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Table of Contents
[1] Executive Summary ......................................................................... 1 [2] Introduction and Overview ............................................................... 2 2.1 What is HSPA+?...................................................................... 3 [3] HSPA+ Doubles Data Capacity and Reduces Cost ........................ 4 3.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)..................................... 6 3.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM) ............................................. 7 3.3 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) and Discontinuous Reception (DRX)..................................................................... 7 [4] HSPA+ Provides Three Times Increased Voice Capacity............... 8 [5] Higher Data Capacity through VoIP............................................... 10 [6] Enhanced User Experience Benefits ............................................. 11 [7] HSPA+ Offers an Entire Range of IP Services .............................. 12 7.1 VoIP Enables Rich Services.................................................. 13 7.2 VoIP Simplifies Fixed Mobile Convergence .......................... 14 [8] Backward Compatibility and Leverage in a Large 3G Ecosystem. 15 [9] The Optimal Solution in 5 MHz ...................................................... 16 [10] Conclusion ................................................................................... 18
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Rel-8
WCDMA
DL: 384 Kbps UL: 384 Kbps Figure 1: UMTS Evolution
HSPA
The enhanced uplink (HSUPA) was defined in R6 and doubles the uplink data capacity over WCDMA R99. This paper focuses on the first step of the HSPA evolution and the enhancements that have been defined in 3GPP R7. HSPA will continue to evolve and 3GPP R8 and beyond will introduce features that will further enhance the HSPA performance. Table 1 presents the key HSPA+ R7 features and their benefits.
HSPA+ Features
DL 2x2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Higher Order Modulation (HOM) 64-QAM DL and 16-QAM UL
Key Benefits
Doubles peak data rates Increases downlink capacity 50% higher downlink peak data rate Doubles uplink data peak rate Increases uplink and downlink capacity Improves VoIP capacity Extends talk time by up to 50% Better always-on experience Faster cell set up Better always-on experience Increases broadcast capacity Better broadcast cell edge rate
Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC): DTX/DRX, HS_SCCH Less Enhanced CELL_FACH state operation MBSFN (single frequency network) Table 1: Key HSPA+ R7 Features
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In addition to the HSPA+ enhancements defined in the 3GPP standards, we anticipate that interference cancellation (IC), both in the uplink (Node B IC) and downlink (UE IC) will be introduced in the same timeframe as HSPA+. Thus, the performance numbers discussed in this paper assume implementation of Node B IC. While the use of 4-Branch receive diversity could further double the uplink capacity, and the use of UE IC would increase the downlink capacity and enhance user experience at the cell edge through higher rates, those enhancements are not taken into account for the performance projections in this paper.
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and 16-QAM in the uplink). It is expected that HOM will provide further performance boost in particular deployment scenarios. HSPA greatly increased data capacity over R99 systems by adding the high-speed shared channels with HOM (16-QAM), smaller transmission interval, Hybrid ARQ and opportunistic scheduling. HSPA+ builds on this solid foundation by adding support for 64-QAM, 2x2 MIMO, CPC and other air interface improvements. Additional enhancements are being planned for R8 and beyond, which will provide a clear evolution path for current networks. Some of the HSPA+ enhancements that improve data capacity are discussed below.
Downlink
6.18
2.3X
1.8X
3.44
1X
1.7X
Uplink
1.55
1X
R6 HSPA Baseline
R7 HSPA (RxDiv+IC)
Source: Qualcomm Simulations, 500m ISD, 64-QAM in DL not considered, 16-QAM in UL not considered. Details in 3GPP R1-070674.
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MIMO
(2x2 DL MIMO) 28 Mbps (16-QAM)
Non - MIMO
14 Mbps (16-QAM) 21 Mbps (64-QAM)
Uplink
11 Mbps (16-QAM)
Table 3: HSPA+ R7 Data Rates2
2
The combination of 64-QAM and MIMO operation is expected in R8 and will provide DL rates up to 42 Mbps.
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Release 7 HSPA+ For Mobile Broadband Evolution 3.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM)
R6 HSPA supports 16-QAM modulation on the downlink and QPSK on the uplink. As Figure 3 shows, the data capacity (bits/symbol) increases as we move from QPSK to 16-QAM and then to 64-QAM. HSPA+ introduces 64-QAM on the downlink, which increases the data rates by 50% for UEs that have a high SNR. On the uplink, 16-QAM doubles data rates for UEs that are not power headroom limited. Wireless signals transmitted with a higher modulation are more sensitive to interference and require a higher SNR at the receiver for successful demodulation. HOM significantly increases the data rates for those users that are in good signal conditions (high SNR). Hence, the traffic for these high SNR users can be serviced faster, leaving Node B with more time and resources to service users in weaker signal areas, such as the cell edge. Overall, this provides high data rates and improved user experience for all users in the cell. HOM complements MIMO by providing significant gains in line-of-sight scenarios, where MIMO gains are limited. Table 3 shows the peak data rates with HOM and MIMO.
Synchronized DTX and DRX operation allows the UE to shut off its transmitter and receiver blocks completely, which significantly improves the UE battery life. DTX and DRX are, in particular, beneficial for low-rate data applications like VoIP, or bursty applications like web browsing, where it is possible to gate off transmission or turn off reception between the data transmissions.
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Higher data capacity through VoIP Mixing VoIP and data services frees up significant data capacity compared with mixing R99 CS voice and data services.
VoIP enables rich services The integration of voice with other data services enables new end-user services and new revenue sources for the operator.
VoIP simplifies fixed mobile convergence Moving all services to the packet domain with a common packet network creates synergies that reduce cost.
The operator can provide telco-quality VoIP in the same way as R99 CS voice and fully control the service from end to end. VoIP also enables the network operator to offer third-party VoIP clients with appropriate QoS to ensure voice quality, and charge accordingly for this high-quality VoIP flow. To support telco-quality VoIP, the HSPA network requires standard defined features such as QoS, header compression and IP multimedia system (IMS) support. Furthermore, non-standard implementation11/2007 page 8
specific features such as QoS scheduling and admission control must be supported. In current UMTS networks, voice services are carried over dedicated circuit-switched bearers, which are assigned to users for the duration of the voice call. HSPA VoIP uses shared-packet channels with smaller transmission intervals to transfer VoIP packets more efficiently. HSPA+ further improves VoIP capacity by introducing enhancements such as CPC. This optimizes air-interface resource usage, providing a two times voice capacity increase without Node B IC and a three times increase with Node B IC for the same voice quality and codec (AMR 12.2kbps) over R99 CS voice. Figure 4 compares the voice capacity of R99 CS, HSPA R6 and HSPA+ R7 VoIP.
182
2.6X
93 68
1.3X
1X
R99 CS
R6 VoIP
R7 HSPA+ VoIP
Source: QUALCOMM simulations, 500m ISD, 50ms delay, AMR 12.2 Codec. Detailed assumptions in R1-070674.
The next-generation wireless systems like Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) will rely on VoIP and an IMS network for voice without supporting circuit-switched services. HSPA+ enables operators to offer these same high-capacity VoIP services to the end users without relying on the circuit-switched core network.
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6000
Throughput (Kbps)
5000 4000
Data Gain
50
Voice Users
HSPA+ does not include MIMO and HOM; MIMO and HOM would further increase the HSPA+ capacity. Assumptions: 20 BE Users vs Voice AMR 12.2 users, 1Km ISD Figure 5: Sector Data Capacity when Mixing Voice/VoIP and Data
Figure 5 presents the remaining downlink data capacity for two cases, one with R99 CS voice and HSPA data and one with VoIP and HSPA+ data mixed on the same carrier. At a typical voice load of 50 voice users, mixing VoIP and data provides almost three times higher data capacity compared to mixing R99 CS voice and data. Furthermore, VoIP is typically uplink-limited, and there is additional capacity left over in the downlink at the maximum uplink VoIP capacity. This is a key driver in the adoption of VoIP, as it increases the data capacity and offers data services at a lower cost.
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True always-on experience by allowing user to stay longer in connected mode without compromising battery life (CPC). In addition, faster state transition allows users to move more rapidly between inactive and active states (enhanced Cell_FACH).
Up to 50% extended talk time3 through VoIP as compared with R99 CS voice, due to lower battery consumption (DRX and DTX).
50% reduction in the over-the-air call set-up time compared with HSPA R6, due to faster state transitions (enhanced Cell_FACH).
Better broadband experience with up to 28 Mbps peak data rates (42 Mbps in R8) on the downlink and 11 Mbps on the uplink.
Reduced latency for data services due to higher peak rates, faster state transition and true always-on, which enhances the user experience across an entire range of IP services.
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CPC allows packet data users to stay in the connected mode longer since the overhead channels can be gated off (DTX) and the reception turned off (DRX). An inactive user will have to move to the inactive state after some inactivity time, but CPC allows the user to stay longer in the connected state without significantly compromising the battery life. In addition to CPC, the enhanced Cell_FACH allows twice-as-fast transitions between active and inactive states compared with R6. Together, these features provide an enhanced user experience with a true always-on experience for data services such as push-to-talk (PTT) or for bursty HTTP traffic. The enhanced Cell_FACH is achieved by moving the transmission of the paging channel (PCH) and the intermediate Cell_FACH state to the highcapacity HSPA channel. This allows for much higher performance and thus reduced latency. The enhancements also reduce call set-up times through twice-as-fast transition from inactive mode (Cell-PCH) to active mode (Cell_FACH/DCH) for both data and voice services.
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VIDEO SHARING
VIDEO
GAMES
PTT VoIP
MUSIC
The following section set forth the benefits of VoIP, one of the IP services that HSPA and HSPA+ supports. VoIP enables greater flexibility in mixing voice and data traffic, and enables new, richer voice services.
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Rich voice enables cheaper and faster development of new services and applications. It enables the expansion of connectivity to a wider range of devices, consumer electronics and computing platforms with integrated applications that have a familiar look and feel. Rich VoIP over HSPA leverages converged applications that users are already accustomed to in wireline and WLAN.
SW upgrade to RNC
Figure 6: HSPA+ Network Upgrades
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There Were More Than 137 Million UMTS Subscribers July 07 WCDMA: 174 Commercial Operators HSDPA: 128 Commercial Operators 53 Commercial Operators @ 3.6Mbps Figure 7: WCDMA and HSPA Deployments [Source: GSMA (Operators: July 2007), (Subscribers: June 2007)]
HSPA+ is designed to be compatible with existing R99, 5/6 devices and networks, and uses the same spectrum and network resources to deliver the enhanced performance. The existing radio and core network can be upgraded to HSPA+ without the need for adding any new network elements. Existing UMTS and new HSPA+ devices can roam seamlessly between R99 UMTS, HSPA and HSPA+ networks. Backward
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compatibility will enable operators to roll out HSPA+ features in phases, without concern about device/network incompatibility. Many of the features being defined (e.g., DTX/DRX and other enhancements) could be an easy software upgrade to the existing base stations. By deploying HSPA+, wireless operators will benefit tremendously from the vast 3GPP device and vendor ecosystem that provides economies-of-scale benefits to the 3GPP community. Operators have greater flexibility in selecting vendors, and have a larger choice of devices and terminals that they can potentially offer to their customers at an affordable price. This wide vendor support and backward compatibility also enables operators to deploy HSPA+ in a timely manner and gives them a timeto-market advantage compared with other competing technologies. Initial HSPA+ device and network support will be available in late 2008.
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HSPA+ will ensure a consistent user experience across the entire network, and it allows the operator to roll out LTE in phases, such that LTE is first deployed in dense urban areas and then gradually expanded. The common IMS network enables users to experience the same services across the entire network, irrespective of LTE coverage.
7.81 6.18
8.1
2.3X
2.4X
1.8X
3.44
1X
R6 HSPA (RxDiv+EQ)
Source: Qualcomm Simulations, 500m ISD, LTE results scaled down from 10MHz. HSPA+: 16/64QAM not considered. Details in 3GPP R1-070674. Figure 8: Downlink Data Capacity per Sector Mbps (5 Mhz)
Given the early availability of HSPA+ in 2008, HSPA+ and its evolution remains the most optimal solution for existing HSPA/WCDMA operators. For new operators that are planning on launching 3G UMTS networks, HSPA provides a proven technology with economies of scale in device and network procurement.
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[10] Conclusion
HSPA+ is the natural and most economical evolution from HSPA, allowing UMTS operators to make the most efficient use of their existing assets and investments in network, spectrum and devices. HSPA+ is backward compatible, allowing for a gradual introduction of devices and a smooth, cost-efficient and simple network upgrade to existing HSPA nodes. Thanks to three times the voice and two times the data capacity, HSPA+ lowers the cost of delivering voice and data services enabling operators to offer mobile broadband at an even lower cost. Moving voice to VoIP over HSPA not only more than doubles the voice capacity; it also significantly increases the data capacity. HSPA supports the entire range of IP services; HSPA+ further enhances the end-user experience through higher peak rates, lower latency, extended talk time through VoIP, and a true always-on experience.
2007 Qualcomm Incorporated. All rights reserved. Qualcomm asserts that all information is correct through November 2007.
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