Possible Abbreviations

ADB AEC ASA BARC BARD BARI BAU BBBB BBS BCAS BSCIC BCSIR BDT BIDS BIM BLRI BPDB BPC BPT BRAC BRDB BRRI BSP BSTI BUET CDM Cft CIRDAP CMES COAST DAE DANIDA DGIS DLS DoE EIRR EPRC ERD FY GDP GEF GI GOB GS GTZ HSD HYV IDA IDCOL IDF IFAD Asian Development Bank Atomic Energy Commission Association for Social Advancement Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Bangladesh Agricultural University Bangladesh Bureau of Biogas and Bio-technology Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Bangladesh Taka (1 Euro is equal to about 85 Taka) Bangladesh Institute for Development Studies Bangladesh Institute for Management Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute Bangladesh Power Development Board Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation Biogas Practice Team (SNV) Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee Bangladesh Rural Development Board Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Biogas Support Programme (Nepal) Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Clean Development Mechanism (under the Kyoto protocol) Cubic feet (28.3 litres) Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia & the Pacific Centre for Mass Education in Science Coastal Association for Social Transformation Trust Department of Agricultural Extension Danish International Development Agency Directorate General for International Cooperation (Netherlands) Department of Livestock Services Department of Environment Economic Internal Rate of Return Environment & Population Research Centre Financial Internal Rate of Return Fiscal Year Gross Domestic Product Global Environment Facility Galvanised Iron Government of Bangladesh Grameen Shakti German Technical Cooperation High Speed Diesel High Yielding Variations International Development Association Infrastructure Development Company Ltd. Integrated Development Foundation International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFRD IMED INGO IPP ISO KfW kgOE LA LGED MFI MoA MoFP MoPEMR MoSIC MoU NGO NGOAB PKSF PO PP PROSHIKA PURE QC RCC R&D RE REB REDA REIN REREDP RET RNE SET SEU SHS SKO SNV TAPP TMSS UNDP USAID USD WB WWF

Institute for Fuel Research and Development Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division (MoFP) International Non Governmental Organisation Independent Power Producer International Standard Organisation Kreditanstalt fr Wiederaufbau (German Development Bank) Kilogram Oil Equivalent Line Agency Local Government Engineering Department (GOB) Micro Finance Institute Ministry of Agriculture (GOB) Ministry of Finance and Planning (GOB) Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources (GOB) Ministry of Science, Information & Communication Technology (GOB) Memorandum of Understanding Non Governmental Organisation NGO Affairs Bureau Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation Partner Organisation Project Proforma Proshika Manobik Unnayan Kendra Promotion of the Use of Renewable Energies (GTZ) Quality Control Reinforced Cast Concrete Research & Development Renewable Energy Rural Electrification Board Renewable Energy Development Agency Renewable Energy Information Network Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development Project Renewable Energy Technology Royal Netherlands Embassy Sustainable Energy Technology Sustainable Energy Unit (under MoPEMR) Solar Home System Superior Kerosene Oil Netherlands Development Organisation Technical Assistance Project Proforma Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha United Nations Development Programme US Agency for International Development Unites States Dollar World Bank World Wildlife Foundation

Biogas Technology in Bangladesh

Introduction:
Bangladesh is densely populated country. Large proportions of rural and urban poor traditionally harvest; fire wood, Vegetation, animal excreta and agricultural residues average. Population explosion and to meet related energy demands deforestation level is higher than forestation efforts which is resulting environmental degradation. Uses of fire wood increases for domestic cooking. These methods proved to be unsustainable as fire woods contributed to higher levels of deforestation. Vegetation covers only 9-10 % of total land, which is lowest as world at rate of 2 % annually. The high cost of petroleum products, low coverage of the electricity grid, gasification and increasing scarcity of traditional fuel woods due to deforestation created an energy deficit situation in rural Bangladesh. Environmental experts predicted massive deforestation if crisis is not being met from alternative source. However long term sustainable development in energy sector requires a gradual shifting towards renewable sources of energy. Country like Bangladesh, making people renewable way meeting energy demands, considerably Biogas technology is cheaper option.

Biogas:
Organic matters such as animal and human excreta, agricultural and industrial waste, water hyacinth etc. when fermented under an anaerobic condition produce a combustible gas called Biogas. It is a renewable source of energy, can be used as fuel for cooking, lighting, running vehicles and generators, etc. Other natural resources like oil, gas etc. are limited and will be exhausted in course of time. That is why; the developed countries consider their natural resources very precious and are cautious about extracting those. In Bangladesh neither the decision-makers nor the experts pay due importance on proper extraction and use of natural resources. With the present rate of consumption, natural energy resources like gas will be exhausted shortly and this is high time to derive policy and practice for exploration and use of alternative renewable sources if we want to meet energy crisis in near future. Biogas has been found to be a proven renewable energy option.

Production of Biogas:
We know that when any organic materials like cow dung and other organic matters fermented under an anaerobic condition produce a combustible gas. But without anaerobic condition bio gas cannot be formed. For this a chamber is needed. The chamber is made especially, which shape is dome like have an inlet and an outlet chamber.

Mechanism of biogas fermentation:

A) Groups of Biogas microbes-

B)

Groups of microbes involved in the 3 stages of biogas fermentation

Composition:
The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 5575% CH4, which for reactors with free liquids can be increased to 80-90% methane using in situ gas purification techniques As-produced, biogas also contains water vapor. The fractional volume of water vapor is a function of biogas temperature; correction of measured gas volume for both water vapor content and thermal expansion is easily done via a simple mathematic algorithm which yields the standardized volume of dry biogas. In some cases biogas contains siloxanes. These siloxanes are formed from the anaerobic decomposition of materials commonly found in soaps and detergents. During combustion of biogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and can combine with free oxygen or various other elements in the combustion gas. Deposits are formed containing mostly silica (SiO2) or silicates (SixOy) and can also contain calcium, sulfur, zinc, phosphorus. Such white mineral deposits accumulate to a surface thickness of several millimeters and must be removed by chemical or mechanical means. Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes and other biogas contaminants are currently available.

Typical composition of biogas Compound Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen sulfide Oxygen Chemical CH4 CO2 N2 H2 H2S O2 % 5075 2550 010 01 03 00

Introduction of Biogas Technology in Bangladesh:

Biogas, which is mainly composed of methane (60-70%) and carbon dioxide (30-40%) is a combustible gas produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic materials by the action of methanogenic bacteria. Methane is odorless gas and burns with a clear blue flame without smoke. When biogas is used in suitable designed burners, it gives a clean, smokeless, blue flame, which is ideal for cooking. If biogas is used in specially designed lamp it gives a light similar to the kerosene pressure lamps. Family size biogas plant is appropriate for the domestic use such as cooking and lighting. The first Indian KVIC model floating-drum biogas plant was constructed in 1972 at the premises of Bangladesh Agriculture University (BAU) for research and study purposes. Later, on Bangladesh Council for Scientific Industrial Research (BCSIR), Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), German Development Cooperation (GTZ) and some other organizations promoted this technology. From 2006 onwards, SNV involving local partner organizations has been trying to scale up the domestic biogas through out the country.

Potentials of Biogas in Bangladesh:

Biogas is generally considered feasible if temperature is warm, feeding materials such as water, cattle dung and high quality construction materials are easily available; transporting construction materials is easy and human resource for plant construction is locally available. Looking into the above conditions, Bangladesh has higher prospects for the technology as it fulfils all of them. Regarding the availability of cattle dung, a livestock census carried out in 1996 revealed that 8.44 million households were reported to keep 22.29 million of cattle/buffalo. Out of this about 952,000 households used to rear more than 5 heads of cattle per household whereas about 2.1 million households keep average 3-4 cattle heads per household. Similarly, about 116,000 poultry farms are operating in Bangladesh. If we consider these smaller sized biogas plants the total technical

History and plant Installation in Bangladesh:

The first biogas plant (floating dome type) was constructed in 1972. The Institute for Fuel Research and Development (IFRD) of Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) has been the main actor for the dissemination of domestic biogas plants in Bangladesh till date. Other organisations being involved at different stages have been BRAC, Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Department of Environment (DoE), Grameen Shakti (GS), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC), Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) and Department of

Livestock Services (DLS). In total, close to 24,000 family-sized biogas plants of different designs have been installed throughout Bangladesh so far. Due to termination of projects, installation of biogas plants has been stopped almost completely since June 2004. Table 4-1 presents a summary of the number of plants disseminated by the differen organisations. A chronological narrative description is provided below this table

Sl.

Organization

Period 1973-2005 1985-2001 1979-1983 1987-2005 1988-1994 1983-1988 1983-1984 1982 1971-1973 1981 1974 1978 1983

Number of Plants 22,100 7,000 260 300 70 30 20 4 2 2 1 1 1 8992 38,765 (Nov 19, 2008)

01. Bangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR) 02. Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) 03. Department of Environment (DoE) 04. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) 05. DLS 06. Thengamara Mohuila Sabuj Sangha (TMSS) 07. Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) 08. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) 09. Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) 10. Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) 11. Housing & Building Research Institute (HBRI) 12. Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) 13. Bangladesh Commission for Christian Development (BCCD) 14. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) 15. Construction Partner Organization (CPO) under IDCOL Grand Total

1971-2008

Table: Biogas Plants Constructed by different Organizations in Bangladesh.

In 1972, BAU set up a first floating-drum plant in the University campus to study the characteristics of gas production, followed later by a plant that provided gas for cooking and lighting for a family of six members. In the campus of BCSIR, another plant was constructed by

IFRD in 1976, followed by a plant at the KBM College in Dinajpur in 1980. As the construction costs were high and no subsidy available, only few plants (72) were constructed by well-to-do farmers with technical assistance by IFRD. In 1981, DoE started its programme through which about 150 floating-drum and 110 fixed dome plants were installed by contractors free of cost. Other efforts were undertaken by BSCIC (a number of plants), DANIDA (few trench and bag type digesters), LGED (over 200 plants) and DLS (about 70 plants). Also the Grameen Bank installed 17 plastic bag digesters. Under the Fuel Saving Project implemented from 1989 to 1991, IFRD trained local youths who constructed in total 146 plants in the premises of well-todo farmers. The gas holder was supplied free of cost. In 1994, LGED supported the establishment of an ecological village (Amgram in Madaripur district) among others by converting 95 open latrines into family plants. An important dissemination push was delivered by the Biogas Pilot Plant (1st phase) Project implemented by BCSIR in the period July 1995 to June 2000. In total 4,664 fixed dome plants were constructed throughout the country. BCSIR employed and trained 128 diploma civil engineers who were assigned responsibilities for motivation, installation and after sales service throughout the country. In addition, 898 youths were trained to support the project. The biogas farmers received an investment subsidy of Taka 5,000 under the project. MoUs were signed between BCSIR and several other institutes like BRAC, LGED and DLS for research, training and dissemination of the biogas technology. The cooperation with BRAC was the most successful as this organisation managed to motivate about 1,200 farmers. An interim evaluation report in 1999 reported 99% of the plants installed under the project in operation, while 91% of the owners could meet their household fuel demand through biogas. Bio-slurry from the biogas plants was used in horticulture, pisciculture and agriculture. The average saving per plant amounted to Taka 759 per month (BCSIR, June 2001). As the 1st phase was successfully completed and the potential for biogas in Bangladesh considered huge, BCSIR implemented the 2nd phase of the Biogas Pilot Plant in the period July 2000 to June 2004. The target for this phase was put on 20,000 biogas plants, out of which 17,194 plants were finally realised. The investment subsidy for the owner was increased to Taka 7,500 per plant. In addition to the diploma civil engineers employed and paid on a monthly basis by BCSIR, an agency system was introduced on incentive basis. About 50 agencies were recognised in defined areas (mostly districts) and received a lump sum fee of Taka 5,000 per plant as service charge. About 1,000 masons and youths were trained under the project as well. In the period from October 1998 to June 2003, the LGED implemented a parallel biogas project aiming to install 1,900 domestic plants. As the investment subsidy for this project amounted to Taka 5,000 only, it proved to be rather difficult to motivate farmers during the implementation of the 2nd phase of the Biogas Pilot Plant Project when BCSIR was providing a subsidy of Taka 7,500 to farmers. Therefore, the LGED project was terminated prematurely, after having constructed

about 1,120 biogas plants. Under the Secondary Town Infrastructure Development Project-II, another 20 domestic plants were installed using human excreta only. Of more recent date is the initiative of GS aiming to construct not less than 200,000 biogas plants within a period of five years. This initiative is still in the preparatory phase; at the time of the mission a total of 10 plants were installed or under construction. Agency holders also continued to construct plants without any subsidy in very limited numbers after the termination of the 2nd phase of the BCSIR pilot project in June 2004.

Comparative position of Bangladesh in south Asia:

According to Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh Energy is one of the basic ingredients Required to alleviate poverty and socio-economic development. Better access to energy can improve the quality of life especially for developing countries. Per capita energy consumption of developing countries is very low compared to developed countries. Per capita energy consumption of Bangladesh is even very much lower among south Asian countries.

Figure 1: Comparative Status of per Capita Energy Consumption and per capita GDP in South Asia

Per capita electricity generation of Bangladesh is 182 kWh2 and it is among the lowest in the world. 83% 3of electricity is generated from natural gas. 70% of commercial energy supply of Bangladesh comes from natural gas. Only few urban people (about 3%) are enjoying household natural gas by pipe line. Rest of the people of Bangladesh relies on Biomass fuel and LPG for cooking, but LPG is very expensive for the rural people. On the other hand natural gas is running out quickly. Renewable energy is one of the best options to make energy system of the country more sustainable. Biogas is a promising renewable source to meet energy demand of rural Bangladesh. Domestic Biogas plants have gained popularity as alternative energy source in Bangladesh. Besides these there is growing number of comparatively large scale biogas plants operating on commercial basis. Some of these biogas plants are generating electricity and some of the plants owners are selling biogas to their neighbor. Although the huge potential of biogas plants in Bangladesh and efforts of various organizations the rate of installation of is very low compared to our neighboring countries like China and India It is well known among the biogas stakeholders that a large number of biogas digester constructed by Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) and Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) are not functioning at all or functioning partly4. So, before going to widen the dissemination of these commercial biogas plants, it is necessary to determine the status of functioning and socio-economic impacts of these existing commercial large scale biogas digesters. This study has been focused to identify the problems which affect the performance of existing plants so that the future planner could be benefited from it. The GTZ assisted Sustainable Energy for Development (SED) program supports the dissemination of institutional, commercial and large scale biogas plants interventions in Bangladesh. This study has presented the findings of questionnaire survey of these plants. On the basis of this survey final conclusions have been drawn and recommendations of positive and negative impacts have been formulated.

National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme:

In order to supply energy to the rural households and prevent further environmental and agricultural deterioration, SNV Netherlands Development Organisation has initiated the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP) in 2006 involving Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL) and several other local partner organizations. Till November 2009 more than 9000 biogas plants has been constructed in different parts of the country. A Mid-term Review of NDBMP was held in mid 2008 with the objective to assess the progress and to provide the recommendations for the implementation of the programme.

NDBMPs physical achievement against target was very low mainly due to administrative and managerial issues like the delayed registration of SNV Bangladesh, less motivated POs, delay in the availability of credit facilities and high staff turnover in IDCOL. But the programme is close to a market oriented implementation and has been able to operate because of the commitment of IDCOL in providing necessary funds for biogas loans even though in limited forms. Considering the potential and opportunity to achieve the original targets and for further up scaling the promotion of domestic biogas the MTR recommended for extending the implementation period. For funding of necessary refinancing for the construction of biogas plants GOB had approached German Government. KfW was supposed to phase in with a loan fund in the beginning of 2007, but the fund was actually available to IDCOL in the beginning of 2009 only. In addition to credit fund, KfW is providing investment subsidy from 2010 onwards. Hence considering recommendation from MTR and committed funds from DGIS and KfW, this NDBMP Implementation Plan 2010-12 has been developed.

Programme profile
Programme name National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme Programme duration Working area January 2010 December 2012 All over Bangladesh where domestic biogas plant is feasible Construction target 27,000 domestic size biogas plants

Implementing partners Infrastructure Development Company Limited, Bangladesh together with its Partner Organisations selected from private companies and local NGOs. Donor support Technical support DGIS (through SNV) and KfW SNV Netherlands Development Organisation

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME:

1) Overall Objective: The overall objective of the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme (NDBMP) is to further develop and disseminate domestic biogas plants in rural areas with the ultimate goal to establish a sustainable and commercial biogas sector in Bangladesh. 2) Specific Objectives The specific objectives contributing to its overall objectives are: To attract and strengthen organizations for sustainable development of the biogas sector, To increase the number of quality biogas plants by 37,269 in the till 2012, To stimulate internalization of all benefits of the biogas plants including utilization of bio-slurry, To ensure the continued operation of all biogas plants constructed under the program.

Plant Construction Target:

Year Construction Target 2010 7000 2011 9000 2012 11000 Total 27000

Conclusion:
NDBMP has already made impressive progress in development of biogas plants across the country through its partner organizations. However, long term sustainability of IDCOL s biogas program will largely depend on several aspects like quality and durability of its biogas plants, users satisfaction and benefits, ease of operation and maintenance and their direct and indirect impacts on various issues as discussed earlier. The rate of return from the investment in biogas plants cannot be earned without ensuring smooth operation of biogas plants that require proper and periodical maintenance. Available repair and maintenance services at grass-root level at affordable cost needs to be ensured.

Reference:
1) Dr. M. Habibur Rahmna & Dr. Abdullah AL-MUYEED SOLID AND HAZARAOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 2) Wikipedia-The free Encyclopedia 3) National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme Implementation Plan 2010-12 (NDBMP IP 2010-12) 4) Wim J. van Nes, Willem Boers and Khurseed-Ul-Islam Netherlands Development Organisation Biogas Practice Team Feasibility of a national programme on domestic biogas in Bangladesh (Final report) 4) M. F. Shadekul Islam Talukder Impact assessment of biogas plants: A case study in Bangladesh 6) Md. Jahangir Alam Directorate of Technical Education Technical Dhaka, Bangladesh SESAM/ARTES South Asian Regional Workshop, Nepal. 19-23, May 2008

Biogas Energy for Rural Development : Opportunities , Challenges and Lacuna of Implementation

Assignment No. 02 On BIO-GAS TECHNOLOGY IN BANGLADESH (present Condition)

Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology

Coarse Title Course No

: Municipal and Rural Sanitation : CE 6221

Submitted to:
Dr. Abdullah AL-MUYEED Assistant Professor Civil Engineering Department AUST Dhaka

Submitted by:
Fahim Chowdhury Roll No: 11.01.71.009 M.Sc. in Civil Engineering Civil Engineering Department AUST Dhaka Email:fahim045@hotmail.com

Date of Submission: 27th June, 2011