S. Chandra Has* et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES Vol No. 7, Issue No.

2, 248 - 253

Power Enhancement of Wind Energy Conversion System Using Hybrid Method

S. Chandra Has1 Associate Professor, Department of EEE Regency institute of technology Yanam, India Email: schandrahasa@gmail.com Dr.P.Ajay-D-Vimalraj2 Associate Professor, EEE Dept Pondicherry Engineering College Pondicherry, India Email: ajayvimal@yahoo.com

G.R.K.D.Satya Prasad3 Associate Professor, Department of EEE Regency institute of technology Yanam, India Email: grkdsp@yahoo.co.in Abstract- The wind energy conversion system can deliver the maximum power when the load impedance matches with the source impedance under a given wind speed. Since the load and wind speeds are varying dynamically, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) becomes more complex with the use of MPPT functions. The advantages of the MPPT methods are that no need of the Wind Generator (WG) optimal power characteristic or measurement of the wind speed is not required and the WG operates at a variable speed. Thus, the system features higher reliability, lower complexity and less mechanical stress on the Wind Generator.

Keywords-Wind generator(WG), Wind energy conversion system(WECS), maximum power operating point(MPOP), maximum power point tracking(MPPT), perturb and observation (PAO)method, incremental conductance method(ICM).

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The conventional methods for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are perturbation and observation (PAO) method and incremental conductance method. The PAO method is slow in tracking the maximum power operating point and may track the maximum power operating point (MPOP) wrongly under rapidly changing atmospheric or load conditions. In the incremental conductance method, the incremental conductance and the negative of present conductance value are compared with this method it is not possible to sense the variation in the environmental conditions. At steady state its tendency to vary the system condition is very poor. To overcome the disadvantages of above methods a hybrid method is used for tracking the maximum power. In this method, on power variation, the duty cycle are adjusted in according to the variation in rectifier output voltage.

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The worldwide concern about the environment has led to increasing interest in technologies for generation of renewable electrical energy. The ever-increasing demand for conventional energy sources has driven society towards the need for research and development of alternative energy sources. Many such energy sources, such as wind energy and photovoltaic are now well developed, cost effective and they are widely used. These sources offer the advantages of load shifting, customer demand, production of power in environmentally friendlier ways, and emergency backup power. Wind generators (WGs) have been widely used both in autonomous systems for supplying power to remote loads and in grid-connected applications. Although WGs have a lower installation cost compared to photovoltaic cells, the overall system cost can be further reduced using high-efficiency power converters, controlled such that the optimal power is acquired according to the atmospheric conditions. Wind power is used in large-scale wind farms for national electrical grid as well as in small individual turbines for providing electricity to rural residences or grid-isolated locations. The countries with the highest total installed capacity are Germany (20,621 MW), Spain (11,615 MW), USA (11,603 MW), India (6,270 MW) and Denmark (3,136 MW). The wind speed varies continuously and load also changes continuously. In order to match the load with WECS the maximum power point tracking is required. MPPT is not a mechanical tracking system; it is a fully electronic system that varies the electrical operating point of the wind energy conversion system. So that the wind energy conversion system able to deliver maximum available power. MPPT can be used in conjunction with a mechanical tracking system, but the two systems are completely different. A power electronic converter is connected in between WECS and load. The maximum power tracking process is done by the power electronic converter.

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I. INTRODUCTION

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II. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM Wind energy is transformed into mechanical energy by means of a wind turbine that has one or several blades. The turbine is coupled to the generator system by means of a mechanical drive train. It usually includes a gearbox that matches the turbine low speed to the higher speed of the generator. New wind turbine designs use multi pole, low speed generators, usually synchronous with field winding or permanent magnet excitation, in order to eliminate the gearbox. Some turbines include a blade pitch angle control for controlling the amount of power to be transformed. Stall controlled turbines do not allow such control. Wind speed is measured by means of an anemometer. A general scheme of Wind energy conversion system is shown in Figure

A. Mathematical Model of wind turbine: A wind energy conversion system is basically comprised of two main components, the aerodynamic component and the electrical component. The turbine forms a major constituent of the aerodynamic system. The energy that could be captured from wind by a specific turbine depends on its design particulars and operating conditions. In this section all aspects related to the power conversion, from kinetic wind energy to rotational energy, that are of relevance for the stability model are explained. The kinetic energy Ek of a mass of air m having the speed Vw is given by: The power associated to this moving air mass is the derivative of the kinetic energy with respect to time can be expressed as follows:
P o E K t

2 EK mVw 2

--- (1)

Fig 1. Wind energy conversion system

The power obtained by the turbine is a function of wind speed. This function may have a shape such as shown in Figure. For variable speed WECS the upper part of the curve between and can be kept linear, equal to the reference power.

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Fig.2 power versus speed curve
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The following notations are used: Pr: reference power, maximum power that the turbine can attain Vr: reference power wind speed, wind speed for which reference power is achieved Vci: cut-in wind speed, wind speed at which the turbine starts to produce power Vco: upper limit of the wind speed called cut-out wind speed, at which the turbine operates.

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CP

Where q represents the mass flow given by the expression: q =VW .A Where : Air density; A: Cross section of the air mass flow. Ek: kinetic energy of the air This fraction of power (Pwind) depends on the wind speed, rotor speed and blade position (for pitch and active stall control turbines) and on the turbine design. The aerodynamic efficiency Cp is defined as follows:

For a specific turbine design, the values of Cp (, ) are usually presented as a function of the pitch angle () and the tip speed ratio (). The tip speed ratio is given by: tur R ---(4) Vw Where R: the radius of the turbine blades. tur: the turbine angular speed. B. Speed Torque Characteristics Of Wind Turbine

Fig.3 Turbine speed power characteristics under different wind speeds

T
1 m

1 2 2 .Vw .qVw -- (2) 2 t 2

Pwind ---- (3) Po

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Fig.4: Torquespeed characteristics of the wind turbine and the generator III. Maximum Power Point Tracking The wind speed varies continuously and the load also changes continuously. In order to match the load with the wind energy conversion system we require a power electronic interface between the wind energy conversion system and the load. The basic block diagram of the wind energy conversion system is shown in figure.

Fig.6: Block Diagram for maximum power point tracking The duty cycle of the converter is maintained in such a way that the effective impedance seen by the wind energy conversion system source will be equal to the internal source impedance and hence maximum power is delivered.

Fig. 5: Block Diagram of a WECS

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This power-conditioning unit consists of AC-DC converter and DC-DC buck converter. The frequency and voltage at which power is producing are variable parameters. If we are connecting directly to the load the load gets affected. To avoid this condition power conditioner is connected in between source and load by which we can change the voltage and frequency of required level. The maximum power point tracking is done by using DC-DC converter. A. Maximum Power Operating Point Tracking: A maximum power point tracker is basically a converter connected in between the WECS source and the load. The duty cycle of is continuously changed and operated at a value such that the maximum power is tracked from the source. By maximum power transfer theorem, a source will deliver its maximum power when the source impedance matches the load impedance.

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Table: 1 Operation modes of buck converter B. Condition for Maximum Power Operating Point: MPPT process in wind energy conversion system is based on directly adjusting the dc/dc converter duty cycle according to the result of the comparison of successive WG-output-power measurements. Thus, the problem of maximizing the WG output power using the converter duty cycle as a control variable can be effectively solved using the steepest ascent method according to the following control law:

Where Dk and Dk-1 are the duty-cycle values at iterations k and k - 1, respectively (0 < Dk < 1); Pk-1/Dk-1 is the WG power gradient at step k - 1; and C1 is the step change.

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Dk Dk 1 C1 .

Figure below represents the typical curve of wind power variation according to the operating voltage and it shows that there are two operating zones: the first is located on the right side of the MPP where dp/d < 0 and the second on the left side of the MPP where dp/d > 0.

Fig. 6: Wind power variation

Pk 1 Dk 1

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Thus, the function P (D) has a single extreme point, coinciding with the WG MPOP, and the dc/dc converter duty-cycle adjustment according to the control law ensures convergence to the WG MPOP under any wind-speed condition. The power maximization process is shown in Figure below.

Fig.7 power maximization curve IV. Methods of MPPT The control of MPPT is done by using buck converter. By varying the buck converter duty ratio we can achieve maximum power tracking. There are two popular methods of maximum power point tracking in use. They are Perturbation and Observation method and Incremental Conductance method equal to zero under power feedback control. A general approach to power feedback control is to measure and maximize the power at the load terminal in this present work power feedback A. Perturbation and Observation method: In this method the duty cycle of the converter is continuously varied for each and every switching period. The value of power is found as multiplication of current and voltage. This present power is compared with the previous one. If both are equal, then no change in duty cycle is needed. i.e., the system is already operating in maximum power operating region. Thus the algorithm is very simple in mathematical calculation but with proper logical decisions. Hence it is considered as one of the easiest algorithm available for maximum power point tracking. B. Incremental conductance Method: In this method the value of conductance is calculated and compared with the previous value and is taken as incremental conductance. If this value is equal to the negation of the present conductance value, then the duty cycle is not varied. If this value is more than the negation of present conductance, then the duty cycle is increased, otherwise decreased. C. Hybrid method: This method gives a new and simple control method for maximum power tracking in a variable speed wind turbine permanent magnet synchronous generator by using a buck converter. A maximum power-tracking algorithm calculates the Voltage command that corresponds to maximum power output of the turbine.

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When the wind speed changes slowly the algorithm varies the duty cycle with its own speed whether the present operating condition is at maximum power operating region or at least nearer to it. So the value of power output will be always less than that it could have yielded. Choose the initial reference rotor speed and measure the output power of the generator. According to the value of measured DC output voltage of generator the reference voltage of wind generator increase or decrease by one step and measure the output power again. Calculate Sign (P) and Sign (V). Moreover the variation of duty cycle at a particular instant might cause an increase in power. In order to overcome these disadvantages here, the voltage generated at a particular wind speed is considered initially. The wind speeds will effects voltage at which the generator output is generated. So, wind speed is directly proportional to the generator output voltage in permanent magnet synchronous generators. The drawback of incremental inductance method is the implementation of the algorithm is very difficult since we require more accurate sensors, which will calculate the effective impedance of the system at the particular instant. So, in this hybrid algorithm we are taking the voltage value as the control measure and calculating power variations, which will be given to the duty cycle of the converter. This method is always operating at MPPT algorithm is easy to implement.

This algorithm is hybrid to overcome the disadvantages of the above-mentioned conventional methods of maximum power tracking, and it also incorporates the advantages of both the methods. The Perturbation and Observation method is erroneous because it does not consider whether the present operating value of duty cycle is correct or not. But it always concerns the next duty cycle to which it has to change. So in this hybrid algorithm we taking the voltage value as that the voltage of generator tracks the command voltage.

Fig.8: Flow chart for the hybrid method

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Command to control the output power of the permanent magnet generator, such that the voltage of generator tracks the command voltage. Control measure and calculating power variations, which will be given to the duty cycle of the converter. This method is always operating at MPPT algorithm is easy to implement. V. SIMULATION RESULTS The wind energy conversion system is modelled in MATLAB simulink simulation software. The MPPT algorithms were simulated in the graphical simulation software Simulink for which the graphical representation has been taken from below. The simulation is carried out using MATLAB simulink for 24 hours duration.

Fig.12: Power o/p using incremental conductance method

Fig.9: Wind generator speed versus power characteristics

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Fig.11: Power output using PAO method
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Fig.10: Power output With out MPPT under constant load conditions

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Fig.15: Power output using incremental conductance method

Fig.13 Power output using hybrid method

Fig.14: Power output using PAO method

Fig.16: Power output using hybrid method.

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VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, a hybrid algorithm is presented to track the maximum power from the wind energy conversion system eliminating the drawbacks under rapidly changing atmospheric or load conditions. The PAO method is slow in tracking the maximum power and may track the maximum power operating point (MPOP) wrongly under rapidly changing atmospheric or load conditions. The average output power is increasing by 14% by using the conventional methods. But, from the above results it is clear that using the hybrid method the power output is further increased by 3.54% in case of constant load condition and 4.2 % in case of variable load condition. REFERENCES [1] Tafticht, T.; Agbossou, K.; Cheriti, A, DC Bus Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Using a Buck-Boost Converter, IEEE Power Engineering Society General proceedings, pp.1-5, 18-22 June 2006. [2] Wang, Q., Chan, L.,An independent maximum power extraction strategy for wind energy conversion systems IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol.2, pp.1142 1147, 9-12 May 1999. [3] Eftichios Koutroulis and Kostas Kalaitzakis, Design of a Maximum Power Tracking System for Wind-EnergyConversion Applications, IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 2,pp.486-494, April 2006. [4] Esmaili.R.,Xu.L.,Nichols.D.K, A new control method of permanent magnet generator for maximum power tracking in wind turbine application , IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005. Vol. 3, pp.2090 2095, June 2005. [5] E. Muljadi and C. P. Butterfield, Pitch-controlled variable-speed wind turbine generation, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 240246,Jan. 2001. [6] A. M. De Broe, S. Drouilhet, and V. Gevorgian, A peak power tracker for small wind turbines in battery charging applications, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 16301635, Dec. 1999. [7] Chihchiang Hua, Chihming Shen, Study of maximum power tracking techniques and control of DC/DC converters for photovoltaic power system IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. PESC 98,Volume 1, pp.86 93, May 1998. [8] Mona N. Eskander, Neural network controller for a permanent magnet generator applied in a wind energy conversion system, Renewable Energy, Volume 26, Issue 3, Pp.463-477, July 2002. [9] Official Portal Malaysia Meteorological Department (MMD) http://www.met.gov.my/ [10] S. Arul Daniel and N. AmmasaiGounden, A Novel Hybrid Isolated Generating System Based on PV Fed Inverter-Assisted Wind-Driven Induction Generators, IEEE Trans. On Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 2, June 2004. [11] Fengge Zhang, Quanfu Shi, Yuxin Wang, FengXiang Wang, Simulation Research on Wind Solar Hybrid Power System Based on Fuzzy-PID Control, Proc. Of Int. Conf. on Electrical Machines and Systems, Oct 8-11, 2007.

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