Sustainable Urban Transportation:

Integrating Cycling and Walking in

Urban Transport Planning

Cornie Huizenga
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities,
Interface for Cycling Expertise (I-CE) Netherlands and
Geetam Tiwari of Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

06 September 2005
Manila, Philippines
1

CAI-Asia Goals

The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates

innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities
through sharing experiences and building partnerships

• Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality

management
• Capacity building
• Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the
regional level
• Assisting cities in formulating and implementing
integrated air quality management systems
• Piloting projects to encourage innovation

“Creating an Air Quality Management

Community in Asia” 2

1
CAI-Asia Membership
GAs
CITIES Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India
Australia Department of Environment and Heritage
Bangkok,Thailand Balochistan EPA, Pakistan
Chiang Mai,Thailand
Chengdu,PRC
Central Pollution Control Board, India
Department of Environment, Bangladesh
54 NGOs
Chittagong,Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India and
Chongqing,PRC Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
Colombo,Sri Lanka
Department of Energy, Philippines Academic
Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines
Dhaka, Bangladesh Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Institutions
Guangzhou,PRC Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of Environment, Japan
Haiphong, Viet Nam Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong, SAR in the
Hangzhou,PRC Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan
Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Region
Hanoi,Viet Nam Ministry of Environment, Indonesia
Harbin,PRC Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia
Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India
Hyderabad, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand
Islamabad,Pakistan State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point)
Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kathmandu,Nepal FULL PRIVATE SECTOR
Lahore, Pakistan DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Member
Makati,Philippines Asian Development Bank Ford Motor Co. Shell
Metro Manila, Philippines German Agency for Technical Clean Diesel Tech. Inc.
Mumbai, India Cooperation
Naga,Philippines
The William and Flora Hewlett
Phnom Penh,Cambodia
Foundation
ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR
Pune, India
Singapore, (NEA) The World Conservation Union Member
Surabaya,Indonesia United States-Asia AVL Corning Johnson
Tianjin,PRC Environmental Partnership DEKRA ACFA Matthey
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Sida Cerulean IPIECA
Yogyakarta,Indonesia MAHA SGS 3
World Bank

The Often Overlooked Importance of

Cycling and Walking …

• Cycling and walking improves the quality and functionality

of cities
• Cycling and walking is part of advanced transport systems
in highly-motorized countries
• Cycling and walking is an important feeder for public
transport
• Cycling and walking has
major environmental benefits
• The economic benefits of
cycling, as well as walking,
are high
• Personal health effects of
cycling and walking are high
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2
What is Happening to Cycling and Walking
in Asia?

• Before ….. many people walked and cycled

because everyone else was doing so and
alternatives were scarce
• Now, in most of the cities NMT share is going
down rapidly
• Policy-making is car biased and transport financing
is also biased towards motorized transport

India
5

A Need for a Paradigm Shift…

Manila, Philippines Beijing, China

Source: Huizenga Source: Huizenga

Manila, Philippines
Tokyo, Japan Source: Huizenga 6
Source: Huizenga

3
Uplifting human dignity…

Chengdu, China Bogota ,Colombia,

Source: GTZ Source: Wijnen, I-Ce

Marikina, Philippines Singapore

7
Source: GTZ Source: GTZ

Integrating Urban, Transport, and Land-

Use Planning

Bangkok, Thailand Utrecht, The Netherlands

Source: Wittink, I-Ce

“Cycling and walking need to be included in the

planning of cities and transport systems”

4
Integrating Urban, Transport, and Land-
Use Planning

Bogotá – Before… Bogotá – After…

Source: Penalosa Source: Penalosa

“It is possible to redesign existing land-use and

transport systems” 9

Cost Benefit Analyses:

Bogotá, Colombia

million US$
in 10 years

700
50% C/B 1 : 7
600
500
400 23%
300 13%
5% 9% Costs
200
100 - - - Benefits
0
-100
-200
Bicycle theft
Pollution

Health
Congestion
Infrastructure

Road safety

User costs

Time savings
Costs

Source: Economic Significance of Cycling, Published by I-ce 10

5
European Approach to Promoting Cycling
and Walking: Master Plans
• From corridors to a network
• Connecting Origins and Destinations
• Safe crossings and Short cuts
• Feeding public transport and rationalising motorised transport

The Dutch Case The Case of Berlin

• 16 mln people • Cycling network 900 km
• own 16 mln bicycles, • 10% share of all trips
• ride 16 mln bicycle • 250.000 demonstrators to
trips/day claim more

Germany
11
The Netherlands

Quality criteria for successful cycling

and walking interventions: Directness
Short routes for cyclists
Two way cycle traffic on all
roads
Reducing delays

Ways to achieve this:

- A finely meshed cycle network
- Cycling is allowed on all roads
- Short cuts wherever possible
- Straight cycle tracks and lanes
- Favourable signalling
- No detours Pisa, Italy
Source: Wittink 12

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Quality criteria for successful cycling
and walking interventions: Coherence
The cycling infrastructure forms a
coherent unit and links with all
departure points and destinations of
cyclists
Houten, The
Netherlands
Source: Wittink

This requires:
- Consistent in quality
(recognizable layout)
- Continuous
(few changes in layout
or width) Shanghai,
China

- Complete routes
(no interruptions)
- Proper signposting 13

Quality criteria for successful cycling

and walking interventions: Safety
Safety is one of the most
important and complex
requirements

Measures to restore the balance

between motorised and non-
motorised traffic do not only
improve the safety of cycling and Utrecht, The Netherlands
Source: Wittink

walking, but also the safety of

motorised modes
The Netherlands:
from 1980 – 1998:
30% more cycling, 50% more car km;
54% less fatal cycling accidents
Germany:
from 1975 – 1998:
Bogota, Colombia
Share of cycling from 8 – 12%, 66% less fatal Source: Wittink, I-ce

cycling accidents 14

7
Quality criteria for successful cycling
and walking interventions: Comfort
The cycling infrastructure provides
a smooth surface, allows
manoeuvrability and limits the
need to come to standstill
Ways to achieve this:
- Few stoppages for cyclists by
providing right of way and
favourable signalling
- A good, flat and smooth road
surface
- Wide cycle tracks and lanes
- Shelter from wind, sun and rain
- No necessity to dismount

15

Quality criteria for successful cycling and

walking interventions: Attractiveness

The NMT infrastructure is

designed and fit into the
surroundings in such a way that
cycling and walking is attractive

Ways to achieve this:

- Cycle routes pass through
attractive and varied
surroundings
- Cycle routes coincide as little as
possible with car corridors
- Provide a socially secure road Piacenza, Italy
or environment Source: Wittink

16

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Quality criteria for successful cycling and
walking interventions: Institutional set-up

• A joint vision on the

contribution of cycling and
walking to sustainable
transport among
stakeholders
• ClearInstitutionalizing
targets on NMT which Cycling and Walkway
Facilities
are backed by sound
financial mechanisms
• Strong legislation and
regulations defining the role
of NMT
• Broad national and local
resource base to support
research on NMT and the Shanghai, China

planning and implementation

of NMT programs
17

Asian examples: Delhi, current situation

18
Source: Tiwari, TRIPP-IIT

9
Delhi, proposed traffic management

19
Source: Tiwari, TRIPP-IIT

Delhi: Costs and benefits

Investments for Proposed Non-Motorized and Bus
Priority Lane
• Estimated cost of 1km of NMV and bus priority lane =
~US$ 680,000 to US$ 1.1 Million - (460 km possible)
• Estimated cost of 1km of metro =
~US$45 to 68 Million - (41 km underground, 86 surface planned)
• 1 flyover = US$ 68,000 to 224,000 - (21 under construction, 50 planned)
• 1 bus shelter/bay = US$6,500
Avoided costs due to investments in NMT /PT
infrastructure
• Capacity improvement 19-23% with exclusive NMT lane
• Capacity improvement 56-73% with high capacity bus system
• 46% reduction in safety costs on a typical Delhi arterial
• 80% reduction in junction delays
• 28% reduction in fuel consumption
• 29% reduction in health costs 20
Source: Tiwari, TRIPP-IIT

10
Pakistan- maintain the bazaars

Lahore, Pakistan

21

China- Give way to the cyclists and

pedestrians

Suzhou, China

22

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China- Bicycle parking

Beijing, China Beijing, China

23

Seoul- Asia’s Big Dig

The Six-Lane Cheonggyecheon Highway will soon be

transformed into a riverscape 24

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Space for NMT

Chengdu, China

Bangkok, Thailand
Source: GTZ
25

Finally --- cycling is fun!!!

Beijing, China

Huahin, Thai Yangshou, China

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