Disease s Candidi asis

Definition

Etiologi Agent Candida albicans

Sourc es

Incubation Period The incubation period for the infection is 2 to 5 days.

Period of Communica tion

Mode of Transmissio n

Pathogenesis

Clinial Maniferst ation The most benign infections are characteri zed by local overgrowt h on mucous membran es as a result of changes in the normal flora. More extensive persistent mucous membran e infections occur in patients with deficienci es in cellmediated immunity.

Diagno stic Exam

Treatm ent

Nursing Manage ment

Modes of Prevent ion

Candidiasis(moniliasis) is skin infection with Candida sp, most commonly Candida albicans. Infections can occur anywhere and are most common in skinfolds and web spaces, on the genitals, cuticles, and oral mucosa. Symptoms and signs vary by site. Diagnosis is by clinical appearance and potassium hydroxide wet mount of skin scrapings. Treatment is with drying agents and antifungals

C albicans is the predominant causal organism of most candidosis. Other species, including Candida krusei, have appeared in persons who are severely immunocompromis ed. Candida glabrata is an emerging cause of oropharyngeal candidosis in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer.2 In patients with HIV infection, new species, such as Candida dubliniensis and Ca ndida inconspicua, have been recognized. Under certain circumstances, C albicans can become an opportunistic pathogen. Such a suitable circumstance for it to become an opportunist may be a disturbance in the oral flora or a decrease in immune defenses. The mechanism of

Exami
ne area of body that is affecte d by Candid a infectio n 1Exami ne other areas of body to exclud e multipl e sites of infectio n

Leprosy

Leprosy or Hansen's

Mycobacte

5 years

Leprosy is

The mode

The

History

disease (HD), named after physician Gerhar d Armauer Hansen, is achronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobact erium leprae and Mycobacte rium lepromatosis. Leprosy is primarily a granulomatous dise ase of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the uppe respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external sign.

rium Leprae

and symptoms can take as long as 20 years for symtoms to appear.

not usually infectious after three months of continuous treatment with dapsone or clofazimine , or after two to three weeks of treatment with rifampicin.

of transmissio n is not clearly established. The disease is probably transmitted from person to person by aerosol with a high subclinical rate of infection.

transmission of leprosy is prolonged close contact and transmission by nasal droplet. In addition to humans, leprosy has been observed in ninebanded armadillo, and three species of primates. The bacterium can also be grown in the laboratory by injection into the footpads of mice.

disease manifests in the skin as macules, papules, nodules, plaques or infiltration . Hypopigm ented or erythema tous skin patches.

and Physica l Exam Skin Test for Lepros y Biopsy Needle Biopsy Acid Fast Bacillu s (AFB) Stain Skin Lesion Biopsy Needle Biopsy of Periphe ral Nerve A positiv e measle sspecific IgM antibod y, A signific ant rise in IgG antibod y betwee n acute and conval escent paired

Measles

Measles, also known as Rubeola, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, singlestranded, negativesense RNA viruses.

Morbilliviru s

After 8 to 12 days, on average, symptoms of measles can begin.

Rubella is communica ble approximat ely one week before and for at least four days after the onset of the rash. CRS infants may shed the virus for months or longer after birth.

Rubella is transmitted by droplet spread or direct contact with infectious patients. Infants with CRS shed the rubella virus in their nose, pharyngeal secretions and urine for months or even years.

The portal of entry for the virus is the respiratory tract and possibly the conjunctivae. After undergoing local replication and spreading to regional lymph nodes, viremia ensues, which results in viral dissemination throughout the body, particularly to the skin and mucous membranes. This results in the characteristic clinical features of

After an incubatio n period of 10 - 11 days, the patient enters the prodroma l stage with fever, malaise, sneezing, rhinitis, congestio n, conjunctiv itis and cough. Koplik's spots,

Treatm

ent of measle s is largely sympto matic Vitami n A show n to be effecti ve (Ameri can Acade my of Pediatr ics) Treat

the infection.

Pediculo sis

Pediculosis is an infestation of lice blood-feeding ectopar asitic insects of the order Phthiraptera. The condition can occur in almost any species of warm-blooded animal

Lice

The eggs are known as nits and hatch in six to seven days

Communica bility continues as long as lice or their nymphs remain alive.

Pediculosis is transmitted through direct head to head contact with a person with head lice. Nymphal and adult

The Anoplura are wingless and have 3 pairs of legs, each ending with a clawlike talus for grasping. The size and shape of the claws are adapted to the texture and shape of the hairs and/or clothing fibers they grasp.

which are pathogno monic are measles, appear on the buccal and lower labial mucosa opposite the lower molars. The distinctiv e maculopa pular rash appears about 4 days after exposure and starts behind the ears and on the forehead. From here the rash spreads to involve the whole body. Thirty lousy school children were clinically examined . The common manifesta tion was pruritus

sera, A positiv e viral culture for measle s, Detecti on of the virus by reverse transcri ptionpolyme rase change reactio n (RTPCR)

any second ary infectio ns

lice survive, dependent on the humidity of the environmen t, and according to Queensland research usually die within 24 hours of being stranded away from the head.

Their bodies are flat and covered with tough chitin. Human lice have small anterior mouthparts with 6 hooklets that aid their attachment to human skin during feeding. The sucking mouthparts retract into the head when the lice are not feeding. In general, lice feed approximately 5 times per day for approximately 3545 minutes each time.

with or without lymphade nopathy. The least common manifesta tion was erythema . Other manifesta tions as excoriatio n, bite reaction, impetigo contagios a, crusts behind ears.

Scabies

Scabies is a contagious skin infection that occurs among humans and animals. It is caused by a tiny and usually not directly visible parasitethe mite Sarcoptes scabieiwhich burrows under the host's skin, causing intense allergic itching. The word scabies is derived from the Latin word scabere, which means scratch. Colloquially it is the disease known as the seven year itch.

Mites

Eggs hatch after 3-4 days into larvae, which dig new burrows closer to the skin surface

Scabies is communica ble until mites and eggs are destroyed by treatment, usually two courses one week apart. Itching may persist for two or more weeks after successful eradication of the mite.

contact with towels, bedclothes and undergarments if these have been contaminat ed by infested persons within the last four to five days.

The skin is the main organ involved in scabies. The lesion is caused by the gravid female mite burrowing beneath the stratum corneum. She leaves behind a trail of debris, eggs, and feces (scybala), which induces an immunologic response. The female can lay as many as 90 eggs in her 30-day lifespan. The larvae hatch in 3-4 days; they mature to adult forms over the next 2 weeks and continue the cycle. The average patient

Adults manifest lesions primarily on the flexor aspects of the wrists, the interdigit al web spaces of the hands, the dorsal feet, axillae, elbows, waist, buttocks, and genitalia. Pruritic

is infected with 1015 live adult female mites at any given time.

papules and vesicles on the scrotum and penis in men and areolae in women are highly characteri stic.

Paolo Manasan 3BSN