INTRODUCTION :

A method used for manufacturing minimizing waste generation and pollution is known as Green manufacturing. Product and process design help to achieve Green goals. It's a corporate strategy and a philosophical approach that aims at reducing energy and material usage during the manufacturing process, therefore developing more environmentally products and processes. The green design requires a framework for considering environmental issues, analyzing and synthesizing methods and challenging the traditional methods for manufacturing and design. Moreover companies can also gain competitive market advantages as well as save money by implementing greener products and processes. It has now become a more profitable way for businesses and also reduces their obligation towards the environment.

Issues urging to adopt green manufacturing :

1).Increasing emissions and related climate change The emissions of Greenhouse gas has increased rapidly resulting in the rise of global temperature. The emissions are likely to double by 2050 having a great negative impact on the global system, sea level, hydrological system as well as crop production. 2).Quick exhaustion of scarce natural resources Increasing industrialization and population results in rapid consumption of natural resources like wood, coal, oil etc. and hence their availability is shrinking especially of the non renewable resources. This has resulted in price fluctuations impacting consumers spending as well as corporate margins and mismatches in demand- supply. There is not only an immediate need for less scarce alternatives but also adequate management and use of non renewable resources. 3) Increasing waste generation and pollution Due to increased urbanization and industrialization there has been a major growth in waste generation and pollution. Disposal of industrial waste containing chemicals without treatment can be injurious to health and leads to environmental pollution. Another major reason for pollution is increased demand for electronic products that result in E - waste. 4).Consumers demand for sustainability : Consumers are not only adopting green practices but also prefer buying green products as they believe that environmental problems are an ultimate threat to the society. Price is the lowest barrier of green purchasing as consumers are ready to even pay premiums 5) Companies also adopt green manufacturing for Improving company image ,followed by cost savings, maintaining competitive advantage , enhancing relations with stakeholders and increasing employee morale

Solutions :
1) Green energy Production and use of cleaner energy is knows as Green energy. It includes utilizing renewable energy sources and achieving higher energy competence in operations. 2) Green products Green products mean Recycled, Low carbon footprint, Organic and Natural products. Though developing green cost may be costly but can be effectively marketed if they fulfill consumers sustainability needs and additional volumes along with price premiums can be derived by companies which offset their development costs. 3) Green processes in business operations Green processes in operations is the resourceful utilization of key resources, minimizing waste generation through lean operations, reducing carbon footprint and conserving water. Employing Green processes lowers costs and improves efficiency in operation.

Product Design :
If a product provides high value, then it cannot be designed without harming the environment due the excessive use of technology and energy. But technology changes faster than fashion, green manufacturing implies using the technology that minimizes damaging the environment but provides value to the customer, though initially at a higher price. Product design includes : 1). Design for reuse : Designing products in such a way that they can be used again for future generations. E.g. : steel is regularly recovered from products such as automobiles, melted and re-used in a closed recycle loop( i.e. reused for the same function). Materials may even be disposed into landfills and can be recovered in future for reuse. Materials move between manmade and natural environment. 2 ). Design for disassembly It's a method for building products so that they can be easily separated. It aims at providing maximum economic value and reducing environmental impact through reuse, repair and remanufacturing. E.g.: Kodak dispose cameras snap apart, resulting in 87% of the parts to be recycled and reused. Though economic costs of taking apart products in an eco friendly manner may exceed the cost of the material but can be offset by reducing the time of disassembly. Using DFD software can help calculate and point out the most efficient pathway eliminating obstacles. 3). Design for remanufacture : It's a method in which products are developed such that the parts can be used in other products. It begins with core, which is designed prior to manufacture. Physical characteristics mentioned during the design stage affect remanufacture, even if the product has not been designed for remanufacture. Business models recognize the benefits of remanufacture and then implement it.

Levels of design for remanufacture : Product strategy - including sales and marketing, service support, core collection. Detailed product design and engineering - including functional design and core collection (Gray and Charter, N.A)

Challenges in Adopting Green There is a need to adopt Green manufacturing for businesses even in tough market conditions. they need to understand that its absolutely necessary and that Green has to address - Green energy, products and processes. Companies face challenges in providing leadership for going green. They have to shift from : a) 'Approaching Green as limited, often secluded initiatives with contracted focus to a more holistic approach b) Meeting authoritarian agreement to developing ecoadvantage c) Presenting initiatives as cost centers to assess them as business opportunities' (Bhattacharya, Jain and Choudhary, 2011). Companies usually hesitate and prove unsuccessful in making these shifts due to the following reasons : 1) Companies do not understand the mean of sustainability to them , they also do not completely understand drivers and issues applicable to them and their industries 2) Companies face difficulties in finding or modeling the business case for sustainability. For most the green initiatives are not a priority and often economies are not well understood due to growing technologies and costs. 3) Companies that adopt green manufacturing usually consider green practices as a secondary part of their business and do not integrate it into their corporate strategies. Hence the implementation is damaged and they fail to realize full benefits of going green.