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e = + ----------- (1)
qs
q s qs r ds
d
v r i
dt
e = + + ----------- (2)
where
ds ls ds md ds ds ds
L i L i L i = + = ----------- (3)
qs ls qs mq qs qs qs
L i L i L i = + = ----------- (4)
Here L
ls
, L
md
and L
mq
are the stator leakage inductance, direct axis magnetizing inductance and quadrature axis
magnetizing inductance, respectively. The quantity r
s
is the stator resistance per phase. The electromagnetic
torque is identical to that of Synchronous Machine given by
3
( )
2 2
e ds qs qs ds
P
T i i = ----------- (5)
Here T
e
is the electromagnetic torque and P is number of poles.
The angular relationship between the stator voltage vector and the d-q axis is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Phasor diagram for Synchronous Reluctance Machine
In phasor notation:
V
s
= r
s
I
s
+jX
ds
I
ds
+ jX
qs
I
qs
------------ (6)
The value of currents can be obtained in terms of steady state voltage as
2 2
e qs qs s ds
ds
s e ds qs
L V rV
I
r L L
e
e
+
=
+
------------ (7)
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1469
2 2
e ds ds s qs
qs
s e ds qs
L V rV
I
r L L
e
e
+
=
+
------------ (8)
Neglecting stator resistance
&
qs
ds
ds qs
e ds e qs
V
V
I I
L L e e
= = ------------ (9)
Here
e
e
is the angular velocity of the rotating reference frame.
IV. DETERMINATION OF ROTOR PARAMETERS
It is understood from the discussion in earlier works, that the advantages of a PMSRM is highly dependent upon
the saliency ratio L
d
/L
q
[8]. In this section use of Finite Element Method to quantify the saliency ratio is studied.
Four pole configuration of Figure 2 is considered. Specifically, the rotor is assumed to be constructed of
packets of thin laminations. These packets of steel are assumed to be separated by a suitable insulator, plastic
laminate or epoxy-like material. All of the lamination segments are assumed to be equally spaced. Also, the
machine is assumed to have 24 slots (2 slots/pole/phase) with a tooth width over tooth pitch ratio of 0.54. The sum
of n(W
iron
+W
ins
) is always chosen to be equal to the width of one stator teeth to limit pulsating fluxes in the
stator teeth. In practice, values of n=1 and n=2 were investigated. For the purpose of comparison between
different geometries it is useful to define the ratio
K
w
= W
ins
/ W
iron
------------ (10)
where W
ins
and W
iron
represent the width of insulation and width of iron. Clearly, when K
w
=0, the rotor is assumed
to be completely made of iron, (i.e. no saliency). When K
w
=1 the rotor is constructed of lamination segments in
which the air space and lamination segments are equal.
Figure 4. Calculated d-q axes inductances Figure 5. Ld / Lq Vs Current of SRM and PMSRM
Figure 4 shows the d axis and q axis inductance for different values of current. It is seen that the value of d-axis
inductance is always greater than the value of q-axis inductance for different values of current. Figure 5 shows the
plot of the saliency ratio K
saliency
=L
md
/L
mq
as a function of K
w
. From the Figure 5 it is found that even at lower
values of current the PMSRM has better saliency ratio in comparison with the Synchronous Reluctance
Motor(SRM). Various parameters required for the analysis of PMSRM are determined using the Finite Element
Method shown in Figure 6.
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1470
Figure 6. Flow chart of Finite Element Method to estimate parameters of PMSRM
V. DESIGN SYNTHESIS
The name plate details of the PMSRM is given in Table 1.
Power 0.5kW
Rated Speed 1500 rpm
Rated Current 3.46A
Frequency 50Hz
Rated Voltage 380 V
Table 1. Name plate details of PMSRM
A. Stator Geometry
The design of stator of the machine is kept unaltered where the rotor construction is modified for its improved
performance. The stator inner surface is cylindrical and typically retains many of the benefits of variable
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1471
reluctance motors and at the same time eliminates its several disadvantages. The overall view of the motor is as
shown in the Figure 7.
Figure 7. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Motor.
B. Rotor Geometry
Adding the proper quantity of permanent magnets into the PMSRM rotor core is another way to improve the
operating performance of this motor[16]. In this case, the motor is similar to an Interior Permanent Magnet
Motor[9]. However, the amount of permanent magnets used and the permanent magnet flux-linkages are smaller
with respect to the conventional Interior Permanent Magnet Motors. Thus, the proposed motor can be called as
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Motor (PMSRM).
Figure 8. Proposed PMSRM
Permanent Magnets can be mounted in the rotor core of the axially or transversally laminated structure The
polarity of magnets is chosen such that it counteracts the q-axis flux of the motor at rated load. Regardless of the
different choice of d-q axes in principle, the PMSRM seems nothing more than a particular case of IPMSM.
However, a substantial difference is the high anisotropy rotor structure of PMSRM results in low value of the
permanent magnet flux. The amount of permanent magnet flux is quite lower than the amount of rated flux. In
contrast, in the usual IPMSM the most flux comes from the magnets and the flux produced by stator currents is
considered as an unwanted reaction flux. In practice, because of the above mentioned difference between
PMSRM and IPMSM machines, they have different suitability to the large flux-weakening ranges.
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1472
The rotor geometry can be obtained to meet the desired criteria and manufacturing limits such as minimum width
of ribs and number of flux barriers. As it was mentioned before, to improve the efficiency of the motor some
Ferrite magnets are placed in the rotor as shown in Figure 8. One of the features considered in the design of this
motor is the magnetization of the Ferrites using stator windings. This feature will cause a reduction in cost and
ease of manufacturing [10][13]. Figure 8 shows the rotor with flux barriers and permanent magnets inside the
core. The amount of the ferrite placed in the rotor core is limited by the geometry of the rotor and also the material
cost.
VI POSITION OF ROTOR PHASE ANGLE
In PMSRM it is essential to determine the position of rotor to synchronize the stator current vector and rotor
position. As the speed sensors need the extra hardware that increases the cost and the size, sensor less control of
PMSRM has been used in recent researches[11]. Since the rotor of PMSRM follows the flux, the position of rotor
and fluxes are changed together and it is possible to extract the rotor position by detecting of flux position.
Therefore in this method the rotor position is estimated using flux linkage. In this approach, torque ( T
e
), speed
(e
r
) and flux linkage phase angle (
s
), in both transient and steady states, is calculated by using the estimated
stator flux linkage (
s
), and its components (
o
,
|
) in stationary reference frame.The difference between , the
flux linkage in equation (1),(2),(3) and (4) with flux linkage is that, is the hybrid flux linkage obtained by
multiplying the actual flux linkage by angular frequency. The equations of these calculations are shown in the
following equations
( )
a a
v R i dt
o o
+ =
------------ (11)
( )
a
v R i dt
| | |
+ =
------------ (12)
1
tan ( )
s
|
o
p
+
=
+
------------ (13)
2 2
( )
s o |
+ = + + + ------------ (14)
3
( )
2
e
T p i i
o | | o
= + + ------------ (15)
Figure 9. Rotor Phase angle detection
The comparative results of the torque developed for different rotor positions is shown in Figure10. From this
graph it is found that PMSRM generates better torque than the conventional machines.
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1473
Figure 10. Comparison of reluctance torque using FEM Figure 11. Output Torque with different current Angles
The total resulting torque is the summation of reluctance torque and permanent magnet torque. The values of
reluctance torque, permanent magnet torque and the resulting torque are calculated and shown graphically in the
Figure11.
VII TORQUE RATIO
The performance of the PMSRM in comparison with the Induction Motor is evaluated by torque ratio
(1 )
mq
md
m md r
m
i
r
L
L
L L T
L
T
L
= ------------ (16)
The ratio of torques depend on three ratios, (1)the ratio of the Synchronous Reluctance Motor d-axis magnetizing
inductance corresponding to the induction magnetizing reactance
md
m
L
L
, (2)inverse of ratio of the induction motor
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1474
magnetizing to total rotor inductance ratio
m
r
L
L
(3) the ratio of air gap saliency ratio
mq
md
L
L
. Saliency ratio upto
7 to 8 have been reported. The inductance motor magnetizing reactance range from 1.0 to 2.0 per unit while the
rotor leakage reactance is in the range of 0.08 to 1.2 per unit. Practically ratio of synchronous reluctance d-axis
magnetizing reactance to induction motor magnetizing reactance depend primarily on the width of the rotor[12].
VIII POWER LOSS RATIO
PMSRM is actually capable of less torque for the same amplitude of stator current. But the losses of the induction
and PMSRM is not same since the Induction Motor must sustain rotor slip frequency losses to produce the
torque[14]. On considering only copper losses the power loss in the PMSRM is
2
3
2
r s s
P I r = ------------ (17)
while loss in the Induction Machine is given by
2 2
3
( )
2
i s s r r
P I r I r = + ------------ (18)
where I
s
and I
r
represent peak amplitude of stator and rotor current respectively. The total copper loss depends
on losses in both stator and rotor circuits. If the machine is loaded to about rated current then the stator and rotor
currents are given by
| | 0.85| |
r s
I I ~ ------------ (20)
The stator referred value of rotor resistance for most machines varies from 0.8 to 1.3. For many applications, high
effiency, low slip machines are preferred making a choice of rotor resistance on the low side of this range
preferable[15]. So a nominal value of rotor resistance is selected as
| | 0.85| |
r s
r r = ------------ (21)
Thus the ratio of power loss becomes
0.634
r
s
P
P
= ------------ (22)
IX. CONCLUSION
A new design in the rotor of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Motor is proposed. With respect to
the conventional Synchronous Reluctance Motor, this motor offers better torque capabilities. . In this paper Finite
Element Method is used to obtain the inductance. Effects of the magnets on d-q inductances were studied. A
comparison between reluctance torque of Synchronous Reluctance Motor, Induction Motor and PMSRM was
performed. It has been shown that the proposed PMSRM substantially improves the performance due to modified
rotor geometry. Computer simulation and the experimental result for the PMSRM show the effectiveness of the
proposed method.
NOMENCLATURE
FEM - Finite Element Method
IM - Induction Motor
IPMSM - Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
PM - Permanent Magent
PMSRM - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Motor
SPMSM - Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
SRM - Synchronous Reluctance Motor
I
r
- peak amplitude current of rotor
I
s
- peak amplitude current of stator
i
ds
- direct axis current
i
qs -
quadrature axis current
K
saliency
- saliency ratio
K
w
- ratio of width of insulation to width of iron
L
ds
- direct axis inductance
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1475
L
ls
- stator leakage inductance
L
m -
motor magnetizing inductance
L
md -
direct axis magnetizing inductance
L
mq
- quadrature axis magnetizing inductance
L
qs
- quadrature axis inductance
L
r -
total rotor inductance
P - number of poles
p - pole pairs
P
i
- Power loss in induction machine
P
r -
Power loss in rotor
P
s -
Power loss in stator
r
r -
rotor resistance per phase
r
s
- stator resistance per phase
T
e -
electro magnetic torque
V
, V
-
voltage vectors in stationary reference frames
V
d
- d axis voltage
V
q
- q axis voltage
V
s
- stator voltage
W
ins
- width of insulation
W
iron -
width of iron
X
ds
- direct axis reactance
X
qs
- quadrature axis reactance
s -
fux linkage phase angle
o
,
|
- hybrid stator flux linkage components
X. REFERENCES
[1] M. Kondo, K. Kondo, Y. Fujishima, S.Shinji,Rotor desing of Rotor desing of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Railway
Vehicle, IEEJ Trans.IA, vol. 124, no.12, 2004.
[2] N. Bianchi, S. Bolognani, Interior PM synchronous motor for high performance applications, Proceedings of Power Conversion
Conference, vol. 1, pp. 148-153, April 2002.
[3] D. J. Sim, D. H. Cho, J. S. Chun, H. K. Jung, and T. K. Chung, Efficiency optimization of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor
using generic algorithms, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 18801883, 1997.
[4] T. Ohnishi and N. Takahashi, Optimal design of efficient IPM motor using finite element method, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 36, no. 5,
pp. 35373539, 2000.
[5] T. M. Jahns, G. B. Kliman, and T. W. Neumann, Interior permanentmagnet synchronous motors for adjustable-speed drives, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 738747, 1986.
[6] G. H. Kang, J. P. Hong, G. T. Kim, and J.W. Park, Improved parameter modeling of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor
based on finite element analysis, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 18671870, 2000.
[7] A.Kiyoumarsi, M.R.Hassanzadeh and M. Moallem, A New Analytical Method on Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors,
Scientica Iranica, vol. 13, No.4, pp. 364-372, October 2006.
[8] B. V. Litvinov and O. B. Davydenko, A Synchronous Reluctance Motor with a Laminated Rotor Russian Electrical Engineering, ISSN
1068-3712, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 2932. Allerton Press, Inc., 2009.
[9] Li Liu, Wenxin Liu and David A. Cartes ,Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Parameter Identification using Particle Swarm
Optimization, International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research, ISSN 0973-1873 Vol.4, No., pp.211218, 2 (2008).
[10] S. Morimoto, M. Sanada, Y. Takeda, Performance of PM assisted synchronous reluctance motor for high efficiency and wide constant
power operation, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1234-1240, September/October 2001.
[11] Tsuyoshi Hanamoto, Ahmad Ghaderi, Muneto Harada, Teruo Tsuji, "Sensorless speed control of synchronous reluctance motor using a
novel flux estimator based on Recursive Fourier Transformation," icit, pp.1-6, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial
Technology, 2009
[12] Thierry Lubin,Hubert Razik, and Abderrezak Rezzoug, On-line efficiency optimization of a synchronous reluctance motor Electric
Power Systems Research, Volume 77, Issues 5-6, Pages 484-493, April 2007.
[13] B. Singh, B.P. Singh, and S. Dwivedi, A review of sensor reduction techniques in permanent magnet synchronous motor drives,
10.2316/Journal.203.2009.1.203-3714, (203) International Journal of Power and Energy Systems - 2009.
[14] R. Lateb, N. Takorabet, F. Meibody-Tabar, A. Mirzaian, J. Enon, and A. Sarribouette, Performances comparison of induction motors
and surface mounted PM motor for POD marine propulsion, in Conf. Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu.Meeting. 2005.
[15] Albert W.-J. Hsue, M.-T. Yan,Comparison on linear synchronous motors and conventional rotary motors driven Wire-EDM processes,
Journal of Materials Processing Technology,Volumes 192-193, Pages 478-485, 1 October 2007
[16] D.Vimalakeerthy and Dr.M.Y.Sanavullah ,An Improved Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Reluctance Motor using Finite
Element Method, CiiT International Journal of Programmable Device Circuits and Systems, Vol. 1, No 5, August 2009.
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1476
BIOGRAPHY
Mr. D. Vimalakeerthy, was born in Tamil Nadu, India. He received B.E degree in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering and M.E degree in Power Electronics and Drives. Currently he is
working as a Assistant Professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at
AVS Engineering College, Salem and pursuing his PhD in Anna University, Coimbatore. His
research interest is Design improvement of Synchronous Reluctance Motor and Finite
Element Analysis.
Dr.M.Y.Sanavullah, was born in Tamil Nadu,India.He received B.E degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and M.Sc Engineering in Power System Engineering. He received
the Ph.D degree in High Voltage Engineering. He worked as lecturer for 16 years, as
Assistant Professor for 10 Years and Principal for 10 years. Currently he is working as a
Professor and Dean in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, VMKV
Engineering College,Salem. His research interests are High Voltage Engineering and Finite
Element Analysis.
D. Vimalakeerthy et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 3 No. 2 Feb 2011 1477