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Contents
Aims of the Exercise
Learning about the functioning principle of PSK modulation Reconstruction of the transmitted bit pattern by demodulation of the PSK signal Learning about the functioning principle of QPSK modulation Reconstruction of the transmitted bit pattern by demodulation of the QPSK signal
Overview of Exercises
Exercise 1: PSK Modulation/Demodulation
Allocation of the oscillogramme at the measuring points DATA and BITCLOCK to a set bit pattern Allocation of the output voltage U PSK to different bit patterns Effect of different data transmission speeds Demodulation of the PSK signal
Allocation of the oscillogramme at the measuring points DATA and DIBITCLOCK to a set bit pattern Illustration of the dependency of the signals DIBIT X and DIBIT Y on the respective dibits of the set bit pattern Allocation of the output voltage U QPSK to different bit patterns and dibits Effect of different data transmission speeds Demodulation of the QPSK signal
Introduction
PSK (Phase-Shift-Keying), or more precisely 2PSK (PSK with two defined states), and QPSK or 4PSK (PSK with 4 defined states) belong to the group of so-called "digital modulation methods". Their classification in this family is as follows: 1. 1. Digital communications signal, sinewave carrier signal: o Amplitude Shift Keying = ASK o Frequency Shift Keying = FSK o Phase Shift Keying = PSK 2. 2. Analog communications signal, pulse-shaped carrier signal: o Pulse Amplitude Modulation = PAM o Pulse Phase Modulation = PPM o Pulse Width Modulation = PWM 3. 3. Digitised original analog communications signal, pulse-shaped carrier signal: o Pulse Code Modulation = PCM o Delta Modulation = DM In the modulation types ASK, FSK and PSK, digital information is transferred on analog channels with the aid of a sinewave carrier. The signal converter for analog transmission paths consists of a modulator at the send side and a demodulator at the receive end. This form of transmission device is known as a Modem. In the early days of data transmission, ASK (telegraphy) and FSK (acoustic coupler as an interface) were used but due to their susceptibility to interference, they were replaced by the PSK and QPSK methods (for modems up to 2400 bps, V.22) as well as higher quality methods such as 16QAM. Today, QPSK is widely used in satellite transmissions and in radio relay systems. The relationships between the terms "Baud", "bits per second" (bps) and "characters per second" (cps) should become clear with the following example: A (Q)PSK modulator allows one byte consisting of 8 bits, to be set, e.g.:
Fig. 1: Duration of a byte (character) If this signal is transmitted with a bivalent (two-value) method of modulation (e.g. 2PSK), then the modulation rate vS (or Baud rate) is the same as the data transfer rate, vD
At vS = 600 Baud here, vD = 600 BPS, i.e. the time required for transmitting one bit is
so that
(here, without Start, Stop or check bit) can be transmitted. If now QPSK (4PSK), a quadrivalent (four-valued) method of modulation is used, then the data transfer rate is doubled
where n is the number of significant conditions, here n = 4 This is possible because the coding does not refer to a single bit but rather to a bit-pair, a so-called "Dibit" :
Fig. 2: Formation of a Dibits Providing that the bandwidth for the transmission channel is wide enough,
it follows that,
There are thus 1200/8 cps = 150 cps transmitted. Since apparently, the transmission capacity of a channel with a given bandwidth, is doubled when 4PSK is used instead of 2PSK, it was logical to always use higher valued methods of modulation in the development of modems for analog telephone channels with a limited bandwidth (nowadays, up to vSmax =33600 bps or more, is possible).
Fig. 3: 2PSK modulator The 2PSK signal is produced by multiplying (e.g. in a ring modulator) the carrier signal (Carrier) with the serial bit pattern (DATA). The binary value 1 here, is represented by a carrier phase shift of 0 and the binary value 0, by a shift of 180. "Phase-hits" are the result:
Fig. 4: 2PSK-modulated signal In its simplest form, demodulation is achieved as illustrated in the following block diagram:
Fig. 5: 2PSK demodulator Here, the received 2PSK signal is multiplied by the carrier signal of the modulator, so that after filtering and restoring the edges, the original bit pattern (DATA) is recovered. If the carrier signal cannot be transmitted with the data, then it must be re-generated (or restored), in the demodulator with the correct phase. This possibility is not dealt with in the exercise here. The block schematic diagram of a 4PSK modulator is shown below:
Fig. 6: 4PSK modulator In the coder, the signal U DIBITCLOCK, is conditioned, that in the last quarter-period of the current Dibit, the pattern of which is sampled and generated according to the table of the signals U DIBITX and U DIBITY: DATA DIBIT X DIBIT Y Phase relation of U PSK 00 0 0 0 01 0 1 90 10 1 0 270 11 1 1 180
Ensure that all voltages are removed from the UNI-TRAIN. Assemble the exercise by inserting the PSK / QPSK modulator in the left and the PSK / QPSK demodulator in the right hand slots of the Experimenter SO4203-2B. Connect the two PCB's with 2mm connection cables, at the sockets "Car" and "(Q)PSK", as shown in the illustration above. The electrical energy for the PCB's is supplied via the internal bus of the UNITRAIN basic unit. After switching on the operating voltage, the exercise assembly for PSK / QPSK modulation and demodulation is ready for use.
DATA signal output Basic clock potentiometer Patchboard, Baud rate CLOCK, test signal
P GND Q R S
T SET button U V
H J K L M
Test signal, TP1 Test signal, TP2 Test signal, TP3 Test signal, TP4 Baud rate select switch Test signal, CLOCK
N 4PSK/2PSK switch Q
the "Data" output. Trigger on B. For more stable triggering, set the trigger point to 50% of the amplitude of the squarewave signal. Set the following bit pattern (Byte) on the DIP switches:
LSB MSB Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8
Set the switch for the modulation type to "2PSK", the jumper for the transfer rate to "1200" and by pressing the "SET" button, read in the bit pattern. Caution: The "Set" button must be pressed again, after each new change of the settings has been completed! On an oscilloscope, display the voltages at the test points DATA and BITCLOCK. What is the sequence of the bits during transfer? How many bits are transferred for each bitclock ? Result:
X = 1 ms/DIV X/T (B) Chan. A= 2 Chan. B= 2 V/DIV DC V/DIV DC
Fig. 2: Bit-clock
X=
X=
Set other different bit patterns with the DIP switches and change the data transfer rate (modulator and demodulator settings must be the same). Result:
Set the switch for the modulation type to "4PSK", the jumper for the transfer rate to "1200" and by pressing the "SET" button, read in the bit pattern. Caution: The "Set" button must be pressed again, after each new change of the settings has been completed!
On an oscilloscope, display the voltages at the test points DATA, BITCLOCK and DIBITCLOCK. What is the sequence of the bits during transfer? How many bits are transferred for each bit-clock and Dibit-clock ? Result:
X = 1 ms/DIV X/T (B) Chan. A= 2 Chan. B= 2 V/DIV DC V/DIV DC
Fig. 2: Bit-clock
Fig. 3: Dibit-clock
Exercise 2 Displaying the dependency of the DIBIT X and DIBIT Y signals on the associated Dibits of the selected bit pattern
On an oscilloscope, display the signals at the test points "DIBIT X" and "DIBIT Y" as a function of the bit pattern selected. Result:
Exercise 3 Assigning the output voltage QPSK to various bit patterns or Dibits
Determine the phase relationship of the QPSK signal and the set DATA signal (the Dibits in the signal). For this, compare the phase of the QPSK signal with the signals at the test points T (0, 90, 180, 270). Bear in mind that the QPSK signal compared to the reference signals, exhibits a small but recognisable delay caused by the transit time. Result:
X= 1 ms/DIV X/T (B) V/DIV DC V/DIV DC
measuring voltages and two time markers for measuring time or frequency. The marker can be moved with the mouse to the position required. The values detected are shown at the top right. Result ("600"position)
X = 0,5 ms/DIV X/T (B) Chan. A= 0,5 Chan. B= 2 V/DIV DC V/DIV DC
X=
Set other different bit patterns with the DIP switches and change the data transfer rate (modulator and demodulator settings must be the same).