Theme: Transgenic Maize Growing in Canton (Uyumbicho) October through January of this month.

Mejia

OBJECTIVE:

Improve

the

quality

of

maize

through

the

use

of

GMOs.

Purpose: y Help Uyumbicho population that the sale and consumption of maize is not affected by pests such product. y

1. INTRODUCTION:

In our country, maize production is one of the major sources of income for our people.

This type of cultivation has been adversely affected by certain pests that have deteriorated and it has been observed overgrowth of the weevil, which is why both consumption and sale of this product dropped dramatically. That is why we have seen the need to replace traditional maize corn to better quality and free of pests. This project included Uyumbicho village located in the canton Mejia Amaguaa 250 meters, will be held from October until January where they evaluate the improvements achieved in these crops By this we achieved the improvement of this product not only in that district but across the country level and thus make the corn is a major export product worldwide and reach the highest rates of daily consumption.

void the use of fungicides with the aim that the soil is not affected

by the excessive use of these products.

The consumption of this product provides great benefits to the consumer because they have nutrients such as proteins, amino acids,

carbohydrates and vitamins the same as to be metabolized help the smooth functioning of the body so it will give a better quality of life of consumers. Furthermore, this project enables us to liberate the lands of such spraying which benefits not only the environment but also back to the consumer and that several statistics have shown that consumption of both chemical is the main cause of various diseases such as cancer is one of the most deadly diseases because our people. Transgenic maize also provides advantages for the producer since the investment is lower and get higher returns. In this project we will use expression vectors with Bacillus thuringiensis , because this is a gram positive bacterium that produces, during sporulation, a crystal protein toxic to insects, also known as delta endotoxin. (SAUKA D, & BENINTENDE G 2008)

Mechanism of action of delta endotoxin.

The insects ingest the crystals scattered on the leaves or substrate supply during larval stage, they reach their mid-gut, are dissolved by the action of intestinal juices which have an alkaline pH, the delta endotoxin under goes enzymatic proteolysis and leads to active toxin, which binds to a specific receptor on the membranes of epithelial cells in the intestine, which generates pores that unbalance the osmotic balance and cause cell lysis in this part of the digestive tract, causing diarrhea and vomitin g later in the insect, which can eventually cause death by severe dehydration. Once structured vector apply the technique known as ballistics to enter the vector in the affected plant. (Fangneng H., Rogers L. & David A. Sugarcane Borer 2007)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The maize (Zea mays) is characterized by having a grass stems in the form of cane, is covered by bracts green and papery texture and ends in a sort of dark yellow plume, consisting of the styles. It has an adventitious root and fibrous, and that does not originate from the radicle of the embryo and the shape of a thin, long hair, the flower is an inflorescence stem and has called both male and female flowers. IThe fruit is dry and does not open reaching maturity is called grain . (Garca M. 2001)

Fig. 1: Corn mature stage. (Rocha F. 2009)

USES OF CORN:

Corn is one of the main foods grown in the world. Its use not only focuses on the human food but is part of animal nutrition. Corn stalks, once separated the ear, can be used as foliage. From this plant get drinks both alcoholic and non alcoholic. The alco holic beverage most used in our country is called chicha. Another use is the removal of corn flour for making bread, cakes, arepas and other baked goods. You can also get oil for food use or for industrial manufacture of paints and soa p. (Asturias M. 2004)

Fig. 2: Preparation of chicha (Rodrguez M. 2004)

CORN VARIETIES:

There are six basic types of corn: dent, hard, soft or fluffy, sweet, popcorn and cladding.

The dent corn is grown in greater quantities in the U.S. It differs when it dries the top of the grain, it takes the shape of a tooth. The grains are very consistent tough guy and ears are usually long and thin. Some varieties of this type mature very soon.

Soft corn and flour corn also called mummies, because the variety is usually found in the graves of the Aztecs and Incas. Is grown widely in Southern U.S. and Mexico. The beans are soft even in full maturity. Some are small, but others, like the giant grain maize from Cuzco, in Peru, can reach up to two inches in diameter. Sweet corn is the most consumed in the U.S. for canning or eating off the cob.

Fig. 3: Maize varieties (Cruz S. 2008)

ENGINEERED CORN: Genetically Engineered Foods (AMG), also called transgenics, are essentially existing products to which they have altered the original genetic information using sophisticated biotechnological methods, in order to make them more nutritious, appetizing or resistant to pests and harsh environmental. (Ortega R. 2006).

"Because corn is perhaps the most cultivated plant diversity of uses and applications because it has enormous marketing potential, is a grain that

has been genetically modified to improve their production. This article discusses the risks and benefits of transgenic corn " (Ortega R. 2006)

There are two types of GM maize: those resistant to insects often incorporate genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and known as Bt crops, and those that are resistant to herbicides. (Ortega R. 2006) The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a flagellated bacilli, and gram positive sporulated produces, during sporulation, a crystal protein toxic to insects, also known as delta endotoxin. The delta endotoxin can vary in shape and size, depending on the variety of Bt corn is a transgenic or genetically modified corn that produces its flowers in Cry proteins. Thus, when the larvae of insects commonly known as stem borers "try to feed on the leaf or stem of Bt corn, they die. (Fangneng H., Rogers L. & David A. 2007) The benefits that Bt corn has focused on the possibility for the farmer to control pests without using insecticides, which is also a direct benefit to the environment. In particular, the efficient control of pests allows maximum expression of yield potential, more flexible handling of dates of sowing and harvesting, and better quality. (Fangneng H., Rogers L. & David A. 2007)

In this project we will develop the first type of GM, namely the use of Bacillus thuringiensis by implementing a vector of resistance.

Fig. 4: Performance of Bt corn (Sanches M. 2010) 2. METHODS: y y y y The volume strains of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to which we proceeded to extract DNA, after it was cloned these fragments. DNA was extracted from natural corn plant fragments were also cloned. DNA is recombined in the plant with the DNA of the bacteria. Transformation was performed and tissue culture. Obtained a transgenic plant resistant to pests such as weevils.

Fig. 5: Process for obtaining transgenic plants (Segovia C.2010) 3. RESULTS: We managed to get a transgenic plant with Bacillus thuringiensis that

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We began this project through the use of information documenting the annual production of corn plants in Uyumbicho, we use this database for comparison between each year from 2000 through 2011, it was observed that production in the early years was good, because the ears did not show contamination by pests. But due to wear of the land, excessive use of fungicides and whether the land was deteriorating dramatically lowering the production of healthy corn plants. By observing all damage I decided to start the project in October 2010 to offset the loss that was taking place in this year due to the presence of weevils in these ears. We encountered several difficulties because the people of this place opposed the deployment of transgenic corn, so we took a strategy of greater proportion of information, because we were able to explain through surveys that people in the village had no knowledge on the subject and only heard was swayed by myths. Looking at the results of the survey 70 of people told us that GM used to harm people, animals and the environment, we determine that their main concern was that by eating these foods develop some kind of disease such as cancer. The results we obtained in this project were as expected because it failed to improve maize production, which benefited Uyumbicho population could be observed in this crop the absence of weevils by using Bacillus thuringiensis because this produces a toxin that stays in the leaves and does not let insects destroy it, by eliminating this scourge that caused so much damage to this population not only won the town commercially, but also benefited because the environmental contamination by fungicides completely disappeared.

5. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of transgenic plants do not cause any side effects to the population, but instead full of benefits and advantages to the consumer. Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin that stays in the leaves and the insects can not destroy the plants. Contamination of the ears with weevils was eliminated in its entirety and without use of chemicals that pollute the environment. Finally we raise public awareness of Uyumbicho on the use of genetically modified foods.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY: y y Reyes M. & Rozowski J. TRANSGENIC FOODS (2003), Rev. chil. nutr. vol.30 no.1 Santiago. doi: 10.4067/S0717 Hood E, Kusnadi A., Nikolov Z. & Howard J, Molecular Farming of industrial proteins from transgenic Maize. (2009). ProdiGene. Inc., y y College Station, TX 77845, (409) 862 -4062. Garca M. Atlas Clasificatorio de la Flora. 2001, 2da. Edicin. Mundiprensa. Madrid Espaa. y Asturias M. Maz de Alimento Sagrado a Negocio del Hambre 2004. Quito Ecuador. y Ortega R. Maz transgnico: riesgos y beneficios 2006. Rev. Universidad de Sonora. Vol. 3 5.208/560. y Fangneng H., Rogers L. & David A. Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Resistance to Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Maize 2007, J. Econ. Entomol. 100(1): 164171. y Hood E, Kusnadi A., Nikolov Z. & Howard J, Molecular Farming of industrial proteins from transgenic Maize. (2009). ProdiGene. Inc., College Station, TX 77845, (409) 862-4062. y SAUKA D, & BENINTENDE G. Bacillus thuringiensis: generalidades. Un acercamiento a su empleo en el biocontrol de insectos lepidpteros que son plagas agrcolas (2008). Revista Argentina de Microbiologa 40: 124-140. 08IS) S4N0 :0 312254 -7-154401

ANNEXES: SURVEY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CORN MEJA transgenics in UYUMBICO CANTON OCTOBER 2010 - JANUARY 2011

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