You are on page 1of 25

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ

)XQJVL/RJDULWPDGDQ(NVSRQHQ

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
[ Q

-LNDQ ! PDND[ GDSDWGLJDQWLELODQJDQUHDOVHEDUDQJVHGDQJNDQXQWXNQ  Q z  DJDULQWHJUDOQ\DPHPSXQ\DLDUWLPDND[ KDQ\DGDSDWGLJDQWLELODQJDQUHDOSRVLWLI[ ! 6HNDUDQJNLWDSHUKDWLNDQIXQJVLWHUVHEXWXQWXNQ \DLWX I [ 


\ \

[ Q   Q ELODQJDQUDVLRQDOQ z  Q 

[ 

GW [ !  W

 W /XDV

 W /XDV

 W /XDV

[ 

GW W

I [  [ ! 

 

GW W

I 

 [

 I [    [  

 [

GW W


[ 

GW W

[

8QWXN[ ! I [ !  *E

 W

8QWXN[

.LWDDNDQPHPEHULQDPDIXQJVLI \DQJPHUXSDNDQVXDWXSULPLWLIGDULIXQJVL\ W W ! 3DGD*E*EGDQ*EGLSHUOLKDWNDQQLODLI [ XQWXN[ ! [ GDQ [   %DQGLQJNDQ QLODL IXQJVL LQL GHQJDQ QLODL ORJDULWPD ELDVD GL 608 KDVLOQ\D VHEDJDL EHULNXW

*E

I [ 

8QWXN [  I [   *E

W

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


GW

)XQJVLI [  I [ 

I [  XQWXN [   I [ ! XQWXN[ !  XQWXN[ 

W [ ! 
[ 

)XQJVL/RJDULWPDGL608 ORJ[  XQWXN [   ORJ[ ORJ[ ! XQWXN[ !  XQWXN[ 

)HQRPHQDLQLPHPSHUOLKDWNDQEDKZDIXQJVLI PHPSXQ\DLVLIDWORJDULWPD.LWDDNDQ PHPEHUL QDPD IXQJVL I GHQJDQ ORJDULWPD QDWXUDO %LOD GLQDPDNDQ GHPLNLDQ PDND VHPXDVLIDWORJDULWPD\DQJWHODKGLSHODMDULGL608KDUXVGDSDWGLEXNWLNDQEHUODNXSDGD IXQJVLLQL6HNDUDQJNLWDPXODLGHQJDQGHILQLVLEHULNXW 'HILQLVL )XQJVL ORJDULWPDQDWXUDOGLVLQJNDWOQGLWXOLVI [  VHEDJDL [ GW I [  OQ[ [ !  W  'DHUDKDVDOIXQJVLLQLDGDODK'I OQ[GLGHILQLVLNDQ

7XUXQDQ IXQJVL ORJDULWPD QDWXUDO VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ GLSHUROHK EHUGDVDUNDQ 7HRUHPD KDVLOQ\DVHEDJDLEHULNXW  7HRUHPD-LNDI [  OQ[PDNDI c [  [ 'LWXOLVGHQJDQFDUDODLQWHRUHPDLQLPHQ\DWDNDQ G  OQ [ [ !  G[ [ 6HNDUDQJ NLWD DNDQ PHOLKDW EDKZD VLIDW ORJDULWPD ELDVD MXJD GLSHQXKL ROHK ORJDULWPDQDWXUDOSHPEXNWLDQQ\DGLNHUMDNDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQ7HRUHPD 7HRUHPD D OQD E OQD  OQED ! GDQE !  D E OQ OQD  OQED ! GDQE !  E F  OQD U U OQDD ! GDQU ELODQJDQUDVLRQDO %XNWL D %HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPDGDQDWXUDQUDQWDLGLSHUROHK G OQ D [   D  G OQ [  G[ D[ [ G[

f GDQGDHUDKQLODLQ\DDGDODK5I

5

$NLEDWQ\DWHUGDSDWNRQVWDQWDF VHKLQJJDOQD [ OQ[  F8QWXNPH QHQWXNDQFDPELOODK[ GLSHUROHKOQD OQ F.DUHQDOQ  PDND F OQ D -DGL OQ D[ OQ [  OQ D VHKLQJJD XQWXN [ E GLSHUROHKOQD E OQD  OQET

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



E F

D 'DUL  E E

&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ -DZDE

 [   [ G  [  G  [  [  [    [  OQ   G[  [  [ G[  [  [  [   [      [  [ [  OQ

D D GLSHUROHKOQ  E OQD%HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPD D E D D GLSHUROHKOQ  OQE OQD-DGLWHUEXNWLODKOQ OQD  OQET E E %HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPDGDQDWXUDQUDQWDLGLSHUROHK G OQ [ U U U [ U U U   U G OQ [ G U OQ [  G[ [ [ [ G[ G[ U $NLEDWQ\DWHUGDSDWNRQVWDQWDF VHKLQJJDOQ[ U OQ[  F8QWXNPH QHQWXNDQFDPELOODK[ GLSHUROHKOQ OQ FVHKLQJJDF  -DGLOQ[U U OQ[VHKLQJJDXQWXN[ D GLSHUROHKOQD U U OQDT

&DUDODLQ

&RQWRK -LND\ DGDODKIXQJVLGDUL[ VHKLQJJD\  OQ[  \  [\ [WHQWXNDQ\ c G  -DZDE \ OQ [  \   [\  G [ G[ G[ G G  \   OQ [  OQ [  \  \c  [ \ \c  \   G[ G[  \     \ \c OQ [  \c  [ \ \c  \   [ \ \c  \ OQ [   [ \     \   [ [   [ \   \  \c [  \ OQ [   [ \  %XNWL G OQ [ G[ 7HRUHPD G OQ [ G[

G  [ G G G OQ OQ  [  OQ  [ OQ  [  OQ  [ G[  [ G[ G[ G[     [  [       [  [  [  [  [ [ 

 G  [ [ G[

 G  [ G[

  [z [

[


GDQ

    [ [  [

G OQ X G[

[ [[

Xc X X

X [ z  Xc DGD  [ [


[ [

  [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


G OQ X G[

%HUGDVDUNDQKDVLOLQLGDQDWXUDQUDQWDLGLSHUROHK

7HRUHPDGDSDWPHQJXEDKSHUNDOLDQSHPEDJLDQNHEHQWXNSHQMXPODKDQSHQJX UDQJDQVHKLQJJDEHUVDPDGHQJDQ7HRUHPDGDSDWPHQ\HGHUKDQDNDQSURVHVPHQHQ WXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL&DUDGDQSURVHVQ\DGLSHUOLKDWNDQGDODPFRQWRKEHULNXW &RQWRK 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL \ -DZDE OQ \ \




 GX  X G[

Xc T X

 [   OQ [    \c \


 [   \ ! [   
 

 [    [   

\c

 [    [      [     [  [  OQ[

        [   [  [ 

 OQ  [    OQ [   

*UDILN)XQJVL/RJDULWPD1DWXUDO)XQJVLI [ 

  SDGDVHODQJ f GHQJDQI c [  GDQ I s [    [ ! 6LIDWVLIDWIXQJVLORJD [ [ ULWPDQDWXUDO\DQJEHUNDLWDQGHQJDQJUDILNIXQJVLQ\DDGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW




GW [ ! WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ W

x x x x

x OQ| OQ  OQ| OQ|  VLIDWORJDULWPDQDWXUDOGDQNDONXODWRU  %HUGDVDUNDQLQLGLSHUROHKJUDILNIXQJVL ORJDULWPDQDWXUDOSDGD*E

[ o 

NRQWLQXSDGDVHODQJ f  PRQRWRQQDLNSDGDVHODQJ f  FHNXQJNHEDZDKSDGDVHODQJ f  OLP OQ [ f GDQ OLP OQ [ f 


[ of

I [ 

OQ[ [

  H 

)XQJVL(NVSRQHQ1DWXUDO ,QYHUVGDULIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDOGLQDPDNDQIXQJVLHNV SRQHQQDWXUDOGDQGLQ\DWDNDQGHQJDQHNVS%HUGDVDUNDQVLIDWIXQJVLLQYHUVNLWDPHP SXQ\DLUHODVL [ HNVS\ \ OQ[[ ! GDQ\ 5 'DULVLQLGLSHUROHK HNVS OQ[  [[ ! GDQOQ HNVS\  \\ 5

*E

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



.DUHQDIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDOPRQRWRQQDLNPDNDIXQJVLLQLVDWXNHVDWX$NLEDWQ\D SHUVDPDDQ OQ [  PHPSXQ\DL MDZDE WXQJJDO VHEXWODKMDZDEQ\DELODQJDQ H 'L VLQL NLWDPHQGHILQLVLNDQELODQJDQH DGDODKELODQJDQUHDO\DQJPHPHQXKLOQ H 3HUKDWLNDQ EDKZDXQWXN[ H LQL HNVS OQH  HNVS H 1LODLKDPSLUDQXQWXNELODQJDQLUDVLRQDOH DGDODK}

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

7XUXQDQGDQ*UDILN)XQJVL(NVSRQHQ1DWXUDO 7XUXQDQIXQJVL\ H[ ODQJVXQJGL SHUROHKGDULVLIDWLQYHUVQ\D%HUGDVDUNDQUXPXVWXUXQDQIXQJVLLQYHUVGDULUHODVL \ H[ [ OQ\\ ! GDQ[ 5  G[  GHQJDQ GLSHUROHK G\ \ G\   \c \ H[  G[  G[ G\ \ -DGLWXUXQDQIXQJVLHNVSRQHQQDWXUDODGDODKIXQJVLQ\DVHQGLUL%HQWXNXPXPGDULIXQJVL \DQJEHUVLIDWGHPLNLDQDGDODK\ FH[F NRQVWDQWDVHEDUDQJWHUPDVXNF  &RQWRK 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ -DZDE \c [H [ G [  OQ [ H G[


OQ [

 OQ [ 

H[

OQ [

G  [ OQ [ G[

H[

OQ [

H[

OQ [

  [    [ OQ [ [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



6LIDWGDQJUDILNIXQJVLHNVSRQHQQDWXUDO I [  H[ VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ GLSHUROHK GDUL LQYHUVQ\DKDVLOQ\DVHEDJDLEHULNXW x NRQWLQXSDGD5 x PRQRWRQQDLNSDGD5 x FHNXQJNHDWDVSDGD5 x OLP H [  GDQ OLP H [ f  %HUGDVDUNDQLQLGLSHUROHKJUDILNIXQJVL HNVSRQHQQDWXUDOSDGD*E
[ of [ of

I [ 

H[

 [

6LIDW IXQJVL HNVSRQHQ QDWXUDO EHULNXW LQL VHMDODQ GHQJDQ VLIDW IXQJVL ORJDULWPD QDWXUDO\DQJEHULNDLWDQ HD 7HRUHPD D H  F E H DE DE 5 H D E D  E E H H H DE 5 G HD E HDEDE 5 %XNWL D .DUHQDOQ E 0LVDONDQV H GDQW
D

*E

PDNDH

)XQJVL(NVSRQHQGHQJDQ%LODQJDQ'DVDU D ! .LWDDNDQPHPEHULDUWLSDGDEHVDUDQ D[ XQWXN D !  GDQ [ 5 ,QJDWODK NHPEDOL UHODVL D HE E OQ D \DQJ PHQJKDVLONDQ D HOQDD ! %HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPD G NLWDPHPSXQ\DL D[ H OQ D [ H [ OQDD !  VHKLQJJDGHILQLVLXQWXNIXQJVLI [  D[ DGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW 'HILQLVL x 8QWXND ! NLWDGHILQLVLNDQD[ H[ OQD x )XQJVLI [  D[ D !  GDQ D z  GLQDPDNDQ IXQJVL HNVSRQHQ GH QJDQELODQJDQGDVDUD &DWDWDQ 'DULGHILQLVLD[ H[ OQDD ! GLSHUROHKOQD[ OQH[ OQD [ OQDVHKLQJJD 7HRUHPD F VHNDUDQJEHUODNXXQWXNHNVSRQHQELODQJDQUHDO 6LIDW)XQJVLI [  D[D ! GDQD z  x 'DHUDKDVDOGDQGDHUDKKDVLOIXQJVLI DGDODK'I 5 GDQ5I f 

D  ENDUHQDLWXHD E VW HDHET V V HD F 'DULSHPLVDODQ E OQV  OQW OQ D  EMDGLHDE T W W HE G  0LVDONDQ[ HD GDQ\ HDEPDNDOQ[ D GDQOQ\ DE E OQ[ OQ[E .DUHQDIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDOVDWXVDWXPDND\ [EMDGLHDE HD ET

D  E$NLEDWQ\DOQVW

H PDNDOQ V
E

T

D GDQOQ W

EVHKLQJJDOQ V  OQ W

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



x )XQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD5 x )XQJVLI PRQRWRQQDLNXQWXND ! GDQPRQRWRQWXUXQXQWXN D   x )XQJVLI VHODOXFHNXQJNHDWDVSDGDGDHUDKDVDOQ\D *UDILNIXQJVLI XQWXND ! GLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*EGDQXQWXN D  SDGD*E
\ I [  D[ D ! I [  D[ D  \

%HQWXN/LPLWGDULH )XQJVLI [  OQ[ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQXQWXN[ ! GHQJDQI c [    [VHKLQJJDXQWXN[ I c    OQH.LWDPHPSXQ\DL OQ H I c  OLP


Ko

*E*UDILN)XQJVLI [ 

[

D[D ! 

*E*UDILN)XQJVLI [ 

[

D[ D   

EHUGDVDUNDQGHILQLVLWXUXQDQIXQJVLI GLVLIDW[ OQD OQD[GDQNHNRQWLQXDQIXQJVLI .DUHQDIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDOI VDWXVDWXPDNDGLSHUROHKEHQWXNOLPLWGDULH\DLWX 'HQJDQSHQJJDQWLDQQ OLP  Q DWDX H 


 Q

I  K  I  K

OLP
Ko

OQ  K K

OLP OQ  K  K
Ko

OQ OLP  K  K
Ko

KPDNDNLWDPHPSXQ\DLEHQWXNOLPLWODLQQ\DGDULH\DLWX
Q o f

OLP  K  K 
Ko

Q of

OLP  Q  
 Q

7XUXQDQ\ [UU 5 GDQ[ ! 6HEHOXPIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDOGDQHNVSRQHQGL SHODMDULWXUXQDQIXQJVL\ [U GLUDQFDQJKDQ\DXQWXNU ELODQJDQUDVLRQDO5XPXVWXUXQ DQQ\DDGDODK\c U[ U'HQJDQVLIDWVLIDWORJDULWPDGDQHNVSRQHQWHUQ\DWDXQWXN[ ! UXPXVWXUXQDQLQLGDSDWGLSHUOXDVXQWXNELODQJDQUHDOU8QWXNLQLWXOLVODK 5XPXVWXUXQDQIXQJVLHNVSRQHQPHPEHULNDQ U U \c H U OQ [  [U  [ [ \ [U HOQ [
U

HU OQ [ U 5 GDQ[ !  U [ U 

)XQJVL/RJDULWPDGHQJDQ%LODQJDQ'DVDU D ! D z  )XQJVLLQLDWXUDQQ\DDGDODK I [  D ORJ[D ! GDQD z \DQJGLSHUNHQDONDQVHEDJDLLQYHUVGDULIXQJVLHNVSRQHQ \ D[D ! GDQD z %HUGDVDUNDQNRQVHSIXQJVLLQYHUVNLWDPHPSXQ\DLUHODVL \ D ORJ[ [ D \D ! GDQD z  6LIDW)XQJVLI [ 
D

ORJ[D ! GDQD z 

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



x 'DHUDKDVDOGDQGDHUDKKDVLOIXQJVLI DGDODK'I f GDQ5I 5 x )XQJVLI NRQWLQXSDGD f  x )XQJVLI PRQRWRQQDLNXQWXND ! GDQPRQRWRQWXUXQXQWXN D   x )XQJVLI VHODOXFHNXQJNHEDZDKSDGDGDHUDKDVDOQ\D *UDILNQ\DGLSHUROHKGHQJDQFDUDPHQFHUPLQNDQJUDILNIXQJVL\ D[ WHUKDGDSJDULV\ [XQWXND ! GLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*EGDQXQWXN D  SDGD*E
\ I [ 
D

ORJ[D ! 

[ 

[ 

*E*UDILN)XQJVLI [ 

ORJ[D ! 

*E*UDILN)XQJVLI [ 

I [ 

ORJ[ D  
D

 ORJ[ D  

.DLWDQDQWDUDORJGDQOQ'DUL[ D \D ! D z GLSHUROHKOQ[ OQD \ \ OQD OQ [ VHKLQJJD\ .DUHQD[ D \ MXJDPHQJKDVLONDQ\ D ORJ[PDNDGLSHUROHKNDLWDQ OQ D DQWDUDORJGDQOQ\DLWX OQ [ D ORJ[ D ! GDQD z  OQ D 3HQJJXQDDQ)XQJVL/RJDULWPD1DWXUDO 3HQJJXQDDQ/RJDULWPD1DWXUDOXQWXN0HQJKLWXQJ7XUXQDQ)XQJVL \  I [ .LWD PHPSXQ\DLIXQJVL \ I [ J [ \DQJ WHUGHILQLVL SDGD ^[ 5  I [ ! ` \DQJWHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQSDGDGDHUDKDVDOQ\DMLNDIXQJVLI GDQJ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ.DUHQD \ ! SDGDGDHUDKDVDOIXQJVLQ\DPDNDXQWXNPHQHQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLLQLWXOLVODK
J [

'DULVLQLGLSHUROHK

\c \ VHKLQJJD\c GDSDWGLWHQWXNDQ

OQ\

OQ I [

J [

J [ 

I c [  Jc [ OQ I [  I [ [
VLQ[

J [ OQI [ 

&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVL\

-DZDE )XQJVLLQLWHUGHILQLVLXQWXN[ ! \DQJPHQJKDVLONDQ\ !'HQJDQSURVHVVH SHUWLGLDWDV VLQ[ OQ\ OQ[ VLQ[ OQ[

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



\c  VLQ [   FRV [ OQ [ \ [ VLQ[  \c VLQ [   FRV [ OQ [ [ [ 3HQJJXQDDQ/RJDULWPD1DWXUDOXQWXN0HQJKLWXQJ/LPLW)XQJVL fGDQf f .LWDWHODKPHPSHODMDULEHUEDJDLWHNQLNSHQ\HOHVDLDQPDVDODKOLPLWIXQJVLEHUEHQWXN   f  ffGDQf  f6HODLQNHHPSDWEHQWXNWDNWHQWXWHUVHEXWPDVLKWHUGDSDW WLJDEHQWXNWDNWHQWXODLQQ\D\DQJEHUNDLWDQGHQJDQOLPLWIXQJVLEHUSDQJNDWIXQJVL\DLWX fGDQf3HQ\HOHVDLDQEHQWXNWDNWHQWXLQLWHQWXVDMDGHQJDQPHPDQIDDWNDQIXQJVL ORJDULWPDQDWXUDOGDQWHRUHPD/c+RVSLWDO %HQWXNWDN7HQWX  $NDQGLKLWXQJ OLP I [
[oD J [

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK OLP [ [  -DZDE 0LVDONDQ\ VHKLQJJD [


[ o  [ o 

[ o D GDSDWGLJDQWLROHK[ o D [ o D [ o fDWDX[ o f 




GLPDQD OLP I [
[oD 

OLP J [ 
[oD

[[NLWDDNDQPHQJKLWXQJ OLP \ 'DUL\


[ o 

[[ GLSHUROHKOQ \ OLP [ 
[ o 

[ OQ

.DUHQDIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDONRQWLQXSDGD f PDND OQ OLP \ [ o   VHKLQJJD OLP \ H  &RQWRK +LWXQJODK OLP [ -DZDE
[ o  [ o    OQ [

OLP OQ \

[ o 

OLP [ OQ [

OQ [ [ o    [ OLP

 [  [ o    [ OLP

[ o 

OLP OQ \



 \ [
  OQ [

OQ \
[ o 

OLP OQ \

  OQ [ OQ [    OQ [    OQ [  OQ [  [  OLP OLP OLP [ o     OQ [ [ o    [ [ o    OQ OLP \ [ o  


  OQ [

 

[o

OLP \ 

[o

OLP [ 

H  

H H

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


J [

%HQWXNWDN7HQWXf $NDQGLKLWXQJ f OLP I [


[oD

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK OLP  [ OQ [  -DZDE


[ of

[ o D GDSDWGLJDQWLROHK[ o D[ o D[ o fDWDX[ o f   [   OQ[ OQ  [ OQ\ OQ  [   OQ[ OQ [ OQ  [    [ [ OLP OLP OLP [ of [ of [ o f  [ OQ [  [ OQOLP \  [ o f
[ of

GLPDQD OLP I [
[oD

f GDQ OLP J [
[oD



[ of

OLP OQ \

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK OLP FRW [ -DZDE


[ o 

OLP \

 OQ [

[ of

OLP  [ OQ [ \

H

H

  FVF  [  OQ FRW [ OLP OQ \ OLP OLP FRW [ OQ [  [ [ o  [ o  [ o  [     OLP  [ o  VLQ [ FRV [ .DUHQD OQ OLP \ PDND [ o 
[ o 

OQ\

OQ FRW[   OQ[

FRW[   OQ[

OQ FRW [ OQ [

VLQ [    OLP FRV [ VLQ [  [ [ o 

OLP \

[ o 

OLP FRW [

 OQ [

H

 H 

%HQWXNWDN7HQWX f $NDQGLKLWXQJ OLP I [


[oD J [

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK OLP FRV  [ -DZDE


[o

[ o D GDSDWGLJDQWLROHK[ o D[ o D[ o fDWDX[ o f 


 [ 

GLPDQD OLP I [
[oD

 GDQ OLP J [
[oD

rf 

 \

OQ \

OQ FRV  [

FRV  [  [

 [ 

 OQ FRV  [ [

OQ FRV  [ [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


   VLQ  [ FRV  [ OLP [o [ H   H      

OLP OQ \
[o

OQ FRV  [ OLP [o [ OLP \

&RQWRK +LWXQJODK OLP  [ -DZDE


[o

[o

OLP FRV  [
[o

OQOLP \  [ o 
 [ 

 VLQ [

 \

OQ \ OLP OQ \
[o

OQ  [

 OQ  [ OQ  [ VLQ [ VLQ [  OQ  [  OLP OLP  [ OLP  [o [ o  FRV [ [o  VLQ [


 VLQ [

 [  VLQ [

8QWXN &RQWRK  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  EHULODK DUJXPHQWDVL GDUL VHWLDS ODQJNDK \DQJGLJXQDNDQGDODPSURVHVSHQ\HOHVDLDQQ\D 6RDO/DWLKDQ
8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  WHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQ SHUWDPD GDUL VHWLDS IXQJVL \DQJ GLEHULNDQ  I [  VLQ OQ[  I [  H VLQ[  I [   I [  OQ VLQ[   I [  OQ H
[  OQ[

OLP \
[o

OLP  [
[o

OQOLP \  [ o 
VLQ [

H

 H 

 [   H [ 8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ    I [  OQ  KLWXQJODK OLPLW GDUL VHWLDS EHQWXN WDN WHQWX  [   H [  I [  OQ  H[  I [  FRV [  H[ \DQJGLEHULNDQ OQ   [   OLP  OLP H[  [   [  [ o [o f [ 8QWXNVRDOGDQWHQWXNDQWXUXQDQSHU   OQ[    WDPD\c GDULVHWLDSEHQWXNLPSOLVLW\DQJGLEHUL  OLP [ OQ [  OLP FRW[

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQWHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQ SHUWDPD GDUL VHWLDS IXQJVL \DQJ GLEHULNDQ  I [  VLQ[ [ I [  [ OQ[  I [  FRV[
VLQ[

I [ 

OQ[

FRV[

NDQ

 H

OQ[\
[\

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ 

OQ  [ \  FRV\




\ H   [\
[

 OLP [   OQ[  OLP [     OQ[  OLP [ OQ[  OLP VHF[   [
[ o [ o [ o  [of

[ o 

[ o 

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



JDPEDUNDQ JUDILN VHWLDS IXQJVL \DQJ  OLP WDQ[ FRV[ OLP [  H[     [ [ o GLEHULNDQ VHWHODK PHQHQWXNDQ VHODQJ [ o S   NHPRQRWRQDQ WLWLN HNVWULP VHODQJ   [  OLP VLQ [ WDQ[  OLP   NHFHNXQJDQWLWLNEHORNGDQDVLPWRWQ\D [ o [ o f [  I [  [  OQ[ I [  OQ  [ OQ  [   OLP [   OQ[  OLP   [ of  [ o f [  I [  [ H[ I [  H[   I [  OQ[  I [  [ OQ_ [ _

,QYHUV)XQJVL7ULJRQRPHWUL

.LWDLQJDWNHPEDOLEDKZDV\DUDWDJDUIXQJVLI PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUVDGDODK VDWXVDWX \DLWXPHPHQXKLV\DUDWI X  I Y  X Y XQWXNVHWLDSXY 'I ,QYHUVGDULIXQJVL I 'I o 5I DGDODKIXQJVLI  5I o 'I \DQJPHPHQXKLUHODVL\ I [  [ I  \  GHQJDQ[ 'I GDQ\ 5I)XQJVLWULJRQRPHWULVHPXDQ\DSHULRGLNVHKLQJJDWLGDNVDWX VDWX7HWDSLGDHUDKDVDOIXQJVLQ\DGDSDWGLEDWDVLSDGDVHODQJWHUWHQWXDJDUPHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV 3HPLOLKDQ VHODQJ GDHUDK DVDO IXQJVLQ\D GLEXDW DJDU DQWDUD LQYHUV WULJRQRPHWUL GDSDWGLNDLWNDQGDQUXPXVNDONXOXVGLIHUHQVLDOQ\DGDSDWGLNRQVWUXNVL ,QYHUV)XQJVL6LQXVGDQ)XQJVL.RVLQXV ,QYHUVIXQJVLVLQXVGLWXOLV\ \ DUFVLQ[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ VLQ [ [


VLQ [DWDX

,QYHUVIXQJVLNRVLQXVGLWXOLV\ FRV [ DUFFRV[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ FRV [ [ FRV\_[_ d GDQd \ d S .DLWDQDQWDUDLQYHUVIXQJVLVLQXVGDQIXQJVLNRVLQXVGLEHULNDQGDODPWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD FRV [  VLQ [ %XNWL \
  FRV [ [ FRV\ VLQ  S  \   S  \ VLQ [    \  VLQ [ [  VLQ [  S FRV  S      NDUHQDd \ d S   S d  S  \ d  S _  S  \ _ d  S T  

VLQ\_[_ d GDQ_\_ d

 

S

S _ [ _ d 

%HUGDVDUNDQVLIDWIXQJVLLQYHUVJUDILN\ VLQ [ GLSHUROHKGHQJDQPHQFHUPLQNDQ   JUDILN\ VLQ[[ >  S   S @ WHUKDGDSJDULV\ ['HPLNLDQMXJDJUDILN\ FRV [\DQJGLSHUROHKGHQJDQPHQFHUPLQNDQJUDILN\ FRV[[ >S@WHUKDGDSJDULV\ [*UDILNLQYHUVIXQJVLVLQXVGDQNRVLQXVGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*EGDQ*E

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



S 

VLQ [ \ [ \

\ VLQ [

\ FRV [ S \ S  [

S S[ 

S

SS  \ FRV[

,QYHUV)XQJVL7DQJHQGDQ)XQJVL.RWDQJHQ ,QYHUVIXQJVLWDQJHQGLWXOLV\ DWDX\ DUFWDQ[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL  \ WDQ [ [ WDQ\[ 5 GDQ_ \ _   S 

*E*UDILN)XQJVL6LQXVGDQ,QYHUVQ\D

*E*UDILN)XQJVL.RVLQXVGDQ,QYHUVQ\D

WDQ [

,QYHUVIXQJVLNRWDQJHQGLWXOLV\ FRW [ DUFFRW[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ FRW [ [ FRW\[ 5 GDQ \  S .DLWDQ DQWDUD LQYHUV IXQJVL WDQJHQ GDQ IXQJVL NRWDQJHQ GLEHULNDQ GDODP WHRUHPD EHULNXW 7HRUHPD FRW [  WDQ [ %XNWL \
   FRW [ [ FRW\ WDQ  S  \   S  \ WDQ [    \  WDQ [ [ WDQ [  S FRW  S      NDUHQD \  S   S   S  \   S _  S  \ _   S T  

S [ 5

%HUGDVDUNDQ VLIDW IXQJVL LQYHUV JUDILN \ WDQ [ GLSHUROHK GHQJDQ PHQFHUPLQNDQ   JUDILN\ WDQ[[   S   S WHUKDGDSJDULV\ ['HPLNLDQMXJDJUDILN\ FRW [\DQJGLSHUROHKGHQJDQPHQFHUPLQNDQJUDILN\ FRW[[ S WHUKDGDSJDULV\ [*UDILNLQYHUVIXQJVLWDQJHQGDQNRWDQJHQGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*EGDQ*E

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



WDQ[

[ \ FRW [

S S

\ \

FRW[

\ [

S

S S[ S

WDQ [

 S S

,QYHUV)XQJVL6HNDQGDQ)XQJVL.RVHNDQ ,QYHUVIXQJVLVHNDQGLWXOLV\ DWDX\ DUFVHF[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \

*E*UDILN)XQJVL7DQJHQGDQ,QYHUVQ\D

*E*UDILN)XQJVL.RWDQJHQGDQ,QYHUVQ\D

VHF [

 VHF [ [ VHF\_[_ t GDQd \ d S\ z  S      'DUL [ VHF \ GLSHUROHKFRV \   d \ d S\ z  S VHKLQJJD\ FRV  FRV \ [ [ ,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQ  VHF [ FRV  [ t  [  ,QYHUVIXQJVLNRVHNDQGLWXOLV\ FVF [ DUFFVF[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL  FVF [ [ FVF\_[_ t GDQ_\_ d  S \ z      'DUL [ FVF \ GLSHUROHKVLQ\ _\_ d  S \ z VHKLQJJD\ VLQ  VLQ \ [ [ ,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQ  FVF [ VLQ  [ t [ .DLWDQDQWDUDLQYHUVIXQJVLVHNDQGDQIXQJVLNRVHNDQGLEHULNDQGDODPWHRUHPDEHULNXW  7HRUHPD VHF [  FVF [  S _[_ t 

%XNWL 'HQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQ7HRUHPDODQJVXQJGLSHUROHK    VHF [  FVF [ FRV  VLQ  S _[_ t T [ [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



%HUGDVDUNDQ VLIDW IXQJVL LQYHUV JUDILN \ VHF [ GLSHUROHK GHQJDQ PHQFHUPLQNDQ  JUDILN\ VHF[[ >S@[ z  S WHUKDGDSJDULV \ ['HPLNLDQMXJDJUDILN \    FVF [\DQJGLSHUROHKGHQJDQPHQFHUPLQNDQJUDILN\ FVF[[ >  S   S @\ z  WHUKDGDSJDULV\ [*UDILNLQYHUVIXQJVLVHNDQGDQNRVHNDQGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E GDQ*E
\ S S   SS  \ \ VHF [ [ \ VHF[ \ \ [ S \ FVF[ \ [

VHF [

 \ 

FVF [

FVF [ \

S S[

VHF[

FVF[

S

*E*UDILN)XQJVL6HNDQGDQ,QYHUVQ\D

*E*UDILN)XQJVL.RVHNDQGDQ,QYHUVQ\D

 &RQWRK7XQMXNNDQEDKZD  WDQ   WDQ  

-DZDE0LVDONDQ[ .DUHQD[

WDQ  PDNDWDQ  WDQ [ WDQ PDNDWDQ\ WDQ [  \

WDQ

 

GDQ\
 

.DUHQD\

 

,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQ[  \

 

 S VHKLQJJDWHUEXNWLODK  WDQ   WDQ  

WDQ [  WDQ \  WDQ [ WDQ \

 

  WDQ  [   WDQ   [

 

 [ VHKLQJJDWDQ  [

WDQ

 

DNDQGLEXNWLNDQ[  \      
   

 

S

 

,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQ

 

S

%HUGDVDUNDQUXPXVWDQJHQMXPODKGXDVXGXW
               


 

S T

7XUXQDQ,QYHUV)XQJVL7ULJRQRPHWUL G\ G[  G[ G\  FRV \

x 7XUXQDQIXQJVL \ VLQ [ 'DUL\ VLQ [ [ GDQUXPXVWXUXQDQIXQJVLLQYHUVGLSHUROHK \c  VLQ  \ 

 VLQ\_[_ d GDQ_\_ d  S

 [ 

_[_  

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


'DUL\ FRV [ 
 

x 7XUXQDQIXQJVL \

\c

FRV [ G\ G[

G   S  VLQ [ G[

S  VLQ [_[_ d GLSHUROHK _[_  

x 7XUXQDQIXQJVL \ WDQ [ 'DUL\ WDQ [ [ GDQUXPXVWXUXQDQIXQJVLLQYHUVGLSHUROHK \c G\ G[  G[ G\  VHF  \   WDQ  \

 [ 

WDQ\[ 5 GDQ_\_ 

 

 [ 5  [ 

x 7XUXQDQIXQJVL \

\c

FRW [ G\ G[

x 7XUXQDQIXQJVL \ \c

G\ G[

VHF [ 

G   S  WDQ [ G[ 'DUL\ VHF [ [

'DUL\

FRW [

 [ 5  [  FRV [ 
 

 

S  WDQ [[ 5 GLSHUROHK  _[_ t GLSHUROHK [  _[_ !  [  

x 7XUXQDQIXQJVL \ \c

'HQJDQGHPLNLDQNLWDPHPSXQ\DLWHRUHPDEHULNXWWHQWDQJWXUXQDQLQYHUVIXQJVLWULJR QRPHWUL 7HRUHPD7XUXQDQ,QYHUV)XQJVL7ULJRQRPHWUL D  G VLQ [ G[ G FRV [ G[  [  




G\ G[

FVF [

  [   [ 

[   FVF [ [

G  S  VHF [ G[ 

'DUL\

S  VHF [_[_ t GLSHUROHK _[_ ! 

[  

_[_  

G  H  I 

E  F 

G WDQ [   [ 5 G[  [

 [

_[_  

G VHF [ G[

G FRW [   [ 5 G[  [ [ [  [   [  

&RQWRK7XQMXNNDQEDKZD

-DZDE%HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPD H DWXUDQUDQWDLGDQWXUXQDQQLODLPXWODNGLSHUROHK

G VHF [ G[

G FVF [ G[ [ [   

_[_ !  _[_ ! 



_[_ ! 

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


[ [


G VHF [ G[

 [

G [ [    G[ 


&RQWRK %XNWLNDQ VLQ WDQ [ -DZDE 0LVDONDQ\

[  [

[ [   

 [ ! 

[  

[ [

NDQLQLGDQUXPXVWULJRQRPHWULGLSHUROHK VHKLQJJDWHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQT VLQ WDQ [ VLQ \ WDQ \ FRV \

WDQ [PDND[

 [ 

WDQ\

VLQ \  GHQJDQ_\_   S %HUGDVDU FRV \ WDQ \ VHF \  WDQ  \ WDQ \  [  [ 

WDQ \ VHF \

&RQWRK 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLWDQ \

-DZDE 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQGDULNHGXDUXDVSHUVDPDDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQGHQJDQPHQJDQJ JDS\ IXQJVLGDUL[ NHPXGLDQQ\DWDNDQ\ c VHEDJDLIXQJVLGDUL[ GDQ\   c  [ \c \  \  \ [\ [ \ \c \c [ \  [  [ \  \c [ \c \  [ \  \c \  [ \  \  \ \   \  \ 

OQ[\

&RQWRK   7HQWXNDQ GDHUDK DVDO GDHUDK QLODL GDQ LQYHUV IXQJVL I [  FRV [    [  -DZDE $JDUI [  5 V\DUDWQ\D DGDODK d   6HOHVDLNDQ SHUWDNVDPDDQ QLODL  PXWODNLQL GLSHUROHKd [  d $NLEDWQ\Dd [ d  VHKLQJJDd [ d  -DGLGDHUDKDVDOIXQJVLI DGDODK'I [  [  d  PDND  d I [ FRV dS    VHKLQJJDGDHUDKQLODLIXQJVLI DGDODK5I >S@ [  8QWXNPHQHQWXNDQLQYHUVIXQJVLIWXOLVODK\ I [  FRV GDQQ\DWDNDQ[  GDODP\GLSHUROHK .DUHQDXQWXN d [ d EHUODNX >@

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


[  FRV \  [   FRV\

-DGLLQYHUVIXQJVLI DGDODKI  [  6RDO/DWLKDQ


 FRV  VLQ    FRV FRV   WDQ
 


    FRV[    d [ d S

    FRV\    

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  WXQMXNNDQ NHEHQDUDQVHWLDSSHUQ\DWDDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQ


 

 VLQ FRV   VLQ


 

 WDQ

 VLQ
 

   

 

S

 

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQEXNWLNDQ VHWLDSNHVDPDDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQ  VLQ [  VLQ [  FRV [   WDQ [   FRW [   VLQ [  WDQ [ VLQ [ S  FRV [ S  FRW [

  FRV    FRV   

 

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  EXNWLNDQ VHWLDSNHVDPDDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQ    FRV WDQ [  [ 


 WDQ VLQ [


 VLQ  WDQ 

 

 

S

 
 

 VHF [ 

S  VHF [

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQWHQWXNDQ GDHUDK DVDO GDHUDK QLODL LQYHUV GDQ WXUXQDQ GDULVHWLDSIXQJVL\DQJGLEHULNDQ  I [   I [   I [   I [   I [   I [  VLQ FRV   [     FRV OQ WDQ  [  FRW  VHF
 

[

FRV VLQ [ 

 [
[


 VHF  FRV [

 [     [ 

[ 

[

[ 

)XQJVL+LSHUEROLNGDQ,QYHUVQ\D .LWD LQJDW NHPEDOL NRQVHS IXQJVL WULJRQRPHWUL \DQJ GLNDLWNDQ GHQJDQ OLQJNDUDQ VDWXDQ 3DGD *E WLWLN 3 WHUOHWDN SDGD OLQJNDUDQ X  Y  GDQ [ 23VE[ SRVLWLI 
 W  Y 3 VW X

-LNDNRRUGLQDWWLWLN3 DGDODK VW IXQJVLVLQXVGDQNRVLQXV GLUDQFDQJVHEDJDL )XQJVL WULJRQRPHWUL ODLQQ\D GLUDQFDQJ VHEDJDL NRPELQDVL GDULVLQXVGDQNRVLQXV\DLWX WDQ [ FRV [   VHF [  FVF [ VLQ [ FRV [ VHKLQJJDFRV[  VLQ[   VLQ [  FRV[ V GDQVLQ[ W

W V 

VLQ [  FRW W FRV [ .DUHQD VW WHUOHWDNSDGDOLQJNDUDQPDNDV  W


*E

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



)XQJVLKLSHUEROLNGLNRQVWUXNVLGHQJDQJDJDVDQPHQJJDQWLNDQOLQJNDUDQVDWXDQROHK KLSHUEROVDWXDQ-LNDWLWLN3 VW WHUOHWDNSDGDKLSHUEROX  Y NLWDDNDQPHQGHILQL VLNDQFRVK[ X GDQVLQK[ WGLPDQDFRVKGDQVLQKPHQ\DWDNDQNRVLQXVGDQVLQXV KLSHUEROLN7HUQ\DWDEDKZDVDODKVDWXSLOLKDQXQWXNFRVK[ GDQVLQK[ DGDODKNRPELQDVL [ [ [ [   GDULIXQJVLHNVSRQHQQDWXUDO\DLWXFRVK[ GDQVLQK[   H  H  H  H 'HILQLVL)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN )XQJVLKLSHUEROLNGLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW x )XQJVLNRVLQXVKLSHUEROLN x )XQJVLVLQXVKLSHUEROLN x )XQJVLWDQJHQKLSHUEROLN I [   I [  FRVK[ VLQK[
   

I [ 

WDQK[ FRWK[

x )XQJVLNRWDQJHQKLSHUEROLN I [  x )XQJVLVHNDQKLSHUEROLN I [ 

VHFK[ FVFK[

x )XQJVLNRVHNDQKLSHUEROLN I [ 

'DODPEHQWXNHNVSRQHQIXQJVLWDQJHQNRWDQJHQVHNDQGDQNRVHNDQGDSDWGLWXOLV VHEDJDLEHULNXW x WDQK [ x FRWK [ H [  H [ H [  H [ H [  [ 5 H [  x VHFK[ x FVFK[  [ H  H[ H [ [ 5 H  [  H [ [ z  H [  

VLQK [ [ 5 FRVK [ FRVK [ [ z  VLQK [  [ 5 FRVK [  [ z  VLQK [

H  H [ 5
[ [

H  H [ 5
[ [

H [  H [ H [  H [

H  [  [ z  H [ 

 [ H  H [

7XUXQDQ)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN 7XUXQDQIXQJVLNRVLQXVGDQVLQXVKLSHUEROLNGLSHUROHK GDUL EHQWXN HVNSRQHQQ\D VHGDQJNDQ WXUXQDQ KLSHUEROLN ODLQQ\DGLSHUROHK EHUGDVDUNDQ DWXUDQPHQHQWXNDQWXUXQDQ+DVLOQ\DGLEHULNDQGDODPWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD 7XUXQDQ)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN G FRVK [ VLQK [  G[ G VLQK [ FRVK [  E G[ G WDQK [ VHFK  [  F G[ D G FRWK [ FVFK  [  G[ G H  VHFK [ VHFK [ WDQK [  G[ G I  FVFK [ FVFK [ FRWK [  G[ G

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



*UDILN)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN 3DGDGDHUDKDVDOQ\DVHPXDIXQJVLKLSHUEROLNNRQWLQXGDQ WHUGLIHUHQVLDONDQ 6HWHODK WXUXQDQ SHUWDPD GDQ NHGXD GDUL IXQJVLQ\D GLWHQWXNDQ GLSHUROHK VHODQJ NHPRQRWRQDQ WLWLN HNVWULP EHVHUWD MHQLVQ\D GDQ VHODQJ NHFHNXQJDQ EHVHUWDWLWLNEHORNQ\D.HPXGLDQWHQWXNDQOLPLWWDNKLQJJDGDQGLWDNKLQJJDQ\DXQWXN PHPSHUROHKDVLPWRWIXQJVLQ\D%HUGDVDUNDQLQL NHUMDNDQSURVHVQ\D GLSHUROHKJUDILN IXQJVLKLSHUEROLN\DQJGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E*EGDQ*E
\ \ FRVK [ \ \  \ WDQK [ \  FRWK [ \ VHFK [ \ \ FVFK[

VLQK [

[

\ WDQK [ [

[

FRWK [

FVFK[

6LIDW )XQJVL +LSHUEROLN   6HMDODQ GHQJDQ VLIDW IXQJVL WULJRQRPHWUL NLWD PHPSXQ\DL VLIDW\DQJ VHUXSDXQWXNIXQJVLKLSHUEROLN 6HPXDVLIDWSDGDWHRUHPDEHULNXWGLEXNWLNDQ GHQJDQGHILQLVLIXQJVLKLSHUEROLNGDQVLIDWIXQJVLHNVSRQHQWHNQLVQ\DGLVHUDKNDQSDGD SHPEDFD 7HRUHPD6LIDW)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN x FRVK [  FRVK[ x FRVK [  \  FRVK[ FRVK\  VLQK[ VLQK\ x FRVK [  \  FRVK[ FRVK\  VLQK[ VLQK\ x VLQK [  VLQK[ x VLQK [  \  VLQK[ FRVK\  FRVK[ VLQK\ x WDQK [  WDQK[ x VLQK [  \  VLQK[ FRVK\  FRVK[ VLQK\ x FRWK [  FRWK[ WDQK [  WDQK \ x VHFK [  VHFK[ x WDQK [  \    WDQK [ WDQK \ x FVFK [  FVFK[   FRWK [ [ x FRVK[  VLQK[ H  x WDQK[ x FRVK[  VLQK[ x  WDQK[


*E

*E

*E

x WDQK [  \  x VLQK[ x FRVK[ x WDQK[

x FRVK[  VLQK[ x FRWK [  

H 
[

 VLQK[ FRVK[  WDQK [   WDQK  [

WDQK [  WDQK \   WDQK [ WDQK \

VHFK[ FVFK [




FRVK[  VLQK[   VLQK[ GI G[

 FRVK[  

&RQWRK -LNDWDQI

VLQK[_I_ 

 

SWXQMXNNDQEDKZD

VHFK[

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ



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
\ [  \  VLQ W 3 [ \ FRV W VLQ W VLQKW

W OXDVOLQJNDUDQ S

W S S

 

W

\ 3 [ \

[  

FRVK W VLQK W

FRV W [ 

$ % FRVK W

6LWXDVL\DQJVDPDWHUMDGLSDGD*E-LNDWLWLN3 [ \ WHUOHWDNSDGDKLSHUEROVDWXDQ [  \ PDND[ FRVKW GDQ\ VLQKW PHPHQXKLFRVK W  VLQK W GDQOXDV  VHNWRU\DQJ GLEDQJXQROHKEXVXUKLSHUEROGDUL  NH [ \ DGDODK/ W   W 8QWXN NDVXVW t NLWDGDSDWPHPEXNWLNDQQ\DGHQJDQFDUDVHEDJDLEHULNXW


*E

*E

[  \

/ W 

/XDVVHJLWLJD2%3  OXDVGDHUDK$%3
 

7HRUHPDGDVDUNDONXOXVPHPEHULNDQ /c W
 

FRVK W VLQK W 

FRVK W 

[    G[ 

FRVK  W  VLQK  W  FRVK  W VLQK W     NDUHQDW !   FRVK W  VLQK W  VLQK W       FRVK W  VLQK W   

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ
 ,QLPHQJDNLEDWNDQ/ W   W  FF NRQVWDQWD.DUHQD/   / W   W W t 8QWXNNDVXVW  IXQJVLQ\D


PDNDF  VLQK W  .DUHQDLWX

VHKLQJJD GHQJDQ SURVHV GL DWDV DNDQ GLSHUROHK KDVLO \DQJ VDPD 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ WHUEXNWLODK\DQJGLLQJLQNDQT

 [    GDQ FRVK  W 

VLQK  W

,QYHUV )XQJVL +LSHUEROLN   ,QYHUV IXQJVL KLSHUEROLN GLNRQVWUXNVL GHQJDQ FDUD \DQJ VDPDVHSHUWLLQYHUVIXQJVLWULJRQRPHWUL x ,QYHUV)XQJVL6LQXV+LSHUEROLN ,QYHUVVLQXVKLSHUEROLNGLWXOLV\ VLQK [DWDX \ DUFVLQK[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ VLQK [ [ VLQK\[ 5 GDQ\ 5 .DUHQD VLQXV KLSHUEROLN GDSDW GLQ\DWDNDQ VHEDJDL IXQJVL HNVSRQHQ PDND LQYHUV IXQJVLVLQXVKLSHUEROLNGDSDWGLQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDLIXQJVLORJDULWPDQDWXUDO\DLWX
x

'DUL[

H \   [H \    6HOHVDLNDQSHUVDPDDQNXDGUDWGDODPH \ LQLGHQJDQUXPXVDEFGLSHUROHK


x x

VLQK\

 

H \  H\ GLSHUROHK[
x

VLQK [

OQ [  [   [ 5

H \  H\\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQ

x ,QYHUV)XQJVL.RVLQXV+LSHUEROLN ,QYHUVNRVLQXVKLSHUEROLNGLWXOLV\ DWDX\ DUFFRVK[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ FRVK [ [ FRVK\[ t GDQ\ t 


x

.DUHQDH \ ! PDND H \

[  [   VHKLQJJD\

 [ r  [  

[ r [    VLQK [

OQ [  [   

FRVK [

x ,QYHUV )XQJVL 7DQJHQ +LSHUEROLN ,QYHUV WDQJHQ KLSHUEROLN GLWXOLV \ DWDX\ DUFWDQK[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ WDQK [ [ WDQK\_[_  GDQ\ 5  [  'DODPEHQWXNORJDULWPDQDWXUDOWDQK [ _[_    OQ  [
x

'DODPEHQWXNORJDULWPDQDWXUDOFRVK [

OQ [  [   [ t 

WDQK [

x ,QYHUV)XQJVL.RWDQJHQ+LSHUEROLN ,QYHUVNRWDQJHQKLSHUEROLN GLWXOLV\ [DWDX\ DUFFRWK[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ FRWK [ [ FRWK\_[_ ! GDQ\ 5  ^` [   'DODPEHQWXNORJDULWPDQDWXUDOFRWK [ _[_ !   OQ [ 
x

FRWK

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


VHFK [DWDX

x ,QYHUV)XQJVL6HNDQ+LSHUEROLN ,QYHUVVHNDQKLSHUEROLNGLWXOLV\ \ DUFVHFK[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ VHFK [ [ VHFK\ [ d GDQ\ t 


x

'DODPEHQWXNORJDULWPDQDWXUDOVHFK [


'DUL[

PHQJDNLEDWNDQ

VHFK\

 GLSHUROHKFRVK\ FRVK \ VHFK [

  [  OQ  [ d  [  \ t VHKLQJJD\ [ FRVK

 ,QL [

x ,QYHUV)XQJVL.RVHNDQ+LSHUEROLN ,QYHUVNRVHNDQKLSHUEROLNGLWXOLV\ DWDX\ DUFFVFK[DGDODKIXQJVL\DQJPHPHQXKL \ FVFK [ [ FVFK\[ z GDQ\ z 


x

FRVK

 [ t  [

FVFK [

  [  [ z  [ 'HQJDQFDUDVHSHUWLIXQJVLVHNDQKLSHUEROLNGLSHUROHK  FVFK [ VLQK [ z  [ *UDILNIXQJVLLQYHUVKLSHUEROLNGLSHUROHKGHQJDQFDUDPHQFHUPLQNDQJUDILNIXQJVL KLSHUEROLNWHUKDGDSJDULV\ [KDVLOQ\DGLSHUOLKDWNDQSDGD*E*EGDQ*E 'DODPEHQWXNORJDULWPDQDWXUDOFVFK [ OQ


x x

\   \

FRVK [


VLQK [ [  \ FRWK [

FRWK [


FVFK [

VLQK [

 [ WDQK [

\ \

FVFK [

VHFK [ [

7XUXQDQ,QYHUV)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN 7XUXQDQLQYHUVIXQJVLKLSHUEROLNGDSDWGLSHUROHK GDULWXUXQDQEHQWXNORJDULWPDQDWXUDOQ\DDWDXGHQJDQWXUXQDQIXQJVLLQYHUVKDVLOQ\DGL EHULNDQGDODPWHRUHPDEHULNXW 7HRUHPD7XUXQDQ,QYHUV)XQJVL+LSHUEROLN D G FRVK [ G[ [ 




*E

*E

*E

[ ! 

G FRWK [   _[_ !  G[  [

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ


H  I  G VHFK [ G[ [  [  [    [   [ z 

E F

%XNWL.LWDEXNWLNDQEDJLDQ D VDMDVLVDQ\DGLVHUDKNDQXQWXNODWLKDQSHPEDFD 'DUL\ FRVK [ \c OQ [  [   [ t GLSHUROHK G\ G[

G WDQK [ G[

G VLQK [ G[

 _[_    [ 

[ 


[ 5

G FVFK [ G[

 [ 


&DUD ODLQ GLSHUROHK 'DUL \ \c G\ G[

[   [  [  [   

[  [  

[  

  [

[  

 [ !  T G[ G\ VLQK \

FRVK [ [  G[ G\  VLQK \

FRVK \ [ t  GDQ \ t  GDQ    [ ! 

FRVK  \ 

[  

NDUHQDVLQK\ t XQWXN\ t T &RQWRK 7HQWXNDQWXUXQDQSHUWDPDGDULIXQJVL D \ %HULNXWLQLDGDODKEHEHUDSDFRQWRK\DQJEHUNDLWDQGHQJDQLQYHUVKLSHUEROLN WDQK VLQ[ GDQ E \    FRV  [  VLQ   [  OQ [  [


-DZDE %HUGDVDUNDQ7HRUHPDGDQDWXUDQUDQWDLGLSHUROHKKDVLOEHULNXW D \c E  \c G\ G[ G\ G[    FRV  [ FRV  [   FRV  [  VHF  [ 

VLQK OQ[ 

[  OQ  [

&RQWRK -LNDWDQI -DZDE'DULWDQI PXV VLQK [

OQ [  [   [ 5NLWDPHPSXQ\DL

VLQK[_I_ 

 VLQK[_I_   S Q\DWDNDQ[ GDODPI GDQKLWXQJODK

 

S GLSHUROHK[

VLQK WDQI %HUGDVDUNDQUX

G[  GI

,QWHJUDOGDQ)XQJVL7UDQVHQGHQ

'DULVLQLGLSHUROHK

VLQK WDQ I

OQ WDQ I  WDQ  I 


OQ WDQ I  VHF I  VHF I 

 NDUHQDVHFI  WDQI z XQWXN_I_   S 

G[ GI

VHF I  VHF I WDQ I WDQ I VHF I

VHF I VHF I  WDQ I VHF I  WDQ I

6RDO/DWLKDQ
  FRVK  [   VLQK  [

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQEXNWLNDQVH WLDSNHVDPDDQ\DQJGLEHULNDQ 
 

FRVK [  
   

8QWXN VRDO  VDPSDL GHQJDQ  WHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQ\c GDULVHWLDSIXQJVL\DQJGLEHULNDQ \ \ \ \  \ VLQK VLQ [ VLQK VLQ[ VLQ[ WDQK[ WDQK H[ FVFK WDQ[ FRVK\ OQ[\

FRVK [   [ !  FRVK [   [  

  WDQK  [

 WDQ [
 

 WDQK OQ [   WDQK [  WDQK [

VLQK [ FRVK [ 

FRVK [   [ ! FRVK [   FRVK [   [  FRVK [ 

8QWXNVRDOVDPSDLGHQJDQWHQWXNDQ WXUXQDQ\c GDULEHQWXNLPSOLVLW\DQJGLEHULNDQ WDQK[\


 

H [ 

[    [  

FRVK [   VLQK [

OQ VLQK[  WDQK [ FRWK [\

FRVK[\

-LNDVHFI

WDQK [  \

[ GDODPI GDQKLWXQJODK

 FRVK[ I   S Q\DWDNDQ

G[  GI

You might also like