INTRODUCTION

COMMUNICATION: It is the process where by information is transferred from one point called source to the other point called destination (receiver). RADIO: Radio comes after telephone in the communication history. It means wireless communication by electromagnetic wawes or precisely saying radio wawes. BROADCASTING: Broadcasting comes under the wide definition of communication, it means one way communication, where one speaks and other listens only without interfacing. The basic requirement is that the signal to be broadcast must be distortion free. RADIO STATION: For the purpose of entertainment and NEWS broadcasting, radio stations are established. First radio station started in 1935 in the state of Hyderabad. In Rajasthan first radio station was established on 9th of April 1955 in Jaipur, which was medium wawe station of 1KV power capability. AIR BIKANER STATION: Medium wawe Transmitter of NEC Company having 10KV power capabilities was inaugurated in April 1963 as an auxiliary centre of AIR, Jaipur. Till year 1980-81 the station was originated three hours of program daily, there activity of station was increased and station functioning as full-filled station from 1981-82. In August 1992, 2*10KV transmitter has been installed which increased power of transmission to 20KV. STUDIO CATEGORY:The radio station categorized according to the number of studios in the station. Broadly it is divided into five categories (A) Studio 1 (B) Studio 2 (Having four studios egBikaner radio station) (C) Studio 3 (D) Studio 4 (E) Studio 5: This type of studio is present metro cities having two music studios, two drama studios as per requirement. BIKANER STUDIO: Bikaner radio station is II type of radio station having four studios:(A) Music studio (B) Drama studio (C) Talk studio (D) Play back studio

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RADIO STATION

Consoles are the main component in the radio station. Control room is the place from where all features of programs are controlled prior to send to the transmitter for broadcasting. It means the proper programs of appropriate level, the clarity of sound, noise level etc. are monitored before broadcasting. For program monitoring & selection of the proper program to be broadcasted is selected through switching console. Switching console is the main component in the control room. Signal is routed through distribution amplifier while passing from the control room. The

purpose of the distribution amplifier is to provide multiple outputs at the same level from single input. Mainly playback studio is used for announcing a program & rest studios are chiefly used recording live & however we can use them as playback in emergency. Main component of playback studio is announcer console. Here input is through mike(-7db) & record players(0db),output is at +4dbu after internal processing. Output signal is selected by fader (variable attenuator) & leads to jack panel , after repeat coil 7 & 4db pad. Repeat coil is 1:1 transformer used for safety purpose to protect one circuit from another circuit fault by separating them electrically. A +4db pad is provided so that input to switching console is 0db. In jack panel various connection are provided, of all studios & six of R.N. frequencies. We can interlink them or connect to switching console through bars. Recording room is for recording & editing of various programs. Switching console is similar in function as announcer console but output of this is send to transmitter after equalized line amplifier. Now signal is send to transmitter by coaxial cables, also both ends are connected to repeat coil. In transmitting station signal is again fed to equalizer line amplifier & then to 14db pad, then -6dbu signal is fed to limiter (6dbu), then a 6db pad. Now signal is fed to transmitter. In Bikaner AIR there are two transmitters having capacity of 10KW each. A combiner is provided to combine their power output, which is fed to antenna (110 meter self-radiating steel tower). A dummy antenna (resistor) is provided to bear the output of other transmitter in case of failure of one transmitter, the selector switch on the combiner control this. Also, there is an emergency studio in the transmitting station to use in emergency created due to difficulty in receiving signal from studio.

RADIO NETWORKING TERMINAL

SATELLITESince the advent of freedom, India has embarked upon a program of
national development & has attempted to use very consciously, since technology as an instrument for rapidly accelerating national growth. Radio & television can serve as efficient tools for learning & distortion free information transfer for instruction. The need for developmental information is maximum in rural & economically backward villages, which are remote & isolate from urban centers. The absence of an extensive was ameliorated by the successful launchings of INSAT-1D & INSAT-2D.

The first generation India satellite system (INSAT-1D) built by the ford aerospace & communication corporation FACC of USA, to Indian specification & requirements under a contact from the development of space (DOS) is located at 83 degree east longitude INSAT- 1D became operational on June 1990 & INSAT2A during July 1992. Each of the multipurpose INSAT-1 satellites is designed to provide the following capabilities over there individual seven year in orbit life. Fixed satellites service (FSS): Twelve transponders operating in 5935-6415 MHz (up-link), 3710-4200 (downlink). Utilization for thick route, thin route and remote area communication and TV program distribution. Broadcast satellite service (BSS): Two transponders in operating in 58555935MHz (uplink) and 2555-2635MHz (downlink). Utilization for direct TV broadcasting to augmented low cost community TV sets in rural areas radio program distribution, national TV networking disaster warning.

R.N. TERMINAL:
The various stations of AIR spread throughout the nation are required to relay certain programs and news services, centrally originated at New Delhi. There are also events of popular interests, taking place any where in the country, which need national or regional coverage. The programs for external service also originate at New Delhi and broadcast round the clock from transmitting stations located at Aligarh, Calcutta, Jullunder, Rajkot, Bombay, & Madras. In order to meet these varied requirements, AIR needs an elaborated networking systems, confirming to a set of quality and reliability objectives. Any one of the six carrier signals is selected in one module and is down converted to 5.5MHz in the synthesizer. Now in the demodulator unit original audio signals are extracted. R.N. Terminal has been developed at Space application centre (SAC) Ahemdabad of ISRO as a joint ISRO program. The uplinks are provided by P & T. Radio networking refers to National networking of AIR stations through the series of satellite for radio programming distribution. The Radio Network terminals (RNT) located at AIR stations receives the S-BAND. R.N. transmission & audio program thus received after processing is fed to transmitter to be broadcasted. The RNT acts as the ground terminal for satellite signal reception. The transponder is INSAT-2 satellite that can accommodate 28 channels. The RNT is thus designed to receive any of these channels and six of them simultaneously. In, addition, the equipment is confined incorporate redundancy. The block diagram of R.N. terminal is shown in figure. The system is considered by the following components:1. 12ft. chickens mesh reflector antenna + helical feed. 2. Low noise amplifier unit (LNA). 3. Front-end converter unit (FEC). 4. Passive frequency translator unit (FTP). 5. Active frequency translator unit (FTA).

6. Synthesized translator unit. 7. Audio demodulator unit (DEM). 8. Power supply (PS). The 12ft. parabolic antenna collects the R.N. carriers transmitted by the satellite and feed them to the feed mounted LNA unit. The LNA unit contains two channels of LNA PCBs in the redundant mode any of which can be selected by means of an RF switch. The outputs of the LNAs are combined in powers to give the output of two LNAs unit. The S-BAND output of two LNA is given to FEC through low loss cable. The FEC contains two channels of down converter & IF pre amplifier. An RF switch does channel selection. The FEC is located close to the antenna & is converted to the indoor unit by means of a coaxial cable for carrying the IF signal & a separate three core cable for the +24 volt DC supply. Power of LNA module is taken from the power connector points of FEC. Power to the normal/redundant sites of the LNA/FEC is switched by a toggle switch provided on the front panel of the FAT unit. In the indoor part of the equipment, the signal from the FBC is fed to the power divider in the passive frequency translator. The two wide band (92MHz) filters in the passive frequency translator, separate the 52MHz components of the IF. Again the 52MHz/92MHz signals are divided.

The power dividers are used to get normal and redundant channels, which can be selected by changing the cable connection. The four outputs are then fed to the audio frequency translator. The signal of 92 MHz band undergoes frequency down conversion, amplification and power division in the active translator. Also 52MHz band signals undergo power division in the translator unit. The output signal of the active translator, which is now in the 52MHz band and fed to the synthesized translator via coaxial cables. Each such translator has six numbers of synthesizer + translator plug in modules. Any of the channels can be selected/tuned by varying the entry of front panel thumb wheel switch of the synthesized plug-in. The selected input signals are down converted to 5.5 MHz in the synthesized translator output signal is undergone demodulation, de-emphasis filtering (L.P.) in the demodulator plug-in module in the demodulator unit. The outputs of these are in a demodulator unit. The output of this audio is across 600 ohm (balanced). In the active frequency translator facility is provided to monitor the carrier levels on the front panel level meter. The power supply unit for the R.N. terminal is meant to cater the power supply requirement of R.N. terminal equipment. This 19th rack is mountable unit, provides both +24 volt and -24 volt tracking regulated DC output, the positive supply has a current rating of 5 A., while the negative supply output is rated for 3 A. The power supply unit features over

voltage and short circuit protection. The unit operates at 230 volt, 50 Hz singlephase mains.

CONSOLE:
The console has been specially designed for broadcast application, keeping in mind the stress for high reliability and continuous operations. The console is ideally suited for any broadcast studio, which requires efficient use of its facility while maintaining the highest subjective audio quality throughout the transmission process. Types of console:Announcer console (8 channel audio mixer) Audio switching console Dubbing control console Phone in console ANNOUNCER CONSOLE(8 CHANNEL AUDIO MIXER) Keltron mono audio mixer is designed and developed to meet AIR specification. It is used in transmission studios and talks announcer room of AIR for mixing and controlling of audio program. Keltron audio mixers have eight input modules and

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