Chapter 2 Forces and Motion 2.3 Inertia 1.

Newtons 1st Law states that in the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity. 2. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes to its state of rest or motion. 3. An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia.

2.4 Momentum and Conservation of Momentum 1. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. 2. Principle of the conservation of momentum states that when objects collide, the momentum before collision is the same as the momentum after collision provided no external forces. 3. Total momentum in a closed system is constant if no external forces. 4. Newtons 2nd Law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction.

Impulse

Impulsive Force

Elastic Collision Both objects move independently at their respective velocities after collision. Momentum is conserved Kinetic energy is conserved Total energy is conserved

Inelastic Collision Both objects combine and move together with a same velocity after collision. Momentum is conserved Kinetic energy is NOT conserved Total energy is conserved

2.8 Gravity 1. Gravitational force is the force that pulls all objects towards the ground from the centre of the Earth. 2. Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of gravity accelerate at a constant rate. 3. This acceleration is known as the gravitational acceleration, g. 4. When an object falls without encountering any resistance from a height towards the earth with an acceleration due to gravity, g, the object is said to be free falling. 5. Free fall can only happen in vacuum condition. 6. Weight, W is the gravitational force exerted on an object by the Earth. 7. Weight is measured in Newton, N and is a vector quantity.

8. Newtons 3rd Law states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude but in the opposite direction.

2.10 Work Energy Power and Efficiency 1. Work is the product of force, F and distance, s .

Kinetic Energy The energy of an object due to its motion

Potential Energy The energy of an object due to its relative position of physical state.

2. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change from one form of energy to another. 3. Power is the ratio of work done to time taken.

4. Hookes Law states that applied force, F is directly proportional to the extension, x of spring if its elastic limit is not exceeded.

5. Factors affecting elasticity of a material: (a) Length of spring (b) Diameter of spring (c) Material