uf&dS 'Gg&m0wD
EkdifiHESifhukef;vrf;ukefoG,f&m pcef;NrdKUvnf; jzpfonf/
65
orkdif;acwfOD;u NrdKUudk &wemokdufBuD;tjzpf odcJhMu\/

w&kw?f a&mr? acgr? tdE,
d ukeo
f nfrsm;u NrKd Uudk ]a&Tajr}[k t"dyg ,f
&aom rdrw
d b
Ykd mompum;jzifh trnfay; rSww
f rf;wifcMhJ u\/ ok0P
blrEd ikd if \
H e,ftus,rf mS taemufzuf {&m0wDjrpf? ta&SUbuf aomif
&if;jrpftxdjzpfaom {&m0wD? ppfawmif;? oHviG jf rpfw\
Ydk jrpf0uRe;f ay:
a'o[k ,lqEkdifonf/
a'owGif c&pfay:OD;avmufu aexkdifoGm;MuolwkdYrSm Mo
paMwvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f0ifrsm; jzpfonf/ jrefrm'Em&D('@m&D)wkdYwGif bD
vl;[kac:aeolrsm;rSm vlrsm;yif jzpfonf[k ,lq&\/ bDvl;wkdYae
&modkY a&S;OD;rGefrsm; a&mufvmaomtcg bDvl;wkdYonf yifv,fwGif;odkY
qkwcf mG ay;cJ&h [efwo
l nf/ rdrw
d aYkd e&ma[mif;udk jyef&a&;twGuf bDv;l
wkdYonf urf;odkYwuf a&S;OD;rGefwkdYESifhtcgtm;avsmfpGm ppfqifcJhMu
onf/ rEkdifonf\tqkH; tcsKdUyifv,fwGif;&Sd uRef;rsm;odkY a&TUajymif;
cJhonf/ tcsKdUrSm ,ck oxkHjzpfaom&uyl&NrdKUudk wnfaxmifcJh\/ a&S;
OD;rGefwkdYtiftm;rsm;vmaomtcg bDvl;wdkYonf xkda'orSmyif awmif
bufodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMu[efwl\/
bDpD 250-cefY &SifaomeESifh&SifOw&rax&f 2-yg;onf ok0P
blrdodkY omoemjyKa&mufcJhum ax&0g'omoem\tpudk EkdifiHwGif
ysK;d axmifco
hJ nf[k tqk&d o
dS nf/ a'o&Sd auvmoawmifrmS yk*aH cwf
usefppfom;rif;BuD;ESifh[Hom0wD "rapwDrif;wkdY txGwftjrwfxm;&m
Ak'omoem\tcsuftcsma'owck jzpfayonf/
ok0PblrdEkdifiHom;wkdYonf qifzrf;0goemyg qifudk pD;eif;
MuaMumif;? qifrsm;aovQif qifpG,fudk Ekwf,lMuaMumif;? xkdNrdKUrS t
wGif;ydkif;odkY oGm;aom ukef;vrf;c&D;udkvkdufvQif ]vif,ef}ac:EkdifiHwck
&Sad Mumif;? Ekid if w
H iG f vlO;D a&pnfum; Ak'o
moemxGe;f um;aMumif;
ESifh at'D 300-cefYu a&;aom w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGifawGU&\/
66
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
AdEkd;NrKdU
rSwfwrf;vm taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ]vif,ef}rSm ,ck
AdEkd;NrdKUa[mif;[k ,lq&ef&Sdayonf/ AdEkd;NrdKUa[mif;onf rauG;
c&kdif {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbuf vufwufi,fwckjzpfaom ,if;acsmif;
0Srf;\taemufpGef;wGif &Sdonf/ NrdKU\pD;yGm;a&; ausmaxmufaemuf
cHe,frmS ,if;acsmif;0Sr;f yifjzpf\/ ,if;acsmif;0Sr;f rSm ajrMoZmaumif;
pyg;pku
d yf sK;d Ekid o
f nf/ yk*aH cwf a&S;OD;jrefrmwkYd wnfaxmifc
hJ orkid ;f
pOfwiG f xif&mS ;cJah om awmifwiG ;f Bu;D NrKd Uonf acsmif;0Sr;f \ta&SUpGef
wGif &Sdonf/
AdEkd;NrdKUrSm at'D 1-&mpkxufaemufrusbJ wnfcJhaom NrdKU
jzpf\/ NrdKUom;wkdYrSm rGef*kdvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifbmom
pum;udk ajymaom a&S;OD;ysLrsm;jzpfMuonf/ EkdifiHi,frSm ysLya'o
&mZforkdif;\tpyif jzpfonf/
w&kwEf iS t
hf Ed ,
d udk qufo,
G af y;xm;aom ukeo
f nfuek ;f vrf;
rBuD;wGif {&m0wDjrpfudk jzwfonfhae&mrS {&m0wDjrpfudk vdkufonfh
awmifbufvrf;cGw
J ck &Scd o
hJ nf/ ,if;vrf;cGt
J wkid ;f vku
d af omf waumif;
ESifhAdEkd;udk jzwf yifv,furf;odkY a&mufEkdif\/
,if;rSwqifh tdE,
d Ekid if aH wmifyikd ;f odYk qufomG ;Ekid o
f nf/ tdE,
d
awmifydkif;rS ukefonfwkdYonf awmifbufvrf;ckvyf ysLwkdY\a'o
jzpfaom AdEkd;wGif ukefonfpcef;zGifhcJh[ef wl\/ NrdKUa[mif;wGif
awGU&aom ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f m taxmuftxm;wkrdY mS tdE,
d Ekid if aH wmif
ykid ;f ESiq
hf ufo,
G af eonfukd awGU&\/ oa&acw&m,Ofaus;rIvuPm
rsm;udkvnf; AdEkd;wGifawGU&\/
AdEk;d NrKd Ua[mif;rSm av;a'gifrh uswus? NrKd U&k;d wefwidk ;f ESiu
hf sK;H
rsm; &Hvsu&f o
dS nf/ NrKd UaeNrKd Ucif; us,0f ef;onf/ NrKd UwGi;f awmifajrmuf
wef;aeaom wefwkdif;BuD;wckonf NrdKUudk ta&SUjcrf; taemufjcrf;[k
ESpfjcrf;cGJxm;\/ ta&SUjcrf;wGif NrdKUwGif;om;wkdY\&dumtwGuf pdkufysKd;
cif;rsm;om &Sd\/
67
taemufjcrf;wGif eef;awmfa[mif;ESifhomoemtaqmufttkH
rsm;&Sd vlae&yfuGufjzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;acwf ppfqifrIwGif NrdKUudk
0ef;&HwkdufckdufMuonfjzpf&m wdkufckdufrIudk Mum&SnfckcHEkdif&ef NrdKUudk
us,f0ef;pGm wnfaqmuf NrdKUwGif;yif pm;a&&dumxkwfvkyfEkdif&ef
pDpOfxm;csufjzpfonf/
NrdKUwGif;aevlwkdYrSm tkyfpkd;olya'o&mZfrsm;ESifholwkdYudk tvkyf
tauR;jyKolrsm;jzpf[ef wl\/ omrefwkdif;oljynfom;? tvkyform;?
v,form;wkdYrSm ,if;acsmif;vGifjyif jyefYESHYaexkdifcJhonf/
AdEk;d Ekid if o
H m;wko
Yd nf oH\tvk;H udk aumif;pGmodcMhJ u\/ Ekid if H
om;wkdY\t"duukefxkwfvkyfief;rSm pyg;pkdufysKd;rIjzpfonf/ yef;&H? yef;
bJ? yef;wOf;? yef;xdrf? yef;warmh? ajrtkd;vkyfief;? a&mifpkHykwD;vkyfief;
i,fwkdYudk jyKvkyfwwfonfhtEkynmADZ&SdaeMuNyDjzpf\/
,ufuef;twwfuv
kd nf; wwfoMd uNy;D [k ,lqbG,&f m&So
d nf/
at'D 2-&mpku tdEd,awmifydkif;wGif tokH;jyKcJhonfhjA[Dtu&mESifh
&kdufESdyfxm;aom ajrwHqdyfwckudkvnf; awGU&ojzifh xkdacwfuyif t
u&mESifhpmaya&;om;rItwwf a&mufcJhNyD[k qkdEkdif\/
tdEd,EkdifiHawmifydkif;rS &kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ukd;uG,f,kH
MunfrrI &Sad o;aom Ak'o
moem*kP
d ;f \ud;k uG,,
f MHk unfro
I nf AdEk;d
NrdKUodkYa&mufcJhNyDjzpfaMumif; tckdiftrm od&ayonf/
AdEk;d Ekid if iH ,f\vkyo
f m;jynfow
l rYdk mS tkypf ;dk aom ya'o&mZf
rsm;ESio
hf w
l \
Ydk cHwyfNrKd UBu;D wku
Yd kd rdrw
d \
Ydk b0vkjH cKH a&;twGuf t"dutm;
jzifh trSDjyKcJhMu&onf/
EkdifiHrSm at'D 1-&mpkcefYwGif a&S;OD;ysLwkdYonf axmifcJhaom
tdE,
d toGiu
f kd aqmifonfEh idk if jH zpf\/ ESp&f n
S v
f rsm; aexdik cf NhJ y;D aemuf
NrdKUonf wBudrfysufcJh&onf/ wzef jyefvnfwnfaxmif aexkdifvm
cJhMu&m at'D 5-&mpkavmufwGif oa&acw&mysLwkdYESifhppfrufjzpf
ysufokOf;cJh&ayonf/
AdEkd;NrdKU\tcef;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHysLwkdY\orkdif;pOfwGif a&S;OD;
vufrGeftcef;jzpfonf[k rSwfom;&ayonf/
68
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
waumif;
uomc&kdif {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbufurf;ay:wGif&SdcJhaom w
aumif;rSmvnf; ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;\a&S;usvSaom tcsuft
csmNrdKUBuD;wNrdKU jzpfonf/ waumif;rSm wdAufjrefrmbmompum; t
EG,f0ifoufwkdY\NrdKUawmfjzpf\/
waumif;Ekid if o
H nf taemufzuf rPdy&l jynf? ta&SUbuf &Sr;f
ukef;jyifjrifh\tajc? awmifbuf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; yk*HNrdKUavmuf
xd us,fjyefYcJh[efwl\/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmpufonf a'orsm;txd
jyefYESHYonf[k twdtusrqkdEkdifonhfwkdifatmif a&S;oufwkdYonf a'
orsm;txd jyefYESHYa&mufcJhaMumif;udkum; qkdEkdifayonf/
rPdyl&jynfukdjzwf tdEd,jynfudk oGm;aom a&S;ukefonf
vrf;ESifhawmifbufyifv,fodkYoGm;aom c&D;vrf;wkdYay:wGif wnf&Sdae
ojzifh waumif;onf tdE,
d ESiw
hf &kwjf ynf,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk &&SEd idk o
f nfh
ae&mwGif &SdcJhayonf/ cefYnm;aom NrdKU&kd;NrdKUwmrsm; &Sdonfhya'o&mZf
NrdKUwNrdKU jzpfonf/ NrdKUudk pepfwus wl;az:jcif; r&Sdao;ojzifh
NrdKUtaMumif;udk AdEkd;NrdKUavmuf rod&ao;ay/
a'owGif yk*Hacwfu BuD;pdk;cJholwkdYrSm oufbmompum;
tpk0if u'l;rsm;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfwGif oif;wGJNrdKU[kxif&Sm;onf/ yk*H
acwfysufonfh (1300-at'D)xdyif ta&;ygaom NrdKUwNrKdUjzpf\/ a&S;
u woD;wjcm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; yk*Hem;a#mif;rsm; rif;vufxufrSp yk*H
Ekid if EH iS w
hf yl;waygif;wnf;jzpfco
hJ nf/ yk*t
H aemf&xmrif;vufxufwiG f
waumif;udk txl;ta&;xm;cJh waumif;udk A[dkjyKaom u'l;wkdYESifh
&if;ESD;pGm qufqHcJh[ef wl\/
a0omvDEkdifiH
&ckid w
f idk ;f ukvm;wefjrpfEiS ahf vhNrKd Ujrpf0rS ;f wkw
Yd iG f ay:aygufaom
a0omvDEkdifiHonf rnfrQa&S;usonfudk twdtusrqkdEkdifao;ay/ t
69
csuftcsmjzpfaom a0omvDNrdKUa[mif;rSm ajrmufOD;ac:NrdKUa[mif;\

ajrmufzuf 6-rkdifcefYtuGmwGif &Sdonf/ NrdKUaeNrdKUxm;rSm t0ef;t0kdif;
ykjH zpfonf/ AdEk;d NrKd UuJo
h yYkd if us,0f ef;onf/ NrKd Uudk wnfaxmifco
hJ l
wkdYrSm tif'dktma&,eftEG,f0if tdEd,ajrmufydkif;om;wdkY jzpfonf/
xdkNrdKUwGif a&S;OD;pGm xGef;um;cJhaom udk;uG,f,kHMunfrIrSm od0
ewfudk;uG,faom [dEL0g'jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif Ak'omoema&muf
cJo
h nfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ xko
d rkid ;f acwfO;D avmufu
ukvm;wefEiS ahf vhNrKd Ujrpf0rS ;f wGi&f cdS ahJ om wkid ;f &if;om;wkrYd mS ]r*k}d rsm;jzpf
[efw\
l / a0omvDNrKd Uudk tajcjyKaom ya'o&mZfwo
Ydk nf pyg;aumif;
pGmxGuo
f nf/ jrpf0rS ;f rsm;ae vlrsm;udk Bu;D pd;k tkycf sKycf
hJ tdE,
d ajrmuf
ydik ;f pmay,Ofaus;rIEiS u
hf ;kd uG,,
f MHk unfrw
I u
Ydk kd usio
hf ;Hk cJo
h rl sm; jzpfonf/
a0omvDjynfonf a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm;(&ckid rf sm;)a&TUajymif;a&muf
&Sdvmonfh 10-11-&mpkESpfrsm;txd &SdcJhonf[k ,lq&ayonf/
ok0Pblrd? AdEkd;? waumif;ESifha0omvDwkdYrSm ya'o&mZf
EkdifiHi,frsm; jzpfonf/ xdkEkdifiHi,fwkdY\tokdif;t0kdif;twGif; aexkdifcJh
Muaom wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\vlaerIb0udk zefwD;csKyfudkifcJhaom tzGJU
tpnf;jzpfonf/
tzGJUtpnf;wkdYxuf BuD;rm;aomya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;
udk at'D 5-&mpkavmufrSp jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif awGUEkdifay
onf/ vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;rSm oa&acw&mudk tajcjyKonf'h w
k ,
d ysLacwf
\ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;aywnf;/
70
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tydkif;(4)
ysL ya'o&mZfacwf
71
orkdif;OD;bkHajracwfrS ya'o&mZfodkY ul;ajymif;rIjyem

ysLacwftaMumif;udk rqkdrD jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&S
EkdifiHwkdYwGif vlaerIb0onf ya'o&mZfodkY ajymif;vJcJhjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;
tcsufESpfcsufudk az:jyvkdonf/
yxrtcsufrSm a'ovlYorkdif;wGif orkdif;OD;bkHajracwfrS
ya'o&mZfacwfoYkd wku
d &f u
dk af jymif;vmcJ&h oavm? pyfMum;wGif Oa&my
EkdifiHrSmuJhodkY aus;ydkif uRefydkifpepf&SdcJhoavm[laomtcsuf jzpfonf/
'kwd,tcsufrSm ya'o&mZfpepf ay:aygufvmykHrSm aus;ykdif
uReyf ikd pf epfwiG rf S odrYk [kwf ,if;pepf\ya,m*,SOrf jI zifh ay:aygufvm
&jcif;avm odkYr[kwf rnfokdYay:aygufvmcJhoenf;/
uRefvlwef;pm;
yk*Hacwf vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif uRefvlwef;pm; twefrsm;rsm;&Sd
aMumif; tckid t
f rmod&onf/ ysLacwfysupf Of(835-at'D)u eefausmuf
wkdYonf ysLtrsm;udk okYHtjzpfzrf;oGm; uReftjzpf apxm;aMumif;od&
onf/ ysLtxufwef;vTmwkdYwGif udk,fvkyfuRefrsm;&SdaMumif;vnf; od&
onf/ xufapm uRefvlwef;pm; &Sd r&Sdudk taxmuftxm; tckdif
trmESifhrod&ao;ay/
72
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
odkYaomf yk*HESifhysLacwfwkdYwGif uRef&Sdonfudk axmuf ya'

o&mZfacwfOD;tpydkif;jzpfaom aMu;acwfwGifvnf;aumif;? v,f,m
pdu
k yf sK;d rIukd od&v
dS mNy;D aemuf bkyH ikd q
f idk rf rI S yk*v
u
d ydik q
f idk rf o
I Ykd ul;ajymif;
onfu
h mvwkw
Yd iG f uRev
f w
l ef;pm; &Scd NhJ y[
D k oG,0f u
dk
f ,lqEkid af yonf/
taemufEkdifiH uRefpepfESifhrwlykH
uRefvlwef;pm;yif &Sdvifhupm; yk*Hacwf uRefwkdY\vlrIa&; t
ajctaeESifhvlrIqufqHa&;tajctaeudk axmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
uRepf epfonf Oa&myESit
hf aemufEidk if w
H w
Ykd iG f acwfwacwf[k cGjJ cm;qkd
&avmufatmif rsm;jym; tjcm;vlwef;pm;wku
Yd wd&pmefwrQ oabm
xm;qufqHaom uRefpepfrsKd;um; r[kwfay/ vlvlcsif;nmwmrI? t
Muifemw&m; xm;wwfrIwkdYrSm ta&SUawmiftm&Som;wkdY\a,bk,sADZ
p&dkufjzpfonf/
xkdrSwyg; u&kPmarwmESifhapwemt&if;cHrIudk ydkrkd&ifhoefap
onfhAk'0g',Ofaus;rIudk &vmMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ yk*Hacwf uRefwkdY\
tajctaersm;udk axmufvnf;aumif;? txufwGifqkdcJhaom t
aMumif;rsm;udk axmufvnf;aumif;? ta&SUawmiftm&S Oa&myESifh
taemufEidk if w
H w
Ydk iG af y:aygufcahJ om aus;ydik f uReyf ikd pf epfrsK;d r&Scd w
hJ ef
&m[k ,lqjcif;jzpfayonf/
tdEd,rS wifoGif;vmaom ya'o&mZf
'kwd,tcsufjzpfaom ya'o&mZfpepf ay:aygufvmykH t
aMumif;udk txufwGif &Sif;vif;az:jycJhNyD; jzpfygonf/ jznfhpGufaz:jy
vkad omtcsuf tenf;i,f&ydS gonf/ ajymif;vJvmaom tajctaet&
yk*vduykdifpepfay:cJhonf/ aMu;vufeufydkifolwkdYu BuD;pdk;vmonf/
odjYk zifh a'oduya'o&mZftoGiaf qmifaom ya'o&mZfpepf
pwifco
hJ nf/ pepfqo
dk nfw
h idk af tmif tpOftvmESix
hf ;Hk wrf;enf;emt&
73
pepfwusjzpfaomya'o&mZfpepf[k rqkdomay/
umvwGif tdE,
d om;rsm; a&muf&v
dS monf/ olwo
Ydk nf ya'
o&mZfpepfjzifh aevmcJhonfrSm umvMumjrifhMuNyDjzpfonf/ olwkdYxHrS
&&Sdaom topftqef;jzpfonfhvlrIpD;yGm;a&; tcsuftvufwkdYwGif
ya'o&mZfpepfvnf; ygvmonf/
pepfvrT ;f rk;d rIaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwiG f ya'o&mZfpepf
onf ckid Nf rv
J mcJ\
h / okjYd zpfvnf; tdE,
d toGiaf qmifaom ya'o&mZf
EkdifiHrsm;[laom tac:ta0:udk okH;pGJxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
vlYabmifb0 acwfajymif;vJvmykHrSm taemufESifhxyfwlr[kwf
jrefrmEkid if EH iS t
hf a&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGif ya'o&mZfpepfay:
aygufcJhonfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh rSefaomfvnf; pepfwusjzpfaom ya'
o&mZfpepfrSmrl tdEd,EkdifiHrS oGif;,lvmaom pepfjzpfonf[kqkdvkday
onf/
odjYk zpf&um; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oorkid ;f rwifraD cwfEiS o
hf rkid ;f
acwfO;D umvtwGuf vlaY bmifb0ESiahf cwfajymif;vJyo
Hk nf Oa&mywku
d f
ESiahf jrxJyifv,fywf0ef;usiaf 'o vlaY bmifb0acwfajymif;vJyrHk sK;d ESihf
xyfwlxyfrQjzpfonf[k rrSwf,ltyfay/
ysLya'o&mZfacwf jrefrmEkdifiH
od&Sd&orQaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& 1-&mpkat'DcefYrS 9&mpktv,fyikd ;f avmuftxdjzpfaom umvudk jrefrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f wGif ysL
ya'o&mZfacwf BuD;pdk;cJhaomumv[k omreftm;jzifh ac:qkdEkdif\/
ppfawmif;jrpf0uRe;f ay:ESio
hf v
H iG jf rpf0uRe;f ay:wkw
Yd iG f ok0Pbrl Ed ikd if H
ukvm;wefEiS ahf v;NrKUd jrpf0rS ;f wGif a0omvDEikd if w
H o
Ydk nf ysLya'o&mZf
acwfESifhtNydKif xGef;um;cJhonf[k rSwf,l&ef&Sdayonf/
74
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ysLEkdifiH 2-EkdifiH
1-&mpkcefrY S 9-&mpkEpS rf sm;tv,favmufxd Mumanmif;cJah om
ysLya'o&mZftapmydik ;f ESit
hf aemufyikd ;f (okrYd [kwf yxrysLEkid if EH iS 'hf w
k ,
d
ysLEkid if )H [k ESpyf ikd ;f cGjJ cm;Ekid \
f / tapmykid ;f udk 1-&mpkcefrY S 5-&mpkcefx
Y [
d k
vnf;aumif;? aemufydkif;udk 5-&mpkcefYrS 9-&mpk tv,fcefYxdvnf;
aumif; cGjJ cm;owfrw
S Ef idk \
f / tapmydik ;f jzpfaom ysLyxrEkid if \
H NrKd Uawmf
rSm AdEkd;NrdKUjzpfonf/ aemufydkif;jzpfaom ysL'kwd,EkdifiH\NrdKUawmfrSm
oa&acw&mjzpfonf/ ysLNrKd Uawmfwckjzpfonf[k od&o
dS wfrw
S x
f m;aom
a&Tbdkc&kdif [efvif;BuD;NrdKU\acwfumvudk twdtusrqkdEkdifay/
[efvif;jyem
[efvif;rSm oa&acw&m ysufNyD;aemufrS wnfaxmifcJhaom
ysLNrdKUjzpfonf/ [efw&kwfjynfESifhqufoG,fcJhaom ysLNrdKUrSm [efvif;
jzpfonf/ at'D 832-wGif eefausmufwkdY wkdufckduf ysufcJh&aom ysL
NrKd UrSmvnf; [efvif;yifjzpfwef&m\[k q&mBu;D vk(pf)u ,lqonf/
ysLNrKd Ua[mif;ok;H NrKd UwGif wl;az:awGU&Scd surf sm;udk EIid ;f ,SOMf unfh
NyD;aemuf [efvif;onf ,Ofaus;rI tcsuftvufwkdY AdEkd;ESifhydk
eD;pyfaMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu awGU&SdcJhonf/
tjcm;tjcm;aom taxmuftxm;oufaorsm;udk tajcjyKNy;D
aemuf ysLNrKd UBu;D ok;H NrKd U ay:aygufxeG ;f um;cJah omtpOfrmS yxrAd
Ekd;? 'kwd,[efvif;? wwd,oa&acw&mjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sd
onf/ [efvif;onf AdEk;d ysuNf y;D aemuf odrYk [kwf AdEk;d acwfaemuf
ydkif;wGif ay:aygufcJhaomNrdKUjzpfonf/ AdEkd;ESifhtquftoG,frsm;cJh
aom NrdKUjzpfzG,f&m &Sdayonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeonf [efvif;NrdKUa[mif;udk tawmf
twef wl;az:&SmazG okawoejyKcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;okawoevkyf
ief;qkid &f m tpD&ifcpH may:xGuv
f maomtcgwGif [efvif;taMumif;udk
75
ydkrkdod&SdEkdifrnf[k ,lq&onf/ a&S;uawGU&Sd&csufrsm;udk axmuf ,Of

aus;rIqidk &f mwdw
Yk iG f [efvif;onf AdEk;d NrKd Ua[mif;ESiyhf rkd edk ;D pyfaMumif;
? odaYk omf ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f mwkw
Yd iG f [efvif;onf AdEk;d ,Ofaus;rIxuf
rsm;pGm omvGefwkd;wufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
yxrysLEkdifiH
(1-&mpkcefYrS 5-&mpkcefYxd)
yxrysLEkid if jH zpfaom AdEk;d Ekid if t
H aMumif;udk a&SUydik ;f wGiaf z:
jycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ at'D 5-&mpkavmufwGif oa&acw&mysLEkdifiHESifhppf
rufjzpf EkdifiHysufokOf;&aMumif;udkvnf; qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
'kwd,ysLEkdifiH
(500-at'DcefYrS 832-at'Dtxd)
oa&acw&mudk tajcjyKaom 'kwd,ysLEkdifiHrSm xkdacwfu
urmodEidk if BH u;D wckjzpf\/ acwfNyKd i[
f efw&kwjf ynf? yg&Si;f Ekid if ?H tm&Ad
Ekid if ?H ,ck tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Ekid if w
H \
Ydk acwfNyKd ipf maywkw
Yd iG f Ekid if t
H aMumif;
udk awGU&SEd idk o
f nf/ acwfNyKd irf [kwb
f J rsm;pGmaemufusrS a&;om;cJah om
jrefrm&mZ0ifusr;f rsm;wGif yg&So
d nfh Ekid if w
H nfaxmifcyhJ t
Hk aMumif;rSm
'Em&D('@m&D)qHvSonf/
&mZ0ifusr;f wkx
Yd uf a&S;usaom usepf pfom;rif;Bu;D \a&TqH
awmfapwD(jynfNrdKU)ausmufpmwGif jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKonfhESpf
(544-bDp)D wGif AdEk;d &aoh*0Hywd? odMum;rif;? 0doMuKeH wfom;? uw
ure*g;rif;wkdY yl;aygif; oa&acw&mNrdKUudk wnfrnfjzpfaMumif;? xkd
NrKd Uonf ESpaf ygif; 1200(656-at'Dx)d wnfwefrY nfjzpfaMumif; jrwfpmG
bk&m;u Asm'dwfay;cJh[ef az:jyxm;\/
yk*Hacwfuwnf;uyif a&S;usvSaom NrdKUawmftaMumif;rSm
,if;xufa&S;usaom AdEk;d NrKd UawmftaMumif;ESiahf &maxG;aeNy[
D k xif
76
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
rSwfzG,f&m jzpfonf/
a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuftxm;ESifhacwfNydKifEkdifiHjcm;
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;t& cefrY eS ;f od&&dS aom NrKd U\orkid ;f tusO;f
rSm odkYjzpfonf/
oa&acw&mNrdKUawmfESifhysLya'o&mZfrsm;
jynfNrdKU\ta&SUawmif 5-rkdifcefYuGm ,ckarmfZmrD;&xm;blwm
&kHrSm ]oa&acw&mNrdKU}a[mif;\tv,fA[dkavmufwGif &Sdonf/ oa&
acw&m(toa&&Sad om v,fajr)[laomtrnfrmS tdE,
d Ekid if H Mo&d
e,f r[me'Djrpf0&Sd yl&DNrdKU\a&S;trnfjzpfonf/ onfudk axmuf
'kwd,ysLEkdifiHESifhMo&de,f\qufpyfrIudk cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/
,ckaomf yifv,fESifhrkdifESpf&mausmf uGmaeaomfvnf; 5-&mpk
at'Dcefu
Y aomf rQumG a0;onf r[kwaf y/ xkpd Ofu NrKd Uonf {&m0wD
jrpf0uRef;ay:xdyfavmufwGif {&m0wDjrpfcGJESpfck &Hxm;aom uRef;ay:
wGif &Scd [
hJ efw\
l / NrKd U\ta&SUajrmufzuf tif;Bu;D udk ,aeYwidk f yifv,f
[kac:aejcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f jzpfonf/
NrdKU\tpDt&if
NrdKU\taemufzufwGif jrifAm[kawmif&Sdonf/ ,if;\aemuf
zufwiG rf S {&m0wDjrpf&o
dS nf/ AdEk;d ESi[
hf efvif;wku
Yd o
hJ yYkd if jrpfEiS v
hf uf
vSrf;a0;&mwGif awmifjcm; wnfaeonf/ NrdKU\yHkoPmefrSm puf0kdif;
ruswus jzpfonf/ tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk&ef; 5-rkdifausmf&Sdonf/ NrdKU
\rsufESmjyifonf taemufawmifrS ta&SUajrmufzufodkY qifajcavQm
wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;oGm;onf/
NrKd Uajrmufyikd ;f rSm v,f,mpku
d yf sK;d a&;twGuf oD;oefx
Y m;onf/
awmifbufydkif;wGif eef;awmf&m? vlae&yfuGufESifhomoemhtaqmuf
ttkHrsm;&Sdonf/ NrdKUwGif; tzufzufwGif a&wGif;a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;?
77
aomufa&okH;a&uefrsm;? usKH;rsm;&Sdonf/ tpDt&ifrsm;rSm AdEkd;

tpDt&ifrsm;uJhodkYyif jzpfonf/
NrdKUawmfrSm AdEkd;xuf us,f0ef;aom cHwyfBuD;jzpfonf/
NrdKUBuD;rS acwfjrefrmEkdifiH ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;\tcsuftcsm
jzpfonf/ ya'o&mZfacwfppfrIa&;&mESifhudkufnDatmif pD&iftyfaom
ya'o&mZfwkdY\tpDtpOfjzpfonf/
EkdifiHtus,ft0ef;
NrKd U\awmifbufEiS ahf jrmufzsm;wGif cHNrKd Ui,frsm;&Sad o;onf/ NrKd U
umuG,rf t
I pDtpOfrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkt
Yd jyif NrKd UBu;D \tcsKUd ae&mwGif
NrdKU&kd; 2-xyfxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ 3-xyfxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ xk
x,fBuD;rm; jrifhvSaom tumtuG,f ukef;wef;BuD;rsm;jzpf\/ om
reftm;jzifh Munhfaomf ,cktcgwGif awmif&kd;wef;rsm;ESifhwlaeonf/
rQBuD;us,fcrf;em;aom aejynfawmfrS tkyfpkd;aom ysLwkdY\
'kw,
d Ekid if o
H nf w&kwrf w
S w
f rf;rsm;tqkt
d & vGepf mG us,0f ef;onf/ jrpf
BuD;em;avmufrS oHvGifjrpf jrefrmEkdifiHudk jzwf0ifonfhae&mavmuft
xd qufay;xm;aomae&mrSm 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\ta&SUajrmufe,fedrdwf
jzpfaMumif; w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/
e,fedrdwfrSm eefapm(eefausmuf)EkdifiHESifhtpyfjzpfonf/ 'k
wd,ysLEkdifiH\MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIonf taemufzuftdEd,jynfta&SUydkif;?
ta&SUbufuarm'D;,m;EkdifiHawmifbufyifv,ftxd a&mufaMumif;
w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/
]eefausmuf}[lonfrSm &Srf;toHxGufjzpfonf/ ]eef}rSm w&kwfpum;jzpf ]awmif

buf}[k t"dyg ,f&onf/ ]ausmuf}rSm &Sr;f pum;jzpfonf/ ]tBu;D tuJ? t&Sio
f cif}
[kt"dyg ,f&onf/ odaYk omf ]ausmuf}[laomtoHxu
G u
f akd &;aom &Sr;f a0g[m&ESihf
a&S;jrefrma0g[m&wkdYrSm ]p0f}jzpfonf/ ]p0f}udk &Srf;wkdYu tokH;rrsm;rD a&S;jrefrm
wkdYu ydk okH;pGJcJhonf/ (p0f?apm)rSm jrefrma0g[m&]pdk0f(pkd;)}ESifhxyfwljzpfonf/ rl
&if;us ydrk rdk eS u
f efonf[k ,kMH unfojzifh ]eefausmuf}udk ]eefapm}[kjyifqifa&;om;
ygonf/
78
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
vufatmufcHEkdifiHaygif; 18? cHNrdKUaygif; 9? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;

pkaygif; 298-yg0ifonf[kqkdonf/ tqkdwkdYrSm us,f0ef;vSonf/
w&kwt
f axmuftxm;udk axmufco
H nft
h jcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
vnf; rawGU&ao;ay/
a,bk,stm;jzifhqkdaomf ysLEkdifiHonf ajrmufzufeefapmEkdifiH
ESifhtpyf? awmifbuf yifv,ftxd us,fjyefY ta&SUtaemufe,fed
rdwfwkdYrSm obm0e,fedrdwfrsm;jzpfaom taemuf&kd;rESifhoHvGifjrpfwdkY
xdom a&mufrnf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/
ya'o&mZfrsm;
jrefrm&mZ0ifusr;f rsm;wGif oa&acw&m tkypf ;dk cJah omrif;Bu;D
rsm;taMumif;udk qkd&m plVmor0? r[mor0? 'Gwaygifrif;BuD;wdkYESifh
p okynmem*&qdErif;ESifhqkH;xm;onf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe t
axmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaom rif;wkdY\ausmuft&kd;tkd;pmrsm;t& oa&
acw&mwGif at'D 673 rS 710_txd tkyfpkd;cJhaomrif;wkdYrSm...
ol&d,0du&r...eef;ouf 15-ESpf
[&d0du&r.....eef;ouf 7-ESpf
oD[0du&r....eef;ouf 23-ESpfwkdY jzpfaMumif;od&onf/
0du&rrif;qufESifhtNydKif tkyfpkd;cJhonf[k,lq&aom 0g&f
refrif;qufvnf; &Sdao;onf/ EkdifiH 2-ckuGJaecJh[efwl\/ uGJaeaom
tjcm;Ekid if rH mS rnfonfyh sLEkid if jH zpfonfukd rod&ay/ 0g&frefrif;qufyif
Z,pE&0g&frefrif;om;onf [&d0u
d &rrif;om;\tudjk zpfaMumif; oD&d
y&bk0g&frefrif;ESirhf zd &k m; oD&yd &bka'0Dwv
Ydk nf; &Scd ahJ Mumif; od&onf/
_
t&kd;tkd;pmwGif ysLckESpfou&mZfudk ay;xm;onf/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;rS a&S;a[mif;

ypnf;ESifhpmwkdYudk axmuf ysLou&mZfrSm 638 rSpaom aumZmou&mZfyifjzpf
wef&m\[k ynm&Sifrsm;u ,lqMuonf/
79
[efw&kwf&mZ0ifa[mif;wGif ysLrif;\trnfrSm r[m&mZm?

eef;&if;0ef\trnfrSm r[maoemjzpfaMumif; omrefrQom az:jyxm;
onf/
'kw,
d ysLEkid if \
H ya'o&mZfpepfrmS yxrEkid if \
H ya'o&mZfpepf
xuf rsm;pGmBu;D xGm;us,jf yefaY eNyjD zpfonf/ umvwGif ysLya'o&mZf
pepfonf txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufcJhonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/
'kwd,ysLEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrmS v,f,mpdu
k yf sK;d rIyif jzpfonf/ AdEk;d acwf
rSmxuf ydkrkdus,fjyefYonf/ ysLEkdifiHwGif pyg;? ESHpm;ajymif;? ajymif;ESifhyJ
rsKd;pkHjzpfxGef;onf/ *sKHESifh*kHavQmfyifrsm; rjzpfxGef;/ MuHyifrsm;rSm ajco
vk;H &k;d avmufBu;D atmif jzpfxeG ;f onf[k w&kwaf cwfNyKd irf w
S w
f rf;u qkd
onf/
v,fpyg;pkdufysKd;rIonf wkd;wufjzpfxGef;cJhonf/ us,fvnf;
us,fjyefYcJhonf/ wl;ajrmif;ESifha&oG,fpkdufysKd;rIudkvnf; odcJhMuNyD;jzpf
onf/ Ekid if jH cm;qufqrH I rsm;jym;vmonfEiS t
hf rQ oD;ESyH if topftqef;
rsm; a&muf&SdpdkufysKd;cJhMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/
vufrIynm
awmifov
l ,form;vkyif ef;tjyif vufryI nmvkyif ef;rsm;vnf;
&Sdonf/ vlokH;ypnf;rsm;? omoeduypnf;rsm; jyKvkyfrIwGif rsm;pGmus,f
jyefYvmcJhonf/
tEkynmvuf&mvnf; tHMh obG,af umif;avmufatmif ajymif
ajrmufcJhonf/ yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;yk? yef;&H? yef;warmh? yef;wsOf;? Adok
um? ajrtk;d vkyif ef;? pOfv
h yk if ef;? (w&kwrf w
S w
f rf;t&)rSp toufarG;
0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm;xGef;um;cJhonf/ a&T? aiG? ausmufrsuf&wem
80
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;? ,if;wkdYudk vlokH;ypnf;tjzpfodkY a&mufatmifjyK

vkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/
ukefoG,frI
a&TaiG? ausmufoyH wjrm; <u,f0vSaomEkid if jH zpfonf/ vkyo
f m;
jynfolwkdY\xkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;? EkdifiHjcm;rsm;ESifhul;oef;
a&mif;0,fxGef;um;jcif;? EkdifiHtwGif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI aumif;rGef
jcif;wkdYaMumifh odkY<u,f0csrf;omjcif;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHwGif;wGif ysLwkdY
onf tjcm;wkdif;om;wkdYtm; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;xGuf ajrtkd;? txnft
0wf(csnfxnf[k,lq&\/)pOfhtkd;? pOfhcGufrsm;udk a&mif;MuaMumif;? ysL
wkdYonf a&T'*Fg;? aiG'*Fg;rsm;jzifh ta&mif;t0,fjyKMuaMumif; w&kwf
&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif qkdonf/
ysL'*Fg;rsm;
ysLaiG'*Fg;trsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif awGU&NyD;jzpf
onf/ tcsKdUa'owGif &mESifhcsD awGUcJhMu&onf/ t&G,ftpm; 3-rsKd;
&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;wkdYu qkdxm;onfhtwkdif; aiG'*Fg;
udk oGef;vkyf tojymtjzpf tokH;jyKonfrSm ,kHrSm;bG,f&mr&Sday/ odkY
aomf a&T'*Fg;udkum; rawGUbl;ao;yg/ a&Tcsxm;aom aiG'*Fg;rsKd;udkom
awGUbl;onf/
EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,frI
ysLaiG'*Fg;rsm;udk ,ck ,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;wGif xGef;um;cJh
aom 'Gg&0wDreG Ef idk if w
H iG v
f nf; awGUcJ&h onf/ 'kw,
d ysLEkid if aH cwfu ysL
wk\
Yd ukeo
f ,
G af &;onf tdE,
d awmifyikd ;f 'Gg&0wDEidk if ?H rav;uRe;f qG,f
ESifhta&SUtdEd,uRef;pkrsm;txd tjyeftvSefa&mufcJhonf/ us,fjyefYcJh
81
onf[kqkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ajrmufzuf&Sd eefapmEkdifiHESifhum; txl;

qkdbG,f&m r&Sday/
ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;
uJhodkY ukefoG,frIxGef;um;jcif;? tzkd;wef&wemrsm;aygjcif;?
vlaerItqifhtwef;jrifhjcif;(vlrIa&;ykdif;udk&Iyg)wkdY&SdcJh 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH
udk <u,f0csrf;omaomEkdifiHjzpfonf[k qkd&ef&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY <u,f0
onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\pD;yGm;a&;wGif <u,f0csrf;om
tqifhtwef;jrifhpGm aeEkdifMuolwkdYrSm ya'o&mZfrsm;? ya'o&mZfwkdY\
todkif;t0kdif;rsm;jzpfaom tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;ESifhukefonfBuD;rsm;om
jzpfcJhonf/
vlrsm;pkjzpf tajccHuek Mf urf;ypn;f ? vlo;Hk ypn;f xkwv
f yk af y;
&aom vkyo
f m;jynfol ttkyt
f csKycf v
H w
l ef;pm;wkrYd mS um; ukex
f w
k f
vkyfay;rI\tusKd;tjrwfudk tenf;tusOf;rQom cHpm;Mu&aom ya'
o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;om jzpfaMumif; owdcsyf&ef vkdtyfayonf/
vlrIa&;tajctae
qkcd NhJ y;D onfwu
Ydk kd axmuf&v
I suf ysLwk\
Yd pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerS
ysLacwfvrl aI &;tajctaeudk omreftm;jzifh cefrY eS ;f od&EdS idk yf gonf/ tkyf
pk;d jc,fv,
S o
f l vlwef;pm;ESit
hf tkyt
f pk;d tjc,ftvS,cf H vlwef;pm;[k
vlwef;pm;ESpf&yf&Sd&m jc,fvS,folvlwef;pm;wGif {u&mZfya'o&mZf
rsm;? ukefonfBuD;rsm;ESifhajrydkif&SifBuD;rsm; yg0if tjc,fvS,fcHvlwef;
pm;rsm;wGif uRefrsm;? awmifolv,form;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtEk
ynmonfrsm; yg0ifonf/
pD;yGm;a&;onf ajr&Sifya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;jzpfonfhenf;wl vl
rIa&;ESifhvlaerItzGJUtpnf;? vlrIqufqHa&;wkdYonfvnf; ajr&Sifya'
o&mZfpepfay:wGif tajcwnfaeonfomjzpfonf/
82
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
aetdrfrsm;
ya'o&mZfwkdY\eef;awmfESifhtaqmifrsm;rSm crf;em;qef;us,f
vSaMumif; acwfNydKifw&kwftaxmuftxm;wkdYu qkd\/ Murf;rsm;ay:
wGif yef;aumfaZmBuD;rsm;ukd cef;vkH;jynfh cif;xm; eH&Hay:wGif [oFm
jy'g;ponfhta&mifawmufajymifonfh aq;rsm;jzifh jc,frIef;xm;onfh
jyif a&T? aiGwkdYjzifh rGrf;rHwefqmqifxm;\/ Ak'bmomzkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; enf;ESifESif rGrf;rHxm;onf/ omrefNrdKUwGif;om;
wkdY\aetdrfrsm;udk opf0g;wkdYjzifh aqmufvkyfcJh cJ odkYr[kwf oHjzLjym;
rsm;jzifh rkd;xm;onf/ NrdKUwGif; omrefvlwkdY\aetdrfrsm; axmifESifhcsD&Sd
zkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm &mESifhcsD&SdaMumif; az:jyxm;onf/
vlrItpOftvm
ysLtrsm;pkrSm Ak'0g'Drsm; jzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm uav;oli,f
rsm;onf usm;rra&G; touf 4-ESpft&G,fodkYa&mufygu OD;jynf;&dwf
zkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;odkY 0if&onf/ ausmif;wGif &[ef;awmfwkdY\oGef
oifq;Hk rrIukd cH,
l pmayoifMum;&\/ toufEpS q
f ,ft&G,o
f aYkd &muf
aomtcg omoem\tqkH;trwGif oabmaygufolwkYdonf &[ef;
abmifwGifqufaeMu w&m;oabmraygufEkdifolwkdYonf vl0wfvJ
Muonf[k w&kwftaxmuftxm;rsm;rS od&onf/ &SifjyKjcif;? yOif;cH
jcif; tpOftvmudk qkdvkd[efwlonf/
w&kwt
f axmuftxm;rsm;udk ud;k pm;axmufxm; ysLacwf
u trsKd;om;rsm;omru trsKd;orD;wkdYyifvQif omoemhabmifodkY0ifcJh
MuonfhtpOftvm&SdcJhonf[k qkd&ayonf/ yk*Hacwfyif bduKeDr(t
rsKd;orD;&[ef;)&SdcJhonfudk axmuf tqkdudk ,kwdwefonf[k vuf
cHEkdifbG,f&m &Sdonf/
83
0wfpmqif,ifrI
ysLacwfwiG f yd;k xnfukd odMuNy;D jzpfonf/ yd;k xnf&ufvyk &f mwGif
ygPmwdygwuH usL;vGefrI ruif;aom ydk;wkH;vkH;udk owfjzwfrIygaeo
jzifh Ak'0g'Drsm;jzpfMuaom ysLwkdYonf ydk;xnf0wfqifjcif;udk a&SmifMuOf
Muonf/ tdE,
d ESit
hf quftoG,&f adS eNyjD zpf 0g\tok;H ukv
d nf; odae
MuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ odkYaomf tckdiftrmum; rqkdEkdifay/ vufyHrdIYrS&
aom csnfjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomtxnfrsm;udk 0wfaMumif;um; od&\/
trsKd;om;wkdYonf ykqkd;jzLudk cg;ykHpcs 0wfaMumif;? a&Tyef;yGifh
wkdYjzifh tvSqifxm;aom OD;xkyf? ykvJoG,frsm;udk wGJ&&GJqGJxm;aom
oHyk&mcGHOD;xkyfrsKd;udk aqmif;aMumif;? trsKd;orD;wdkYonf xrDjymudk 0wf
yk0gyg;rsm;ESifhudk,fudk okdif;jcKHum tprsm;csxm;MuaMumif;/ tdrf
axmifusNyD;trsKd;orD;wkdYonf qHxkH;udk cyfjrifhjrifhxkH;aMumif;? vrf;
avQmufxGufvQif ,yfawmifudkudkifaMumif;? txufwef;vTm trsKd;o
rD;wOD; vrf;avQmufvQif aemufrS ta>ct&H ig;OD; ajcmufOD; ygwwf
aMumif; w&kwftaxmuftxm;wkdYwGif awGU&\/
,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm;
ysLtcsif;csif;awGUvQif vufarmif;udkqkyfudkifNyD; EIwfqufMu
onf/ *g&0jyKaomtcg vufESpfzuf,Suf OD;nTwfMuonf/ oefY&Sif;
pifMu,fr?I oyf&yfr?I wifw
h ifw
h ,fw,f&rdS w
I u
Ydk kd ESpo
f uforl sm;jzpfonf/
ysLwkdYonf pum;enf;Mu\/ at;at;aq;aq; aewwfonf/ oabm
jzL tlpif;olrsm; jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yfol? w&m;Oya'udk &kdao
vkdufemMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ w&kwfacwfNydKiftaxmuftxm;wGifvm
aom t&nftaoG;rsm;t& qkdvQif ysLwkdYonf vlrIa&;wGif pHxm;
xkdufolrsm;jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/
ysLwkdYonf acwfESifhavsmfnDpGm t,lonf;olrsm; jzpfonf/ ol
wkdYonf aA'ifudk tvGef,kHMunfMuonf/ ysLNrdKUawmftwGif; a&SUjzpf
84
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
zwfq&m? aA'ifq&mtajrmuftjrm;&Sad Mumif; w&kwt

f axmuftxm;
wkdYu qkd\/
bk&if{u&mZfonfyifvQif wdwfedrdwfaumufNyD; wkdif;a&;jynf
&mudk aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ eef;awmfwiG ;f a&Tacgif;avmif;wvk;H ? aiGacgif;
avmif;wvkH; qGJxm;onfqkd\/ NrdKUawmfudk wkdufckdufrnfh&efol ay:
aygufvmaomtcgwGif bk&if{u&mZfonf ,if;acgif;avmif;rsm;udk wD;
&efoltm; wGef;vSefEdkifrnf rwGef;vSefEkdifrnfudk wdwfedrdwf,lonf/
w&m;Oya'
ysLwkdY\w&m;Oya'wdkYrSm vG,ful&Sif;vif;onf/ ysLwkdYonf
&kyfykdif;xuf pdwfydkif;wGif wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;rI&Sdaeolrsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/
olwkdYonf Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;\tqkH;trrsm;udk w&m;Oya'tjzpfvkduf
emolrsm;jzpfonf/ jypfrIusL;vGefoludk vufxdyfcwfjcif;? xl;cwfjcif;?
wkyaf ESmifjcif;jyK&rnf[k olw\
Ydk w&m;Oya'wGif ryg&Sad y/ &kyu
f dk tjypf
ay;jcif;xuf pdwfudk tjypfay;onfhpepf jzpf[efwl\/ jypfrIudk wBudrf
wcg usL;vGefolrsm;tm; ajymqkdqkH;rom vTwfvkdufonf/ 'kwd,t
BudrfusL;vGefvQifrIum; ausmjyifudk ig;csuftxd &kdufESuf\/ ig;csuf
xuf rydkap&[k qkdonf/
olwkdYonf olYtoufowfjcif;udk vGefpGm rkef;wD;&GH&SmMuonf/
NrKd UawmftwGi;f olt
Y oufowfjcif; vk;H 0r&Sad p&[kqo
dk nf/ odaYk omf vl
\toufudk owfolwOD;tm; ysLwkdY\w&m;Oya't& aopm;aoap
onf/
w&m;pD&ifrI
udk,fusifhw&m; vGefpGmaumif;vSaom ysLwkdY\w&m;pD&ifykHrSm
vnf; pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m aumif;\/ &kyfykdif;xuf pdwfydkif;wGif oefae
olrsm; jzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm w&m;wabmif jzpfvmvQif trSefw&m;
85
udk jyefvnfo;Hk oyfapjcif;jzifh trIukd Ny;D jywfaponf/ w&kwt

f axmuf
txm;rsm;t& ysLwkdY\w&m;pD&ifykHrSm odkYjzpf\/
ysLESpOf ;D w&m;wabmifjzpfvQif rif;{u&mZfxH wkid Mf um;&onf/
rif;{u&mZfonf Mum;emNyD; w&m;vkdw&m;cHESpfOD;pvkH;tm; eef;awmf
a&SU&Sd &kyfyGm;awmfBuD;a&SUarSmufodkY oGm;ap\/ &kyfyGm;awmfBuD;\a&SU
arSmufonf ysLwkdY\w&m;&kH;jzpf\/ &kyfyGm;awmfa&SU a&mufaomf ESpfOD;
om; tarT;wkdifrsm;udk rD;nd bk&m;udk tm&kHjyK&onf/
xkad emuf rdrw
d Ydk tjiif;yGm;&onfjh yemudv
k nf; jyefvnfpOf;
pm;&onf/ jyemwGif rdrdwkdYygaeonfhtykdif;wGif rdrdwkdY rSef rrSef
udkvnf; okH;oyf&onf/ rdrdwkdY\tjypfrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;rdMuaom
tcg ESpfOD;ESpfzuf ajyat;Ekdifonfhenf;vrf;udk awGUMuonf/ odkYjzifh
NyD;ajyrIudk &oGm;Muawmhonf/ bk&m;a&SUarSmufawmfwGif ysLwkdY pdwft
wGif;yif rvdrf0HhMuay/
Edik if aH wmftwGi;f uyfq;dk rsm; usa&mufvmaomtcgwGiv
f nf;
bk&if{u&mZfudk,fwkdif tqkdyg &kyfyGm;awmfa&SUodkYoGm; tarT;wkdifrsm;
rD;ndNyD;vQif bk&m;udk tm&kHkjyKonf/ uyfqkd;usa&muf&onfrSm rif;{u
&mZf\cRw,
f iG ;f csurf sm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k ,kMH unfojzifh bk&if{u&mZf
onf &kyyf mG ;awmf\a&SUarSmufwiG f rdr\
d jypfrrI sm;? 'kp&ku
d rf rI sm;? rw&m;
rIrsm;? cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfa0zefokH;oyfonf/
xdak emuf rdr\
d rSm;,Gi;f rIrsm;udk trSew
f u,f aemifw& jrwf
pGmbk&m;\a&SUarSmufwiG f 0efcsawmif;yefjcif;? 0efcjH cif;jyK&onf/ odYk
jyKvkyfvQif uyfqkd;rsm;udk ausmfvGefEkdifonf[k ysLwkdY,kHMunfMuonf/
onfrSm ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk csKyfudkifay;onfh ysLwkdY\t
pOftvmw&yfjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/
udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI
ysLwkdYonf bmomw&m;udk vGefpGmudkif;&Idif;Muolrsm;jzpf\/ &kd;
&m,kHMunfrItjyif jA[P0g'? r[m,meAk'0g'ESifhax&0g'? Ak'0g'wkdY
86
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
udk ouf0if,kHMunfMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

&k;d &m,kMH unfr?I wrvGeb
f 0udk ,kMH unfjcif;? aoolukd rD;oN*K [f
t&dk;jymrsm;udk tkd;rsm;wGifxnhfum w&kdwao odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;?
r[maovm(ausmufwkH;BuD;)udk tav;tjrwfxm;udk;uG,fjcif;? oH
\tpGrf;tmedoifonf wrvGefb0wkdifxufjrufjcif; ponfwkdYrSm ysL
wd\
Yk &k;d &m,kMH unfrt
I pjzpf wdwef rd w
d zf wfjcif;? a&S;jzpfa[mjcif;ponf
wkdY taMumif;udk vlrIa&;tydkif;wGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpf\/
AdEkd;udk;uG,frI
tdE,
d wGif rlwnfay:aygufc
hJ tdE,
d om;wkrYd w
S qif&h &Sad om
jA[P0g'wGif AdEkd;ewfbk&m;udk ukd;uG,fonfh"avhonf ysLEkdifiH
wGif xif&mS ;cJ\
h / AdEk;d ewfrif;ESiMhf uif,mawmfw\
Ydk ausmufqpfvuf
&m &kyf0ufaz:ykHrsm;udk awGU&onf/
r[m,me*kdPf;
r[m,me*kdPf;qkdif&m bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;jzpfaom tm
avmuDawoGm? rOLoD&d? t&drdaw,sbk&m;avmif;ESifhwm&ma'0Dac:
trsKd;orD;bk&m;avmif;wkdYudk udk;uG,fMuaMumif; awGU&Sd&aom &kyfyGm;
awmftaxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&ayonf/
ax&0g'*kdPf;
jA[P0g'ESifhr[m,me*kdPf;Ak'0g'wkdYonf oa&acw&modkY
tvGefapmpGm a&mufcJh[efwl\/ odkYaomf ax&0g'*dkPf;qkdif&m Ak'0g'
onf oa&acw&mwavQmuf xGef;um;cJhaom 0g'jzpfonf/ *dkPf;
qkdif&m omoemhtaqmufttkHrsm;? omoeduypnf;rsm;ESifhpmayrsm;
udk oa&acw&mwGif tajrmuftjrm;awGUcJh&ayonf/ ysLtrsm;pkrSm
87
ax&0g'*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acw&mwGif awGU&

aom a&TayvTmwkw
Yd iG f ysLtu&mESiahf &;om;onfh yd#uwfawmfaumuf
EkwfcsufwkdYrSm eufeJodrfarGUvSaom w&m;udk,frsm; jzpfonf/
,if;wkdYudk axmuf ysLax&0g'onf okwefyd#uwfxuf t
bd"rmyd#uwfukd yd
k tav;ay;onf[k qkb
d ,
G &f m&S\
d / yk*AH 'k o
moem
ax&0g'*kdPf;onf okwefyd#uwfvm vG,fulaom Zmwfawmfrsm;ESifh
tpjyKonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acw&mwGifrl eufeJaom oabmw&m;
jzpfonfh ]a, "rm a[wkyb0g}tpcsDaom *gxmjzifh jyKonf[kqkd&
ayrnf/
ysLtEG,f bmompum;ESifhpmay
vlrsK;d EG,t
f m;jzifh ysLwko
Yd nf rGe*f v
dk KG u
d rf sm;jzpfMu\/ ,aeYjynf
axmifpkom;wkYd\vlrsKd;EG,fyif jzpfonf/
bmompum;tm;jzifh ysLbmomonf wdAufjrefrmEG,f0ifjzpf
onf/ ,aeYjynfaxmifpktwGif; ajymqkdaeMuaom jrefrm? u&if? csif;?
ucsifponfhpum;wkdYrSm tEG,fwljzpfonf/ jrefrmbmompum;rsm;ESifh
tvSr;f ruGmvSay/ ,cktcgwGif ysLpum; ajymolwrYdk &Sad wmhaomfvnf;
yk*&H mZukrm&f\av;rsuEf mS bmom ausmufpmvm ysLrsuEf mS udk jrefrm
rsufESmESifhwkdufqkdif qkdjcif;jzpfayonf/
ysLausmufpm? a&Taypm? aiGMuKwfpm? tkyfcsyfpmrSp ysLpmt
awmfrsm;rsm;udk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ysLtu&mwkdYonf at'D ig;&mESpf
rsm;t&ifu tdE,
d Ekid if aH wmifyikd ;f wGif ok;H cJah om tu&mwkrYd S qif;ouf
onfhtu&mrsm;jzpfonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkdEkdif\/ odkY&mwGif oa&
acw&mwGifawGU&aom ysLtu&mwkdYrSm ae&mvkduf ykHoPmefrsm;uGJ
jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/
onfudkaxmuf oa&acw&modkY a&mufaomysLtu&m
wkdY\ rl&if;a'orSm wae&mwnf;r[kwf a&mufonfhumvrSmvnf;
umvwckwnf; r[kw[
f k qkEd idk o
f nf/ ysLtu&mtrsK;d tpm;rsm; ae&m
88
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
a'oESit
hf csed u
f mvuGjJ ym;aerIuakd xmuf 'kw,
d ysLEkid if o
H nf tvGef
MumjrifhpGm wnfwefYcJhaMumif; odEkdifayonf/
Adokumynm
jrefrmEkid if AH o
d u
k mESit
hf Ekynmorkid ;f wGif topftqef;wDxiG f
rIudk &SmazGvQif tapmqkH;ESifhtxl;jcm;qkH;aom wDxGifrIudk oa&acw
&mysLwkdY\umvwGif awGU&ayrnf/
vkHjcKHa&;twGuf xkx,fBuD;rm;ckdifcefYpGm vlwkdYwnfaqmufcJh
aom a&S;NrdKUa[mif;BuD;rsm;udk AdEkd;ESifh[efvif;wkdYwGif awGU&NyDjzpf
onf/ oa&acw&mysLwkdY wnfaqmufcJhaom NrdKU&kd;NrdKUwmrSm xl;jcm;
onf/ pwk*HykHr[kwfbJ t0ef;t0dkif;ykH jzpfonf/ NrdKU&kd;BuD;rsm;onf xk
x,fBu;D rm;vS\/ NyKd ysu
f awmzk;H useaf eaom NrKd &;dk ydik ;f wko
Yd nfyif ,ck
tcgwGif awmifukef;wef;[k xif&avmufatmif jrifh xkx,fBuD;ae
ayonf/
&efolvmrnf[k ,lq&mbufjzpfaom NrdKU\taemufajrmuf
ESit
hf a&SUawmifbufww
Ydk iG f NrKd U&k;d ESpx
f yfrS ok;H xyftxd&\
dS / rlvu euf
&Idif;aomusKH;jzifh &Hxm;onf/
NrdKUawmifbufteD;wGifvnf;aumif;? (AdEkd;NrdKU)cyfvSrf;vSrf;
wGifvnf;aumif;(ysLwkdufrsm;)? cHNrdKUi,frsm;[k ,lq&aom tkwfNrdKU&kd;
ESifht&Htwm;ae&mrsm; &Sdonf/
taqmufttkHrsm;
vlrIqkdif&m taqmufttkHrsm; rusefr&Sdawmhjzpf\/ eef;awmf
rSm atmufccH aHk vmufom useaf wmhonf/ vGerf if;pGm ysupf ;D jcif;r&daS o;
bJ rlvykHudkzrf; &Ekdifao;aomtaqmufttkHwkYdrSm omoemqkdif&m
xlyg? apwD? *lbk&m; ponfwkdYjzpf\/
89
xlyg
xif&mS ;aom oa&acw&mysL xlygwkrdY mS abmabmBu;D ? bk&m;
BuD;ESifhbk&m;rmwkdYjzpfonf/ xlygwkdY\ykHrSm ,aeY tawGUtjrifrsm;aom
acgif;avmif;ykH vk;H ywfygonfah pwDyrHk sm;ESirhf wl/ tkyaf qmif;ykH odrYk [kwf
wkdifvkH;BuD;(qvif'g)toGifaqmifaom ykHrsKd;jzpfonf/
edrfhvnf; edrfh? usOf;vnf; usOf;aom yp,HwkdYtay:wGif tcsKd;
tm;jzifh tqrwefjrifhaom xlygvkH;udk t"dutom;ay;um rm;rm;
rwfrwf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sdatmif aqmufvkyfxm;ykHjzpf\/
,if;xlygwkdYrSm tjriftm;jzifh twGif;ydwf tkwftjynfhpDxm;ykH
ay:aomfvnf; twGif; |myemwkduftwGuf ae&mvGwfxm; wnf
aqmufxm;aom ]twGif;acgif;yg}xlygrsm;jzpfonf/ abmabmBuD;ESifh
bk&m;BuD;wkdYwGif twkdif; txift&Sm; awGU&onf/
apwD
xlygykH r[kwb
f J acgif;avmif;ykH vk;H ywf&adS om apwDyu
Hk v
kd nf;
oa&acw&mwGif awGU&\/ ,if;apwDrmS ]aomifjynfu
h ek ;f }wGif wl;az:
awGU&aom ay:awmfrlapwDjzpfonf/ rl&if;twkdif; awGU&aom apwD
wkdYwGif apwDawmfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;tusqkH;jzpf\/
xlygESiahf pwDwo
Ydk nf jrwfpmG bk&m; y&deAd m efp0H ifawmfrjl cif;udk
txdrf;trSwfjyKaom taqmufttkHjzpf\/
*lbk&m;
tapmqkH;[k qkd&rnfh*lbk&m;taqmufttkHudk oa&acw&m
wGif awGU&onf/ twGif;wGif Ak'&Sifawmf\&kyfyGm;awmfudef;atmif;
vlrsm;0ifa&mufylaZmfEkdifatmif *Euk#Dtcef;zGJUum tkwfjzifh wnf
aqmufxm;aom taqmufttkHjzpfonf/ (jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmf
90
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
xif&mS ;&S
d oDwif;ok;H aeawmfro
l nfukd txdr;f trSwjf yK&ef)tcsKUd rSm 0if
aygufESifh*Euk#Domygaom *li,frsm;jzpf\/
tcsKUd wGif 0ifayguftm&kcH *H Eu#k yD gonf/ wqlwiG rf l av;rsuf
ESm 0ifaygufav;aygufyg twGif;av;rsufESm A[dkwkdifBuD;wGif eH&H
uyf &kyfyGm;awmfrsm; xnfhxm;onf/ ,if;A[dkwkdifudkywf ylaZmfEkdif
&ef aMumifvdrfpBuxnfhay;xm;onf/
ysLwkdYwDxGifcJhaom Adokumenf;
,if;*lw\
Ydk 0ifaygufrsm;udk jyKvyk &f mwGif ab;wzufcsurf S tkyf
csyrf sm;udk twGi;f odw
Yk ;dk um wvTmNy;D wvTmpDNy;D ck;H az:jcif;rsK;d rjyKbJ tkwf
udk tjym;vkdufwzufrS wzufaxmifuyfum ckH;az:vmNyD;aemuf ESpf
zufrS uyfvmaom tkwjf ym;wkq
Yd rHk &d m ae&mxdyw
f iG f Bw*d yH aHk z: usef
aeaom uGufvyfwGif oyftkyfxnfhay;&\/
odkYjzifhpDxm;aom tkwfwkdYudk ydkusyfap ckdifaponf/
odkYoyfjzifh tqkH;owfpD&aom ckH;wkdYudk ]oyfpDckH;}[kac:onf/ txuf
wGif a&SUodYk wvTmNy;D wvTm wk;d um pDjcif;jzifh ck;H udk ]wk;d pDc;Hk }[kac:onf/
oyfpDenf;jzifh tkwfudk wvTm;NyD;wvTm; uyfpDum &Snfvsm;aom vkdPf
udk jzpfapEkdifonf/ ckH;rsKd;tay:wGif xyfwkd; aqmufvkyfvkdvQif
tav;csdefydojzifh ckH;onf ckdifonfxuf ydkckdifonf/
wkd;pDckH;rSmrl ,if;odkY Mum&SnfrcHEkdif? uGJjym;wwfonf/ oyfpDckH;
enf;t& *Euk#Dtrkd;udk a'gifvkduftkwfpDum tkef;av;bufcs ,l
onf/ ,if;trkd;ay:wGif yp,Hrsm; odu&(uGef;awmif)apwDtxGwfukd
xyfwifonf/
oyfpDckH;? oyfpDtkef;? av;bufcs? trkd;ckH;zGJUenf;udk ydkrkdus,fjyefY
BuD;us,fpGm tokH;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tHhcsD;bG,fjzpfaom tmeEm? oAnK?
plVrPd? xD;vkrd if;vku
d o
hJ aYkd om Bu;D us,cf efjY im;vSonfyh *k t
H aqmuft
tkHBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif Adok
umenf;udk a&S;OD;pGm wDxGifay;olwkdYrSm oa&acw&m ysLrsm;jzpfonf/
91
wDxGifxm;aom Adokumenf;ESifhaqmufvkyfcJh ESpfaygif;

1200-ausmf 1300-Mumonfhwkdif wnfaeao;aom ysL*ltaqmuft
tkHwkdYrSm bJwJ*lbk&m;? ta&SUaps;*l? av;rsufESm*lbk&m;wkdY jzpfonf/
*lb&k m;i,fwrYdk mS yk**H b
l &k m;Bu;D wk\
Yd a&SUajy;ykpH iH ,frsm;yif jzpfayonf/
vufrItEkynmrsm;
tEkynmvuf&mbufwiG v
f nf; ysLwk\
Yd wDxiG rf I trsm;yif&\
dS /
oa&acw&monf tdE,
d toGiaf qmif tdE,
d ,Ofaus;rIukd tajcjyK
aom ya'o&mZfEidk if jH zpfonf/ tdE,
d ,Ofaus;rIEiS t
hf pOftvmwko
Yd nf
NrKd UawmfEiS Nhf rKd Uawmfywf0ef;usiaf 'owkaYd vmufwiG o
f m xif&mS ;aomvTr;f
rkd;rIudk jyKEkdif\/ wjcm;a'owkdYwGif xdxda&mufa&muf jyefYESHYcJhjcif; r&Sd
ay/
NrdKUawmfyifvQif ysLwkdYonf tpyxrom tdEd,,Ofaus;rI
ESifhvufrItEkynmwkdYudk tdEd,[ef? tdEd,ykHpHtwkdif; vufcHtokH;jyK
cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif rdrdwkYdudk,fydkif[efESifhtoGifodkY ajymif;,l\/
Oyrm &kyfyGm;awmf ykHoGif;jyKvkyfrI? xkvkyfrIwkdYwGif ysLwkdYonf
tdEd,ykHtwkdif; tif'dktm&d,efrsufESmoGifjyifawmfrsKd; ESmacgif;cRefcRef
rsufESmawmf oG,fykHrsKd;udk xkvkyfcJhMu\/ oGef;vkyfcJhMu\/ xkdaemuf
,if;toGiEf iS [
hf efrS rGe*f v
dk KG u
d rf suEf mS awmfoiG jf yifrsm;? ESmacgif;ykt
H ae
awmfrsuEf mS 0dik ;f 0dik ;f ykaH wmfrsK;d odYk ajymif;vJoeG ;f vkyx
f v
k yk v
f mMuonfukd
awGUEkdif\/
'kwd,ysLEkdifiHwGif wwfuRrf;vdrm xl;cRefpGm vuf&majrmuf
vSaom vufrItEkynmonfrsm; ay:xGef;cJh\/ ,if;vuf&mwkdYonf
yk*HtEkynmvuf&mxufyif ydkomonf/ aumif;onf/ Ekonf/ vuf
&majrmufonf[kyif qkdEkdifayonf/
awGU&Sd&NyD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd tajcjyK ysLvufrI
tEkynmonfwkdYudk(u) yef;warmh(ausmufopf)tEkynmonfrsm;/
92
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
(c) yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;wOf;ponfhowKtEkynmonfrsm;/

(*) yef;&HtEkynmonfrsm;/
(C) ykwD;vkH;? vnfqGJponfwkYdukd jyKvkyfonfhausmufaoG;tEkynm
onfrsm;/
(i) ajrtk;d ? ajr&kypf onfwu
Ydk kd jyKvyk o
f nfah jrrD;zkwf tEkynmonfrsm;
[k ig;rsKd;cGJjcm;Ekdif\/
yk*w
H iG f awGU&aom yef;csED iS yhf ef;yktEkynmonfrsK;d oa&acw
&mwGif &SdcJhaMumif;udk oufaoxlEkdif&ef taxmuftxm;rsm; rawGU&
ao;ay/ ,if;odkY rawGU&ojzifh yef;csD? yef;yktEkynmonfrsm; r&Sd[k
um; rqkdEkdifacs/
yef;warmh
awGU&aom vufrItEkynmypnf;rsm;udk az:jy ysLwkdY\tEk
ynmtaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;rnfqkdvQif us,fjyefY&Snfvsm;vSawmhrnf/
ae&mwGif tusOf;rQom qkdEkdifayrnf/
yef;warmhvuf&mwkYdwGif &kyf0ufaz: eH&Huyf&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;?
&kyv
f ;Hk rsm;? Ak'K yw
Ed iS phf yfvsO;f onfh &ky0f ufaz:ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;?
zGm;awmfrlcef;? "rpMuma[mawmfrlcef;ponfrsm;? AdEkd;ewf *VKefpD;
aeyk&H yk 0f ufaz:? r[m,me*kP
d ;f 0if bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;yk?H xlyg&kyf
0ufaz: |myemwku
d zf ;Hk ausmufjym;Bu;D rsm;? Mumyef; MumcufwjYdk zifh wef
qmqifxm;aom ausmufyvifrsm;? wHcg;apmifhewf&kyf? ausmufjcaoFh?
ausmuft&k;d tk;d ? ausmufpm? ausmufavSum;wkrYd mS ysLwkx
Yd m;cJ&h pfaom
ausmufqpftEkvuf&mrsm; jzpfonf/
owKtEkynm
oa&acw&mwGif awGU&aom oHacsmif;? oHaumuf? oHcRef?
oHacsmif;rsm;pGm vQKdxm;aom oHjym;ayguf? "m;oGm;? oHuGif;ponfwkdY
93
u ysLwkdYonf yef;bJvkyfief;wGif uRrf;usifaMumif; axmufcHaeonf/

xkdrQruao; ysLwkdYonf oH&nfoGef;twwfudkvnf; aumif;
pGm wwfajrmufaMumif; rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif;u awGU&aom oHbDvl;r
&kyfESifh&Sdckd;aeaomoH&kyfi,fwkdYudk axmuf odEkdif\/
yef;wOf;
aMu;owKuv
kd nf; ydik Ef idk pf mG tok;H cswwfaMumif;udk ysLwkx
Yd m;
&pfco
hJ nft
h csK;d us oyg,fvaS om aMu;qif;wkawmfi,ftrsK;d rsK;d ? aMu;
zvm;? vifAef;? MuKwfESifhvufudkifyg aMu;rkHwkdYrS od&SdEkdif\/ tkwfcGuf
bk&m;jyKvkyf&ef aMu;ykHpHrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
yef;xdrf
ysLwkYdonf a&Tyef;xdrf? aiGyef;xdrfwkYdwGifvnf; wzufurf;cwf
olrsm;[k qkdEkdif\/ acgif;yG a&Tqif;wkrsm;? azmif;<ua&TayvTmrsm;? a&T
yef;yGifhi,frsm;? a&TykwD;vkH;? a&Tacgif;avmif;? a&TMuufO? a&TvufpGyf
ponfhvuf0wfwefqmrsm;? aiGqif;wk? aiGxlygi,f? MumcGufyg Mum
yGifhBuD;rsm;? aiGjcif;vkH;i,f? aiGvifAef;? aiGcGuf? av;axmifhMuKwf? aiG
qDr;D cGu?f aiG'*Fg;rsm;onf ysLyef;xdrw
f \
Ydk oyf&yfaumif;rGev
f aS omvuf
&mrsm; jzpf\/
txl;ojzifh yGiahf wmfrNl y;D bk&m;av;qltm; om0ursm;&Hvsuf
&SdykHudk azmif;<uykHaz:um a&T&nfoGef;xm;aom MuKwf0kdif;BuD;wGif t
zk;H tv,frS anmifyifaygufxm;ay;ykrH mS vuf&majrmufvaS omyef;xdrf
vufpGrf;yif jzpfonf/
azmif;<upaomenf;jzifh cwfxm;aom Ak'&kyfyGm;ykHyg a&Tjym;
aiGjym;rsm;? wHcg;apmifh&kyfaiGjym;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&\/ ysLwkdYonf a&T
&nfpdrf odkYr[kwf a&Tcsonfhynmudkvnf; wwfuRrf;olrsm; jzpfMu\/
jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f a&S;tusq;Hk [kq&dk rnfh zefqif;wkawmfwqlukd
94
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
oa&acw&mwGif awGU&\/ ,if;wkt

Yd jyif zefyw
k ;D vk;H rsm;udv
k nf; awGU
cJh&\/ ypnf;wkdYrSm EkdifiHjcm;rSoGif;,laom ypnf; odkYr[kwf ysLwkdYjyK
vkyfonfh ypnf;[ktwdtuscGJjcm; rqkdEkdifao;ay/
ausmufaoG;tEkynm
MuKwt
f csKUd wkw
Yd iG f ausmufoyH wjrm;udk jrK yx
f m;\/ vlo;Hk vnf
qGaJ usmufrsu&f wemrsm;udv
k nf; awGU&\/ tok;H jyKcahJ om ausmufrsuf
&wemwkrYd mS qkcd NhJ y;D onft
h wkid ;f ywjrm;? eDvm? aMumif? ausmufe?D r[l
&m? a*:rkwf? a*:'ef? ausmufovif;? ausmufpdrf;? Oz,m;ponf
wkdYjzpf\/ acsmarGUnDnmpGm vkH;aeaom t&G,ftpm;(tcsKdUrSmoQpfoQm;
oD;cefBY u;D onf/)&Sd ykw;D vk;H rsm;? &Spaf jrm if?h ajcmufajrm ufyg ykw;D aphrsm;?
tv,fwkwf ab;odkYoG,foGm;aom pnfykHykwD;aphrsm;? qif? orif p
onfhwd&pmefykHwkdY ykHay:atmif xkvkyfxm;onfhausmufpdrf;wkH;i,frsm;
yg0ifonf/ uJhodkY ykHtrsKd;rsKd;ay:atmif aoG;jcif;? qpfjcif;jzifh jyKvkyf
pGrf;&SdonfhvufrIynmonfrsm; jzpfonf/
ajrrD;zkwftEkynm
Ak'&kyfykHawmf? r[m,mebk&m;avmif; ykHawmfyg ykHtrsKd;rsKd;?
ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom tkwfcGufrsm;? Xmyemcef;eH&Hywfvnfudk eH&Hjynfhwef
qmqif&ef jyKvkyfxm;aom obm0usvSonfh &kyf0ufaz:jrif;? jcaohF?
toD;? yef;? wkdif? &aoh&kyf? rif;&kyfrsm;u ajrap;udk tEkynmajrmufpGm
ykaH z: Mum&Sncf aH tmif rD;zkwo
f nfv
h yk if ef; ysLwd\
kY xl;cRerf u
I dk ouf
aocHaeayonf/
tkwfvkyfief;wGifvnf; awmfMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ NrdKU&kd;twGuf
zkwv
f yk x
f m;aom tvsm; 18-vufr? teH 9-vufr xk3-vufr&St
d w
k f
BuD;rsm;rSm ESpfaygif; 1200-ausmf? 1300-Mumonfhwkdifatmif aumif;
rGefvsuf &Sdao;onf/
95
ajrtkd; ajrcGufvkyfief;wGifvnf; vuf&majrmufMu\/ ajymif

tkd;rsm;tjyif tkd;tjyifyudk ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; wefqmqifxm;aomtkd;rsm;udk
jyKvyk Ef idk Mf uonf/ aool\t&k;d jymxnf&h ef ajrtk;d rsm;udk txl;wvnf
tqef;wus,f jyKvkyfMuonf/ tkd;ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; &Sdonf/
pOfhvkyfief;
w&kwfacwfNydKifusrf;rsm;u ysLwkdYonf pOfhtkd; pOfhcGufrsm;udk
a&mif;csaMumif;? NrdKU&kd;\jyifyrsufESmtkwfwkdYudk pOfhudkifxm;aMumif;az:
jyMu\/ odaYk omf oa&acw&macwfu pOft
h axmuftxm;rsm;udk oa&
acw&mwGif rawGU&ao;ay/
ysLobifynm
wl&,
d m*DwESio
hf bifynmwGiv
f nf; ysLwk\
Yd wk;d wufatmifjrif
rIrSm tHhMobG,fyifjzpfaMumif; w&kwfacwfNydKifusrf;wkdYu qkd\/ 800
ESifh 802-at'DESpfrsm;wGif eefapmrSwqifh ysL,Ofaus;rI cspfMunfa&;
tzGJUwkdYonf xefw&kwfeef;awmfodkY a&mufcJhMu xkd,Ofaus;rItzGJUt
aMumif;udk tao;pdwfa&;rSwfxm;aom w&kwfrSwfwrf;wkdYrS od&Sd&\/
wl&d,mypnf;
ysLwk\
Yd wl&,
d mwD;0kid ;f wGif wl&,
d mypn;f 22-rsK;d yg\/ ypn;f
wkdYjzifh toH&SpfrsKd; wD;rIwfEkdifonfqkd\/ wl&d,mypnf; 22-rsKd;wGif
owKESifhNyD;aom u&d,m 2-rsKd;? BudK;wyfu&d,m 17-rsKd;? 0g;u&d,m
2-rsKd;? Al;cGHu&d,m 2-rsKd;? om;a&u&d,m 2-rsKd;? qifpG,fu&d,m 1rsKd;? OD;csKdu&d,m 2-rsKd;? c&kcGHu&d,m 1-rsKd;ponfwkdY yg0ifonf/
wl&d,mypnf;wkdY\trsKd;trnf? ykHoPmeft&G,ftpm;wkdYudkyg
w&kwfrSwfwrf;u az:jyonf/ acgif;avmif;? vif;uGif;? apmif;jym;? rd
96
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ausmif;? ,ckacwf 'kHrif;[kac:aeaom BudK;trsm;wyfxm;aom ysyf

apmif;wrsKd;? ysyfapmif;0dkif;? yavG? wH>rm? ,aeY &Srf;jynfukef;jrifhom;wkdY
okH;aeaom uJef;ac:Al;cg;yavG? a>ra&usufxm; rsufESm 3-bufyg
aom AkHESifhpnf? oHvufckwfrsm; yg0ifonf/
BuKd ;wyfu&d,mwkw
Yd iG f BuKd ;rnfrQ? toHncd vkwrf nfrQ? BuKd ;wyf
1
wkH;i,f rnfrQponfwkdYudkyif az:jyxm;\/ u&d,mypnf;rsm;udk
axmuf ysLu&d,m*DwrnfrQ wkd;wufaeNyDudk cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/
oDcsif;rsm;
xefeef;awmfwiG f ysL,Ofaus;rItzGUJ onf oDcsi;f 12-yk'q
f cdk \
hJ /
oDcsif;tm;vkH;rSm Ak'0g'ESifhpyfvsOf; oDukH;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm;jzpf
onf/ oDcsi;f wku
Yd v
kd nf; Ak'\
wHqyd af wmf? tifMuif;yef;bGUJ ? csK;d jzL? psmef
\Nidrf;csrf;rI? Oa'gif;rif; ponfjzifh trnfrsm; ay;xm;onf/
uacsonfwkdY\qef;us,faom 0wfpm;qif,ifrI? tvSjyifrI?
o&kyfaz: uMuykH? twD;ESifhtu yeH& nufnufanmanmNidrfhNidrfh
ajimif;ajimif;&SdykH? rurD tcrf;tem;rSL;u tutaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;
wifjy bmomjyefay;ykH? uNyD;aomtcg tEkynmonfwkdYu OD;nTwf
tav;jyKykH? xef{u&mZfukd,fwkdif ysLwl&d,m*DwESifhujyajzazsmfrI
wGif pdwf0ifpm;pGm tm;ay;onfudk w&kwftEkynmonfwkdYuyif 0efwkd
vmykHwkdYudk w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;\/
vGefpGm wkd;wufatmifjrif w&kwfeef;awmfwGif yg0ifcJhaom
tqifhtwef;jrifhvSonfh wl&d,m*DwESifhobifynm jzpfonf/
ysLEkdifiHysufokOf;&jcif;
ysLwkdY\,Ofaus;rIonf tqifhtwef; jrifhvS\/ xl;cRefatmif
jrifrIrsm; &Sd\/ uJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIwGifom wzufowfxl;cRefojzifh ysL
1. Bridge
97
wkdYrSmEl;nHhaysmhavsmhaomtajcodkY a&mufrSef;rod a&mufcJhMu\/

tEkynmwGifom epfarsmaeMuojzifh wkdif;jynfwnfwefYckdifNrJ
a&;ESiu
hf muG,af &;wkb
Yd ufwiG f avsmn
h v
hH mMuNy[
D k qk&d ef&o
dS nf/ txuf
wef;usaom ,Ofaus;rIESifhMumjrifhpGm aevmcJhMuojzifh ysLwkdYonf ,Of
aus;El;nH&h nfreG v
f eG ;f onfh wzufpeG ;f odaYk &mufcMJh u\/ vkt
d yfonfrh Zsrd
y#y'gvrf;aMumif;rS vGJz,faoGznf&m a&mufcJhMuayonf/
rSe\
f / ysLwk\
Yd vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if o
H rkid ;f
wGif od&orQ txufwef;us crf;em;vSaom jrwfE;dk bG,&f mjzpfaom
,Ofaus;rIESifhodrfarGUnufanmvSonfhvlrIqufqHa&;wdkY &SdcJhaom a&S;
tusqkH;aom ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf aysmhnHhrI? El;nHhodrfarGUrIwnf;[laom wzufpGef;odkY
a&mufcMhJ uojzifh 832-at'DwiG f rarQmv
f ifb
h J eefapmwyfrsm; 0ifa&muf
wku
d cf u
dk v
f maomtcg rckcEH idk b
f J tnHch v
H u
dk Mf u&&Smonf/ eefapmwyf
wko
Yd nf ysLNrKd Uawmfukd wku
d cf u
dk v
f ,
k ufzsuq
f ;D &ko
H mru ysL 3000-ausmf
udk okHYtjzpf zrf;qD;oGm;Muonf/
okHYwkYdudk eefapm\ta&SUykdif; NrdKUawmfjzpfaom auswkif1(,ck
,leefzl)teD;wGif uReftjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ uReftjzpf apckdif;Mu
aomfvnf; olwb
Ydk mom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIukd jyKvyk af ponf/ eef
apmocifwkdYu auR;arG;jcif; rjyKMuay/
txufwef;usvaS om ysL,Ofaus;rIonf wzufpeG ;f odaYk &muf
cJhojzifh uJhodkY tqkH;owfum wpcef; odrf;cJh&&Smonf/
1. Chetung
_________________
98
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tydkif;(5)
a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufcJhykH
99
umvysufcsdef tajctae
jrefrmEkdifiH ta&SUajrmufzuf ,leefe,fudk A[dkjyKaomeefapm

EkdifiHu 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufzsufqD;ojzifh 832-at'DwGif ysLEkdifiHysufpD;
ysLacwfjrefrmEkid if H vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf; z&kzd &Jjzpfc&hJ yku
H kd qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfygonf/
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ta&SUpGef ppfawmif;jrpf0ywf0ef;usif
*sKid ;f ESio
hf v
H iG jf rpf0uRe;f ay:a'owGif &Scd ahJ om a&S;&mrna'o(ok0P
blrd)udkvnf; 835-at'DwGif eefapmwkdY wkdufzsuf vl 2000-ausmf
udk okHYyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/
odkYjzifh xdkacwf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYrSm pkpnf;rIr&Sd? ttkyft
csKyfr&SdbJ tcgysuf&onfhumvESifhMuKHBudKufcJh&onf/ umvavmuf
wGif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif; {&m0wDESifhcsif;wGif;qkH&m a'oavmuf
txufydkif;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;wGif oufrsm;? ppfawmif;jrpf
0Sr;f tv,fyikd ;f avmufwiG f u&ifrsm;? ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f atmufyikd ;f wGif
a&S;rGefrsm;? {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;tv,fykdif;ESifhawmifbufydkif;wGif ysLrsm;?
aZmf*sDESifhyef;avmifjrpf0Srf;a'owGif(u&ifwdkY 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpf ppf
awmif;jrpf0rS ;f awmifyikd ;f &Sd a&S;rGew
f EYdk iS t
hf qufjywfc&hJ aom)a&S;rGerf sm;
toD;oD; &SdaecJhMuonf[k ,lq&\/
,if;wkt
Yd jyif yavmif? 0 paom rGecf rm tEG,cf 0JG ifrsm;? ouf
tpk0if *'l;rsm;onfvnf; {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f tv,fyikd ;f ESiahf Zmf*syD ef;avmif
jrpf0Srf;wkdYwGif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYESifha&maESmaexkdifvsuf&Sdonf[k
qkdEkdifayonf/
100
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ukef;jrifhom;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;EkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf;

ysLEkid if yH suo
f nf(h 835-at'D)rS yk*w
H iG f taemf&xmrif;Bu;D tkyf
pd;k vmonfu
h mv(11-&mpktv,favmuf)txd acwfysuu
f mvysuf
or,twGuf jynfwGif;ausmufpmponfh pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;
udk rawGU&ao;ay/ umvwGif xll;jcm;aom rnfonfhorkdif;jzpf&yf
rsm; jzpfay:cJhoenf;/
vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;onf ysupf ;D vsu&f \
dS / wkid ;f &if;om;wko
Yd nf pnf;
vkH;nDnTwfrIr&Sd/ jyifytiftm;udk wGef;vSefumuG,fEkdifaom tiftm;pk
vnf; r&Sdaom umvjzpf&m umvrSm jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYtwGif;odkY
uke;f jrifah 'owkrYd S tiftm;Bu;D aom tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om;wkYd tvk;H t&if;
ESi0hf ifa&mufvmEkid af om? a&TUajymif;vmEkid af om tcGiahf umif;ESit
hf ajc
taeudk zefwD;ay;aeaom umvjzpfayonf/
jrefrmtpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm;
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f wkid ;f &if;om;wkdY jyefEY aYHS eykH vuf&t
dS ajctaeESihf
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmwku
Yd kd taxmuftxm;jyK umvtwGi;f
ukef;jrifhrS ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;qif;oufvmMuaom wkdif;&if;om;wkdY
rSm a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;? wenf;qk&d aomf wdAufjrefrmtEG,0f ifjrefrm
tpk0ifbmompum;udk ajymqkad om wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;jzpfonf[k ckid v
f Hk
pGm qkdEkdifayonf/
jrefrmtpk0if pum;ajymaom wkdif;&if;om;wkYd\,aeYjyefYESHYae
xkdif&m a'orsm;udk avhvmvQif ,if;tqkdonf ydkrkdxif&Sm;apEkdifrnf
jzpfonf/
101
jrefrmtpk0ifpum;rsm;
bmomaA'enf;t& avhvmvQif jrefrmEdkifiHom; 10-OD;wGif
8-OD;onf jrefrmtpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ jrefrm
tpk0ifpum;wkdYrSm...
(u) trsm;pkajymaeaom jrefrmpum;rsm;/
(c) ,if;jrefrmpum;ESifhtoHESifhav,lavodrf;wGif tenf;i,fuGJjym;
rI&Sdaom ]toHuGJ}jrefrmpum;rsm;/
(*) ,if;pum;rsm;tm;vkH;wkdYESifhtajccHwGif wlnDaom ]a&S;OD;jrefrm
pum;}rsm;jzpfonf/
jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY\tcsuftjcma'orsm;
trsm;pkajymaeaom jrefrmpum;udk wEkid if v
H ;Hk wGif tESt
YH jym;
ajymqkdMuonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpum;ukdom trsm;qkH;ajymaomae&m
rSm csif;wGif;jrpfESifh{&m0wDjrpfqkH&m w0dkufjzpfaom rEav;? a&Tbkd?
ppfudkif;? yckuL? jrif;jcH? ausmufqnfESifhrdwDvmc&kdifrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;
a'orSm jrefrmpum;ajymolw\
Ydk tcsut
f jcma'ojzpfonf/ ,if;a'o
rS tjyifoaYkd 0;a0;oGm;avav jrefrmpum;ajymolwYdk wjznf;jznf;avsmh
enf;vmavav jzpfonf/
odkYaomf a&S;uwnf;u jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY a&muf tajc
pdkufaexkdifcJhMuonfh a0;vHaoma'otcsKdUwkdYwGif toHuGJjrefrmpum;
ajymolwkdYu vlrsm;pkrsm; jzpfonfukd awGUEkdifayonf/
toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm;
,if;uJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;rS jyefYESHYa&muf&SdoGm; toH
uGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymqkdaeolwkYdukd taemufzufwGif &rf;NAJc&kdifESifh
ppfawGc&kdif(&ckdifpum;)? yckuLc&kdif xD;vif;ESifhaqma'orsm;(a,m
102
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
pum;)? csi;f 0daoowkid ;f awmifyikd ;f ukvm;wefjrpf&;dk wavQmuf(acsmif;

om;pum;)? ta&SUygupwef(taemufzufom;wkdYajymMuaom &ckdif
pum;? ajrmufzufom;rsm; ajymMuaom acsmif;om;pum;)wkdYwGif awGU
Ekdif\/ awmifbufwGif xm;0,fc&kdif(xm;0,fpum;)ESifhNrdwfc&kdif(Nrdwf
pum;)wkdYwGif awGUEkdif\/ toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdYrSm jrefrm
EkdifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd vlwkdYESifh,Ofaus;rI? 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwkdYwGif rsm;pGm
uGJjym;jcif; r&SdMuay/
csefae&pfcJholrsm;
jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f \ta&SUbuf &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrif\
h taemuf
pGefwGifvnf; toHuGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymolrsm; &SdMuonf/ xkdwkdif;&if;
om;wkrYd mS ajrvwf\taemufpeG w
f avQmufaeol "Ekrsm;? olw\
dYk ta&SU
bufwGif awmif&kd;rsm;? tif;av;uefw0dkufwGif tif;om;rsm; jzpfMu
onf/
wkdif;&if;om;wkYdae&mrSm ajrjyefYaevlwkdYESifhrsm;pGm ruGma0;
vSaomfvnf; toHwGifomru ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxkH;? 0wfpm;qif,if
rIwkdYyg ajrjyefYom;wkdYESifhuGJjym;rI &Sdaeonfudk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
wkdif;&if;om;wkdYrSm txufwGif qkdcJhaom &ckdifwkdif;? weoFm&Dwkdif;
ae toHuGJjrefrmpum; ajymolrsm;uJhodkY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rS a&TU
ajymif;oGm;cJholrsm; rjzpfEkdifaMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyeYfodkY
a&TUajymif;vmcJhpOfu vkdufygrvmbJ csefae&pfcJholrsm;om jzpfaMumif;
odomEkdifayonf/
rnfonfhbufrS vmoenf;
awmif&kd;ESifh"EkwkdYonf csefae&pfolrsm; jzpfvQif xkda&S;jrefrm
wkdYonf rnfonfha'orS vmonf[k qkdEkdifrnfenf;/ &Srf;jynfbufrS[k
om ajz&ef&Sdonf/
103
a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm;
tqkdtaMumif;udk rpOfpm;rD txufwGifqkdcJhaom a&S;OD;
jrefrmpum;ajymol wkdif;&if;om;wkdYaexkdif&ma'orsm;udk az:jyvQif
oifhrnfxifonf/ &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; erwlw0dkufwGif aexkdifMuaom
r&lwidk ;f &if;om;rsm;? &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f uGwcf idk ef ,f ajrmufzuf w&kwf
jrefrme,fpyfwavQmufwGifawGU&aom tZD;ac: ZD;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;?
Aef;armfe,fwiG f tenf;i,fawGU& ,leefe,f [ko
d mESiv
hf ome,fwiG f
aeMuaom rkid ;f omac:tcse;f rsm;? ucsijf ynfe,f {&m0wDjrpfta&SUbuf
qrm;e,fw0du
k &f dS tZD;ac: ZD;rsm;? olw\
Ydk ajrmufzuf q'keH ,fEiS ahf vm
acgife,f awmifyikd ;f wGi&f MdS uaom v&Sw
D idk ;f &if;om;rsm;? olw\
Ydk ajrmuf
zuf avmacgife,fESifhaxma*gw0dkuf arcjrpf0Srf;ae r&lwkdif;&if;om;
rsm;? Aef;armfc&dkifESifhjrpfBuD;em;c&kdifqkH&m {&m0wDyxrjrpfusOf;wGifae
Muolrsm; jzpfonf/ r&lESifhv&SDwkdYudk jrpfBuD;em;w0dkufwGifvnf; awGU&
onf/
a&S;OD;jrefrmwdkY jyefYESHYaeykHudk qufpyfavhvmjcif;
wkid ;f &if;om;wkYd jyefEY aYHS eyku
H kd &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ajrvwfa'
o "EkEiS afh wmif&;dk wkid ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS q
hf ufpyfMunfyh gu a&S;a[mif;jref
rmwkdYonf ajrmufzufucsifjynfe,fta&SUydkif;ESifh,leefe,ftaemuf
ydkif;rS awmifbuf&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;? ,if;rSwqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;
ajrvwfa'oodkY wqifhNyD;wqifh a&TUajymif;cJhaMumif; cefYrSef;od&SdEkdifay
onf/
ajrvwfa'orSwqifh jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f ajrjyefo
Y aYkd jymif;
a&TUvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf[k em;vnfEkdifayonf/
104
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tb,fhaMumifh csif;wGif;ESifh{&m0wDjrpfESpfoG,fMum;odkY
rqif;cJhoenf;
,ck ucsifjynfe,fwGif;a&mufaecJhaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf
xkdjynfe,ftwGif; tb,fhaMumifh {&m0wDjrpfudkjzwful; ajrjyefYodkY
rqif;cJhoenf;[k ar;&ef&Sdygonf/
trSepf ifppf olwo
Ydk nf {&m0wDjrpfukd jzwfu;l um awmifbuf
odkY a&TUajymif;&ef BudK;pm;cJhMu[ef wl\/ odkYaomf xkdpOfu {&m0wDjrpf
ESifhcsif;wGif;jrpf pyfMum;a'owGif oufwkdYBuD;pdk;aom waumif;EkdifiH&Sd
aecJh a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm; bufrS ajrjyefYqDodkY rxkd;azmufEkdifbJ a&S;OD;
qkH;a&TUvmcJholwkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfusOf;wGif zGef;rsm;tjzpfjzifh &yfwefY
cJhMu&jcif; jzpfonf/
awmawmifa&ajr tajctaeuvnf; cufcJvSonf/ odkYjzpf
wyde?f a&TvjD rpfaMumif;rsm;? ,if;wkrYd w
S qifh {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;vrf;
udk rvkdufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf[k qkd&ygrnf/
&Srf;jynfodkY
oufwkdY BuD;pdk;aom waumif;EkdifiHudk ta&SUbufrS yef; jrpf
i,fjrpfaMumif;udkvkdufum &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif pwnf;cscJhMu\/
,if;rSwqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; &yfapmufESifhajrvwfa'oodkYwqifh
ajymif;a&TUcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/
tb,fhaMumifh ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;odkY tqif;cJhoenf;
tb,fhaMumifh awmifbufodkYqufqif;um ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;
twGif;odkY rqif;Muoenf;[k wenf;awG;&ef &Sdao;\/ ,if;odkYawmif
bufodkY rqufEkdifjcif;rSm xdkpOfu ajrvwfa'oawmifbufwGif u&if
wkdif;&if;om;wkdY tifESifhtm;ESihf a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
105
c&D;vrf;wGif yx0DrsufESmjyif tajctaerSmvnf; cufcJvS

\/ u&ifwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf ,ck rkd;NAJe,f? u,m;jynfe,fESifhu&if
jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f wkw
dY iG f ajcuky,
f rl Md uNy;D jzpf&o
Hk mru taemufzuf
ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;twGif;odkY tcGifhomvQif omovkd oufqif;a&muf&Sd
aecJhNyD;jzpfonfudk txufwGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
tvG,fqkH;ESifht[efYtwm; tenf;qkH;vrf;
uJhodYkaom tajctaewGif a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtwGuf c&D;
vrf;vnf; vG,ful? t[efYtwm;vnf; enf;yg;aom ajrvwfa'o
ajrmufydkif;ESifhajrjyefYquf&m ausmufqnfc&kdifavmufqDrS ajrjyefYodkY
0if&efom &Sdawmhonf/
&yfapmufESifhyif;w,qDrS ajrjyefYqDodkY
bmomaA't& toHuJG jrefrmpum;ajymolawmifay:om;"Ek
ESifhawmif&kd;wkdYaexkdif&ma'oESifhyg qufpyf pOf;pm;vQif txufwGif
qkcd ahJ om ajrvwfa'oajrmufyikd ;f &yfapmufEiS yhf if;w,qDrS ajrjyefo
Y Ykd
qif;cJhMuonf[laomtqkdkudk ydkrkdvG,fulpGm xifjrifEkdifMurnf jzpfay
onf/
pdwful;ESifhtawG;rQomavm
txufwiG f qkcd o
hJ nfwrYkd mS jrefrmtpk0if pum;ajymolwYdk ,aeY
jyefEY aYHS eyku
H kd bmomaA'EIid ;f ,SOcf suaf y:wGif tajcwnf aumufEw
k f
csufcsxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tjcm;orkdif; taxmuftxm;rsm; r&Sdygo
avm/
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf ,leefe,ftaemufykdif;ESifh&Srf;jynf
ajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif tajcpdkufaecJhMuonf[kqkdaom tqkdudk axmufcH
106
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
Ekid rf nfh ckid v

f aHk om tud;k tum;rsm; &Syd goavm/ &Sv
d Qif xkpd Ofu[kqcdk hJ
aom 8-&mpk 9-&mpkESpfrsm;twGif;u a'orsm;wGif aecJhMuaom
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtaMumif;udk odEkdifygrnfavm ponfh tar;wkdYudk
pOf;pm;rdMuayrnf/
tar;wkdYudk rajzEkdifygu txufwGifqkdcJhaom a&S;a[mif;
jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;vmykHtpOfrSm
pdwful;rQom tawG;rQom jzpfcsdrfhrnf/ taxmuftxm;r&SdvQif EkdifiH
orkdif;r&SdEkdif[k qkdxm;onfhtwkdif; awG;awm,lqcsufwkdYudk EkdifiH
orkdif;jzpf&yfrsm;[k qkd&ef vG,fulrnf r[kwfay/
acwfNydKifw&kwfpmay taxmuftxm;rsm;
8-&mpk ESifh 9-&mpkat'DESpfrsm;twGif;u ,leefe,ftaemuf
ydkif;ESifh&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif tajcpdkufaexkdifcJhMuaom a&S;a[mif;
jrefrmrsm;taMumif;udk acwfNyKd iaf &;om;cJah om w&kw&f mZ0ifusr;f rsm;
ESifha'oqkdif&m rSwfwrf;wkdYrS tckdiftvkH od&onf/ aexkdif&ma'o?
vkyfudkifpm;aomufrI? 0wfpm;qif,ifykH? t&nftcsif;rSp tkyfpkvkduf
cGJjcm;az:jyxm;onfudkyif od&onf/
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmorkdif;onf eefapmorkdif;\wpdwfwa'o
xkda&S;jrefrmtkyfpkwkdYonf eefapmppfrsm;wGif ta&;ygaoma
&mrS yg0ifxrf;&Gucf MhJ u& eefapmEkid if w
H efc;kd tiftm;Bu;D rm;a&;twGuf
yg0ifaqmif&u
G cf o
hJ rl sm;? eefapmorkid ;f wnfaqmuf&mwGif yg0ifco
hJ rl sm;
jzpfaMumif; od&\/
eefapmwkYd ysLNrKd Uawmfudk wku
d Mf u&mwGif ok0Pbrl ad 'oudk wku
d f
Mu&mwGif [EGKdifudk wkdufMu&mwGif wdAufrsm; w&kwfwyfrsm;udk wkduf
Mu&mwGif olwkdYyg0ifcJhMuonf/ wenf;qkdaomf eefapmorkdif;\wpdwf
wa'oonf xkad &S;a[mif;jrefrmwk\
Yd orkid ;f yif jzpfonf[k qk&d csrd rhf nf/
107
xkda&S;a[mif;w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;? a'oqkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm
ESiw
hf uG ,if;wkrYd S od&aom eefapmEkid if w
H iG ;f ,leeftaemufyikd ;f ESi&hf rS ;f
ajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif 8-&mpkESifh9-&mpkat'DESpfrsm;twGif;u aexdkifcJhMu
aom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmvlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdY\vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhppfa&;
orkdif;udk atmufwGif qufvufzwf&IEkdifMuygonf/
,if;odkYaz:jy&m ydkrkdvG,fulpGm em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif&ef
eefapmEkdifiHtaMumif;ESifhorkdif;pOftusOf;udk az:jy&ef vdkrnfxifyg
onf/
xef1w&kwf rvTrf;rkd;Edkifaoma'o
w&kwjf ynfukd at'D 618 rS 907-xd tkypf ;kd cJah om xefrif;quf
onf w&kww
f \
Ydk orkid ;f wGif acwfaumif;Bu;D wckjzpf\/ Edik if w
H iG f pD;yGm;
a&;? ,Ofaus;rI? pmay? tEkynm wkd;wufonf/ tm&StaemufEkdifiH
rsm;ESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,frI wkd;wufwnfwefYap&ef tm&Stv,fydkif;odkY
e,fcsJU ukefoG,fvrf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;cJhonf/
odkYjzifh xeftifyg,monf taemufzuf tm&Stv,fydkif;
wGif rsm;pGmus,jf yefcY o
hJ nf/ odyYk ifjzpfvifu
h pm; ,efpjD rpf\awmifbuf
,ckacwf ,leef? avGcsK?d vGrpf ?D uGrw
f ek pf onfah 'orsm;udk vufatmufcH
Ekid if rH sm;[k oabmxm;&ko
H m xm;Ekid o
f nf/ ppfa&; Ekid if aH &;wkjYd zifh wku
d f
&kdufvTrf;rkd;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhay/
wdAufjrefrm tEG,frsm;\a'o
xdkpOfu w&kwfjynf ,efpDjrpfawmifydkif;ae vlrsm;pkrSm w&kwf
rsm; r[kwfMuacs/ wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifbmompum; ajymolrsm;ESifh
&Srf;tpk0if bmompum;ajymolrsm;rSm xkda'owkdY\vlrsm;pk wkdif;&if;
om;rsm;jzpfMu\/
1. T'ang
108
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
xkad 'owkw
Yd iG f xefw&kww
f \
Ydk vufatmufcH r[kwaf omwkid ;f
&if;om;wkdY\EkdifiHrsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;EkdifiHwkdYteuf tm;[kdif
(tm;yifv,f)1 ywf0ef;usifwGif ay:aygufcJhaom EkdifiHi,f 6-EkdifiHwkdY
onf xif&Sm;\/ ,if;EkdifiHi,fwkdY aexdkifolwkdYwGif armapmrsm;2? a&S;
a[mif;jrefrmrsm;? avmavmrsm;3 paom wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;
ESifh&Srf;tpk0ifrsm; yg0ifMuonf/
eefapmEkdifiH
,if; 6-EkdifiHteuf awmifbufpGefusaom rkifa&Sapm4onf
tiftm;taumif;qk;H jzpfonf/ at'D 739wGif rkiaf &SapmEkid if o
H nf usef
EkdifiHi,f 5-ckukd odrf;oGif; tiftm;awmifhwif;aom jynfaxmifpkudk
wnfaxmifonf/ NrdKUawmfudk tm;[kdiftaemufurf; ,ck wmvDzlNrKdU
awmifbufteD;wGif wnfaqmufcJhonf/ awmifbuf tusqkH;apm
(rif;)u OD;pD;wnfaxmif w&kwfwkdYu eefapmEkdifiH [k ac:a0:a&;
om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
eefapmjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifaom eefapm{u&mZf &SJifh
5
avmfzD \aemuf qufpHaom rif;wyg;jzpfonfhaumfavmfzGJifh6vuf
xufwGif eefapm\tiftm; vGefpGmwkd;wufcJhonf/ xefw&kwfEkdifiH\
av;pm;jcif;udkyif cH&onf xdkpOfu w&kwfjynftaemufzuf&Sd wdAuf
EkdifiHrSmvnf; tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwck jzpfcJhonf/ tm&Stv,fykdif;udk BuD;
1. Erh Hai
2. Mo-so(rkd;qkd;[k odMuonf/)
3. Lo-lo(vkdvkd[k odMuonf/)
4. Meng-she Chao
a&S;u eefapmudk &Srf;EkdifiH[k owfrSwfcJhMu\/ aemufxyf okawoe jyKcJhaom
ynm&SifwkdYu &Srf;rsm;yif &SdcJhonfrSefaomfvnf; &Srf;EkdifiH[k ac:&avmufatmif
rrsm;cJh[k ,lqMuonf/
5. Sheng-lo-pi 6. Ko-lo-feng
109
pkd;Ekdifa&;twGuf wdAufESifhxefw&kwfwkdYonf tjyeftvSef ppfqifETJae

MuqJjzpfonf/
,ck tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwck ay:vmojzifh wdAufESifhw&kwfwkdY
onf eefapmEkdifiHjzpfaom xdktiftm;BuD;EkdifiHESifhyl;aygif; tcsif;csif;
wku
d cf u
dk &f ef tajctaersm;jzpfay:cJo
h nf/ eefapmuvnf; rdr\
d tusK;d
udk Munfh wcgw&H wdAufESifhaygif;NyD; xefw&kwfudk wkdufonf/ wcg
w&H xefw&kwfESifhaygif; wdAufudk 0ifwkdufonf/
odkYjzifh ya'o&mZf 3-EkdifiH\ 3-yGifhqkdifppfonf jzpfay:
cJhonf/ ppfrsm;udk taMumif;jyK eefapmonf pGdusKdESifha0SYxkifNrdKUudk
odrf;ydkufcJhonf/ taemufzufwGif ,ckaygif&SefrS arcjrpftxd ,if;rS
wqifh jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufpGef a&cJawmifBuD;rsm;txd cHNrdKUudk aqmuf
EkdifcJh\/ ysLEkdifiHESifhvnf; tquftoG,f&cJh\/
a&S;a[mif; jrefrmppfonfrsm;
ppfww
Ydk iG f a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwyfrsm; yg0ifqifEcJT \
hJ / txuf
wGif qkdcJhaom &SJifhavmfzDrif;vufxufrSp a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf
eefapmjynfaxmifpk\rkifa&SapmEkdifiHi,fwGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/
xdka&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYrSm rnfolwkdYenf;/ olwkdY\taMumif;udk
acwfNydKifa&;cJhaom ref&I1usrf;? xef&mZ0ifusrf;a[mif;2ESifhxef&mZ
0ifusrf;opf3wkdYwGif awGU&SdEkdifayonf/ (tao;pdwftnTef;rsm;udkum;
rqkdawmhNyD/)
xkad &S;a[mif; jrefrmvlrsK;d pkwu
Ydk kd xefacwf&mZ0ifq&mrsm;ESihf
tjcm;olwkdYonf xkdvlrsKd;pkwkdYu rdrdwkdY\tBuD;tuJrsm;udk ac:aom
bGUJ trnfjzifh odcMhJ uonf/ a&;rSwaf c:a0:Muonf/ tBu;D tuJuakd c:
onfh tac:ta0:jzifh vlrsKd;pk\ trnfudk rSwfom;wwfonfh tavh
1. Man Shu 'Book of the Southern Barbarians' translated by Gordon

11, Luce 1961.
2. Chiu-t'ang-Shu 3.Hsin-t'ang-Shu
110
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
aMumifhyifjzpfonf/
dS nfh
ref&u
I sr;f u ,ckoEd eD ,fwiG f rmif;apm1ESiphf aom trnf&o
2
vlrsKd;pkrsm;? ,ckaygif&Sef\taemufajrmufzufwGif a0gif0kduf,l vlrsKd;
pk? aygif&Sef\taemufzufwGif zl3rsm;? rJaygifjrpftaemufzufwGif 0gifh
usL4rsm; toD;oD;&Sdonf[k az:jyxm;\/
trnfww
Ydk iG f ]apm}ESi]hf usK}wko
Yd nfvnf;aumif;? ]rmif;}]a0gif}
]0gif}h wko
Yd nfvnf;aumif; tajccHtoHwal om pum;vk;H rsm; jzpfMuonf/
rmif;? a0gif? 0gifhwkdYrSm ,ckacwfokH; jrefrma0g[m& rif;(tkyfpkd;ol?
BuD;ol)\a&S;OD; a0g[m&rsm; jzpfEkdifayonf/
tvm;wlyif ]apm}ESifh]usK}wkdYrSmvnf; acwfokH;jrefrma0g[m&
]apm}odrYk [kw]f pd;k }ESix
hf yfwl jzpfEidk o
f nf/ odjYk zpf
f vlrsK;d pkwo
Ydk nf rdrd
wk\
Yd tBu;D tuJrsm;udk rif;apm? rif;pd;k [laom t"dyg ,fEiS ahf c:a0:cJMh u
onf[k em;vnfEkdifayonf/ onfudk axmuf ,if;vlrsKd;pkwkdYudk
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;[k qkdjcif;jzpfonf/
t&nftaoG;ESifh"avhxkH;pHrsm;
vlrsKd;pkwkdY\"avhxkH;pH? 0wfpm;qif,ifykH? t&nftaoG;wkdYESifh
pyfvsOf; tqkdyg ref&Iusrf; az:jyxm;csufwkdYrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f
aumif;vSayonf/
rif;apm tpkrsm;
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;[k az:jycJah om rmif; odrYk [kwf rmif;apm
vlrsKd;pkwkdY\taMumif;udk qkd&m trnfESifhqifwl,dk;rSm;trnfrsm;&Sd
1. Mang-Chao 2. Wang-wai-yu 3. P'u 4. Wang-Chu
odaYk omf ]zl}ESi]hf a0gif0u

kd ,
f }l wk\
Yd trnfurkd l tvm;wl qufpyf,&l ef rvG,u
f al y/
odaYk omf olwu
Ydk olw\
Ykd tBu;D tuJEiS q
hf ufo,
G f ajymqkad omtcgwGif ]pk;d }toHxu
G f
ESifhwlaom pum;udk okH;aMumif; xkdusrf;rSyif od&\/
111
aom tjcm;vlrsKd;pktrsm;&SdaMumif;? olwkdYonf ajcwH&Snftdrfrsm;ESifhae

aMumif;? teDa&mifydk;pjzifh OD;acgif;udk &pfywfwefqmqifum acgif;
aygif;pudk aemufwiG cf saMumif;? trsK;d orD;wko
Yd nf ta&mif 5-rsK;d ygaom
vJykd;xnfudk 0wfaMumif;? ,if;t0wfudk acgif;ay:xd jcKHEkdifaMumif;?
olwkdYonf tdrfteD;opfyifrsm;ay:wGif a'gif;rsm;udk arG;jrLxm;aMumif;
ponfjzifh az:jyxm;\/
ydk;acgif;aygif;eDudk tpaemufcsaygif;jcif;? ajcwH&Snftdrfrsm;
ay:wGif aejcif;? jrefrmwkdYtav;tjrwfxm;aomtvHwGif a'gif;&kyfyg
jcif;wkrYd mS a&S;a[mif;vlw\
Ydk tpOftvm tqufyifavm[k awG;xif
bG,f&m&Sd\/ rmif;vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;yif abmif;bDjym0wf BudrfacG? 0g;ESD;
rsm;jzifh cg;udk ywfxm;Muonf[v
k nf;qk\
d / uke;f jrifo
h m;rsm;jzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;ayonf/
eefapmwyf wyfOD;rS yg&olrsm;
0gifu
h sKwo
Ydk nf wku
d cf u
dk af &;wGif 0goemxko
H rl sm;jzpfonf/ aygh
yg;vsifjref zswfvwfonf/ jrif;pD;pOf vSHudk usifvnfpGm okH;wwfonf/
pD;&mwGif ukef;ESD;ryg/ tjyif;wkduf&ef 'kH;pD;aomtcgrsm;wGif ysHaeonf
[kxif&onf/ olwkdY\trsKd;orD;ysKdwkdYonfvnf; jrif;a&;wGif tvm;wl
pGrf;&nf&Sdolrsm;jzpf\/ eefapmrif;NrdKUESifhwyfNrdKUtoD;oD;rS ppfolBuD;rsm;
wyfxGufMuaomtcg 0gifhusKwkdYonf wyfOD;rS yg&onf/
wGiv
f nf; jrif;pdik ;f ? jrif;ckw
H idk ?f jrif;cif;obif? jrif;Muefusr;f
rS p NrdKUrnfrsm;? a&S;jrefrmwkdY\jrif;a&;uRrf;usifrI ponfwkdYESifhquf
pyfowd&rdMuayvdrfhrnf/
olrcHEkdifaom ppfonfrsm;
wzef a0gif0kduf,lwkdYtaMumif;udk MunfhMuygOD;pdkY/ olwkdYonf
vSH&Snf? um&SnfBuD;rsm;udk udkifaqmifonf/ olwkdY csDwufvmNyDqkdvQif
Man Shu rsufESm 41
112
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
rnforl S rckcEH idk /f jrm;wkEYd iS o

hf pfom;av;('l;av;avm)ukv
d nf; ok;H onf/
jrm;oGm;udk tqdyfvl;xm;ojzifh jrm;csufxdol &kwfcsif;aoonf/
trsKd;orD;wkdY\t0wftxnfrSm tjyma&mifjzpfonf/ pyg;BuD;
a>roGm;rsm;? c&kcGHrsm;? ykvJppfrsm;ESifhukH;xm;aom ykwD;rsm;udk udk,fwGif
enf;trsK;d rsK;d ykpH t
H rsK;d rsK;d jzifh odik ;f Muonf/ qGx
J m;Muonf/ tdraf xmif
r&Sdao;olonf xdyfwGif qHxkH;wxkH;om xkH; tdrfaxmif&Sdolonf csKd
apmif;ae&mwGif wxkH;pDcGJ ESpfxkH; xkH;onf/
Avaumif;olrsm;
zlwkdYonf t&yftarmif; aumif;onf/ cGeftm;BuD;onf/ jyif;
xefaMumufrufzG,f aumif;onf/ &J&ifhonf/ 0g;cReftypf tvGef
usifvnfonf/ awmeuftwGif; vif;EdkYudkyif xdatmifypfEkdifonf/ t
vGev
f ufajzmif
h vGo
J nfr&S/d olwo
Ydk nf iSuaf ysm&Guw
f iG f tpmyk
H pm;
onf/ cGufa,mufr&Sd/ ajrmufzuftusqkH; vlpkjzpfonf/
tHhbG,fZGJESifhowd&SdykH
ZGJ? owdESifhopm&SdrIwkdYwGif tHhbG,fo&J&SdvSonf/ w&kwfwkdYESifh
jzpf&aom ppfyGJwckwGif zlppfonftcsKdUudk w&kwfwdkYu rdoGm;&m trsKd;
rsK;d ESyd pf ufnO ;f yef; ppfaq;onf/ pum;wcGe;f rQ r[acs/ vufaumuf
0wfrS vufudkjzwfypf ppfar;jyefonf/ rajym/ atmf[pfjcif;yif rjyK
Mu/
jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY ra&mufrDu a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;
rmif;apmESirhf if;apmtrnf qifw,
l ;dk rSm;&Sad om a&S;a[mif;jref
rmwkdYonf at'D 7-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufwGif ,leeftaemufydkif;ESifhodED
ajrmufydkif;a'oodkY a&muf&SdaexkdifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tOD; a&TUajymif;olwkdY
,if; - rsufESm 42
Man Shu rsufESm 39
113
jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefY ysLEkdifiHwGif;odkYyif a&mufESifhNyD;[k ,lqEkdif\/

eefapm jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH wnfaxmifvmaomtcg xkda&S;
a[mif;jrefrmvlrsK;d pkwo
Ykd nf tjcm;wdAufjrefrmpum;ajymolwEYdk iS w
hf uG
yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhMuonf/ wdAuf? w&kwf? eefapm(3)yGifhqkdif ya'o&mZf
ppfwkdYwGif jrif;onfausmf? ppfonfausmftjzpf yg0ifqifETJcJhMuonf/
atmifyGJrsm;udkvnf; &cJhMuonf/ ya'o&mZfeefapmEkdifiHorkdif;udk zef
wD;cJh&mwGif olwkdYyg0ifcJhMuonf/
ya'o&mZf vlrIpD;yGm;a&;
ppfonfrsm;tjyif awmif,m v,f,m pdkufysKd;vkyfudkifolrsm;
vnf; &SdcJhonf/ wl;ajrmif;rsm; azmuf v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfhtwwf
udv
k nf; wwfoMd uolrsm;jzpf\/ vlrsK;d pkH tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk tBu;D tuJ
(rif;)wkdYu tkyfcsKyfonf/
tajccH ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; wwfMuolrsm; jzpfMu
\/ olwkdY\xl;jcm;aom pGrf;&nfrSm jrif;pD;usifvnf vsifjrefpGm a&TU
ajymif;vIyf&Sm;um ppfwkdufEkdifonfh t&nftcsif;yif jzpfonf/
ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;
eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif yg0ifvifhupm; rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;pktvkduf
udk,fhrif;ESifhudk,f oD;jcm;zGJUpnf;aecJhonfh ya'o&mZfpepfwGif aecJhMu
olrsm; jzpf\/ odkYaomf eefapm\MoZmcH vlYtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/
eefapmwyfwiG f ppfrrI xrf;vko
d w
l o
Ydk nf eefapmEkid if \
H ukex
f w
k f
vkyfief;wkdYudk aqmif&Gufay;Mu&\/ rdrdwkdY0rf;pmtjyif rif;wkdif;aMu;
ay;&ef pkdufysKd;vkyfukdifMuonfh oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;tjyif {&m0wD
txufydkif;wGif a&Tusifjcif;? rvdcjrpftaemufzuf awmifrsm;ay:wGif
a&TwiG ;f wl;jcif;? aygif&eS t
f aemufzuf (10)pcef;tuGm ,ck jrefrmEkid if H
ajrmufydkif;wGif e,fpyfMum;wGif qm;csufjcif;ponfh ukefxkwfvkyfief;
114
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
wkdYudk aqmif&GufMu\/
wd&pmefarG;jrLrI
a&S;jrefrmwkdY\xl;jcm;aom toufarG;rIvkyfief;w&yfrSm jrif;
rsm;udk arG;jrLavhusifhjcif;yif jzpf\/ OD;csKd&SnfEGm;wrsKd;? xGef,uf&ef
qifykrsm;? tarG;&Snf],uf}ac:EGm;wrsKd;ESifha'gif;wkdYudk arG;Mu\/
ukefoG,frI
taemufzufoYkd eefapmwkYd e,fcsUJ cJo
h jzifh taemufEiS u
hf ek o
f ,
G f
vrf;vnf; yGichf o
hJ nf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wko
Yd nf tcsi;f csi;f vlo;Hk ukeyf pn;f
rsm;udk a&mif;0,fMuaomtcg tav;csdefowfrSwfxm;aom qm;cJrsm;
udk tojymtjzpf okH;Muonf/
uRefrsm;ESifhya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;
olwkdY\vlaerIpepfrSm ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;pepfay:wGif wnf
ae&um; olwkdY\ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; trsm;pkudk ya'o&mZfwkdYtzkdY tokH;
jyKcJh&onf/ ppfEkdif zrf;qD;&rdcJhaom okYHyef;wkdYudk ]uRef}tjzpfxm;
{&m0wDjrpfzsm; acG;awm iSufawmodkYydkYum a&Tusifaponf/ tvkyf
Murf;vkyfaponf/
olwkdY xkwfvkyfaom ypnf;wkdY\ 70 odkYr[kwf 80 &mEIef;udk
ya'o&mZfwkdYu ,lonf/ oD;ESHpdkufysKd;olwkdYtzkdYrSmvnf; 0rf;pmavmuf
udkomcsef tm;vkH;udk ya'o&mZfwkdYtm; tcGeftjzpf qufo&onf/
ppfrIxrf;olwkdYom rif;wkdif;aMu;rS vGwfMuonf/
115
oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;
pdkufysKd;aomoD;ESHwkdYwGif pyg;? ESHpyg;ajymif;? ajymif;icsdwf? yJ
trsKd;rsKd;? rka,m? *sKHwkdYjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk eefapmEkdifiHajrjyefYa'o
pkdufonf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtrsm;pkrSm ukef;jrifhom;rsm;jzpf rdrdwkdYa'
oESifhudkufnDrnfhoD;ESHyifwkdYudkom pkdufcJhMuayrnf/
olwkdYonf eefapmta&SUydkif;vlrsm;? NrdKUawmfaevlrsm;avmuf
wkd;wufcJhjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ ajrjyefY&Sd olwkdYavmufom a&oGif; pyg;
pdu
k yf sK;d jcif;udjk yKMuNy;D uke;f jrifah wmifay:aeolwrYdk mS rl awmif,mpku
d yf sK;d
enf;udkom tm;ukd;cJhMuonf/
oD;ESyH ifrsm;tjyif w&kwq
f ;D oD;? uGr;f oD;? tke;f ? omulyif? awmif
yde;f eJ? yJvif;a>r? ausmufz&k?H usw
d ?f zefcg;? vufy?H av;udik ;f vky&f onfh
ydk;pmyifwrsKd;(ydk;arG;onhftyifrsKd; r[kwf)wkdYudkvnf; pdkufMuonf/ okH;
Muonf/ MuahH &? a<u? za,mif;? b,aq;ESit
hf 0wftxnfrsm;ukv
d nf;
xkwfvkyfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY a&Tajymif;Mujcif;
olw\
Ydk a&SUajy;vlwo
Ydk nf jrefrmEkid if aH jrjyefo
Y Ykd a&mufEiS Nhf y;D jzpf
Ekid af Mumif; qkcd yhJ gNy/D xdak emufaomf rdrw
d u
Ydk o
hJ yYkd if w&kwjf ynftaemuf
ajrmufpGefrS ta&SUbufaMumif; a&TUajymif;qif;vmcJhonf/
rdrdwkdYESifhtEG,fwl tjcm;wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0if wkdif;&if;om;
wkdYESifha&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif wyl;waygif;
wnf; aecJhMu\/
eefapmrif;wko
Yd nf wcgw&H a&S;a[mif;jrefrmvlpu
k kd zdEydS w
f u
dk f
ckdufcJhjcif;&Sd\/ ppfa&;udk tajccHonfh ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif ae
&onfrSm aysmfarGUbG,f r[kwf/ xkdrSwyg; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY eefapmwkdY
ESit
hf wl 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk cf jhJ cif;(ysLEkid if NH rKd Uawmf 832ESio
hf 0k Pbrl Nd rKd U
awmf835) yg0ifcJh& a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaeudk odcJh&
116
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
aomtcg w&Gmajymif;rS olaumif;jzpfrnfqkdonfhoabmvnf; ayguf

vmcJhMuayrnf/
odjYk zpfvnf; ,cifu qkcd o
hJ nft
h wkid ;f wa&GUa&GUESiahf &TUajymif;
a&muf&NdS y;D olaY &S;jrefrmrsm;&S&d m jrefrmEkid if t
H v,fyikd ;f odYk ysLEkid if t
H ysuf
wGif tajrmuftrsm; tvkH;t&if;ESifh a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufcJhMujcif; jzpf
onf/
odkY 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg rGef? u&if? ysLwkdYtjyif w&kwf
jynftaemufajrmufzufrS taemufzufajymif;0ifvmcJhMuaom ouf?
csif; ponfwkdYESifhawGUqkHyl;aygif;cGifh&cJhMuonf/
a&muf&SdNyD;jzpfaom rGefcrmtEG,f0if rGef? yavmif? 0rsm;? ysL
rsm;? u&ifrsm;? taemufaMumif; wdAuf? jrefrmrsm;jzpfaom ouf? csif;
rsm;ESifh,ckta&SUaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY yl;aygif;rd
Muaomtcg yk*HEkdifiHopfudk wnfaxmifEkdifcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY rl&if;a'orS eefapmodkYa&TUajymif;vmcJhykH
8-&mpkESifh9-&mpk at'DESpfrsm;twGif; eefapmzufrS jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif;odkY 0ifvmolwkdYrSm a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;jzpfMuav&m olwkdYonf
eefapmwkEYd iS t
hf rsK;d tEG,f ,Ofaus;rIrpS qufo,
G af eonfukd az:xkwf
Ekdifonfh tjcm;taMumif;rsm; &Sdao;oavm/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY taemufzufaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom wdAuf
jrefrmbmompum; tEG,f0ifrsm;? ta&SUbufaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkt
Yd ygt0ifjzpfonfh wdAufjrefrmbmompum;tEG,f
0ifrsm;\rl&if;a'oESifhxkdpOfu&SdcJhaom ,Ofaus;rI? eefapmodkY a&muf
vmykw
H t
Ydk wGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &Syd goavm[laom ar;cGe;f ESp&f yf
udk wGif ar;bdkYvkdvmygonf/ xdktcg ar;cGef;ESpf&yfwGif orkdif;pOf
rSefap&ef 'kwd,ar;cGef;udk yxr &Sif;vif;az:jyvkdygonf/
117
rl&if;a'o
w&kwfjynf taemufajrmufydkif; ,ckuefpke,fudk jzwfoef;
taemufqrD S pD;qif;aom jrpf0gac: 0Smif[jkd rpfzsm;ydik ;f wGif awmifbuf
rS pD;qif;vmaom ]axmif}ac: jrpfvufwufwck&Sd\/
axmifjrpf0Srf;wGif wl;azmfokawoejyKcJhaom orkdif;rwif
rDacwf a&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdYonf xkdjrpf0Srf;twGif; vGefcJh
aom ESpfaygif;av;axmifcefY(bDpD 2000)u ausmufacwfopftqifh
odkY a&mufaeNyDjzpfaom a&S;vla[mif;wkdY\&kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI
qkdif&m ypnf;trsm;tjym;udk awGUcJhMu\/
jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;\tv,fykdif;ESifhatmufydkif;wkdYwGif bDpD 3000
cefu
Y vla[mif;wk\
Yd &ky<f uif;rsm;ESi,
hf Ofaus;rIqidk &f mypn;f rsm;udk awGU
cJhMu\/ xkdynm&SifwkdY\aumufcsufcsrIrsm;udk axmufxm; axmif
jrpf0Srf;om;wkdYrSm olwkdYta&SUbuf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;om;wkdYESifhrwl/ oD;jcm;
,Ofaus;rIESifhtpOftvm&SdcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fydkif;
ESifhatmufydkif;ae a&S;a[mif;vlwkdYrSm w&kwfwkdY\a&S;bkd;ab;BuD;rsm;
jzpfonf/ axmifjrpf0Srf;ae vlwkdYrSm ,ck wdAufjrefrmbmompum;
tEG,f0ifwkdY\a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k od&onf/
csd,efrsm;
axmifjrpf0Srf; a&S;a[mif;wdAufjrefrm ausmufacwfopf,Of
aus;rIonf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fESifhatmufydkif;&Sd a&S;a[mif;w&kwf
ausmufacwfopf ,Ofaus;rIESifhtNydKifjzpfonf/ tqifhtwef;vnf; r
edrfhus/ txufwef;usvSaom ausmufacwfopf,Ofaus;rIjzpfonf/
wdAufjrefrm bmompum; a&S;tEG,f0ifwkdYonf Nidrf;csrf;at;aq;
pGm vkyfudkifpm;aomuf aexkdifMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;w&kwf
wkrYd mS rl tiftm;Bu;D vQif Bu;D ovkd wjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;udk wku
d cf u
dk v
f o
dk rl sm;?
&efvkdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
118
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
olwo
Ykd nf jrpf0gjrpfauGUBu;D \ta&SUbufatmufaxmifch sK;d wGif
pD;0ifaom a0jrpf0Srf;rSonf taemufzufodkY wjznf;jznf; wkdufckduf
olwkdYydkifeufudk csJUxGifcJhMuonf/ enf;jzifh olwkdYonf axmifjrpf0Srf;
om;wkdYudk wkdufckdufvmMuonf/ okHYtrsm;udkvnf; uRefjyK&ef zrf;qD;
oGm;Muonf/ okYHtcsKdUudk OD;acgif;jzwf ,Zfewf ylaZmfMuonf/
w&kww
f u
Ydk axmifjrpf0rS ;f om;wku
Yd kd cs,
d ef[k ac:Muonf/ ok;d
arG;ol? qdwfarG;ol[k t"dym,f&onf/ bDpD 2000cefYwGif wd&pmefarG;
jrLjcif;jzifh tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfcJhMuolrsm;? w&kwf,Ofaus;rIESifht
NydKif txufwef;usaom ,Ofaus;rItqifhodkY a&mufcJholrsm; jzpfonf/
csd,efrsm; a&TUajymif;&jcif;
w&kww
f u
Ydk taemufzufoYkd csw
D ufwu
dk cf u
dk v
f mMuaomaMumifh
olwkdYonf taemufzufodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMu&onf/ bDpD 1500cefYESifh
1000cefYpyfMum; w&kwfjynfajrmufydkif;wGif wefckd;BuD;vmaom &Sef odkY
r[kwf ,ifrif;qufvufwGif w&kwfwkdYonf csd,efwkdYudk ydkrkdwkdufckduf
Muonf/ olwkdY\ykdifeufudk taemufzufodkY wkd;csJUxGifvmMuonf/
b0om,ma&;xuf vGwfvyfa&;udk jrwfEkd;olrsm;
ausmufacwfopfcsd,efwkdY\b0rSm Nidrf;csrf;om,m acwf
tvkduf wkd;wufaom ,Ofaus;rI&Sdaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf ol
wku
Yd kd w&kww
f u
Ydk wku
d cf u
dk Ef ydS pf uf uRejf yKvyk v
f maomtcg olwo
Ydk nf
b0om,mat;csrf;rIESifhwkd;wufaeaom ,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk axmufxm;
rufarmjcif;r&SdbJ olwkdY\vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rl&if;a'oudk pGefYvTwf
xGufcGmcJhMu\/
onfudk axmuf a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY tygt0if jzpfaom
wdAufjrefrmbmompum; a&S;tEG,0f ifwo
Ydk nf b0om,ma&;ESi,
hf Of
aus;rIwkdYxuf vGwfvyfa&;udk ydkrdkckHrifrufarmolrsm; jzpfMuonf[k
119
ygarmuvkpfu aumufcsufcscJhonf/
]jzpfvkd&m jzpfygap? vGwfvyfa&;udkjzifh txdrcH}[laom ,aeY
jynfaxmifpkom;wkdY\pdwf"mwfonf orkdif;jzpf&yfESifhaumufcsuf
csru
I kd axmufcaH eonf/ &S&d o
dS rQwx
Ydk uf vGwv
f yfa&;udk ydrk jdk rwfE;dk aom
pdwf"mwfonf e,fcsJUudk awmfvSefaomtcgrS jynfaxmifpkom;wkdY
wGif &Sv
d maompdw"f mwf r[kw?f a&S;ya0PDuwnf;u ude;f atmif;vm
cJhaom ADZpdwf"mwf jzpfonfudk aumif;pGmodomEkdif\/
wdAufEkdifiH ay:aygufwefckd;BuD;vmjcif;
rl&if;a'orS w&kww
f \
Ydk &efaMumifh xGucf mG vmcJ&h Ny;D aemuf bDpD
500cefYwGif csd,efwkdYonf w&kwfjynftaemufydkif;wGif pnf;vkH;rdjyef
tiftm;BuD;rm;vmcJhjyefonf/ w&kwfjynfudk bDpD 1000cefYrS 300cefY
xd tkyfpdk;aom usKdrif;qufvufxufwGif olwkdY\a'oonf w&kwf
wkdY\ wkdufcdkufjcif;udk cH&jyefonf/
txl;ojzifh csifNrdKUpm;BuD;\wyfwkdYonf bDpD 350cefYwGif csd
,efwkdYudk tvkH;t&if;ESifhwkdufckdufojzifh csd,efwkdY xyfrHa&TUajymif;cJh&
onf/
csifNrdKUpm;BuD;\tEG,f0if rif;wyg;rSm aemiftcgwGif w&kwf
jynf\yxrtifyg,m[k xif&Sm;aom csiftifyg,mESifhcsifrif;qufudk
wnfaxmifonfhcsif&SDa0Smifwd{u&mZf jzpf\/
aemufxyfay:aygufcJhaom qif?[ef?pGD w&kwfrif;qufrsm;
vufxufwkdYwGifvnf; csd,efwkdYonf qufvufzdESdyfjcif;udk cHcJh&\/
csd,efwkdY awmifbufodkY a&TUajymif;&m c&D;\taemufzufwGif
wdAufukef;jrifh&Sd\/ csd,efwcsKdUonf wdAufukef;jrifhodkYwufum vlY
abmifb0opfudk wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf;opfonf at'D ckepf&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; tif
tm;Bu;D vSaom wdAufEidk if u
H kd wnfaxmifEidk cf \
hJ / xkt
d csed w
f iG f w&kwf
jynfvnf; tiftm;Bu;D rm;aom xeftifyg,mBu;D pd;k vsu&f o
dS nf/ xef
120
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tifyg,m\pD;yGm;a&;aoG;aMumrSm tm&Swkduftaemufydkif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh
qufoG,fxm;aom tm&Stv,fydkif;ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD; jzpfonf/
odkYjzpf xef\EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'rSm xkdvrf;rBuD;udk ydkifqkdifBuD;
pkd;rIwGif tajcwnfcJhonf/ w&kwfudk tHwkvmEkdifaom wdAufonf xkd
vrf;BuD;udk aESmifh,Sufxdyg;EkdifcJh\/
w&kwfxef{u&mZf\orD;wyg;udk rdzk&m;ajrmuf&ef awmif;qkd
cJo
h nf/ Ekid if jH cm;qufo,
G af &;wGif y&d,m,f<u,fvaS om xef{u&mZf
onf w&kwfrif;orD;wyg;udk ydkYap wdAuf\&efudk Nidrf;apcJh&onf/
umvavmufrSmyif a&SUydkif;wGif azmfjycJhaom eefapmEkdifiH
wefc;dk tiftm;Bu;D vmcJo
h nf/ useaf e&mwGif wdAufEiS ehf efapmtcef;udk
acw&yfxm;um usef cs,
d ef(wdAufjrefrmbmompum;tEG,0f if)wk\
Yd
qufvufa&TUajymif;rIudk azmfjyvkdygonf/
awmifbufodkY qufvufa&TUajymif;olrsm;
wdAufukef;jrifhodkY rwufcJhaom usef csd,efwkdYonf oHvGif? rJ
acgifESifh,efpDjrpfaMumif;rsm;twkdif; awmBuD;jrufrnf; acsmufurf;yg;
a'orsm;udk jzwf awmifbufodkY qufvufa&TUajymif;Mu\/
,if;odYk ajymif;a&TMu&mwGif tcsKUd onf wdAufuek ;f jrifEh iS ehf ;D uyf
Murf;wrf;vSonfh taemufzufaMumif;ukd vkduf\/ tcsKdUonf ,Of
aus;rIwkd;wufaeaom w&kwfjynfESifheD;uyf taemufzufaMumif;
avmuf rMurf;wrf;vSonfh ta&SUbufaMumif;udk vkduf a&TUajymif;cJh
Muonf/
taemufzufaMumif;vkdufolwkdYonf cufcJMurf;wrf;aomc&D;
vrf;udk vku
d Mf u&onf/ ,Ofaus;rI xGe;f um;&ma'oESit
hf vSr;f a0;onf/
odkYjzpf olwkdYonf a&TUajymif;&mvrf;wGif ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvuf
topftqef;rsm;udk &oifhoavmuf r&cJhMuacs/
odkYaomf yifyef;qif;&JcHEkdifrI? pGefYpm;rI? &JpGrf;owd&SdrI? tcuft
cJudk MuHhMuHhcH &ifqkdifrI? usef;rmawmifhwif;oefpGrf;rIpaom t&nft
121
jcif;aumif;rsm;udk &&SdcJhMuonf/
ta&SUbufaMumif;vku
d o
f w
l rYdk mS taemufbufaMumif;vku
d o
f l
wkdYavmuf tMurf;ywrf;cHEkdifrI? usef;rmawmifhwif; oefpGrf;rI ponf
wkdYr&SdMuacs/
odkYaomf ,Ofaus;aom w&kwfEkdifiHESifheD;uyfpGm a&TUajymif;Mu
ojzifh vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Ofaus;rItwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk
a&TUajymif;&mvrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif &&SdcJhMuonf/
ouf? em*? csif;wkdY a&TUajymif;&mvrf;
taemufzufaMumif;vkdufolwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiH\ajrmufzuf
tpGefavmufodkY a&mufaomtcg ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHESifhwdAufjynfwkdYpyf
Mum;avmufrS taemufzufov
Ykd rf;cGu
J m jA[yw
k & jrpf\vufwufwck
jzpfaom vl[pfjrpfaMumif;udk vkdufcJhMu\/
jrefrmEkid if \
H taemufajrmufzufoYkd a&mufaomtcg xkad 'o
&Sd awmifMum;vrf;rsm;udv
k u
kd
f ,ckjrefrmEkid if w
H iG ;f odYk taemufajrmuf
zufrS 0ifvmcJhMuonf/ ,if;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYwGif ,cifu qkdcJhonfht
wkdif; ouftpk? em*tpkESifhcsif;tpkrsm; yg0ifcJhMu\/
rlvu oufwkdYonf ,ck rPdyl&jynfrS ta&SUbuf {&m0wD
jrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJhMu[efwl\/ em*wkdYa&mufvmaomtcg rPdyl&&Sd
oufwkdYonf ta&SUbuf&Sd oufwkdYESifhtqufjywfcJhMu[efwl\/ em*
trsm;pkonf taemufzuf tmoHjynfwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJhMuonf[k
qkdEkdifonf/
csi;f tpk0ifrsm; 0ifvmaomtcg olwo
Ydk nf csi;f wGi;f jrpfaMumif;
udk vkdufcJhMu\/ csif;tpk0ifrsm; 0ifa&mufvm csif;wGif;jrpfaMumif;
wavQmufESifhtaemuf&kd;rudk pkd;rkd;vmojzifh em*wkdYonf taemufzuf
odkY wkd; a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ taemufESifhta&SUwGif &Sdaeaom ouf
tpk0ifwkdYrSmvnf; ydk a0;uGmoGm;cJhMu&\/
122
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
avmuavm? u&if
ta&SUbufaMumif;vkdufolwkdYteuf ta&SUbuftpGefusaom
olwo
Ydk nf ,efpjD rpftwkid ;f vku
d
f wjznf;jznf; ,leefe,fta&SUajrmuf
ydkif;odkY a&mufoGm;Mu\/ olwkdYrSm avmavmtpk0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/
tv,fusaom rJacgifjrpfESifhoHvGifjrpfwkdYudk vkdufolwkdYwGif u&iftkyf
pk0ifrsm;ygMu\/
olwo
Ydk nf oHviG jf rpftwkid ;f vku
d
f &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f wGif t
aemufodkYcsKd;um ,ck rkd;NAJe,f? u,m;jynfe,fESifh,ck u&ifjynfe,f
ajrmufydkif;txda&mufcJhMu\/ olwkdYonf tcGifhomvQif omovkd ppf
awmif;jrpf0Srf;ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;aexkdifcJhMu\/
ysL
oHvGifjrpfaMumif;udk vkdufolwkdYteuf tcsKdUonf ,leefe,f
taemufydkif;odkYa&mufvmaomtcg wydefa&TvDjrpfaMumif;wkdYudk vkduf
{&m0wDjrpfaMumif;odkY qif;cJhMuonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf a&S;tusqkH;
[k,lq&olwkdYrSm AdEkd;NrdKUudk wnfaxmifcJhaom yxrysLEkdifiHom; ysL
rsm;jzpfcJhonf[k qkdEkdif\/
oa&acw&mudk wnfaxmifaom ysL 'kw,
d tokwo
f nfvnf;
vrf;rsm;udkyif vkdufcJhMuonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/ a&mufESifh
NyD;aom oufwkdYESifhawGUxdMu[ef wl\/ odkYaomf xkdpOfu ajrmufzuf
ydkif;odkY a&mufaeaom oufwkdYudk a&SmifuGif;um awmifbufodkY a&TU
ajymif;cJhMuonf[k qkd&ygrnf/
armapm(emcD)rsm;
tv,faMumif; oHvGifjrpfudk vkdufolwkdYwGif a&S;a[mif;jrefrm
rsm;vnf; ygMu\/ armapmrsm;vnf; ygMu\/ armapmwkYdonf rdrdwkdY
udk,fudk emcD[k ac:Mu\/
123
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkt
Yd aMumif;uku
d m; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfonf/ arm
apm(emcD)ESifhta&SUbuf avmavmwkdYonf eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif yg
0ifolrsm;jzpfMu\/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY eefapmrS xGufcGma&TUajymif;
aomtcgwGif xdktEG,fwlvlrsKd;wkdYonf eefapmyif usef&pfcJhMuonf/
a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm;
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkt
Yd euf oHviG jf rpftaemufzuf {&m0wDjrpf
rsm;wpk? wrkid jf rpfrsm;? xkad emuf arcjrpfEiS v
hf ufwufrsm;udv
k u
dk
f a&TU
ajymif;cJhol rsm;cJhonf/ taMumif;ukdvnf; NyD;cJhonfhtcef;wGif qkd
cJhNyD; jzpfonf/
vlprk sm;udk a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm;[kac:onf/ olwo
Ydk nf oufEidk f
iHudk azmufxGif;a&SmifuGif;jcif; rjyKEkdif {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;wGif Aef;
armfc&kdifavmuftxdom a&mufcJhMu\/ ,if;wkdYwGif r&l? v&SD? tZD?
rkdif;omESifhzGef;ac: wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ygMuonf/
txufazmfjycsufwkdYrSm at'D 7-&mpkESpfrsm;txd jrefrmEkdifiH
ESiahf jrmufzufywf0ef;usiw
f iG f a&S;a[mif;vlwaYdk &TUajymif;a&muf&cdS yhJ u
Hk kd
orkid ;f jzpfpOfEiS o
hf w
l v
Ykd uf&dS jyefEY aYHS exkid yf w
Hk t
Ykd & azmfjyjcif;jzpfayonf/
eefapmodkY a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm; a&mufvmykH
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 7-&mpkaemufydkif;wGif eefapm
a'oodkY a&muf&SdvmykHudk tusOf;tm;jzifh qufvufazmfjyvkdayonf/
txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; wdAufEkdifiHESifhxefw&kwfwkdYonf 7-&mpk
ESpfrsm;tv,favmufwGif tNydKiftqkdif wefckd;BuD;vmcJhMu tm&St
v,fykdif;udk BuD;pdk;Edkifa&;twGuf tjyeftvSef ppfqifETJcJhMu\/
tcsdefavmufrSmyif ,leefe,ftaemufydkif; eefapmEkdifiH
wefckd;BuD;vmcJh\/ aumfavmfzJifhrif;vufxufwGif tiftm;tBuD;qkH;
jzpfonf/ wdAufonfvnf;aumif;? xefw&kww
f o
Ydk nfvnf;aumif; ppf
124
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tiftm;wck jzpfaom eefapmudk rdrdwkdYbufodkYygatmif tjyeftvSef

odrf;oGif;cJhMu\/
odkYjzifh eefapmonf yxrw&kwfbufu ygcJhonf/ aumf
avmfziJ v
hf ufxufwiG f wdAufEiS ahf ygif; w&kwu
f kd wku
d o
f nf/ ,Dr,
dk eG f
vufxufaemufydkif;wGif w&kwfbufodkYygoGm; wdAufudk wkdufjyef
onf/ ,Drkd,Gefudk qufcJhaom rif;wkdYvufxufrsm;wGif wdAufbufodkY
jyefa&mufcJhjyefonf/
at'D 822-wGif wdAufESifhw&kwfwkdY ppfajyNidrf;vkdufaomtcg
eefapmwEkid if w
H nf; w&kwu
f kd qufwdu
k o
f nf/ ta&SUawmiftm&Syikd ;f
&Sd EkdifiHrsm;udkvnf; wkdufcJhonf/
okH;yGifhqkdif ya'o&mZfppf
uJhodkYaom yxrwdAufESifhw&kwfESpfyGifhqkdif ya'o&mZfppf
rsm; jzpfMuaomtcg a&S;a[mif;jrefrmESifhtEG,fwl wdAufjrefrmpum;
ajymolwkdY a&TUajymif;&m oHvGif? rJacgifESifh,efpDjrpfaMumif;wkdY ,SOfrd&m
a'owGiv
f nf;aumif;? ,if;awmifbufa'orsm;wGiv
f nf;aumif; wku
d f
yGrJ sm;udk qifEcJT o
hJ jzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrmESit
hf EG,w
f w
l \
Ydk a&TUajymif;rIukd
vsifjrefapcJhonf/ wzef eefapmyg ygvm okH;yGifhqkdifya'o&mZfppf
rsm;jzpfvmaomtcg olw\
Ydk a&TUajymif;rIonf yd
k yif vsijf refvmcJo
h nf/
a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY\a&TUajymif;rIc&D;tpOfrSm wefckd;BuD;vm
aom eefapmudk a&SmifuiG ;f Edik &f ef taemufzufrS yef; a&TUajymif;aom
c&D;pOfjzpfonf/ eefapmwkYd wefc;kd rBu;D rDuaomf vGwv
f yfpmG a&TUajymif;
Ekdifojzifh a&TUajymif;rI\a&SUykdif;onf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;? ,if;rSwqifh
jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY at'D 8-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufuwnf;u a&mufcJh
[efwl\/
eefapmrif;&SeJ af vmfzv
D ufxuf(at'D 713)wGif rkiaf &Sapmtif
tm;Bu;D vm taemufzufoYkd ydik ef ufcsUJ &ef wku
d cf u
dk v
f maomtcg a&S;
a[mif;jrefrmrif;apmwpkwkdYonf a&SUodkYqufvuf ra&TUajymif;Ekdifawmh
125
acs/ eefapmvufatmufodkYa&muf eefapmya'o&mZfwkdYtwGuf trI

xrf;Mu&awmhonf/
odkYjzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrma&TUajymif;rItpOfwGif aemufydkif;vl
rsm;ESit
hf v,fyikd ;f &Sv
d rl sm;onf ,leefe,ftaemufyikd ;f ESi&hf rS ;f jynfajrmuf
ydik ;f wkw
Yd iG f &yfwefcY MhJ u&jcif;jzpfonf/ eefapmEkid if w
H iG f a&S;a[mif;jrefrm
wdkYta&;ygcJhykH? olwkdY\vlrIa&;? pD;yGg;a&;b0ESifhtqifhtwef;wkdYudk qkd
cJhNyD;jzpf xyfrHazmfjy&ef rvkdawmhyg/ olwkdYonf eefapm\ta&;yg
aom tiftm;pk jzpfonf/ eefapmppfrsm;wGif yg0ifqifETJcJhMuonf/ eef
apmEkdifiHorkdif;udk zefwD;&mwGif yg0ifcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/
wkd;wuf&&SdcJhaom vlaerItqifh
eefapmwGif aepOftwGif; olwdkYonf ppfa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pdkuf
ysKd;a&;? pnf;urf;ponfwkdYbuf tawGUtMuKHtavhtxESifhenf;vrf;
opfrsm;udk &cJhMuonf/ wkd;wufrIvnf; rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh
jrif;udkarG; aumif;pGmtokH;cswwfolrsm;jzpf ppfa&;wGif tjcm;vl
rsKd;pkxuf rsm;pGmomMuolrsm;? ppfqifenf;opfudk xGifcJhMuolrsm;jzpf
onf/
vGwfvyfa&;udk txdrcH
,Drkd,Gefvufxuf wdAufESifhtqufjzwf w&kwfESifhaygif;
onfh Ekid if jH cm;qufo,
G af &; ajymif;vJco
hJ nf/ jynfwiG ;f qufqaH &;vnf;
ajymif;vJr&I cdS o
hJ nf/ ,cifu r[mrdwjf yKc
hJ w&kww
f u
Ydk kd wyl;waygif;
wnf; ckcHwkdufckdufay;cJhaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtkyfpkrsm;udk rdwfaqGt
jzpfrS &efoltjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoabmxm;um pwifzdESdyfwkdufckdufcJh
onf(at'D 794)/
ADZuwnf;u vGwv
f yfa&;udk txdrcHEidk af om a&S;a[mif;jref
rmwkdYonf ya'o&mZfpepf jyif;xefpGm BuD;pdk;aeaom rdrdwkdYa'orsm;
126
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
udk pGefYvTwfum tcGifhomonfESifh wNydKifeuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYtwGif;

odkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/
ajrjyefY\yljyif;aom &moDOwk'PfESifhe,fopfwGif b0opfxl
axmifa&;tcuftcJrsm;udk &ifrqkid 0f ahH omaMumifv
h nf;aumif;? eefapm
vufrS vG,fulpGm &kef;uefxGufajrmuf&ef rjzpfEkdifaomaMumifhvnf;
aumif;? a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtkyfpktcsKdUonf ukef;jrifha'oyif csefae&pf
Muonf/
rQjzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY\rl&if;a'o&SdcJhaom ,Ofaus;rI
tqifhtwef;ESifheefapma'oodkYa&mufcJhykH taMumif;udk ed*kH;csKyfvkdyg
onf/ yxrar;cGef;jzpfaom eefapmESifha&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY ,Ofaus;rI
trsKd;tEG,fqufoG,faeykHudk azmfjyaom taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhjref
rmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmykHwkdYudk azmfjy&efvkdygrnf/
a&S;jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;ajrjyefYodkY
a&TUajymif;aexkdifvmjcif;
a&S;jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYodkYqif;vmykH t
aMumif;udk rqkdrD eefapmESifha&S;jrefrmwkdY ,Ofaus;rIwrsKd;wEG,f quf
pyfaeykHudk axmufcHazmfjyaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tenf;i,f
azmfjyvkdonf/
eefapmonf wdAufjrefrm
orkdif;ynm&SifwkdYonf a&S;tcgu eefapmEkdifiHaevlwkdYrSm &Srf;
trsKd;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ wenf;qkdaomf xkdifw&kwfbmompum;t
EG,f0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ eefapmEkdifiH\tcsuftjcm
jzpfaom wmvDtidk Bf u;D w0du
k o
f Ykd uGi;f qif;okawoejyKcMhJ uaom orkid ;f
ynm&SifwkdYu a'owGif xkdifw&kwf,Ofaus;rI taxmuftxm;rsm;?
xkdif&Srf;wkdY\a&S;a[mif;ypnf; taxmuftxm;rsm; rawGUcJhMuojzifh
127
eefapmwkdYrSm xkdifw&kwfjzpfEkdifonfxuf wdAufjrefrmjzpfEdkifonf[k

qkdcJhMuonf/
acwfNydKifw&kwftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk tao;pdwfokawoe
jyKolwkdYuvnf; ,if;tqkdtrdeYfudk axmufcHMuonf/ ,cktcgwGif t
a&SUydkif;tm&Sorkdif;ynm&Siftrsm;pku eefapmEkdifiH\vlrsm;pkrSm avm
avmtpk0if a&S;jrefrmponfw
h Ad ufjrefrmrsm;jzpfMu tenf;pkrmS xkid f
w&kwftEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k vufcHxm;MuNyDjzpfonf/ tcsufu
at'D 8-&mpkwiG f jrefrmEkid if w
H iG ;f odYk a&TUajymif;vmolwrYdk mS eefapmEkid if H
om;wkdYESifhwrsKd;wEG,fwnf; jzpfaMumif;udk axmufcHaeayonf/
,Ofaus;rItpOftvm wlnDcsufrsm;
trsK;d tEG,w
f &l rHk Qjzifh a&S;jrefrmwko
Yd nf eefapmEkid if b
H ufrv
S m
onf[k wxpfcsrqkdomao;yg/ eefapmEkdifiHom;wkdY\,Ofaus;rIESifh
a&S;tpOftvmwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;a&muf a&S;jrefrmwkdY\,Of
aus;rItpOftvmwkdYESifhwlnDaomtcsufrsm; &Sdaeonfudk awGU&om
eefapmbufwGifaecJholrsm;? ,if;a'ouvmcJholrsm;jzpfonf[k t
axmuftxm;csif;? aumufcsufcsif; qufpyf ,lEkdifygonf/
trnfrSnfhykHwljcif;
eefapmwko
Yd nf trsK;d om;wk\
Yd trnfukd rSn&hf mwGif zciftrnf
\aemufq;Hk pvk;H udk om;\trnfwiG f a&SUqk;H pmvk;H tjzpfo;Hk cJo
h rl sm; jzpf
onf/ eefapmorkdif;vm eefapmrif;wkdY\trnfrsm;udk avhvmvQif
tcsufxif&Sm;onfudk awGUEkdifonf/ Oyrm avmf&SefY
&SJefYavmfzD
zDavmfaum
aumavmfzGJifh
128
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
zGJUifhusm,D
,Drkd,Gef
ponfjzifh zciftrnfaemufqkH;pmvkH;udk om;trnfa&SUqkH;pmvkkH;tjzpf
okH;EIef;rSnfhac:xm;Mu\/
jrefrm&mZ0ifusr;f wkw
Yd iG f vm&Sad om ysLapmxD;rif;\tEG,0f if
wkdYwGifvnf; enf;twkdif;yif trnfay;xm;onfudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm
awGU&\/ ,if;trnfwkdYrSm...
ysLapmxD;
xD;rif;,mOf
,mOfrif;ydkuf
ydkufaonfvnf
aonfvnfaMumif
aMumifwl&pfwkdY jzpfMuonf/
a&S;u trnfrn
S ahf c:enf; wlco
hJ nfukd ydrk cdk idk v
f aHk paomtcsuf
&Sdao;onf/ jrefrmwkdYonf ,if;trnf rSnfhonfhpepfudk ,cktcgwGif
rvkdufemMuawmhyg/ odkYaomf jrefrmtpk0ifrsm;jzpf a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm;
jzpfMuaom ucsifjynfe,fta&SUydkif;ae r&lESifhv&SDwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf
,aeYwkdif ,if;trnfrSnfhonfhpepfudk vkdufemqJ&SdMuao;onf/
r&lESifhv&SDwkdY ,aeYwkdifvkdufemonfh tpOftvmu a&S;jref
rmrsm; eefapmwGif aecJhaMumif;udk axmufcHaeonf/ eefapmESifhjrefrm
wkdYudk qufpyfay;xm;onfhaygif;ul;wefwm;ozG,f wnfaeaomtpOf
tvm orkdif;taxmuftxm; jzpfayonf/
r&lwkdif;&if;om;\trsKd;qufwckwGif zatESifhom;wkdY trnf
ay;ykHudk...
awmifcGef
cGefusKif;
usKif;vkrf;
ponfjzifh tpOftqufawGU&\/ tvm;wlyif v&St
D rsK;d om;wku
Yd vnf;vkHcsef
129
csefvef;
vef;wifh
ponfjzifh a*:vefa'obuf rsK;d qufwckwiG f trnfay;xm;\/ axm
a*gbufwGif awGU&aom rsKd;qufwck\trnfrSm...
cef;Akrf
Akrf,if;
,if;wifh
ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
orkdif;OD;'Em&D wljcif;
orkdif;OD;'Em&DwGifvnf; eefapmESifha&S;jrefrmwkdYrSm xyfwlxyf
rQ jzpfaeonf/ ysLapmxD;rif;\'Em&Dudk todrsm;Muygonf/ eefapm
wkdY\orkdif;OD;'Em&DrSmvnf; ysLapmxD;rif;\'Em&DuJhokdYyif jzpf\/ t
rnfwkdY\toHxGufrsm;yifvQif eD;pyfpGm wlnDaeonf/
wGifvnf; r&lwkdY\orkdif;OD; 'Em&Donf aygif;ul;ozG,f eef
apmESifha&S;jrefrmudk qufpyfay;xm;jyefonf/ r&lwkdYvnf; ysLapmxD;
rif;\pGefYpm;cef; 'Em&D&Sdayonf/ ysLapmxD;rSm r&lwkdY\a&S;OD;rif;jzpf
onf[k ,kHMunfMu\/
'kwd,*Emv&mZf
tdEd,,Ofaus;rIonf ysLEkdifiHrSwqifh eefapma'oodkYa&muf
cJh\/ Ak'0g'vnf; xGef;um;cJhonf/ odkYjzifh rdrdwkdYodcJhaom eefapm
EkdifiH\tcsuftcsma'o wmvDtkdifBuD;w0dkufudk a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf 'k
wd,*Emv&mZf[k rSwfom;vmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
130
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
OwnfzGm;
eefapmrif; aumavmfzGJifhudk wdAufwkdYu ta&SUbuf{u&mZf
(wkifwd)[kvnf;aumif;? aumavmfzGJifh\ajr;,Drkd,Gefudk aexGufbk&if
(*sdwkif0gif)[kvnf;aumif; bGJUrnfay;cJh\/
jrefrmwkdYuvnf; *Emv&mZfrif;udk aexGufbk&ift"dym,f&
aom OwnfzGm;[k odrSwfcJhMu\/ aemufydkif;wGif w&kwfbk&ifudk
trnfjzifh ac:a0:vmcJhayonf/
jrif;ESifha&S;jrefrm
xkdrSwyg; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkYa&muf&Sd umvMumjrifhpGm ae
xkdifvmNyD;onfhwkdifatmif jrefrmwdkYonf eefapmwGifaeMuaom rdrdwkdY
\a&S;ab;Bu;D bd;k Bu;D wk\
Yd "avhx;Hk pHEiS t
hf pOftvmwku
Yd kd qufvufxed ;f
odrf;vkdufemcJhMuonfh tcsufuvnf; a&S;jrefrmwkdY eefapm &SdaecJh
aMumif;udk xif&Sm;apayonf/
jrif;a0g[m&\&if;jrpf
eefapmwGif a&S;jrefrm0gifu
h sLwko
Yd nf jrif;pD;ol&rJ sm;jzpf\/ jrif;
udkarG;jrLonf/ jrwfEkd;onf/ Ekdifeif;pGm pD;Ekdifonf/ ppfqifrIwGif enf;
AsL[mudk ajymif;apcJhonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;&Sd ,aeYwkdif;&if;om;
trsm;pkwYdk tok;H jyKaeaom jrif;twGuf a0g[m&rSm r&ef;(jrif;=r+&if;/
&if;wGif; ]if;}onf a&S;u tif;oHrxGufyJ tef;oHxGufcJhonf/)[laom
a&S;jrefrma0g[m&ESifhvGefpGm toHeD;pyfonf/
csif;trsm;om;tcsKdUu &ef;[kac:\/ ucsifu *krf&rf;[kac:
\/ a&S;usaom rGefcrmtEG,f0if yavmif? 0? ,if;paomwkdif;&if;om;
wkdY\jrif;twGuf a0g[m&wkdYrSmvnf; r&ef;rSoufaom a0g[m&rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ onfwkdYu jrefrmESifhjrif; qufpyfaerI a&S;usvScsufudk
131
azmfjyaeayonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif ol&Jaumif;qkdvQif jrif;ESifhcGJr&/ usefppf
om;? tavmif;pnfo?l wyifa&Tx;D ponfrh if;wk\
Yd jrif;rsm;\pGr;f &nfukd
tom;ay;azmfMu\/ jrif;udk ta&;ay; tcrf;tem;rsm;yif qif,if
usi;f ycJMh u\/ jrif;a&; 37-yg;? jrif;cif;obif? *lvyD pJG onfwu
Ydk kd axmuf
xm;Ekdif\/ txl;ojzifh NrdKUrnfrsm;udkyif jrif;udk taMumif;jyK rSnfh
ac:cJhMu\/ Oyrm jrif;pdkif;? jrif;ckHwkdif? jrif;rlponfrsm;udk owdjyKrdMu
ygrnf/
apmESifhpkd; a0g[m&
eefapmwGif &SdpOfu a&S;jrefrmrsKd;wlpkwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\tBuD;t
uJukd rif;? rif;apm? pdk; ponfjzifh ac:a0:cJhMu\/ ,if;tpOftvm
onf yk*Hacwf? tif;0acwfwkdif qufvuf &SdvmcJhMuayonf/ t
aemf&xmrif;apm? apmvlrif;? rdzk&m;apm? pdk;rif;udk,fawmfBuD;? pdk;om;
rif;om; ponfrSm om"utcsKdUrQom jzpfayonf/
ajcwH&SnftdrfESifhacgif;aygif;eD
eefapmwGif &Scd phJ Ofu ajcwH&n
S t
f rd rf sm;ESiahf eonf"h avhukd ajr
jyefYodkYa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; qufvufvkdufemcJhMuonf/ eefapm
wGif &SdcJhpOf rdrdwkdYtdrf Oa'gif;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; arG;jrLcJhMu\/ ajr
jyefo
Y aYkd &mufaomtcg Oa'gif;onf rGejf rwfaomtxdr;f trSwf vuPm
wckjzpfvmonf/
eefapmwGif&SdpOfu trsKd;om;wkdYonf qHudk xkH;um yk0geDaygif;
qHNrdwfpudk aemufwGif [efay;umcsxm;onf/ qif,ifrIrsKd;udk
ajrjyefwGif tcsKdUae&m ,aeYwkdif vkdufemvsuf&SdMuao;onf/ t
axmuftxm;rsm; jyEkid af om tjcm;wlncD sut
f rsm;yif &Sad yao;onf/
qkdcJhNyD;aom taMumif;jycsufwkdYavmufESihfyif a&S;jrefrmESifheef
132
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
apmwkdYqufpyfcJhykHonf aumif;pGm xif&Sm;aeNyD[k xifygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY a&TUajymif;aexkdifvmykH
eefapmEkid if rH S jrefrmEkid if b
H ufoYdk rnfonft
h aMumif;rsm;aMumifh
a&S;jrefrmwko
Yd nf a&TUajymif;vmcJ&h onfukd qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfygonf/ a&TUajymif;
Mu&mwGif vrf;c&D; usefae&pfcJhaom odkYr[kwf csefae&pfcJhaom jref
rmtpk0if rsKd;wlpkwkdY ,aeYaexkdif&ma'orsm;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHwGif jyefYESHY
aeykHwkdYudk axmuf a&S;jrefrmwkdY a&TUajymif;vmonfhvrf;udk cefYrSef;
Ekdifygonf/ wGif jrefrmtpk0ifwkdY ,aeY jyefYESHYaexkdifykHudk avhvmod
&Sdxm;&ef vkdygrnf/
jrefrmtpk0ifwkdY jyefYESHYaeykH
jrefrmtpk0ifpum;wkdYudk a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;rsm;(jzpfaom r&l?
v&SD? rkdif;omESifhzGef;rsm;)? toHuGJjrefrmpum;rsm;(jzpfaom awmif&kd;?
tif;om;? "Ek? a,m? acsmif;om;? &rf;NAJ? &ckdif? taemufzufom;? xm;
0,f? Nrdwfpum;rsm;)ESifhtrsm;okH;jrefrmpum;[l okH;ydkif;cGJjcm;avhvm
Ekdifygonf/
a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm;
r&lpum;ajymolwu
Ydk kd ucsijf ynfe,fta&SUydik ;f arcjrpf0rS ;f wGif
vnf;aumif;? v&SDpum;ajymolwkdYudk r&lwkdY\awmifbuf q'kH? qrm;
a'orsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? ZD;pum;ajymolwkdYudk v&SDwkdY\awmifbuf
Aef;armfc&dik af jrmufyikd ;f wGiv
f nf;aumif;? rkid ;f ompum;ajymolwu
dYk kd ,leef
ta&SUydik ;f wydejf rpf0rS ;f ESiAhf ef;armfc&dik w
f iG v
f nf;aumif;? zGe;f pum;ajym
olwkdYudk jrpfBuD;em;ESifhAef;armfc&kdifwkdYqkH&m ausmufwGif;ac: {&m0wD
yxrjrpfusOf;w0dkufwGifvnf;aumif; toD;oD;awGU&ygonf/
133
ZD;? v&SD? r&ltcsKdUudk jrefrme,fpyfwavQmuf w&kwfjynfbuf

wGifvnf; awGUEkdif\/ r&ltcsKdUrSm jrpfi,fjrpfzsm; &Srf;jynfajrmufykdif;
abmfwGif;a'ow0dkufodkY a&mufaeMuayNyD/
toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm;
toHuGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymaom awmif&kd;? "EkESifhtif;om;wkdY
udk awmifBu;D c&kid f ajrvwfa'owGif awGU&onf/ "EkwrYkd mS &Sr;f uke;f jyif
jrifh\taemufpGefwavQmuf ajrmufzuf arNrdKUe,frS awmifbufajr
vwfa'otxd jyefYESHYaeMu\/
csefae&pfcJholrsm;
qkdcJhaom a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymol r&l? v&SD? ZD;? rkdif;omESifh
zGe;f wkrYd mS vrf;c&D;wGif useaf ecJo
h rl sm; jzpfMuonf/ wcsed u
f olwo
Ydk nf
{&m0wDjrpfaMumif;wavQmuf qif;vm&ef BudK;pm;cJh[kefwl\/
waumif;ac: oif;wGJudk A[dkjyK aexkdifMuaomoufwkdif;
&if;om;wkdYtiftm;ESifhxkx,fudk rxkd;azmufEkdifojzifh {&m0wDjrpft
xufydkif;(Aef;armftxuf)wGif aomifwifaecJh[efwl\/
toHuGJjrefrmpum;ajymol awmif&dk;? "EkESifhtif;om;wkdYrSmrl
&Srf;ukef;jrifhrS ajrjyefYodkYqif;cgeD;rS rvkdufvkdyJ ae&pfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
ukef;jrifhwGif taeMumolwkdYonf txl;ojzifh ayokH;axmiftjrifhwGif
&Sdaom ESif;cJaMumif;\txufwGif aeolwkdYonf jzpfEkdifygu ajrjyefYodkY
rqif;vkdMuay/
a&SUodkYquf jyefYyGm;olrsm;
jrefrmEkid if t
H aemufpeG Ef iS ahf wmifpeG o
f Ykd a&mufaeMuaom toH
uGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;ajrjyefYodkYa&mufNyD;rS
134
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh a&S;tcguyif qufvufa&TUajymif;cJholrsm;

jzpfMuonf/
0ifvm&m c&D;pOf
jrefrmtpk0ifwkdY jyefYESHYa&muf&Sdaeonfh ae&mwkdYudk axmuf
a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufvm&m? qufvufa&TUajymif;&mvrf;udk cefYrSef;
Edik o
f nf/ eefapmEkid if w
H iG f ,leeftaemufyikd ;f rS &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f ? ,if;
rSwqifh jrpfi,fjrpfaMumif;udk vku
d
f awmifbuf ajrvwfa'o? ,if;
rSwqifh taemufzuf &Srf;ukefjyifjrifhtajc&Sd ausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;
okdY aZmf*sDESifhyef;avmifjrpfaMumif;rsm;udkvkduf 0ifa&mufcJhonf[k qkd
&ayrnf/
taemufESifhawmifudk a&SmifcJh&onfhtaMumif;
&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS taemufzuf {&m0wDjrpfqDodkY tb,fh
aMumifh ra&TUcJhoenf;[k apm'uwuf&ef &Sd\/ c&D;udk rvdkufEkdifcJh
onfhtaMumif;ESpf&yf &Sdonf[k ,lqonf/
yxrtaMumif;rSm ukef;jrifhawmifwef;rsm; vrf;c&D;rom
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 'kwd,taMumif;rSm olwkdYqif;ae&m,lrnfh
{&m0wDESifhcsif;wGif;jrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum;wGif oufwkdYa&mufESifhaeNyDjzpf
&kHomru xkESifhxnfESifh &SdaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
ajrvwfa'oodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf tb,hfaMumifh awmifbuf
odYk qufvufa&TUajymif;jcif; rjyKoenf;[kvnf; apm'uwufvu
dk wuf
Ekdifygao;onf/ wGifvnf; taMumif;ESpfck&Sdonf/
ajrvwfa'o\awmifbufwGif vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;udk axmufyHh
auR;arG;xm;Ekid rf nfph u
kd yf sK;d Ekid af om ajrjyefrY &Sjd cif;ESix
hf adk 'owGif awmif
olEiS t
hf jcm;u&iftrsK;d om;rsm; a&mufEiS Nhf y;D jzpfaomaMumif[
h k qk&d rnf
jzpfonf/
135
ausmufqnfa'o\xl;jcm;csufrsm;
ajrvwfa'o\taemufzuf ausmufqnfajrjyefaY 'orSm...
(1) ysLEkid if yH suNf y;D pjzpf tkycf sKyrf ?I pnf;&k;H rItckid t
f rmr&S/d umvysuf
onfhtcsdefjzpf 0ifa&mufvmolwkdYudk xdxd a&mufa&muf ckcHEkdif
pGrf;r&Sd/
(2) &Srf;ukef;jrifhrS a'oodkY qif;&ef vrf;c&D;rSm tjcm;vrf;rsm;xuf
ydkvG,fulonf/
(3) a'owGif &SdESifhNyD;jzpfaom olwkdYonf wl;ajrmif;rsm;azmufum
a&oG,
f pyg;pdu
k yf sK;d vkyu
f ikd af eNy;D jzpf pm;a&&dum aygrsm;onf/
(4) odkYwl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh a&oG,fpdkufysKd;Muojzifh pdrf;vef;pdkajyum
ywf0ef;usi&f dS tjcm;a'orsm;avmuf yljyif;jcif;r&S/d oraom&moD
Owk&Sdonfhukef;jrifhrS qif;vmolwdkYtwGuf yljyif;aomjrefrmEkdifiHt
v,fyidk ;f a'owGif a'oonf tjcm;tjcm;aoma'owkEYd iS phf mu
toifhawmfqkH;ESifhtoufomqkH; a'ojzpfonf/
a&S;jrefrmwkdYodNyD;aoma'o
eefapmwyfwkdYESifhtwl atmufjrefrmEkdifiHxd csDwufwkdufcdkuf
cJh&aom a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;tajctaeudk odxm;
NyD;jzpf ausmufqnfc&kdifudk rdrdwkdYtwGuf a&TUajymif;aexkdif&ef t
oifhawmfqkH;a'ojzpfaMumif; od&Sda&G;cs,fcJhNyD;jzpf[ef wlonf/ tjcm;
oifhawmfaom a'owck&Sdao;\/
,if;a'orSm ausmufqnfc&kdifrSmuJhokdYyif wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh
a&oG,pf u
dk yf sK;d vkyu
f ikd af om rif;bl;c&kid jf zpfonf/ ausmufqnfc&kid u
f kd
& {&m0wDjrpfudk jzwfausmfNyD;rS yljyif;vSaom rkd;enf;a&&Sm; jrefrm
EkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif ausmufqnfuJhodkY pdrf;vef;pdkajy tyl'Pfenf;
aomrif;bl;c&kdifodkY a&mufEkdifayrnf/
jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ausmufqnfESifhrif;bl;a'orsm;odkY a&TU
136
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ajymif;aexkdifNyD;aemuf ,if;a'owkdYrSwqifh jyefYESHYcJhMuykHrSm atmufyg

twkdif; jzpfygonf/
yk*HrwnfrD jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae
a&S;jrefrmwko
Yd nf eefapmEkid if v
H ufatmufcH ,leefe,ftaemuf
ydkif;ESifh&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wkdYrS jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY a&TUajymif;qif;
oufvmcJo
h nf[al om tqk,
d w
k d wefrwefukd tusK;d taMumif;ESi&hf iS ;f
vif;azmfjycJhNyD; jzpf\/
awmifay:ukef;jrifhom;rsm; jzpfcJhjcif;
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf rlvu awmifay:om;rsm;? ukef;jrifhom;rsm;
jzpfcJhMu\/ ,ckacwf jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; ukef;jrifhom;rsm;jzpf
Muaom &Srf;? ytkdY? yavmif? ucsif? csif;polwkdYuJhodkYyif jzpfonf/
,aeY ajrjyefY&Sd paumu&ifrsm;ESifhawmifay:&Sdu&ifwkdif;&if;
om;wkYd toGit
f jyifujJG ym;aeonfuo
hJ yYkd if ajrjyef&Y jdS refrmrsm;ESiahf jrvwf
a'o&Sd awmif&dk;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYrSm awmifay:ESifhajrjyefYuGJ ae&ma'o
&Sdojzifh toGiftjyif jcm;em;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
rlvuaomf uke;f jrifo
h m;rsm;om jzpfcMhJ u\/ wrsK;d wEG,w
f nf;
jzpf\/ twlaecJholrsm; jzpf\/ Ak'omoemxGef;um;rI\tusKd;ouf
a&mufrIESifhacwf,Ofaus;rI\tusKd;oufa&mufrIwkdYudk cHpm;Mu&ojzifh
ajrjyefYom;wkdYonf t&if;tcsmjzpfaom awmifay:om;wkdYESifhtoGift
jyif uGmjcm;aeonfrSm rSef\/
odaYk omf xkad jrjyefo
Y m;wko
Yd nf awmifay:wGiaf ecJph Ofu ,kMH unf
vkdufemusifhokH;cJhaom tpOftvm "avhxkH;pHrsm;u ta&;w,lvdkuf
em usio
hf ;Hk aeqJyif &So
d nf/ vG,vifw
h ulEiS hf pGeyfY pfMuonfr[kwaf cs/
,aeYajrjyefYom;wkdYvdkufemusifhokH;aeaom a&S;a[mif;pOfvm
"avhx;Hk pHwu
Ydk xkad jrjyefo
Y m;wd\
Yk a&S;bd;k ab;wko
Yd nf awmifay:uke;f
137
jrifhom;rsm; jzpfcJhaMumif;udk txift&Sm; axmufcHaeayonf/

wkdif;&if;om;wkdY a&TUajymif;rIrSm
orkdif;\obm0jzpf&yf
ukef;jrifhawmifay:om;rsm; ajrjyefYodkYa&TUajymif;qif;oufae
xkdifvmonfhorkdif;jzpf&yfudk vlrsKd;a&;tjrif EkdifiHa&;tjrifwkdYjzifh okH;
oyfazmfjywwfolrsm;vnf; &Sdonfudk awGUcJhbl;onf/
wkdif;&if;om;wkdYudk aoG;cGJvkdaomaMumifh ,if;odkYazmfjyavo
avm[k xifrmS ;bG,&f mjzpfonf/ trSepf ifppf rnfonfEh idk if H rqkd uke;f
jrifo
h m;wkYd ajrjyefo
Y kYd qif;oufonfjh zpfpOfjzpf&yfrmS Ekid if o
H rkid ;f \obm
0jzpfpOfjzpf&yf? jzpf&kd;jzpfpOfwckom jzpf\/
awmifay:uke;f jrifw
h iG f awmif,mpdu
k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm pm;a&
&dumxkwfvkyfrIwGif t"duvkyfief;jzpfonf/ awmifpG,fawmifapmif;
rsm;wGif opfawmrsm; ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;&onf/ tajcmufcHNyD; rD;&IdU&
onf/ xdkaemuf pl;xkdpdkuf&onf/ awmif,mwckwGif ESpfESpf okH;ESpfrQ
om pdkufysKd;Edkifonf/ xkdaemuf ae&majymif;awmckwfNyD; awmif,mopf
wnf&jyefonf/
awmif,mpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf vlOD;a&rsm;rsm;udk axmufyHh
auR;arG;xm;Ekdifjcif; r&Sdacs/ vlOD;a&wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmvQif axmufyHh
Ekdifonfxuf ydkaomvlwkdYonf a&Munf&mjrufEk&modkY rvGJraoGa&TU
ajymif;&onf/ ukef;jrifhay:&Sd awmifay:rS awmifajcodkY qif; ,if;
awmifajc&Sd rus,fvSaom awmifajcajrjyefYrsm;odkY tvkt,ufa&TU
ajymif;cJhMuonf/
xkad 'orsK;d rSmvnf; vlO;D a&tajrmuftjrm;udk axmufyaH uR;a
arG;xm;Ekdifonf r[kwfacs/ vlOD;a&rsm;vmvQif wzefa&TU&csdrfhOD;rnf/
ukef;jrifhtajcrsm;pGm us,f0ef;aom jrpf0Srf;a'owkdYwGif v,f,mpdkuf
ysK;d rI&o
dS nf/ rk;d aumif;a&ESiphf u
kd o
f nfvnf; &So
d nf/ ajrmif;oG,af &oGi;f
pdkufonfvnf;&Sdonf/
138
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
v,fpyg;pdu
k yf sK;d rIonf vlO;D a&tajrmuftjrm;udk axmufyhH
auR;arG;xm;Ekdifonf/ vlOD;a&rsm;onfxuf rsm;vmvQif ajrjyefYodkY
qif;&awmhonf/ odkYjzifh jrpf0Srf;ajrjyefYonf awmifac:ukef;jrifhom;
wkdYudk orkdif;acwfwavQmuf zdwfac:vmcJhonfrSm ,aeYwkdifjzpfonf/
a&S;ysLwkdYonf awmifay:om;rsm; jzpfcJhonf/ ajrjyefYodkY qif;
NyD;aemuf wkdif;jynfEkdifiH xlaxmifEkdifonftxd wkd;wufcJh\/ jrefrm
EkdifiHorkdif;wGif olwkdYonf xif&Sm;aom orkdif;u@wckudk zGifhcJhMu\/
,cka&S;jrefrmwkdYajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;qif;oufvmMujyefonf/
a&S;jrefrmwkdYa&mufNyD;aemuf &Srf;? ucsifpaom wkdif;&if;om;
rsm; ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmcJhMuonf/ ysL? jrefrm? &Srf;? ucsifponfh
wkdif;&if;om;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY qif;oufvmjcif;wkdYrSm orkdif;\obm0jzpf
pOf? omrefjzpfpOfrsm;om jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf wkdif;&if;om;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY
qif;oufvmrIudk vlrsKd;a&;tjrif EkdifiHa&;tjrifESifhr&Ijrifoifh[k qkd
jcif;jzpfonf/
yxrqifh ajrvwfa'o
jrefrmEkid if H jrpf0rS ;f ajrjyefEY iS t
hf pyfjzpfaom ta&SUESit
hf a&SUbuf
ajrmufukef;jyifjrifhwGif aecJhpOfu a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf vlOD;a&wkd;wufcJh
jcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? at'D &Spf&mpkaemufydkif;wGif eefapmrif;,Drkd
,Gefonf a&S;jrefrmrsm;udk eefapmEkdifiHta&SUpGef;odkY twif;e,fajymif;
cJhjcif;/
&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;&Sd a&S;jrefrmwkdYudk wkdufckdufzdESdyfvmjcif;
aMumifhvnf;aumif;? a&S;jrefrmtrsm;pkonf eefapmEkdifiH rdrdwkdYaexkdif
&m a'owku
Yd kd pGecYf mG &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f ,ckawmifBu;D c&kid f ajrvwf
a'oodkY yxrwqifh a&TUajymif;aexdkifvmcJhonf[k qkdEkdif\/
139
ajrjyefYra&mufrD &SdcJhaom t&nftaoG;

ukef;jrifh aexkdifcJhpOfuwnf;uyif a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf v,f
,mpku
d yf sK;d rItwwf? a&oGi;f pku
d yf sK;d rItwwfwu
Ykd kd wwfoMd uNy;D jzpfonf/
rsKd;wlpktvkduf aexkdifcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm rsKd;wlpktkyfcsKyf
a&;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;wkdYudk jyKvkyfvmcJholrsm; jzpfonf/
wkdufckdufa&;wGif &JpGrf;owd&Sdonf/ pGefYpm;onf/ uRrf;usif
vdrmonf/ av;? vSH? 'dkif;wkdYudk usifvnfxda&mufpGm okH;Ekdifonf/ jrif;
udk arG; Ekdifeif;pGm tokH;cswwfojzifh vsifjrefpGm ajymif;a&TUppfxkd;Ekdif
onf/
tcsufwGif tjcm;vlrsKd;wlpkwdkYxuf omonf/ eefapmwyf
rawmfuyif a&S;jrefrmjrif;wyfwkdYudk txl;tm;ukd;&aMumif; ppfyGJrsm;
wGif wyfOD;rS ppfxkd;cJh apcJhaMumif;? eefapmwkdYtwGuf atmifyGJrsm;udk
,lay;cJhaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ t&nftaoG;rsm;tjyif MuHhckdifoef
rmaom um,AvESifhjynfhpkHolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/
'kwd,qifh ausmufqnfa'o
t&nftaoG;rsm;&Sdaom a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf tcGifhta&;
aumif; tajctaeaumif;rsm; ay;vmaomtcg 'kwd,tqifh a&TU
ajymif;rItjzpf ajrvwfa'o\atmufukef;jrifhtajcwGif&Sdaom ,ck
ausmufqnfc&kdifa'oodkY a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf[k qkdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/
qif;vmMu&mwGif tvk;H t&if;ESi?hf tifEiS t
hf m;ESihf w[kew
f nf;
qif;vmjcif;jzpf[efwo
l nf/ pepfwus wifBuKd jyifqif ppfwckukd qif
ETo
J nfEh ,
S f tpDtpOfEiS ahf &TUajymif;0ifa&muford ;f ydu
k f aexkid v
f mjcif;rsK;d
jzpf[efwlonf[k ,lqonf/ ,if;odkY 0ifa&mufvmonfhumvrSm ysL
EkdifiHysufpD;pumv (at'D 832-cefY)jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/
umvt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYwGif a&S;jrefrmrsm; ra&mufao;
[k r,lqoifh/ 8 -&mpkESpfrsm; aemufydkif;avmufuwnf;u wpdrfpdrfh
140
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
yk*HwnfESpfESifh[yfrdaejcif;
umvcefYrSef;rIESifhpyfvsOf; jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGifvm
&Sdaom tcsufwcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,faumif;onf/ ,if;tcsufrSm
ysOjf ym;rif;onf yk*NH rKd Uukd aumZmou&mZf 221-wGif wnfonfqadk om
tcsufjzpfonf/
c&pfEpS Ef iS ahf omf at'D 849-jzpfonf/ ajrvwfa'orS ausmuf
qnfa'oodYk ppfqifum a&TUajymif;vmaomumvudk at'D 830-ausmf
[k cefYrSef;vQif &mZ0ifvm yk*HwnfESpfudk ,kwd&Sd\[k,lqvQif a&S;
jrefrmwkdYonf 'kwd,tqifh a&TUajymif;NyD;aemuf 15-ESpfaom umv
twGif; a&mufESifhNyD;jzpfaom a&S;jrefrmrsm;? tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh
yl;aygif; yk*HNrdKUudk at'D 849-wGif a&S;OD;vufrGef wnfcJhonf[k,lq
bG,f&m jzpfayonf/
at'D 9-&mpktv,fcefY jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae
a&S;jrefrmwdYk ajrjyefo
Y Ykd 'kw,
d tqifh a&TUajymif;vmcsed /f wenf;
qkdaomf yk*Hudk rwnfrD 25-ESpf tESpf20-rQaomumvwGif jrefrmEkdifiH
tajctaeonf rnfodkY&Sdavoenf;/
wkduf&kduf taxmuftxm;tcsKdUESifhoG,f0dkufaom taxmuf
txm;wkdYudk tajcjyK ,if;umvjrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaerSm odkY
&Sdwefaumif;\[k ,l&ayonf/
wjznf;jznf;ESifha&mufcJhMuNyDjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ eefapm\jrefrm

EkdifiHwGif; ppfqifrIwkdYwGifvnf; a&S;jrefrmppfonfwkdY yg0ifcJhMurnfom
jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; tajctaewkdYudkvnf; a&S;jrefrmwkdY txkduf
tavsmuf odMuNyD;[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/
141
&SdESifhNyD; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rl&if;vlrsm;&SdcJhonf/ xdkvlwkdYaexkdif&modkY rGef
crmtEG,f0ifrsm; a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ c&pfESpfrsm; tpavmuftxd
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif BuD;pdk;aeMuolwkdYrSm ,if;rGef;crmtEG,f0ifrsm;[k ,lq
&onf/
w&kwfpmaytaxmuftxm;? a&S;jrefrmausmufpmtaxmuf
txm;? a&S;a[mif;okawoeypn;f taxmuftxm;? acgr? tdE,
d a&S;
a[mif;pmay taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhbmomaA'taxmuftxm;wkdY
udk trSDjyK ,lqcsufudk jyKvkyf&jcif;jzpfonf/
yk*HausmufpmwkdYwGif ,ckacsmif;OD;a'o v0rsm; &GmESifhae
xkdifcJhaMumif;? yavmifrsm;vnf; ajrjyefYwGif &SdcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/
&Srf;jynfawmifydkif;ESifhta&SUydkif;wGif a&ToGm;? aiGoGm;? ,Gef;oGm;ponfh
vlrsKd;rsm; &SdcJhonf[k w&kwfrSwfwrf;wkdYwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;vl
rsKd;wkdYrsm rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm; jzpf[efwlonf/
wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifrsm;
rGefcrmxkxnftwGif;odkY c&pfESpfrsm; tpavmufrS p
wdAufjrefrmtEG,0f ifrsm;onf ajrmufzufrS azmufxiG ;f 0ifa&mufc&hJ m
em*wkrYd mS jrefrmEkid if t
H aemufajrmufpeG o
f Ykd a&mufcMhJ u\/ oufwo
Ydk nf
taemufzuf rPdyl&e,frS ta&SUbuf{&m0wDJjrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJh\/
olwdkYNrdKUawmfrSm oif;wGJjynf[kac:aom waumif;jzpfcJh[efwlonf/
oufwkdY\a'oudk csif;wkdYu azmufxGif;0ifvm csif;wGif;jrpfaMumif;
wavQmuf xkdaemuf taemufzufawmifrsm;ay:wGif jyefYESHYaexkdifvm
Mu\/
ysLwko
Yd nf ta&SUajrmufqrD S 0ifvmcJMh u AdEk;d ESio
hf a&acw
&mEkid if w
H o
Ydk nf wnfaxmifaecJMh uonf/ u&ifwo
Ydk nf oHviG jf rpfaMumif;
142
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
twkdif; at;aq;pGm 0ifvmcJhMuonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0ifwkdY\a'oudk

azmufxGif;0ifvmcJhMu&onf/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;odkYa&mufaomf t
aemufzufodkY qufvufa&TUajymif; xkda'o&Sd rGefcrmwkdYudkvnf; uGJ
oGm;apcJh[ef wl\/
&Srf;jynftaemufawmifydkif; ,cku,m;ESifhoHvGifc&kdifwkdYwGif
ajcuky,
f u
l m pwnf;csaexkid cf MhJ u\/ tcGio
hf mvmaomtcg taemuf
zuf&Sd ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;odkY qif;Muonf/ xkdaemuf taemufzuf{&m
0wDjrpf0Srf;xd jyefYESHYcJhMu[ef wlonf/
u&ifw\
Ydk a&TUajymif;rIaMumifh ppfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f &Sd rGecf rmtEG,f
0ifwkdYonf awmifESifhajrmuf ESpfydkif;uGJoGm;cJh\/ ajrmufzuf&Sd rGefcrm
wdkYonf tET,fwlrsm;&Sd&m &Srf;ukef;jrifhESifheD;&m ausmufqnfc&kdifbuf
wGif pk&kH;aecJhMu[efwl\/
a&S;rGEftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk ausmufqnfc&dkif ompnfNrdKU
e,fESifh&rnf;oif;c&kdifwkdYwGif awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ajrmufzufausmuf
qnfc&dkifwGif uJhodkY tqufjywf usefaecJhaom rGefcrmtrsm;pk
rSm a&S;rGefrsm; jzpfMuonf/ ausmufpmvm crfvIc&kdef(,ck cHvl;&Gm)odkY
r[kwf rkef(rGef)c&kdefonf ausmufqnfc&kdif taemufajrmufpGefwGif&Sd
cJhayonf/
eefapmwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufzsufNyD;aemuf
ok0PblrdEkdifiH
at'D 830-aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY eefapmwyfrsm;
0ifa&muf wku
d cf u
dk cf ahJ Mumif;udk qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ ,if;wku
d cf u
dk rf aI Mumifh
ysLEkdifiH ysufcJh&onf/ ok0PblrdEkdifiH\qdyfurf;NrdKUBuD;wNrdKUysufcJh&
[efwlonf/ ok0PblrdEkdifiHonf a&S;rGefwkdY\EkdifiHjzpfonf/
rkwr auGUw0du
k f ppfawmif;jrpfEiS o
hf v
H iG jf rpfpyfMum;rSm tcsuf
tjcma'ojzpfonf/ EkdifiH\MoZmonf taemufzuf{&m0wDtxd
jyefYcJh\/ oHvGifjrpf\ta&SUbuf? ta&SUawmifbufESifh awmifbufwkdY
143
wGif a&S;rGew
f aYkd exkid &f ma'orsm;&S\
d / ta&SUawmifbuf ,d;k ',m;Ekid if H
awmifyikd ;f wGif yxr'Gm&0wDEidk if ?H xkad emuf avmfA&l ED idk if w
H Ydk ay:ayguf
cJh\/
,k;d ',m;Ekid if aH jrmufyikd ;f ,ckZif;r,fNrKd UteD;wGif vzke;f [ktod
rsm;aom vrfzkef;ac: [&dykOEkdifiHvnf; ay:aygufxGef;um;cJh\/
,if;EdkifiHwkdYrSm a&S;rGefwkdY\EkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdif&Srf;tEG,f
0if ,aeY ,kd;',m;trsKd;om;rsm; EkdifiHrwnfaxmifEkdifrDu ay:ayguf
cJhaom rGefya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm;jzpfonf/ eefapmonf [&dykOEkdifiHudk
vnf; wkdufckdufcJhao;onf/
odkYaomf &IH;NyD;jyefcJh&onf/ ok0Pblrd qdyfurf;NrdKUwNrdKUysufcJh
&onfrSefaomfvnf; wkdufckdufNyD;aemuf eefapmwyfrsm; jyefvnfqkwf
cGmcJhojzifh ok0PblrdEkdifiHonf tEG,fwlwkdY\EkdifiHjzpfaom [&dykO
Ekid if \
H tultnDEiS jhf yefvnfxal xmifru
I kd jyKpEk idk cf [
hJ ef wl\/ vlrsK;d opf
rsm;0ifa&mufrIvnf; r&SdcJhacs/
xkdrSwyg; tpOftvm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fcJhaom tdEd,awmif
ydkif;ESifhukefoG,frIuvnf; ok0Pblrd jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;udk wenf;
wzkH ulnDcJhonf[k ,lq&onf/
tcsdefavmufrSp oxkHNrdKUonf ok0PblrdEkdifiH\tcsuf
tcsmEkdifiHjzpfvmcJhonf[k ,lq&ayonf/ &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif azmf
jyyg&Sd tpOftvm odrSwfvmaom rEl[mrif;ac: rukwrif;vuf
xufwGif rsm;pGm tiftm;awmifhwif;vmcJhayonf/ (at'D 11-&mpkESpf
rsm;tpydkif;)/
ysLEkdifiH
ysLya'o&mZfEidk if t
H zkrYd sm eefapmwyfw\
Ydk wku
d cf u
dk rf 'I PfrS jyef
vnfemvefxal xmifEidk cf jhJ cif; r&Scd ahJ cs/ eefapmwyfwo
Ydk nf a&cJaMumif;
yJcl;ta&SUbuf ,aeYaomf O,smOfwnf&m&Sd a&S;yJcl;NrdKUa[mif;([Hom
0wD)onf wcsdefu NrdKUawmfjzpfcJhonf/
144
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
txufwGif aeolrsm;jzpfjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomwyfrsm;jzpf yljyif;vS

aom jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif raevkdMuacs/ olwkdYonf tempdrf;ESifh
iSufzsm;a&m*gwkdYudk vGefpGm aMumuf&GHUMuonf/
odkYjzpf xkdwyfwkdYonf vkdtyfaom okHYESifhypnf;rsm;udk ,lNyD;
aemuf ysLEkdifiHrS jyefvnfxGufcGmcJhMuonf/ ysLEkdifiHvlYtzGJUtpnf;rSm
z&kdz&Jjzpf usefcJh&onf/ tkyfcsKyfrI,E&m;vnf; ysufpD;cJh&onf/
twGif; wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0if rsKd;wlwpkjzpfaom oufwkdY
onf csif;wGif;? {&m0wDjrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum;a'orS jrefrmEkdifiHtv,f
ydkif;txd qif;oufpdk;rkd;vmcJh[ef wl\/
EkdifiHwGif; tajctaerwnfNidrfyJ olwvl igwrif; jyKaeMu
aom rif;rJhumv? tcgysufonfhumvonf qkdufcJh[efwl\/ ya'o
&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf; ysufjym;&mwGif jzpfay:wwfaom qkd;&Gm;vSonfh
tajctaersKd;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif rif;rJhumv? umvysufESifhMuKH&
tkyfcsKyfrI? pkpnf;rIuif;aeaom orkdif;[muGuf ay:aygufaecsdefwGif
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ajrvwfa'orS a&TUajymif;qif;oufvm orkdif;
[muGufukd jznfhvkdufjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
ysLEkdifiH ysuf&onfudk tcGifhta&;,lum ok0PblrdEdkifiHonf
taemufzufoYkd tiftm;wk;d csUJ vmrnfom jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif u&if
wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf ,ck u,m;jynfe,f a'oavmufqDrS taemuf
{&m0wDjrpf ,ckrif;bl;c&dik af vmuftxd a&TUajymif;aexkid v
f mcJMh u[ef
wl\/
a0omvDESifhy#du&m;
jrefrmEdkifiHtaemufqkH;qDodkY Munfhvkdufjyefaomf &ckdifwkdif;
ajrmufydkif; ukvm;wefESifhav;NrdKUjrpf0Srf;wGif tdEd,ajrmufydkif;om; t
quftEG,w
f \
Ydk a0omvDEidk if o
H nf Bu;D yGm;vsuf &So
d nf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif
Ak'omoemxGef;um;cJhaom EkdifiHi,fjzpfonf/
145
a0omvDEidk if \
H taemufzuf ,ck ta&SUygupwef\taemuf
pGefwGif y#du&m;ac: ywdau&EkdifiH&SdcJh\/ xkdpOfu EkdifiHwGifvnf;
Ak'omoemxGef;um;vsuf&Sd\/ a0omvDEdkifiHuJhodkYyif ,Ofaus;rIt
qifhtwef;jrifhaom tdEd,EkdifiHi,fwck jzpf\/
wEdkifiHvkH;udk jcKHMunfhaomf
awmifbuf yifv,furf;wavQmuf {&m0wDESifhppfawmif;jrpf
0uRef;ay:wGif ,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufvsuf &Sdaom a&S;rGefrsm;ESifhtdEd,
EkdifiHom;(uvdef? wvdif)wkdYu tiftm;aumif;vsuf&Sd\/
jrefrmEkdifiHtaemufzufwGif a0omvDEkdifiHESifhy#du&m;EkdifiHwkdY
u tiftm;aumif;vsuf &Sd\/ acwftvkduf ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;cJh&m
ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm; jzpfonf/
ajrmufzufwGif oufwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf oif;wGJEkdifiHESifhtif
tm;aumif; xkx,fESifh&Sd\/
ta&SUajrmufzufwGif ppftiftm;aumif;aom eefapmEkdifiH&Sd
\/ xkdEdkifiHonf {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;ajrmufydkif;udk vTrf;rkd;jc,fvS,f&ef Aef;
armfteD;&dS awmifrsm;ay:wGif cHwyfrsm;udk aqmufvkyf ppfwyfrsm;
csxm;cJhonf/ eefapmwyfwkdYonf at;aom&moDtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH
wGif;odkY 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufvdkuf wkdufckdif0ifaomtajctae&SdcJhonf/
odkYaomf [EGKdifwkdufyGJNyDonfhaemuf w&kwfwkdYEkdifiH\NrdKUwNrdKU
jzpfaom csifwludk oGm;a&mufwkdufcJh\/ wkdufyGJwGif eefapmwyfrsm;
ta&;edrchf &hJ \/ xkad emufaomf eefapmonf ppftiftm;Ekid if w
H cktqifh
wGif r&Sdawmhay/
odyYk a'o&mZfEidk if rH sm; Bu;D pd;k aeonfu
h mvwGif tiftm;opf
wcktjzpf a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY 0ifcJhMujcif;jzpf
onf/
oa&acw&m ysLEkdifiHtysuf? jrefrmorkdif;pOfwGif orkdif;[m
uGufay:aecsdef? at'D 9-&mpkESpfrsm; tv,favmufwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdY
146
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
onf &Sr;f uke;f jyifjrif\

h taemufpeG f ajrvwfa'orS jrefrmEkid if t
H v,f
ydkif;odkYqif;oufa&TUajymif; aexkdifvmcJhaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpf\/
qif;ouf&mvrf;rsm;
a&S;jrefrmwdkYonf ,ck&GmiH(a&iH)a'oavmufrS taemufzuf
&Sd ukef;jrifhawmifwef;wkdYudkjzwf ewfxdyfawmifMum;vrf;twkdif;
ausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;odkY 0ifvmcJhMu[efwl\/ vrf;rS yef;avmif
jrpfonf ausmufqnfc&dkiftwGif;odkY c&kdif\ta&SUawmifaxmifhrS pD;
0if&mvrf;aMumif;udk vkdufonf/
awmifMum;vrf;\ajrjyefYbuft0wGif uif;wm;qnf&Sd\/
awmifMum;vrf;\ckvwfwGif cifv,fukef;jrifhi,f&Sdonf/
rus,f0ef;vSaomfvnf; ajrMoZmaumif; oD;ESHyifrsm;jzpf
xGe;f onf/ vrf;c&D;wGif waxmufem;&ef aumif;aom pcef;wckjzpf\/
,if;vrf;twkid ;f vm;0efwifrsm;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;wdYk ,aeYwidk f ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fvsuf&Sdonf/
ajrjyefYodkYqif;&mwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdY tokH;jyKcJhonf[k ,lq&
aom tjcm;wvrf;rSm ,ck]NrKd UBu;D }rS taemufzuf]oH&mG }qDoo
Ykd mG ;aom
obm0vrf;jzpfonf/
,if;vrf;rS aZmf*sDjrpfonf ausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;odkY ta&SU
bufrS pD;0if&mvrf;aMumif;udk vkdufonf/ ,cktcgwGif vlwkdYjyKjyif
vrf;twkdif; ajrjyefYESifhqufum armfawmfum;vrf; azmufxm;NyD;
jzpf\/
cifv,fukef;jrifhESifhoH&GmwkdY\&moDOwkrSm &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh\
&moDOwkESifhuGmjcm;jcif; r&SdvSacs/ orrQwaom &moDOwkwGifaecJhMu
aom a&S;jrefrmwkdY uGef;ckd&ef pcef;aumif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
147
qif;oufa&TUajymif;ykH
a&S;jrefrmwkYd qif;oufa&Tajymif;vmykrH mS omrefa&TUajymif;enf;
rsK;d r[kw[
f k xifonf/ jrif;wyfwu
Ydk kd tok;H jyKum tifEiS t
hf m;ESit
hf [kef
ESifhppfqifrIw&yfudk aqmif&GufonhfES,f pD;yGm;a&;ESifhppfa&;wkdYwGif t
csuftcsmusaom a'orsm;udk vsifjrefpGm odrf;ydkuf,lonfh a&TUajymif;
ykHrsKd;jzpfonf[k xifonf/
ajrjyefYyxrajcukyfpcef;
ausmufqnfc&kdif ta&SUydkif;onf &Srf;ukef;jyif\tajcwGif
awmif&dyfudk ckdaeonf/ awmifay:rS vwfwavm qif;vmolwkdYtzkdY
ajrtaetxm; &moDOwkyg tjcm;a'orsm;xuf ydkrkdoifhavsmfaom
a'ojzpf\/
xkdYjyif a'oodkY a&mufESifhNyD;jzpfaom yavmif? 0tpk? rGef
tpk? ouftpk0if wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf aZmf*sD yef;avmifponfhjrpfwkdY
udk qnf wl;ajrmif;wkdYjzifh a&oG,fpdkufysKd;aeNyDjzpfojzifh pm;a&&dum
aygonf/
vltajrmuftjrm;udk axmufyHhauR;arG;xm;Ekdifaom a'ojzpf
onf/ tjcm;a'orsm;xuf rQwaom &moDOwkvnf; &Sdonf/ yk*H
ausmufpmwkdYwGif a'oudk rvpfom 11-c&kdif[kac:onf/
odkYjzpf awmifay:rS qif;vmvQif qif;vmcsif; ajcukyf,l
&ef taumif;qkH;aom pcef;tjzpf a&S;jrefrmwkdY ausmufqnfa'o
udk a&S;OD;vufrGef odrf;ydkufaexkdifcJhonf[k ,lq&jcif;jzpfonf/
c&kdifwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdY xm;&pfcJhaom a&S;a[mif;taxmuf
txm;rsm;ESifhyk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&aom c&kdiftwGif;&Sd
a&S;a[mif;ae&ma'otrnfrsm;u ,lqcsuu
f kd axmufcaH eayonf/
148
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ppfa&;twGuf ae&maumif;
a'oonf t"duvrf;rBuD;jzpfaom {&m0wDjrpfESifhvnf;
tvSrf;uGm\/ acsmifvnf;usonf/ odkYjzpf a&S;jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&muf
vmrIudk aESmifh&Suf&ef [efYwm;&ef rvG,fulacs/
ppfa&;tjrift& xkdacwfu a'onf vkHjcKHonf/ taESmifh
t&Sufr&dSyJ ajcukyf,lrIudk jyKvkyfEkdifonf/ tiftm;jznfhwif;rIudk pdwf
csufvufcs vkyfEkdifonf/ vltiftm; &dumtiftm;jznfhwif;&efvnf;
vG,fulaoma'o jzpfonf/
t"duvrf;rBuD;ESifh 6 c&kdef
ausmufqnfa'oudk odrf;ydkufrd&kHESifh a&S;jrefrmwkdY\ppfqif
a&TUajymif;aexkdifrIonf NyD;jynfhpkHcJhonf/ pcef;odrf;cJhonf r[kwfacs/
ajcukyfaumif;ESifhausmaxmufaemufcHaumif;wkdYudk &&Sd pepfwus
tok;H csNy;D aemuf a&S;jrefrmwko
Yd nf taemufqo
D Ykd tvk;H t&if;ESiq
hf uf
vufa&TUajymif;csDwufum t"duobm0c&D;vrf;BuD;jzpfaom {&m0wD
jrpfaMumif;udk tkyfpD;xdef;udkifcJh[ef wl\/
olwkdYonf ykym;awmif? a*G;csKdawmifESifhwk&ifawmifwdkYodkY w
axmufNyD;waxmuf ul;vmNyD;aemuf {&m0wDodkYa&mufcJh[efwl\/ wk
&ifawmif0ef;usif yk*Ha'owGif &SdESifhNyD;jzpfolwdkY\tcktcHSifht[efYt
wm;udk cHcJhMu&[efvnf; wlonf/
xkaYd emufaomf taemuf&;kd rawmifajcwGif awmif&yd cf
dk pvif;?
rkef;? ref;acsmif;wkdYjzifh pdrf;vef;pdkajyaeaom ,ckrif;bl;c&kdifa'oodkY
qufvufa&TUajymif;ydkufcJhMu[efwl\/
a'owGifvnf; a&mufESifhNyD;jzpfaom wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf
tqkdygacsmif;rsm;udk qnfum wl;ajrmif;rsm;jzifh a&oG,fpdkufysKd;vsuf
&SdMuNyD;jzpfonf/ yk*HacwfausmufpmwkYdwGif a'oudk ajcmufc&kdef[k
ac:onf/ a'owGifvnf; yk*HacwfOD;ydkif;rS ypnf;taxmuftxm;
149
rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhNyD;jzpf\/
a&SUwef;XmecsKyf yk*H
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf a&S;OD;vufrGef tajcpdkufaexkdifrdMuaom
rif;bl;ajcmufc&ked af 'oESiahf usmufqnf 11 c&ked af 'owkrYd mS aoGUajcmuf
vSaom jrefrmEdik if t
H v,fyikd ;f rk;d enf;a&&Sm;a'o pdr;f vef;pdak jyaom
O,smOfrsm;ozG,f &SdcJhonf/ EkdifiHxlaxmifa&;ysKd;cif;rsm;[k qkdEkdifonf/
pm;a&&dum txGurf sm; vlaersm;aom tcsut
f csma'orsm;
jzpfcJh\/ tcsuftcsma'owkdYudk csKyfudkifuGyfuJEdkif&ef yk*Hudk wnfcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ yk*Hwnf&ma'oonf yljyif;ajcmufaoGUvS\/
odkYaomf a'oonf rif;bl;\ajrmufbuf,Gef; rkdif 60-cefY
tuGm? ausmufqnf\taemufawmif rkdif 80-cefYtuGmwGif&Sd ysKd;
cif;a'oESpcf v
k ;Hk udk vufvrS ;f rD&ma'ojzpf\/ t"duvrf;rBu;D jzpfaom
{&m0wDurf;ay:wGif wnfaeojzifh taMutnmodkY vG,fulpGm oGm;
Ekdifonf/
jrpfurf;qkd&mwGifvnf; jrpfonf ta&SUrS taemufodkYpD;vmNyD;
awmifbufodkY csKd;qif;oGm;aom jrpfauGUay: ta&SUbufurf;wGif&Sdo
jzifh ppfa&;twGuf tcsufusaomae&mvnf; jzpfoGm;onf/
yk*o
H nf {&m0wDEiS chf si;f wGi;f jrpfwq
Ydk &Hk m atmufzuf ra0;uGm
vSaomae&mwGif &Sd\/ NrdKU\awmifbuf ra0;uGmvSaomae&mwGif
a,macsmif;onf {&m0wDjrpftwGif;okdY taemufajrmufqDrS pD;0ifvm
onf/ awmifbufjrpfwauGUwGif pavNrdKU&Sdonf/ pavNrdKUwnfaeykH
rSmvnf; yk*EH iS chf yfqifqifyifjzpfonf/ yk*\
H ta&;Bu;D aom awmifbuf
pcef;NrdKUjzpfonf/ NrdKUonf taemufbufurf; 6 c&kdefa'oodkYoGm;
&mvrf;udk csKyfudkifxm;ouJhodkY&Sd\/
odkYjzifh yk*HrSonf ajrmufzuf{&m0wDESifhrl;jrpfaMumif;rsm;
tvku
d ?f taemufajrmufbuf csi;f wGi;f ESiahf ,macsmif;wkt
Yd vku
d ?f awmif
150
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
buf {&m0wD? ,if;rSwqifh taemufzufpvif;? rkef;? ref;acsmif;rsm;

tvkduf a&S;jrefrmwkdY qufvufa&TUajymif;&ef a&SUwef;tajccHpcef;BuD;
jzpfcJhayonf/
a&SUodkYqufvufa&TUajymif;jcif;
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf yk*Hudk at'D 850-cefYwGif wnfcJhonf[k,l
qEkdifaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xkdNrdKUudk tajcpkdufA[dkjyKNyD;aemuf qkdcJh
onfh{&m0wD? rl;? csif;wGif;? a,m? pvif;? rkef;? ref;acsmif;rsm;udkvkduf
qufvufa&TUajymif;aexkdifcJhMuonf/ odkYjzifh ,aeYa,mom;rsm;?
&ckdif;wkdif;&Sd acsmif;om;ESifh&rf;NAJ? ppfawG &ckdiftrsKd;om;wkdYonf t
aemufzufodkY jrefrmtpk0ifrsm; a&TUajymif;&mwGif a&SUOD;csKd wyfOD;wyf
rsm;tjzpf ,ckaexkdif&ma'otoD;oD;odkY a&mufoGm;cJhMujcif; jzpfay
onf/ ajrmufbufodkY a&TUajymif;olwkdYrSm xkxnfESifh&SdcJhaom ouftpk
0ifwkdYudk rxkd;azmufEdkif c&D;rsm;pGm raygufEkdifcJhacs/ awmifbufodkY
a&TUajymif;olwv
Ydk nf; oa&acw&mw0du
k &f dS ysLrsm;ESiphf pfawmif;jrpf0rS ;f
atmufydkif;&Sd a&S;rGefrsm;udk umvwGif rxkd;azmufEkdifao;acs/
vlaerItzGJUtpnf;rsm;
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ae&mopfrsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUaexkdifMu&mwGif
tcsKdUae&mopfrsm;udk tvG,fwul odrf;ykduf&,ljcif; &SdcJhovkd tcsKdUae
&mrsm;wGif ckcH[efYwm;rI tiftm;BuD;ojzifh cufcufcJcJ wkdufckdufodrf;
ydkuf&onfvnf; &SdcJhayrnf/ yk*Ha'ow0dkufwGif ouftpk0ifwkdY\ckcH
rIukd atmifEidk cf [
hJ efw\
l / qkid af om wk&ifawmif\awmifbuf&adS wmif
&kd;rSm oufpdk;awmif[k wGifonf/ r[moufxdwftrnf&Sdaom trwf
BuD;wOD;\trnfudkvnf; yk*HacwfausmufpmwGif awGU&onf/ &mZ0if
usrf;rsm;wGif usefppfom;rif;ESifhqkawmif;buftjzpf oufrif;uwkH
taMumif;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
ae&mopfrsm;wGif tajcpdkufaexkdifvmMuaomtcgwGif a&S;
151
jrefrmwkdYonf eefapmEkdifiHwGif aecJhMuouJhodkY ukd,hftkyfpk udk,fhtBuD;

tuJESifhvGwfvyfpGm aecJhMu[efwl\/ tBuD;tuJudkvnf; eefapmrSm
aecJhpOfu tpOftvmtwkdif;yif rif;[k ac:onf/
ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t& tckdiftrmod&aom tkyfpk
ESpfpk&Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm awmifwGif riftkyfpkESifhxdvkdifriftkyfpkwkdYjzpf
onf/ awmifwGifrSm ,ckawmifwGif;BuD;yifjzpfonf/ xdvkdifrSm ,ck
xD;vIdifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf xD;vIdiftrsm;&Sdaeonf/ ausmufpmvm xd
vkdifrSm ausmufqnfc&kdifESifhtpyf rdwDvmc&kdif 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,ftwGif;
&Sd xD;vIdif[k ,lq&ef&Sd\/
jrefrmtkyfpk0if trsm;pkwkdY tcuftcJrsm;ESifh&ifqkdifvm&aom
tcg vlYtzGJUtpnf;tkyfpkwdkY pkaygif;um tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;cJ
[efwl\/
at;csr;f aomtcgrsm;wGif rdrw
d \
Ydk vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;jzpfaom tkyf
pktvkduf vGwfvyfpGm aexkdifcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\vlaerIb0udk rdrdwkdY
bmom pDrHcefYcGJzefwD;cJhMuonf/
olw\
Ydk vlaerIpepfrmS woD;wjcm;pD tkypf v
k u
dk af eaom rus,f
jyefYvSonfh ya'o&mZfpepf[k rSwf,lEkdif\/ odkYaomf ysOfokOf;cJhNyD;jzpf
aom ysLya'o&mZfpepf vufikyfvuf&if; t<uif;tusef\t&Sdeft0g
udk &cJhonf/
eefapmwGif aepOfuxuf ydkrkdzGHUNzdK;cJhonfh ya'o&mZfpepfjzpf
vmNy[
D ,
k q
l Ekid \
f / yxrjrefrmEkid if u
H kd rwnfaxmifru
D mvtwGi;f u
a&S;jrefrmwk\
Yd vlaerIpepfEiS v
hf rl pI ;D yGm;a&;pepfukd ysLya'o&mZfpepf
uJhodkYyif ya'o&mZfacwfOD; umvpepfrsKd;[k owfrSwfEkdifbG,f&m &Sd
\/
c&kdef? wkduf? Ekdifi_H
vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wku
Yd kd wnf&ma'oESio
hf rkid ;f pOf wk;d wufru
I kd
&mZ0ifusr;f wkw
Yd iG f usepf pfom;rif;onf xD;vIid &f iS [
f v
k nf;wGio
f nf/
xD;vIdiftkyfpk\acgif;aqmifjzpfcJh[ef wl\/ usefppfom;rif;BuD;\
ausmufpmygbGJUwckrSm ]xdvkdifrif}jzpfonf/f
152
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
vkduf ausmufpmrsm;wGif okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU

&\/
a&S;jrefrmwkYd ajrjyefw
Y iG f a&S;OD;vufreG f tajcpdu
k af exkid
f ae
xkdifolwkdYwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYu vlrsm;jzpfaom a'orsm;udk c&kdefa'o
rsm;[k ac:onf/
qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; jrpfomc&kdefa'o rif;bl; 6c&dkefa'owkdY
tjyif ,ckrEav;\ajrmufzuf {&m0wDjrpf\ta&SUbuf awmifyvkef
(awmifNyKef;)c&kdefa'owdkY &SdcJhonf/
,ckausmufqnfc&kdiftwGif;&Sd 11c&dkefa'oonf aemifacwf
rsm;wGif v,fuGif; 9c&kdefa'o[k tckdiftrmwGifvmonf/
rlvu 11c&kdef&SdcJh\/ trnfESifhtwdtus ay;xm;onf/ rif;
bl; 6c&kdefrSm ausmufpmwkdYwGif ]ryifp&v,fudkif}[kwGifonf/ 6-c&kdef
jynfhatmif a&wGuf r&ao;acs/ awmifjyKefc&kdefonf tjcm;c&kdefwdkY
uJhodkYyif qefa&pyg; txGufaumif;aom a'ojzpfcJh\/
ajrmufzufqDrS a&TUajymif;vmrnfh ouftpk0ifwdkYuJhodkYaom
rsKd;wlpkopfrsm;ukd [efYwm;ckcHEkdif&ef awmifjyKefc&kdefudk ajrmufzufpGef
umuG,fa&;pcef;tjzpf wnfaxmifcJh[efwlonf/
c&kdefa'orsmudk vGef jyefYESHYaexkdifvmMupOf ae&mopfwkdY
&S&d if;wkid ;f &if;om;wkEYd iS yhf ;l aygif;um e,fopfy,fopfrsm;udk wnfaxmif
cJhMu\/ ,if;uJhodkYaom e,fopfy,fopfwkdYrSm wkdufrsm;jzpfonf/
wkdufa'orsm;wGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf vlrsm;pk r[kwfMuacs/
wkdufa'owkdYudkvGef Nidrf;csrf;pGm odrf;oGif;atmifEkdifcJhaom a'orsKd;
udk EkdifiH[kac:aMumif; od&\/ EkdifiHa'owkdYwGif a&S;jrefrmwkdYrSm tkyf
csKyfolvlenf;pkom jzpf[efwlonf/
_,ckacwfo;Hk a0g[m&wk\
Yd t"dyg ,foufa&mufrI r&Syd g/ xkpd Ofu c&ked
onf ,ckc&kid af 0g[m&\t"dyg ,f roufa&mufacs/ tvm;wlyif ]wku
d }f
ESifh]EkdifiH}wkdY\a&S;t"dym,foufa&mufrIonf ,ckESifhrwl? uGJjym;onf/
t"dyg,frsm;pGm a&GUvmcJhNyDjzpf\/
153
tydkif;(6)
wr'DyEkdifiH wnfaxmifjcif;
tajccHpwifcJh&mumv
c&kdefa'owkdYrSm umvorkdif;pOftwGuf vGefpGmta&;ygvS
aom a'orsm;jzpfMu\/ ,ckavhvmaeaom orkid ;f pOf\umvudk qef;
ppfaomf umvonf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;wGif &Sd&if;wkdif;&if;om;
jzpfaom rGeftpk? yavmifESifh0tpk? ouftpk u&iftpk0ifwkdYESifhtopf
0ifa&mufvmaom jrefrmtpk0ifwidk ;f &if;om;wkYd pkaygif;a&maESmrdaom
umv? wdik ;f &if;om;wk\
Yd pnf;&k;H rIay:wGif tajcwnfum trsK;d om;
tpktpnf;opfBuD;wck wnfaqmufa&;twGuf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ay:
aygufaygufvmaom umvjzpf\/
154
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ysKd;cif;a'orsm;
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf jrif;udkarG;jrLonf/ Ekdifeif;pGmvnf; okH;wwf
onf/ ppfa&;wGif jrif;udk tokH;jyK vsifjrefaomppfxkd;enf;AsL[mopf
udk xGifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/
awmifay:rS qif;vmoljzpf ae&mopfwiG f pdw"f mwfwuf<u
aeolrsm;jzpfonf/ tm;opf? aoG;opf? pdwf"mwfopfrsm;ESifhvef;qef;
xufjruf MuHhckdifolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ ppfrItawGUtMuKH&SdcJhaom
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;twGufomru ppfa&;twGufyg ta&;BuD;
tcsuftcsmusaom ausmufqnf 11c&kdefa'oESifhrif;bl; 6c&kdef
a'owkdYudk BuD;pkd;vmEkdifaomtcg olwkdYonf trsKd;om;tpktpnf;opf
Bu;D w&yfay:aygufa&; wenf;qkad omf Ekid if o
H pfwck ay:aygufa&;vkyf
ief;wGif ta&;yg xda&mufaom OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrIudk ay;Ekdifaom
tajctaersm;udk &&SdaeMuNyD;jzpfonf/
,if;tajctaersm;rS taumiftxnfazmf,lEdkifa&;onf xkd
a'o xkdacwftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;aomhcsufjzpfonfh pdkufysKd;a&;xGef;um;
&m ausmufqnfESihfrif;bl;c&kdefa'owkdY\ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufrI
ay:wGif rsm;pGm wnfcJhavonf/
a'owkdYrSm wkdif;&if;om;pnf;&kH;rI? pnf;&kH;rdaom wkdif;&if;
om;wkdY\wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;rIwkdYtwGuf ausmaxmufaemufcHa'orsm;jzpfcJh
\/ wenf;qkdaomf trsKd;om;tpktpnf;opfBuD;w&yf? odkYr[kwf EkdifiH
opfwEkdifiH ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf jyKpkysKd;axmifay;&m ysKd;cif;a'o
rsm;yifjzpfayonf/
EkdifiHopfwck ay:aygufa&;wGif pD;yGm;a&; ppfa&; atmifjrif
rItvm;tvmwkYd jynhpf v
Hk aHk vmuf&EHk iS jhf zpfEidk o
f nf r[kwaf cs/ ,Ofaus;
rI? vlraI &;ESiahf umif;rGew
f nfwahH om trsK;d om;p&ku
d ?f avsmufywfaom
trsKd;om;cH,lcsufESifhpdwf"mwfwkdYyg wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;&efvnf; vkdtyfay
onf/
155
wkdif;&if;om; ,Ofaus;rI a&maESmrdjcif;ESifh ysKd;axmifrIrsm;

ppma&;om;rItwwfESifhpmayysKd;axmifrI
a&S;jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif ausmufqnfc&kdif a&S;rGef
rsm;&SdaecJhaMumif;udk qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ a&S;rGefwkdYrSm xkdacwfu txuf
wef;usaom ,Ofaus;rI&Sdaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
a&S;jrefrmwko
Yd nf 11-c&ked af 'owGif a&S;rGew
f EdYk iS Ohf ;D pGmawGU
qkHqufqHcJhMu\/ wdkif;&if;om;csif; qufqHrdwkdif; ,Ofaus;rIzvS,frd
NrJjzpfonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ausmufqnfa&S;rGefwkdYxHrS tajccHus
ta&;BuD;aom ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvufwkdYudk &cJh\/ txl;ojzifh
rdrdwkdYwGif r&Sdao;aom pma&;om;rItwwf? tu&m(Asnf;ESifho&rsm;)
a0g[m&wkdYudk a&S;rGefwkdYxHrS wwfodcJhMu\/ xkdpOfu okH;pGJaeaoma&S;
rGefpum;ESifhpmaywkdYudkvnf; toifh&&SdEdkifonfwkdif vufcHoif,lchJ[ef
wl\/
ysLwko
Yd nf jrefrmwkEYd iS b
hf mompum;tEG,w
f Ml uonf/ a0g[m&
rSp ajymqkdaom pum;wkdYonf rsm;pGmvSrf;uGmcJh[ef rwlacs/ ysLwkdY
vnf; tu&mbmompum; &Sdonfom jzpfonf/\
bmompum; tEG,fwlygvsuf ,if;wkdYudk a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf
ysLwkdYxHrS tb,faMumifh r,lcJh[k ,lq&oenf;/ a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf
a&S;rGew
f EYdk iS Ohf ;D pGm awGUqkrH w
d q
f ufMuonf/ ysLwdEYk iS ahf emufrS awGU&onf/
ysLwk\
Yd tcsut
f csma'orSm {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f jzpfaMumif; qkcd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/
xkjYd yif ysLtu&mwkrYd mS a&;ul;rSwo
f m;&ef rvG,u
f v
l /S tauGU
taumuf taumhtnTwrf sm;vSonf/ toH(8)oHtwGuf oauFwrsm;
vnf; &Sdaeao;onf/
a&S;rGeftu&mwkdY\ykHrSm &Sif;vif; rSwfom;&ef vG,fulonf/
odjYk zpf pma&;om;rItwwfukd a&S;rGew
f x
Ydk rH S &,ljcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq
&jcif;jzpf\/
a&S;jrefrmtu&mwkdYuvnf; ,if;,lqcsufudk axmufcHae
156
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
onf/ ,lqonfqkd&mvnf; tm;vkH;udk ,lqonfr[kwf/ rdrdwkdYbm

ompum;\toHrsm;twGuf vkdaomAsnf;ESifho&wkdYudkom ,ljcif;jzpf
onf/
a&S;rGefpum;ESifhpmaywkdYudk vufcH,lcJhojzifh yk*Hacwfa&;a&S;
jrefrmpmwGif a&S;rGefa0g[m&ESifhtokH;tEIef;rsm; yg0ifaeonfudk awGU
&onf/
rdrdwkdYbmompum;wGif r&Sdao;aom bmoma&;qkdif&m? tkyf
csKyfa&;qkdif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m? ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m vlrIa&;qkdif&ma0g
[m&rsm;jzpfonf/
a&S;rGew
f EYkd iS yhf ;l aygif;rdaomtcgwGif a&S;rGepf mudk oifMum;wwf
ajrmufMu&ko
H mru a&S;rGeaf 0g[m&topfrsm;udyk if wDxiG cf MhJ uonf[k
qkdEkdifygonf/
odkYjzifh a&S;rGef,Ofaus;rI txGwftxdyf a&mufrI\tajccH
ysKd;axmifrIudk rGefwkdY\t"dua'ojzpfaom ok0PblrdEkdifiHwGif rawGU
&bJ ausmufqnfESifhyk*Ha'owGif awGU&jcif;jzpfayonf/ pdwf0ifpm;
pGm avhvmoifMum; ,l&o
Hk mru ydrk <dk u,f0 xGe;f um;vmatmif wDxiG f
tm;ay;cs;D ajrm ufo;Hk pGrJ u
I kd a&S;jrefrmESiahf usmufqnfa&S;rGew
f Ydk yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufcJhaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
yk*aH cwfO;D ydik ;f wGif xGe;f um;cJah om txufwef;usvo
S nfh a&S;
,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufa&;\tpudk odkYjzifh ysKd;axmifcJhMuayonf/
ydokum? tEkynmysKd;axmifrI
yk*Honf BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSonf/ tHhcsD;bG,fw&yfvnf;jzpf
onf/ tHhcsD;bG,fjzpfaom yk*H\BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIudk ,aeYwkdifwnfae
aom yk*aH cwftaqmufttk?H apwDyx
k ;dk ponfwiG f awGUEkid o
f nf[k qkd
a&S;rGef,Ofaus;rIonf usefppfom;rif;BuD;vufxuf(at'D 10841113)wGif yk*H txGwftxdyf a&mufcJhonf/
157
prSwfjyKMuonf/
BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSaom tpOftvmBuD;udk ysKd;axmifwnf
aqmuf&mwGif tvGefta&;ygpGm yg0ifulnDcJholwdkYrsm ysLrsm;jzpfonf/
ysLwkdY\ydokumynm&yfrsm;udkom rokH;cJhvQif yk*HacwftaqmufttkH
wkdYonf ,aeYwkdifwnfaernf r[kwfacs/
ysLwkdYwDxGifcJhaom oyfpDckH;ESifhaygif;ckHazmfenf;/ ysLtaqmuf
ttkHwkdY\yEufykHrsm;? t*Faw? t*Fawyef;azmfykHwkdYudk tajcjyKcJhaom
aMumifh yk*H\BuD;us,fcrf;em;oyg,fvSaom taqmufttkHBuD;i,f
rsm;onf ,aeYwkdif wnfaejcif;jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rIysKd;axmifa&;wGif
ysLwkyYd g0ifun
l cD ahJ om tcef;u@onf ao;i,fvo
S nf r[kwaf cs/
,kHMunfrI? tjrif0g'ysKd;axmifrI
tjcm;ta&;BuD;aom ysKd;axmifrIw&yfrSm wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\
,kHMunfcsuf? cH,lcsuf? tjrif0g'wdkY\tajccHudkay;aom udk;uG,f,kH
MunfrIqkdif&m ysKd;axmifrIjzpfonf/
a&S;jrefrmwdrYk mS uke;f jrifah wmifay:om;rsm; jzpfco
hJ nft
h avsmuf
ukef;jrifhawmifay:b0u &SdcJhaom &kd;&mtpOftvm ,kHMunfcsufwdkYu
olwkdY\tjrif0g'udk trsm;qkH; vTrf;rkd;cJhayonf/ ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIESifh
tjrif0g'wkdYwGif ysLwkdYonf rsm;pGmwkd;wufcJholrsm;jzpfonf/
jA[Pt,l0g'? Ak'0g'wdkYudk txufwef;uspGm avhvmwwf
odco
hJ rl sm;jzpf\/ tvm;wlyif a&S;rGet
f rsm;pkrmS Ak'0 g'Drsm; jzpfMuonf/
,if;uJhodkYaom 0g'rsm;udk a&S;jrefrmwdkYonf wpwpESifhwwf
odvmcJhMuonf/ cH,lvmcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkdY\rl&if;&kd;&mtpOftvm0g'
cH,lcsufwkdYESifhtusKd;&SdpGm aygif;pyf,lvmMuonf/
odkYjzifh ,kHMunfcsuf? cH,lcsufESifhtjrif0g'wkdY aygif;pyfrdMu
ysL? a&S;rGefESifha&S;jrefrmwkdYonf ,if;,kHMunfcH,lcsufudk ysKd;axmif
ay;EkdifcJhMuayonf/
158
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tkyfcsKyfa&; ysKd;axmifrI
EdkifiHopfay:xGef;a&;wGif pepfus worwfwnf;&SdEkdifaom
vlaerIzGJUpnf;ykHESifh,if;vlUtzGJUtpnf;tm; pDrHcefYtkyfcsKyfykHwkdYudkvnf;
&S&d efvt
dk yfonf/ ysLwko
Yd nf ya'o&mZfpepft&jzpfaom vlt
Y zGUJ tpnf;
ESifhumvMumjrifhpGm aevmcJholrsm;jzpf\/ a&S;rGefwkdYwGifvnf; tvm;
wl tawGUtMuKHrsm; &SdcJhonf/
,if;pepfrSm qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; wkdif;&if;pepfay:wGif tdEd,
rS a&mufvmaom ya'o&mZfpepfvTrf;rkd;rIjzifh ay:aygufvmcJh&aom
pepfjzpf\/ eefapmwGif aecJhpOfuwnf;u a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf pDrHtkyf
csKyaf &;wGif uRr;f usicf o
hJ rl sm;jzpf\/ olw\
Ydk pepfrmS ya'o&mZfpepfyif
jzpfonf/ eefapmwkdY\ya'o&mZfpepfonf ppf0g'qHNyD; ydkrkdjyif;xef
onf/
odaYk omf a'oqkid &f m tkypf t
k yk cf sKyaf &;wGirf l a&S;jrefrmwdo
Yk nf
ykrd &kd if;ES;D rI&adS om vGwv
f yf nEd idI ;f rI&adS om ya'o&mZfpepfrsK;d udk vuf
awGUokH;cJhMu[ef wl\/
,ckajrjyefo
Y Ykd a&mufvmaomtcg Ak'0 g'ESi,
hf Ofaus;rItajccH
&Sad om a&S;a[mif;rGe?f ysLya'o&mZf tpOftvmwkEYd iS ahf ygif;pyfr
d a'
oopfwkdif;&if;om;aygif;pkHESifhudkufnD ydkrkdjynfhpkH<u,f0aom ya'o
&mZfpepfay:aygufa&;udk pwifysKd;axmifvmcJhayonf/
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;rIESifhEkdifiHopf wnfaxmifrI
a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf a&S;rGef? ysLwkdYxHrS ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvuf
rsm;udk &,lcJhjcif;? EkdifiHopfwnfaxmifrI tajccHtwGuf vkdtyfaom
t&nftaoG;rsm; ysKd;axmifcJhjcif;udk azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHopfwck ay:aygufa&;wGif tajccHvkdtyfaom pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa&;? ,Ofaus;rI? ,kHMunfrIESifhtjrif0g'tkyfcsKyfa&;ponfwdkYudk ysKd;
cif;rsm;jzpfaomm c&ked af 'owkt
Yd m; tajcjyK pwifysK;d axmifvmcJjh cif;
159
jzpfonf/
wenf;qkd&aomf vlUabmifb0opfwck wnfaxmifay:ayguf
vma&;wGif trSe&f t
dS yfonft
h ajccHt&nftaoG; vkt
d yfcsurf sm;udk ysK;d
axmifvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/
uefBuD; 3-ckrS a&rsm; aygif;pyfrdjcif;
,if;vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk &Sd&if; ysL? a&S;rGefwkdYESifhukef;jrifhrSqif;
oufa&TUajymif;vmaom a&S;jrefrmwkdYu yl;aygif;yg0if xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;
jzpfayonf/
a&S;jrefrmwkYd a&mufvmcJ
h pD;yGm;a&;ausmaxmufaemufceH ,f
rsm;jzpfaom ausmufqnfESifhrif;bl;a'owdkYudk odrf;ydkufNyD;onfhaemuf
yk*Hudk wnfaxmifvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/
onfrSm yk*H wzufqnfuefBuD;wckudk wl;vkdufonfESifh
wl\/ ,if;wzufqnfuefBu;d wGif a&S;jrefrmwk\
Yd tpOftvm,Ofaus;
rIESifht&nftaoG;wnf;[laom a&onf &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/
a&S;jrefrmwkdYESifha&S;rGefwkdY awGUqkHa&maESmrdjcif;onf xkdwzuf
qnfuefBuD;twGif;odkY a&S;rGef,Ofaus;rI t&nftaoG;wnf;[laom
a&wkdY pD;0ifjcif;ESifhwlonf/
xdek nf;wlyif ysLwkEYd iS q
hf ufo,
G af &maESmrdjcif;rSmvnf; txuf
wef;usvSaom ysLwkdY\,Ofaus;rIESifht&nfaoG;wnf;[laom a&wkdY
onf xkdwzufqnfuefBuD;twGif;odkY pD;0ifjcif;ESifhwlayonf/
ysL,Ofaus;rIwnf;[laom a&uefrS a&rsm;? a&S;rGefwnf;[l
aom a&uefrS a&rsm;? yk*HwzufqnfueftwGif;odkY ajrmif;ESpfoG,fjzifh
pD;0ifum wzufqnfuefBuD;&Sd a&S;jrefrmwkdY\rl&if;,Ofaus;rIwnf;[l
aoma&ESifha&maESmrdjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYa&maESmrd&mrS ydkrkdaumif;rGef ydkrkdt&nftaoG;pkHonfhtrsKd;
om;t&nftaoG;opfrsm;wnf;[laom a&wko
Yd nf wjznf;jznf;wk;d vm
jcif;yifjzpfonf/
160
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
yk*w
H nf;[laom tqkyd gwzufqnfuefBu;D wGif ,if;a&ok;H rsK;d
a&mpyf wjznf;jznf; jynfv
h mjcif;rSm txufwiG f qkcd ahJ om vlaY bmif
b0opfBuD; wenf;qkdaomf EkdifiHopfwckudk wjznf;jznf; wnfaqmuf
vmjcif;ESifhwlayonf/
pkaygif;aqmifrS atmifEdkfifrnf
,Ofaus;rItpOftvmaumif;&Sad om ysLESiahf &S;rGerf sm;? tkycf sKyf
rI? pDrHcefYcGJrI? OD;pD;acgif;aqmifjyKrI? opfvGifwuf<u &Sifoefaeaom
pdwf"mwfESifhtrsKd;om;p&kdufaumif;rIwkdYjzifh jynfhpkHaom a&S;jrefrm?
wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;\pk(3)pk yl;aygif;rdjcif;jzifh tqkdygEkdifiHopftzkdY tkwf
jrpfudkcsrdcJhjcif;jzpf\/
wnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;udkvnf; qGJrdNyD;jzpfcJhonf[k qkd&ay
rnf/ odt
Yk w
k jf rpfcsjcif;? wnfaqmufjcif;udk a&S;jrefrmwdcYk sn;f qkv
d Qif
aqmif&GufEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/
a&S;rGefwkdY oufoufqkdvQifvnf; aqmifusOf;Ekdifrnf r[kwf/
tvm;wlyif ysLwkdYcsnf;qkdvQifvnf; aqmif&GufEkdifrnf r[kwfacs/ a&S;
rGef? ysL? a&S;jrefrmokH;OD;om;wkdYu rdrdwkdYtoD;toD;wGif&Sdaom t&nf
taoG;rsm;udk yg0ifxnfo
h iG ;f um wnDwnTww
f nf; yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G f
Muom jzpfEkdifjcif;ESifhaqmif&GufEkdifjcif; jzpf\/
a&S;OD; EkdifiHjcm;qufoG,frI
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;rIaMumifh at'D 10-&mpkESpfrsm;tukef
avmufwGif yk*Honf xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdY\qufvufa&TU
ajymif;rIvnf; rsm;vmcJhonf/
,if;a&TUajymif;rIwu
Ydk kd yk*u
H Bu;D Muyftyk x
f ed ;f ay;cJ&h [efwo
l nf/
qkcd NhJ y;D onft
h wkid ;f taemufoYkd a&TUajymif;rI\wyfO;D wyfzsm;rS wkid ;f &if;
om;wkdYonf ,ck&ckdifwkdif;ajrmufydkif; av;NrdKUESifhukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wkdY
161
wGif tajcpkdufrdaomtcg taemufzuf&Sd y#du&m;EkdifiHESifhyk*HwkdYonf

ukef;vrf;tm;jzifh qufoG,frdcJhMu[efwl\/
odjYk zifh y#du& m;wGif xGe;f um;cJah om r[m,meAk'0 g'? ou
#pmayESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdY yk*HbufodkY jyefYESHYvmcJhjcif;jzpfayrnf/
um; yk*Honf EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfwckESifha&S;OD;vufrGef quf
oG,cf rhJ jd cif; jzpfonf[k qk&d ygrnf/ yk*w
H iG f ygVd,Ofaus;rIxuf ou#
,Ofaus;rIu apm a&mufonf[k qkdEkdifaom taxmuftxm;wkdYudk
tajcjyK ,lqcsufudk jyKvkyf&jcif; jzpfygonf/
c&D;raygufEkdifao;aom awmift&yf
{&m0wDjrpfaMumif;udkvkduf awmifbufodkYvnf; a&S;jrefrm
wkdY a&TUajymif;cJhMuonfomjzpf\/ odkYaomf oa&acw&mw0dkufwGif ysL
wkdY xkxnfESifh&SdaecJhMu ,ckrdausmif;&Jae&mavmufrS awmifbufodkY
vGef a&mufcJhMu[ef rwlMuacs/
,if;odkYyif awmifbufodkY a&TUajymif;aexkdifEkdifcJhjcif;r&SdcJhMu
aomfvnf; awmifbuf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;wkdYESifhum; tquftoG,f &SdcJh
rnfomjzpf\/ aemufa&muf a&S;jrefrmwkdYxuf ,Ofaus;rIbufESifhvl
rIa&;bufwGif ydkrkdwkd;wufcJhaomysLwkdYtjyif ppfawmif;jrpf0w0dkuf&Sd
a&S;rGefwkdYonfvnf; aemufa&mufvlwkdYESifhpD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? quf
oG,frIrsm;? ul;vl;zvS,frIrsm; &SdcJhMurnfom jzpfonf/
wefvkdif
awmifbufwGif a&S;rGefwkdY\a'o ok0PblrdEkdifiH&Sdae yif
v,forYkd aygufa&mufEidk af o;acs/ yifv,ftxd tpkta0;ESiahf &TUajymif;
aexkdifEkdifcJhjcif; r&Sdao;acs/
odkYjzpfaomfvnf; qkdcJhNyD;aom qufoG,frIwkdYaMumifh a&S;jrefrm
wkdYonf ok0Pblrda'otaMumif;udk txkduftavsmuf odcJhNyD[kqdk&
162
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ygrnf/ jrefrmEdik if aH wmifyikd ;f yifv,furf;&k;d wef;a'owkw

Yd iG f a&S;,cif
uwnf;u tdEd,jynfawmifydkif;rSvma&mufaexkdifMuolrsm;? ul;vl;
qufqaH ecJo
h rl sm; &Scd NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ trsm;pkwrYkd mS r[me'DjrpfEiS *hf 'dk g0wD
jrpfESpfoG,fpyfMum; tdEd,ta&SUbufurf;&kd;wef;a'owavQmuf&Sd
uvd*FEdkifiHrS ukefonfrsm;? bmoma&;orm;rsm;? pGefYpm;olrsm;jzpfcJhMu
onf/
xkduvd*FEkdifiHom;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGifomru rav;uRef;
qG,f? ,cktif'dkeD;&Sm;? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;wkdYudkvnf; tESHYtjym;
a&mufcJhMuonf/
xkduvd*Fwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf a'orsm; ESpf&Snfvrsm; t
quftoG,frsm;cJh[ef wlonf/ odkYjzpf tdEd,EkdifiHtjcm;a'orS vm
aomolwu
Ydk v
kd nf; ta&SUawmiftm&SEidk if o
H m;wku
Yd uvd*EF idk if o
H m;rsm;
[k ,lqac:a0:vmMuonf/
xkda'owkdYwGif uvd*Ftrnfudk ae&ma'ovkduf toHtrsKd;
rsKd;uGJum ac:a0:cJhMu[ef wl\/ ,if;trnfrS qufaom toHuGJt
rnfwdkYrSm wvdif(wvkdif)awif? wif? awavif ponfwkdYjzpfonf/
odkYjzpfvnf; rav;&Sm;? ,kd;',m;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;paom ta&SU
awmiftm&SEidk if rH sm;wGif tdE,
d om;wku
Yd kd txufyg uvd*rF S oufaom
toHuGJtrnfrsm;ESifhac:a0:aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
ukvm;
odkYaomf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;um; tdEd,EkdifiHom;wkdYudk ,if;toH
rsKd;xGufaom trnfESifhrac:bJ ukvm;[kac:Muonf/ odkYaomf rGefwkdY
udk tvGefa&S;usaom umvuyif wefvkdif(aemifaomf wvkdif;)ac:
vmMuonf/
rlvu wefvkdif(wvkdif)trnfrSm rESpfNrdKUbG,f trnfr[kwfcJhacs/
t&if;&Sife,fcsJUacwfodkYa&mufaomtcg wvkdif[laomtrnfonf r
oif[
h k wpkw
H a,mufu t"dyg ,fziG ahf y;cJ\
h / ,if;a0g[m&udk a&S;tcg
163
tac:ta0:rsm;rSm xl;jcm;aeonf/ rav;&Sm;? ,kd;',m;

rSm ac:a0:okH;pGJaom tac:ta0:wkdYESifhrwlbJ tb,fhaMumifh ,if;
odkYaom uGJjym;rIjzpf&oenf;/ ausmufqnfa'owGif rGefwkdYudk awGUcJh
NyD;jzpf\/
ok0PblrdtaMumif;udk a&S;jrefrmwkdY pwifodpOfu xkda'o
wGif tdEd,om;rsm;ESifhwkdif;&if;om;rsm;&Sdonfudk cGJjcm;odMuaomfvnf;
wkid ;f &if;om;wku
Yd kd wkid ;f &if;om;wku
Yd Ekid if jH cm;om;wku
Yd akd c:aomtrnf
ESifhvGJrSm; em;vnfcJhavoavm[k awG;bG,f&m&Sdygonf/
EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk a&S;jrefrmwkdYu ukvm;[lonfhtrnfonf
ukvykwtrsKd;aumif;om; odkYr[kwf ukvjrwfaomtrsKd;[laom ygVd
a0g[m&wkdYrS qif;oufonf[k ,lq&onf/_ a0g[m& odkYr[kwf
tac:ta0:wkdYudk azmfjy&jcif;rSm xkdpOfu a&S;jrefrmwkdYESifhqufoG,fcJh
aom EdkifiHjcm;om;wkdYudk azmfjy&efESifh xkdolwkdYESifhpyfvsOf; a&S;jrefrm
wkdY\A[kokwudk cefYrSef;Edkif&ef jzpfygonf/
jynfawmfom
qkdcJhNyD;onfwkdYudk axmuf at'D 10-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufu
a&S;jrefrmwdkY tajcpdkufaexkdif ydkifEkdifpGm BuD;pdk;EdkifcJhaom a'owkdYrSm
c&kid af 'orsm;jzpfaom ausmufqnf? rif;bl;ESiahf wifjyKe;f a'orsm;? ,if;
wkdYudk qufpyfay;xm;aom yk*Ha'oESifhawmifwGif;BuD;a'owkdYavmuf
om jzpfayonf/
uwnf;u okH;pGJvmcJhaom jrefrmwkdYESifhrGefwkdYudk aoG;cGJ&ef tac:
ta0:udkyif vufeufozG,f okH;vmcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ jynfolwkdY
onf rESpo
f ufaomtrnfukd rok;H MubJ aoG;cGrJ u
I kd a&SmifEikd cf MhJ uonf/
_,ckacwfwiG f ukvm;[laoma0g[m&onf rESpNf rKd UbG,jf zpfaomteuf
oabmudk aqmifaomfvnf; rlvu *kPfodum&SdvSaom trnfjzpfcJh
avonf/ a0g[m&\t"dyg,fonf tajctaetvkduf ajymif;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
164
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
ausmufpmrsm;wGif awGU&S&d aomxl;jcm;aom taxmuftxm;

a0g[m&wckrSm jynfawmfom(yvnfw0fom)jzpfonf/ jynfawmfom
[kac:aom a'oESpfck&Sdonf/ wckrSm yk*H\ajrmufzuf ,ckppfudkif;
c&kdif &GmopfBuD;\wpdwfwa'o jzpfaoma'o(,aeYwkdif xkd&yfuGuf
udk jynfawmfom[kac:onf/ xkda'owGif yk*HacwftaqmufttkHrsm;
ESifha&S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;udk awGU&onf/)jzpf\/ tjcm;a'owckrSm
,ckrdausmif;&Jawmifbuf {&m0wDjrpftwGif;&Sd uRef;awmfjzpfonf/
uRef;awmfudk jynfawmfomuRef;[kvnf; ac:onf/ uRef;
i,fay:wGif yk*Hacwf taqmufttkHrsm;? yk*Hacwfausmufpmrsm;udk
,aeYwkdif awGUEkdifonf/ jynfawmfomwckrSm yk*Hajrmufzuf? wckrSm
yk*HawmifbufwGif &Sdonf/ ESpfckvkH;onf {&m0wDjrpfay:wGif wnfae
onf/ {&m0wDrSm t"duvrf;rBuD;jzpf&m yk*HodkYoGm;&m xkdvrf;rBuD;udk
ajrmufzufESifhawmifbuf jynfawmfom[kac:aom a'owckpDu
uif;apmifhaeonfhozG,f wnfaeonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,fjzpfonf/
wr'DyEkdifiHi,f
jynfawmfomwkdYrSm yk*Hudk A[dkjyKaom a&S;jrefrmwkdY\EkdifiH
wGif;odkY0if&m t"du0ifaygufrsm; jzpfonf/ wenf;awG;aomf jynf
awmfom wHcg;aygufrsm;? odkYr[kwf pcef;rsm;udk jzwfausmfrdvQif jynf
awmfomwnf;[laom yk*HEkdifiHi,ftwGif;odkY a&mufonf[k xifrSwf
zG,f&mjzpfonf/ xkdyk*HEkdifiHi,fudk yk*Hacwfaemufydkif; ausmufpmwGif
wr'Dy(oHjywdwf)EkdifiH[k awGU&onf/
onfwkdYudk axmuf 10-&mpk at'DESpfrsm;twGif; a&S;jref
rmwkdYonf ausmufqnf 11c&kdifESifhrif;bl; 6c&kdifa'orsm;udk ausm
axmufaemufcjH yKaom yk*u
H kd A[dx
k m; wr'yD Edik if iH ,fukd a&S;OD;vuf
rGef wnfaxmifcJhonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/
xkEd idk if t
H wGi;f a'otvku
d f rdrw
d t
Ydk yk pf Ek iS rhf rd w
d Ydk ud,
k rhf if;ud,
k hf
csif;aeMuaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;wkdYudk yk*Hu
165
avsmv
h sn;f pGm pkpnf;xm;cJ[
h ef wlonf/ ud,
k rhf if;uk,
d cfh si;f ESiahf ecJah om
tkyfpkwdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm rif;_rsm;jzpfonf/ qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif;
xDvkdifrif;ESifhawmifwGif;wkdYrSm ,if;uJhodkY udk,fhrif;ukd,fhcsif; vlYtzGJUt
pnf;wk\
Yd ausmufpmvm acgif;aqmifrsm;? tBu;D tuJrsm; jzpfcahJ yonf/
taemf&xmrwkdifrD tkyfpkd;cJhaom rif;rsm;
&mZ0ifusr;f rsm;u taemf&xmrwkid rf D yk*w
H iG f tkypf ;kd oGm;aom
rif;trsm;yif &SdaMumif;qkdonf/ ,if;rif;wkdYtaMumif;udk avhvmMunfh
vQif ysLapmxD;? xD;rif;,Ofpaomrif;wkrYd mS eefapmESirhf &lw\
Ydk 'Em&Dvm
rif;wdkYESifhwlaeonfudk awGU&onf/
tcsKdUrif;wkdYtaMumif;udk azmfjy&mwGif txl;taxGr&Sd? trnf
ESifheef;pHESpf ponfwkdYavmufomqkd\/ tcsKdUrif;wkdY\trnfwkdYonf
xGefwkduf? xGefypf? xGefcspf ponfjzifh xGefESifhp tcsKdUrSm cef;avmif;?
cef;owf ponfjzifh cef;ESifhponf/ obm0usaom trnfrsm; r[kwf
[k qkd&ygrnf/
odkYaomf &mZ0ifusrf;vnf;vm ckdifvkHaom ausmufpmESifh
rSifpmwkdYwGifvnf; azmfjyyg&Sdaom rif;ESpfyg;udk awGU&onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm
apm&[ef;ESifhausmif;jzLrif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
apm&[ef;rif;
rif;rSm &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif vmaom anmifOD;apm&[ef;
rif;jzpfwef&monf/ wk&if(wl&Gif;)awmifay:&Sd apm&[ef;odrfausmuf
pmt&aomf rif;onf odrfwckudk wk&ifawmifay:wGif wnfcJhaom
rif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ odrw
f nfaomrif;onf ax&0g'Ak'o
moem
_rif;rSm tkrd if;onfqadk om acwfa0g[m&wGiyf gonfh rif;uJo
h yYkd if Bu;D
onf/ odkYr[kwf tBuD;tuJ[k rlvut"dyg,f&onf/ aemufacwfrsm;
wGif bk&if odkYr[kwf &Sifbk&if[laom a0g[m&u ydk wGifvmcJhonf/
166
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
udk ouf0if,kHMunfaomrif;jzpfonf[k omreftm;jzifh ,lqEkdifonf/

Ak'omoemwGif odrfwnfaqmufvmonfqkduwnf;u orkwdoCFm
awmfrsm;&SdaeNyD[k pdwfcspGm ,kHMunfEkdifonf/
&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif rif;udk awmifolBuD;rif;[kvnf;ac:
onf/ rif;onf e*g;&kyfvkyf udk;uG,fonf/ t,lrSm;aom &Sift
&nf;wkdYudkvnf; udk;uG,fonf/ &Sift&nf;wkdYESifhwkdifyif ykxkd; 5-vkH;
wnfonf/
ykxkd;wkdYwGif ewf&kyfvnf; rrnf? bk&m;&kyfvnf; rrnf vkyf
n eHeuf xrif; [if;? aopmwif udk;uG,fonf/ bk&m;&Sif y&d,wd
omoemawmf ra&muf rwnfacs/ orxD;t&nf;wkdY t,lukdom w
jynfvkH;,lukefMuonf[k &mZ0ifusrf;wkdYu qkdonf/
rif;wnfonfqkdaom ykxkd; 5-vkH;wGif tygt0ifjzpfonfh
ykx;kd om;onf ,aeYy*k NH rKd UtwGi;f awmifbufNrKd U&k;d teD;&Sd ykx;kd om;rsm;
omjzpfvQif &mZ0ifusrf;wkdYqkdonfhtwkdif; r[kwfonfudkawGU&rnf/
tvGefyDoaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;? yef;csDum;csyf
rsm;? 0denf;yd#uwftaMumif; a&S;rGefbmomESifha&;xm;aom pmrsm;
jzpfonf/ t&nf;BuD;bk&m; r[kwfEkdifacs/ qifjcifEkdifMu&efjzpfonf/
ausmif;jzLrif;
ausmif;jzLrif;rSm &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGifvmaom aMumif;jzLrif;
jzpfwef&monf/ uGrf;aqmfaMumif;jzLrif;[kvnf;ac:onf/
r,fawmfonf aMumif;jzLt&yf ae&pOf zGm;jrifaomaMumifh
trnfudk&onfqkd\/ rif;onf apm&[ef;udk qufcHaomrif;jzpf
onf[k &mZ0ifusrf;wkdYwGif awGU&onf/
rif;onf o&P*kyH Oou
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atmifokH;onfqkd\/
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167
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jzpfonf/
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zk&m;ajrmuf tBuD;udk awmifjyifonf? tvwfudk tv,fjyifonf[k
wGif\/
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udk y#doaE 6-v&Sad omtcg anmifO;D apm&[ef; tedpa &mufawmfr\
l /
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usn;f qk;d ESiphf u
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qkdonf/ taemf&xmrif;apm\rsKd;&kd;ukd &mZ0ifwGifvmonfhtwkdif;
odomEkdif&ef azmfjyvkduf&jcif; jzpfonf/
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(ausmif;jzL)rif;taMumif;udk awGU&onf/ t&pfESifhra&;bJ vqGJ&&pf
ESifha&;onf/
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i,fteD; xkdrif;wnfvkyfcJhaom &yfawmfrl&kyfyGm;awmfBuD; ysufpD;onf
udk rdz&k m;apmu jyifqifcidk ;f jyifqif&aMumif; rSww
f rf;wifxm;aom
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usnf;qkd;ESifhpkuaw;t&G,fodkY a&mufvQif ]ausmif;}om,mpGm
jyK uGrf;aqmfrif;ukd om"kac:awmfrlyg[k avQmufav\/
uGr;f aqmfrif;vnf; rpl;rprf; rqifrjcif ,kMH unfawmfr
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awmfrlav\/ usnf;qkd;ESifhpkuaw;vnf; rif;BuD;ukd zrf;NyD;aomf Ncdrf;
acsmuf&[ef;jyKap\/
taemf&xmrif;apmonf pkua w;rif;udk jrif;pD;csi;f wku
d yf w
JG iG f
168
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
tEkdif&NyD;aemuf...
crnf;awmfausmif;odYk oGm; rif;jyKawmfryl g[k awmif;yefawmf
rl\/ crnf;awmfvnf; ig touft&G,Bf u;D Ny?D tarmifom rif;jyKawmh
[k rdefYawmfrl\/ taemf&xmrif;apmeef;wuf crnf;awmfudkvnf;
&[ef;rif;jyK(ap)av\/ xkrd if;um; rdz&k m; armif;rrdw
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aomrif;[k qkb
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odkY rif;ESpfyg;udpESifhpyfvsOf; qifjcifEkdif&ef tao;pdwft
csuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;rSm avhvmaeaom orkdif;pOftwGuf t
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odkYaomf ,if;odkY &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh ajr&Sifya'o&mZf
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tulum; &Ekdifygonf/ taxmuftuludk,l taemf&xmrif;eef;
rwufrDumv jrefrmEkdifiH tv,fydkif;tajctaeudk odkY odrSwfEkdif
onf/
taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmrif;rsm;
taemf&xmeef;rwufrD yk*HwGif tkyfpkd;oGm;aom rif;wkdYteuf
ckdifcdkifvkHvkHod&aom rif;ESpfyg;&SdcJhonf/ xkdrif;wkdYrSm apm&[ef;rif;ESifh
ausmif;jzLrif;wkdY jzpfonf/
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wyg;rSm Ak'omoemusifhokH;rIqkdif&m tzGJUtpnf; r&SdvQifrjzpfaom
&[ef;awmfrsm; uHaqmif&m ]odrf}ESifhqufpyfaeonf/
tjcm;wyg;rSm &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&mausmif;ESifhquf
pyfaeonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\&yfawmfrl&kyfyGm;awmfudk wnfvkyfudk;uG,f
olvnf; jzpfonf/
169
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taemf&xmeef;wufEpS u
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csu,
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tkyfpkd;cJhonf[k od&onf/
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at'DcefY)wGif ysOfjym;rif; yk*HNrdKUudk pwifwnfcJhonf[laom tcsufudk
omreftm;jzifh ,kwdwefonf[k ,lq&aMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
at'D 10-&mpkESpfrsm;\tv,favmuf(960-at'DcefY)wGif
apm&[ef;tkyfpkd;cJhonf/ odkYjzpf at'D 9-&mpkESpfrsm;tv,favmufrS
tpjyKum jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif ya'o&mZfpepf&SdaeNyD[k cefYrSef;
10-&mpkESpfrsm;tv,favmufwGif wr'DyEkdifiHi,fwnf;[laom
ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,f &SdaeNyD;jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ xkdEkdifiHi,f\EdkifiH
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t& vlYabmifopfudk zGJUpnf;aexkdifvsuf &SdMuNyD; jzpfonf/
170
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Sif
wdkfif;&if;om;pnf;&kH;rIESifhyxrjrefrmEdkifiH
vmvwHUaom at'D 11-&mpkESpfrsm;twGif; EdkifiHi,fwGif
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vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;udkvnf; wnfaqmufEkdifcJhayonf/
,if;vlt
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wdkY\pnf;vkH;nDnTwfrIay:wGif tajcwnfom wnfaqmufEkdifcJhjcif;
jzpfayownf;/
___________
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171

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Adv

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1. Man Shu 'Book of the Southern Barbarians' translated by Gordon

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