Harmonised Common Structural Rules Buckling Requirements

Harmonised Common Structural Rules Part 1, Chapter 8, Section 1
March 2011 Page 1

Section 1 General
1. Introduction
1.1 Assumption
1.1.1
This Chapter contains the strength criteria for buckling and ultimate strength of local supporting members,
primary supporting members and other structures such as pillars, corrugated bulkheads and brackets. These
criteria are to be applied as specified in Ch 6 for hull local scantlings and in Ch 7 for direct strength analysis.
1.1.2
For each structural member the characteristic buckling strength is to be taken as the most unfavourable / critical
buckling failure mode.
1.1.3
Unless otherwise specified, the scantling requirements of structural members in this Chapter are based on net
scantling obtained by removing t
c
from the gross offered thickness, where t
c
is defined in Ch 4.
1.1.4
In this Chapter, compressive and shear stresses are to be taken as positive, tension stresses are to be taken
negative unless otherwise specified.
2. Application
2.1 Scope
2.1.1
The buckling checks are to be performed according to:
Sec 2 for the slenderness requirements of plates, longitudinal and transverse stiffeners, primary supporting
members and brackets
Sec 3 for the prescriptive buckling requirements of plates, longitudinal and transverse stiffeners, supporting
members and other structures
Sec 4 for the buckling requirements of the FEM analysis for the plates, stiffened panels and other structures
Sec 5 for the buckling capacity of prescriptive and FEM buckling requirements.
2.1.2
Enlarged stiffeners, with or without web stiffening, used for Permanent Means of Access (PMA) are to comply
with the following requirements:
a) Slenderness requirements for primary supporting members as follows:
For enlarged stiffener web: Sec 2, [4.1.1] a), [5.1]
For enlarged stiffener flange: Sec 2, [4.1.1] b)
For stiffeners fitted on enlarged stiffener web: Sec2, [3.1.1] and [3.1.3]
Part 1, Chapter 8, Section 1 Harmonised Common Structural Rules
Page 2 March 2011
b) Buckling strength of prescriptive requirements as follows:
For enlarged stiffener web, see Sec 3, [3.1]
For stiffeners fitted on enlarged stiffener web: Sec 3, [3.2]
c) All structural elements used for PMA are to be complied with for the buckling requirements of the FEM
analysis in Sec 4 when applicable
d) Buckling strength of longitudinal PMA platforms without stiffeners fitted on enlarged stiffener web is to be
checked using the criteria for local supporting members in Sec 2, [2.1] including Sec 2, [3.1.2] and [3.1.3]
and Sec 3, [3.2] provided shear buckling strength of web is verified in line with Sec 3, [3.1]
3. Definitions
3.1 General
3.1.1
Buckling is used as a generic term to describe the strength of structures, generally under in-plane compressions
and/or shear. The buckling strength or capacity can take into account the internal redistribution of loads
depending on the situation.
3.1.2 Method 1
Buckling capacity accepting local elastic plate buckling with load redistribution is referred to as Method 1.
Buckling capacity based on this principle gives a lower bound estimate of ultimate capacity, or the maximum
load the panel can carry without suffering major permanent set. Method 1 buckling capacity assessment utilizes
the positive elastic post-buckling effect for plates and accounts for load redistribution between the structural
components, such as between plating and stiffeners. For slender structures the capacity calculated using this
method is typically higher than the ideal elastic buckling stress (minimum Eigen-value). Accepting elastic
buckling of structural components in slender stiffened panels implies that large elastic deflections and reduced
in-plane stiffness will occur at higher buckling utilisation levels.
3.1.3 Method 2
Method 2 buckling capacity does not accept load redistribution between structural components and refers to the
minimum of value of the ideal elastic buckling stress and the Method 1 buckling capacity. Method 2 buckling
capacity normally equals the same strength as Method 1 for stocky panels, while it is the ideal elastic buckling
stress (minimum Eigen-value cut-off) for slender panels. By applying the ideal elastic buckling stress limitation,
large elastic deflections and reduced in-plane stiffness will be avoided at higher buckling utilisation levels.
3.2 Buckling utilisation factor
3.2.1
The utilisation factor, , is defined as the ratio between the applied loads and the corresponding ultimate capacity
or buckling strength.
3.2.2
Astructural member is considered to have an acceptable buckling strength if it satisfies the following criterion:
March 2011 Page 3
all act

where:
act
: Actual buckling utilisation factor based on the applied design stress, defined in [3.2.3]
all
: Allowable buckling utilisation factor defined in Sec 3 for prescriptive requirements and in Sec 4 for
FEM buckling requirements
3.2.3
For combined loads, the utilisation factor,
act
, is to be defined as the ratio of the applied equivalent stress and the
corresponding buckling capacity, as shown in Figure 1, and is to be taken as:
u
act
act
W
W

where:
act
W
: Applied equivalent stress due to the combined membrane stresses, in N/mm
2

2 2 2

y x act
W
x
: Membrane stress applied in x direction, in N/mm

2

y
: Membrane stress applied in y direction, in N/mm

2

: Membrane shear stress applied in xy plane, in N/mm

2

u
W
: Equivalent buckling capacity, in N/mm
2
, to be taken as:
2 2 2
c cy cx u
W
c cy cx
, , : Critical stress, in N/mm
, defined in Sec 5 [2.3] for plates and in [2.5] for stiffeners

The Figure 1 illustrates the buckling capacity and the buckling utilization factor of a structural member subject to
x and
y
stresses.
Figure 1: Example of buckling capacity and buckling utilisation factor

Harmonised Common Structural Rules Part1, Chapter 8, Section 2
March 2011 Page 1
Section 2 Slenderness requirements
Symbols
For symbols not defined in this section, refer to Ch 1, Sec 4.
b
f-out
: Maximum distance, in mm, from mid thickness of the web to the flange outstand based on gross
scantling, as shown in Figure 1
h
w
: Depth of stiffener web based on gross scantling, in mm, as shown in Figure 1
R
eH
: Specified minimum yield stress of the material, in N/mm
2
s : Stiffener spacing, in mm
s
eff
: Effective width of attached plate of stiffener, in mm, taken equal to
s
eff
= 0.8 s
t
f
: Net flange thickness, in mm
t
p
: Net thickness of plate, in mm
t
w
: Net web thickness, in mm
1. Structural Elements
1.1 General
1.1.1
All structural elements are to comply with the applicable slenderness and proportion requirements given in [2] to
[4].
1.1.2
The structural idealisation and definitions are given in Ch 1, Sec 4.
2. Plates
2.1 Net thickness of plate panels
2.1.1
The net thickness of plate panels is to satisfy the following criteria:
235
eH
p
R
C
s
t >
where:
C
:
Slenderness coefficient as follows:
C = 100 for hull envelope and cargo and tank boundaries
C = 125 for other structures
Part1, Chapter 8, Section 2 Harmonised Common Structural Rules
Page 2 March 2011
3. Stiffeners
3.1 Proportions of stiffeners
3.1.1 Net thickness of all stiffener types
The net thickness of stiffeners is to satisfy the following criteria:
a) Stiffener web plate
235
eH
w
w
w
R
C
h
t >
b) Flange
235
eH
f
out f
f
R
C
b
t

>
where:
C
w
, C
f
: Slenderness coefficients given in Table 1
Figure 1: Stiffener scantling parameters
d
w
d
w
d
w
b
f-out
d
w
Flat bars Bulb flats Angles T bars
b
f-out

h
h
h h

Table 1: Slenderness coefficients
Type of Stiffener C
w
C
f

Angle bars 55 12
T-bars 65 12
Bulb bars 45 -
Flat bars 22 -
3.1.2 Net dimensions of angle and T-bars
The total flange breadth for angle and T-bars is to satisfy the following criterion:
w f
h b 25 . 0 >
where:
b
f
: Total flange breadth, in mm
3.1.3 Stiffness of stiffeners
The net moment of inertia, in cm
4
, about the neutral axis parallel to the effective attached plate of stiffener, s
eff
, is
not to be less than the minimum value given by:
March 2011 Page 3
235
2 eH
eff st
R
A C I >

where:
: Length of stiffener between effective supports, in m
A
eff
: Net sectional area of stiffener including effective attached plate, s
eff
, in cm
2

R
eH
: specified minimum yield stress of the material of the attached plate, in N/mm
2
C : Slenderness coefficient taken as follows:
C = 1.43 for longitudinal stiffeners including sniped stiffeners
C = 0.72 for other stiffeners
4. Primary Supporting Members
4.1 Proportions and stiffness
4.1.1 Proportions of web plate and flange
The net thicknesses of the web plates and flanges of primary supporting members are to satisfy the following
criteria:
a) Web plate
235
eH
w
w
w
R
C
s
t >
b) Flange
235
eH
f
out f
f
R
C
b
t

>
where:
s
w
: Plate breadth, in mm, taken as the spacing of the web stiffeners.
C
w
: Slenderness coefficient for the web plate taken as
C
w
= 100
C
f
: Slenderness coefficient for the flange taken as
C
f
= 12
4.1.2 Stiffness of transverse primary supporting members
The net moment of inertia for transverse primary supporting members, I
psm
, in cm
4
, supporting longitudinals
subject to axial compressive hull girder stress, is to comply, within its central half of the bending span, with the
following criterion:
st
bdg
psm
I
s S
l
I
3
4
300 >

where:
I
psm
: Net moment of inertia, in cm
4
, of transverse primary supporting member, with effective width of
attached plate equal to 0.8 S
l
bdg
: Bending span of transverse primary supporting member, in m, as defined in Ch 1, Sec 4
S : Spacing of transverse primary supporting members, in m
I
st
: Moment of inertia of stiffeners within the central half of the bending span, in cm
4
, as given in [3.1.3].
Page 4 March 2011
4.2 Web stiffeners of primary supporting members
4.2.1 Proportions of web stiffeners
The web and flange net thicknesses of web stiffeners fitted on primary supporting members are to satisfy the
requirements specified in [3.1.1] and [3.1.2].
4.2.2 Stiffness of web stiffeners
The net moment of inertia, in cm
4
, of web stiffener, I
st
, fitted on primary supporting members, with effective
attached plate, s
eff
, is not to be less than the values defined in Table 2.
Table 2: Stiffness criteria for web stiffening
Mode Minimum moment of inertia, in cm
4

(a) web stiffeners parallel to compression stresses
s
l
235
2 eH
eff st
R
A C I >
(b) web stiffeners normal to compression stresses
l
s
5 2
10
235 1000
2
1000
5 . 2 14 . 1

|
.
|
\
|
>
eH
w st
R s
s
t s I

where:
C Slenderness coefficient to be taken as
C = 1.43 for longitudinal stiffeners: both continuous and sniped stiffeners.
C = 0.72 for other stiffeners

Length of web stiffener, in m.
For web stiffeners welded to local supporting members, the length is to be measured between the
flanges of the local supporting members.
For sniped web stiffeners the length is to be measured between the lateral supports e.g. the total
distance between the flanges of the primary supporting member as shown for Mode (b).
A
eff
Net section area of web stiffener including effective attached plate, s
eff
, in cm
2

t
w
Net web thickness of the primary supporting member, in mm
R
eH
Specified minimum yield stress of the material of the web plate of the primary supporting
member, in N/mm
2

4.3 Edge reinforcement in way of openings
4.3.1 Depth of edge stiffener
If fitted, the depth of stiffener web, in mm, of edge stiffeners in way of openings is not to be less than:
235
eH
stf w
R
C h = or 50 mm, whichever is greater
where:
stf
March 2011 Page 5
C : Slenderness coefficient equal to:
C = 50
R
eH
: Specified minimum yield stress of the edge stiffener material, in N/mm
2

4.3.2 Proportions of edge stiffeners
The net thickness of the web plate and flange of the edge stiffener is to satisfy the requirements specified in
[3.1.1] and [3.1.2].
5. Brackets
5.1 Tripping brackets
5.1.1 Minimum spacing
The unsupported length of the flange of the primary supporting member, in m, i.e. the distance between tripping
brackets, is not to be greater than:
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
eH w
f
f
f b
R A
A
A
C b s
235
3
, but need not be less than s
b-min
where:
b
f
: Flange breadth of primary supporting members, in mm
C : Slenderness coefficient taken as:
C = 0.022 for symmetrical flanges
C = 0.033 for asymmetrical flanges
A
f
: Net cross-sectional area of flange, in cm
2
A
w
: Net cross-sectional area of the web plate, in cm
2

s
b-min
: Minimum unsupported flange length taken as:
s
b-min
= 3.0 m for the cargo tank/hold region, on tank/hold boundaries or the hull envelope including
external decks
s
b-min
= 4.0 m for other areas
5.1.2 Edge stiffening
Tripping brackets on primary supporting members are to be stiffened by a flange or edge stiffener if the effective
length of the edge, in mm, is greater than:
b b
t 75 =
where:
t
b
: Bracket net web thickness, in mm
5.2 End brackets
5.2.1 Proportions
The net web thickness of end brackets, in mm, subject to compressive stresses is not to be less than:
Page 6 March 2011
235
eH b
b
R
C
d
t =
where:
d
b
: Depth of brackets, in mm. as defined in Table 3
C : Slenderness coefficient as defined in Table 3
R
eH
: Specified minimum yield stress of the end bracket material, in N/mm
2

Table 3: Buckling coefficient, C, for proportions of brackets
Mode C
(a) Brackets without edge stiffener
l
bkt
d
bkt
16 20 +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
b
d
C

where:
0 . 1 25 . 0 s s
b
b
d

(b) Brackets with edge stiffener
d
bkt
C = 70

where:
l
b
: Effective length of edge of bracket, in mm
March 2011 Page 7
5.3 Edge reinforcement
5.3.1 Edge reinforcements of bracket edges
The depth of stiffener web, in mm, of edge stiffeners in way of bracket edges is not to be less than:
235
eH
stf w
R
where:
stf
: Length of edge stiffener between effective supports, in m
C : Slenderness coefficient taken as:
C = 75 for end brackets
C = 50 for tripping brackets
R
eH
: Specified minimum yield stress of the stiffener material, in N/mm
2

[3.1.1] and [3.1.2].
6. Other structures
6.1 Pillars
6.1.1 Proportions of I-section pillars
For I-sections, the thickness of the web plate and the flange thickness are to comply with requirements specified
in [3.1.1] and [3.1.2].
6.1.2 Proportions of box section pillars
The thickness of thin walled box sections is to comply with the requirements specified in [3.1.1] a).
6.1.3 Proportions of circular section pillars
The net thickness, t, of circular section pillars, in mm, is to comply with the following criterion:
50
r
t >
where:
r : Mid thickness radius of the circular section, in mm
6.2 Edge reinforcement in way of openings
6.2.1 Depth of edge stiffener
When fitted as shown in Figure 2, the depth of stiffener web, in mm, of edge stiffeners in way of openings is not
to be less than:
235
eH
stf w
R
where:
Page 8 March 2011
stf
C : Slenderness coefficient equal to:
C = 50
R
eH
: Specified minimum yield stress of the attached plate material of the edge stiffener, in N/mm
2

[3.1.1] and [3.1.2].
Figure 2: Typical edge reinforcements
l
sf

March 2011 Page 1
Section 3 - Prescriptive Buckling Requirements
1. General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1
The requirements of this Section apply to structural members subject to hull girder stresses and to lateral
pressure.
1.1.2
The buckling checks have to be performed for the following structural elements:
- Elementary plate panel
- Longitudinal and transverse stiffeners
1.2 Equivalent plate panel
1.2.1
When the plate thickness varies over the width, l
a
, in mm, of a plate panel, the buckling check is performed for
an equivalent plate panel width, having a thickness equal to the smaller plate thickness, t
1
. The width of this
equivalent plate panel, l
a
, in mm, is defined by the following formula:

5 . 1
2
1
2 1
'
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
t
t
l l l
a

where:
1
l
: Width of the part of the plate panel with the smaller plate thickness,
1
t
, in mm, as defined in Figure 1
2
l
: Width of the part of the plate panel with the greater plate thickness,
2
t
, in mm, as defined in Figure 1
Figure 1: Plate thickness change over the width

2. Hull Girder Stress
2.1 General
2.1.1
Buckling strength checks of structural members subjected to hull girder loads are to be based on the combination
of longitudinal stress, shear stress and lateral pressure.
Page 2 March 2011
2.1.2
The hull girder stresses are determined according to Ch 5, Sec [XXX] for intact conditions and in [XXX] for
flooded conditions.
2.1.3
When the shear stresses are not uniform over the width of the panel, the greater of the two following values is to
be used:
- Mean value of
- 0.5
max

2.2 Stress combinations
2.2.1
Each elementary plate panel and longitudinal/transverse stiffeners are to satisfy the criteria defined in [3] with
the following stress combinations:
a) Longitudinal stiffening arrangement:
- Stress combination 1 with
n x
o o = , 0 =
y
o and
SF
t t 7 . 0 =
- Stress combination 2 with
n x
o o 7 . 0 = , 0 =
y
o and
SF
t t =
b) Transverse stiffening arrangement:
- Stress combination 1 with 0 =
x
o ,
n y
o o = and
SF
t t 7 . 0 =
- Stress combination 2 with 0 =
x
o ,
n y
o o 7 . 0 = and
SF
t t =
where:
n
o
: Actual normal compressive stress in the elementary plate panel or stiffener resulting from hull girder
stress as defined in [2] , in N/mm
2

SF
t
: Actual shear stress, in N/mm
2
, as defined in [2]
3. Buckling Criteria
3.1 Plates
3.1.1
The buckling strength of elementary plate panels is to satisfy the following criterion:
1 s
Plate
n

where:
Plate
n : Maximum plate utilisation factor calculated according to Method 1, as defined in Sec5, [2.3] with the
stress combinations defined in [2.2]
3.2 Stiffeners
3.2.1
The buckling strength of stiffeners is to satisfy the following criterion:
March 2011 Page 3
1 s
Stiffener
n

where:
Stiffener
n : Maximum stiffener utilisation factor, as defined in Sec5, [2.5] with the stress combinations defined in
[2.2]
March 2011 Page 1
Section 4 - Buckling requirements for direct strength
analysis
Symbols
all
: Allowable buckling utilisation factor, as defined in Table 1

1. General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1
The requirements of this Section apply for the buckling assessment of direct strength analysis subjected to
compressive stress, shear stress and lateral pressure.
1.1.2
All structural elements in the finite element analysis carried out according to Ch 7 are to be assessed
individually. The buckling checks have to be performed for the following structural elements:
Stiffened and un-stiffened panels
Web plate in way of openings
Corrugated bulkhead
Vertically stiffened side shell plating of single side skin bulk carrier
Struts, pillars and cross ties
1.2 Buckling assessment methods
1.2.1
The buckling check is to be performed using one of the two following methods:
Closed form method specified in Sec5, [2]
Semi-analytic method specified in Sec5, [3]
1.2.2
For the buckling assessment of the [single panel, ship], only one buckling method is to be used.
1.2.3 [Alternative method
Alternative method different than those defined in [1.2.1] used for the buckling assessment needs the prior
agreement of the HP.
The conditions for the approval are stated in the TB of these Rules]
Note: Upon Decision of HP
1.3 Allowable buckling utilisation factor
1.3.1 General structural elements
The allowable buckling utilisation factor is defined in Table 2.
Page 2 March 2011
Table 1: Allowable buckling utilisation factor
Structural component
all
, Allowable buckling utilisation factor
Stiffened and un-stiffened panels
Vertically stiffened side shell plating of single side
skin bulk carrier
Web plate in ways of openings
1.00 for load combination: S+D
0.80 for load combination: S
Struts, pillars and cross-ties
Corrugated bulkheads
1.3.2 Corrugated bulkhead
Where a lower stool is not fitted to a transverse or longitudinal corrugated bulkhead, the allowable buckling
utilisation factor in Table 2 is to be reduced by 10% for the corrugation and below supporting structure within
the extent defined as follows:
Full height of the corrugation
Supporting structure for a transverse corrugated bulkhead - longitudinally within half a web frame space
forward and aft from each side of the bulkhead
Supporting structure for a longitudinal corrugated bulkhead transversely within three longitudinal stiffener
spacing from each side of the bulkhead.
2. Stiffened and un-stiffened panels
2.1 General
2.1.1
The hull structure is to be modelled as stiffened or un-stiffened panel. Method 1 and Method 2 as defined in
Sec 1, [3.1] are to be used according to Table 1 and Figure 1 to Figure 4.
Table 2: Structural members
Structural Elements Idealisation Assessment
method
Normal panel definition
Longitudinal structure,( see Figure 1: )
Longitudinally stiffened panels
Shell envelope
Deck
Inner hull
Hopper tank side
Longitudinal bulkheads
SP M1 Length: between web frames
Width: between primary supporting members
(PSM)
Double bottom longitudinal girders
in line with longitudinal bulkhead or
connected to hopper tank side
Width: full web depth
Web of horizontal girders in double
side space connected to hopper tank
side
Web of double bottom longitudinal
girders not in line with longitudinal
bulkhead or not connected to hopper
tank side
March 2011 Page 3
Web of horizontal girders in double
side space not connected to hopper
tank side
Web of single skin longitudinal
girders or stringers
UP M2 Between local stiffeners/face plate/PSM
Transverse structure, see Figure 2:
Web of transverse deck frames
including brackets
Vertical web in double side space SP M2 Length: full web depth
All irregularly stiffened panels, e.g.
Web panels in way of hopper tank
and bilge
Double bottom floors SP M2 Length: full web depth
Vertical web frame including
brackets
UP M2 Between vertical web stiffeners/face plate/PSM
Cross tie web plate UP M2 Between vertical web stiffeners/face plate/PSM
Transverse Oil-tight and Watertight bulkheads, (see Figure 3: and Transverse wash bulkheads,( see Figure 4:
All regularly stiffened bulkhead
panels
SP M1 Length: between primary supporting members
All irregularly stiffened bulkhead
panels, e.g. web panels in way of
hopper tank and bilge
UP M1 Between local stiffeners/face plate
Web plate of bulkhead stringers
including brackets
UP M2 Between web stiffeners /face plate
Transverse Corrugated bulkheads
Upper/lower stool including
stiffeners
SP M1 Length: between internal web diaphragms
Width: length of stool side
Stool internal web diaphragm UP M2 Between local stiffeners /face plate / PSM
Notes
1) SP stands for stiffened panel
2) US stands for un-stiffened panel
3) M1 stands for Method 1
4) M2 stands for Method 2
2.1.2
Where the plate thickness along a panel is not constant, the [lowest weighted average] thickness of finite plate
elements modelled according to Ch 7 is to be used for the panel buckling assessment.
The weighted average thickness is to be taken as:
i
n
i i
n
avr
A
t A
t
1
1

where:
i
A : Area of the i
th
plate element
i
t : Net thickness of the it
h
plate element
n : Number of finite elements defining the buckling panel
Page 4 March 2011
2.1.3
The panel yield stress R
eH_Plate
is taken as the minimum value of the specified yield stresses of the elements
within the panel.

March 2011 Page 5

SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
Alternative
procedure
for curved
panel
SP - M2 SP - M2
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1 SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1 SP - M1 SP - M1
S
P

-

M
2
S
P

-

M
2
S
P

-

M
1
Notes
1) SP M1 denotes stiffened panel buckling strength assessed using Method 1
2) SP M2 denotes stiffened panel buckling strength assessed using Method 2
Figure 1: Buckling Assessment for longitudinal strength
Alternative
Procedure
for opening
Alternative
Procedure for
Cross-tie
pillar buckling
SP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
SP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2 UP-M2 UP-M2
SP-M2
SP-M2 SP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
SP-M2
Notes
1) SP M1 denotes Stiffened Panel buckling strength assessed using Method 1
2) UP M2 denotes Un-stiffened Panel buckling strength assessed using Method 2
Figure 2: Transverse Web Frames
Page 6 March 2011
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1
SP - M1 SP - M1
S
P

-

M
1
SP - M1 SP - M1 SP - M1 UP - M2
UP - M2
S
P

-

M
1
S
P

-

M
1
S
P

-

M
1
S
P

-

M
1
S
P

-

M
1
S
P

-

M
1
Notes
1) SP M1 denotes Stiffened Panel buckling strength assessed using Method 1.

Figure 3: Transverse Bulkhead
SP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2
UP-M2 UP-M2 UP-M2
SP-M2
SP-M1
UP-M2
UP-M2
SP-M1
SP-M2
SP-M1
SP-M1
SP-M1
UP-M2 UP-M2
Notes
Figure 4: Cross Tie

March 2011 Page 7

Notes
1) M2 denotes buckling strength assessed using Method 2
Figure 5: Transverse Web Frames for single hull bulk carrier

UP-
M2
UP-
M2
UP-
M2
UP-
M2
UP-
M2
UP-
M2
SP-
M2
UP-
M2
UP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
Page 8 March 2011

Notes
Figure 6: Longitudinal plates for single hull bulk carrier

SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
UP-
M1
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
Alternative
Procedure for
vertically
stiffened
side shell
plating

March 2011 Page 9

Notes
Figure 7: Transverse Web Frames for double hull bulk carrier

Alternative
Procedure for
opening
Alternative
Procedure for
opening
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
UP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
UP-
M2
Page 10 March 2011

Notes
Figure 8: Longitudinal plate for double hull bulk carrier
2.2 Stiffened panels
2.2.1
To correctly model the overall buckling behaviour, each stiffener with attached plate is to be represented as a
stiffened panel of the extent defined in Table 1 and hence assumed to be part of a larger structural entity.
M1
UP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M2
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M1
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
SP-
M2
March 2011 Page 11
2.2.2
If the plate thickness or stiffener properties or stiffener spacing varies within the stiffened panel, the calculations
are to be performed separately for all configurations of the panel: for each stiffener and plate between the
stiffeners. Plate thickness, stiffener properties and stiffener spacing at the considered location are to be assumed
for the whole panel.
2.3 Un-stiffened panels
2.3.1
In way of web frames, stringers and brackets, the geometry of the panel (i.e. plate bounded by web
stiffeners/face plate) may not have a rectangular shape. In this case, an equivalent rectangular panel is to be
defined according to Figure 5 for irregular geometry and Figure 6 for triangular geometry.
2.3.2
The equivalent rectangular panel the dimensions of which are l
a
and l
a
, is to be comply with the buckling
assessment.
Page 12 March 2011

(a) The four corners closest to a right angle, 90degrees, in the bounding polygon for the plate are identified

(b) The distances along the plate bounding polygon between the corners are calculated, i.e. the sum of all
the straight line segments between the end points
d
4
d
2
d
1
d
3

(c) The pair of opposite edges with the smallest total length is identified, i.e. minimum of d
1
+d
3
and d
2
+d
4

(d) A line is joined between the middle points of the chosen opposite edges (i.e. a mid point is defined as
the point at half the distance from one end). This line defines the longitudinal direction for the capacity
model. The length of the line defines the length of the capacity model, l
1
or d
2
measured from one end point.
l
1

(e) The length of shorter side, l
a
, and aspect ratio of capacity model are to be taken as
1
/ l A l
pl a

1
l
l
a

where:
A
pl
: Area of the plate
l
1
: length defined in (d)
l
2
l
a

(f) The stresses from the direct strength analysis are to be resolved into the local coordinate system of the
equivalent rectangular panel. These stresses are to be used for the buckling assessment.
Figure 9: Modelling of an Un-stiffened Panel with Irregular Geometry

March 2011 Page 13
(a) Medians are constructed as shown below.

(b) The longest median is identified. This median, l
1
, defines the longitudinal direction for the capacity
model.
l
1

(c) The width of the model, l
2
, is to be taken as:
1 2
/ l A l
pl

where:
A
pl
: Area of the plate
l
2

(d) The length of shorter side, l
a
, and aspect ratio of capacity model are to be taken as
tri
a
C
l
l
2

2
2
1
tri
C
l
l

where:
6 . 0 4 . 0
1
2

l
l
C
tri

(e) The stresses from the direct strength analysis are to be resolved into the local coordinate system of the
equivalent rectangular panel and are to be used for the buckling assessment of the equivalent rectangular
panel.
Figure 10: Modelling of an Un-stiffened Panel with Triangular Geometry

Page 14 March 2011
2.4 Reference stress
2.4.1
The stress distribution is to be taken from the direct strength analysis and applied to the buckling model.
2.4.2
The reference stresses are to be calculated using one of the two following methods:
Stress based reference stresses as defined in Appendix 1
Displacement based reference stresses as defined in Appendix 2
2.5 Lateral pressure
2.5.1
The lateral pressure applied to the direct strength analysis is also to be applied to the buckling assessment.
2.5.2
Where the lateral pressure is not constant over a buckling panel defined by a number of finite plate elements, an
average lateral pressure, N/mm, is calculated using the following formula:

i
n
i i
n
avr
A
P A
P
1
1

where:
i
A : Area of the i
th
plate element, in m
i
P : Lateral pressure of the i
th
plate element, in N/mm
n : Number of finite elements in the buckling panel
2.6 Buckling criteria
2.6.1 Un-stiffened panel - Method 1
The compressive buckling strength of un-stiffened panel - Method 1 is to satisfy the following criterion:
all UP

1

where:
1 UP
: Plate ultimate capacity calculated according to Method 1 as defined in Sec 5, [2.3] or Sec 5, [3].
2.6.2 Un-stiffened panel - Method 2
The compressive buckling strength of un-stiffened panel - Method 2 is to satisfy the following criterion:
all UP

2

where:
2 UP
: Plate buckling utilisation factor, as defined in Sec 5, [3] or taken as the maximum of

1 UP
: Plate ultimate capacity calculated according to Method 1as defined in Sec 5, [2.3],

Elastic
: Plate elastic capacity calculated according to Method 2 as defined in Sec 5, [2.3].
March 2011 Page 15
2.6.3 Stiffened panel - Method 1
The compressive buckling strength of stiffened panel - Method 1 is to satisfy the following criterion:
all SP

1

where:
1 SP
: Stiffened panel buckling utilisation factor calculated as defined in Sec 5, [3] or taken as the maximum
of:
the overall stiffened panel capacity as defined in Sec 5, [2.2],
the plate capacity calculated according to Method 1 as defined in Sec 5, [2.3],
the longitudinal stiffener buckling strength as defined in Sec 5, [2.5].
2.6.4 Stiffened panel - Method 2
The compressive buckling strength of stiffened panel - Method 2 is to satisfy the following criterion:
all SP

2

where:
2 SP
: Stiffened panel buckling utilisation factor calculated as defined in Sec 5, [3] or taken as the maximum
of:

1 SP
as defined in [2.6.3],
the plate capacity according to Method 2 as defined in Sec 5, [2.3],
2.6.5 Web plate in way of openings
The web plate of primary supporting members with openings is to satisfy the following criterion:
all opening

where:
opening
: Web plate capacity utilisation factor in way of openings, as defined in Sec 5, [2.4].
3. Corrugated bulkhead
3.1 General
3.1.1
Three buckling failure modes are to be assessed on vertically or horizontally corrugated longitudinal or
transverse bulkheads:
corrugation overall column buckling
corrugation flange panel buckling
corrugation web panel buckling
3.2 Reference stress
3.2.1
Each corrugation flange and web panel is to be assessed.
Page 16 March 2011
3.2.2
The membrane stresses at element centroid are used.
3.2.3
The maximum normal stress parallel to the corrugation and the maximum shear stress are defined according to
the following methodology:
Averaging element stresses is to be done over the flange width
The interpolation is to be applied where the stresses value at s/2 from lower end cannot be obtained
directly from an element
After averaging the stresses over the flange width, and after obtaining the stress at s/2 from lower end, the
maximum stresses are to be used for compliance with the buckling criteria
where:
s : flange breath of the corrugation.
3.2.4
Where more than one plate thicknesses are used for flange panel, maximum stress is to be obtained for each
thickness range and to be checked with the buckling criteria for each thickness.
3.3 Overall column buckling
3.3.1
The overall buckling failure mode of corrugated bulkheads subjected to axial compression is to be checked for
column buckling (e.g. horizontally corrugated bulkheads, vertically corrugated bulkheads subject to localized
vertical forces).
Table 3: Application of overall column buckling for corrugated bulkhead
Corrugation orientation
Horizontal Vertical
Longitudinal bulkhead Required Required, only if subject to localized
vertical forces (e.g. crane loads)
Transverse bulkhead Required
3.3.2
Each corrugation unit (one corrugation space) within the extension of half flange, web and half flange is to
satisfy the following criterion :
all Overall

where:
Overallr
: Overall column utilisation factor, as defined in Sec 5, [4.1].

3.3.3
End constraint factor
end
f
corresponding to pinned ends is to be applied except for fixed end support to be used in
way of stool with width exceeding 2 times the depth of the corrugation.
March 2011 Page 17
3.4 Local buckling
3.4.1
The compressive buckling strength of a unit flange and a unit web of corrugation bulkheads is to satisfy the
following criterion :
all Corr

where:
Corr
: Unit flange or unit web utilisation factor, as defined in Sec 5, [4.2.1].
Two stress combinations are to be considered:
The maximum normal stress parallel to the corrugation plus the shear stress and the stress perpendicular to
corrugation at the location where the maximum normal stress parallel to the corrugation occurs
The maximum shear stress plus the normal stress parallel to the corrugation and the stress perpendicular to
corrugation at the location where the maximum shear stress occurs
4. Vertically stiffened side shell plating of single side skin bulk
carrier
4.1.1
The compressive buckling strength of the vertically stiffened side shell plating of single side skin bulk carrier is
to satisfy the following criterion :
all vss

where:
vss
: Vertically stiffened side shell plating buckling utilisation factor of single side skin bulk carrier
The interaction curve of Sec 5, [2.3.1] is to be used with the following stress combinations:
a) Pure vertical stress:
The maximum vertical stress of stress elements is used with 1 and 1 .
b) Maximum vertical stress combined with longitudinal and shear stress:
The maximum vertical stress in the buckling panel plus the shear and longitudinal stresses at the location
where the maximum vertical stress occurs is used with 2 and 1 .
The plate thickness to be considered in the buckling strength check is the one where the maximum
vertical stress occurs.
c) Maximum shear stress combined with longitudinal and vertical stress:
The maximum shear stress in the buckling panel plus the longitudinal and vertical stresses at the location
where maximum shear stress occurs is used with 2 and 1 .
The plate thickness to be considered in the buckling strength check is the one where the maximum shear
stress occurs.
d) Distributed longitudinal stress associated with vertical and shear stress:
The actual size of the buckling panel is used to define .
Page 18 March 2011
The actual edge factor for longitudinal stress is to be used. The average values for vertical and shear
stresses are to be used.
The plate thickness to be considered in the buckling strength check is the minimum thickness of the
buckling panel.
5. Struts, pillars and cross ties
5.1.1
The compressive buckling strength of struts, pillars and cross ties is to satisfy the following criterion:
all Pillar

where:
Pillar
: Buckling capacity utilisation factor of struts, pillars or cross ties, as defined in Sec 5, [4.1]
March 2011 Page 1
Section 5 - Buckling Capacity
Symbols
E
: Modulus of elasticity as defined in Ch 3, in N/mm
2

v : Poisson coefficient as defined in Ch 3
p
t
: Net thickness of plate panel, in mm
a
l
: Length of the shorter side of the plate panel as defined in Table 1, in mm
stf
l
: Span of stiffener equal to spacing between primary support members, in mm
s
: Spacing between stiffeners, in mm
o : Aspect ratio of the panel, defined in Table 1
eff
b
: Effective width of attached plating
Plate eH
R
_
: Specified minimum yield stress of the plate in N/mm
2

Stiffener eH
R
_
: Specified minimum yield stress of the stiffener in N/mm
2

G
: Shear modulus

) 1 ( 2 v +
=
E

end
f
: End constraint factor, taken as:
- 1.0 where both ends are pinned
- 2.0 where one end is pinned and the other end is fixed
- 4.0 where both ends are fixed
- A pillar end may be considered fixed when effective brackets are fitted. These brackets are to be
supported by structural members with greater bending stiffness than the pillar
- For cross tie, f
end
is to be taken equal to 2.0
x
o
: Compressive stress applied on the edge along x axis of the buckling panel, in N/mm
2

y
o
: Compression stress applied on the edge along y axis of the buckling panel, in N/mm
2

t
: Applied shear stress, in N/mm
2

cx
o
: Buckling strength due to compression applied on the short edge of the buckling panel, in N/mm
2

cy
o
: Buckling strength due to compression applied on the long edge of the buckling panel, in N/mm
2

c
t
: Buckling strength in shear, in N/mm
2

: Stress multiplier; load proportionality factor

c
: stress multiplier at collapse

w
t
: Net stiffener web thickness, in mm
Page 2 March 2011
f
t
: Net flange thickness, in mm
w
h
: Depth of stiffener web, in mm, excluded the flange thickness
f
b
: Breadth of the stiffener, in mm
f
e
: Distance from connection to plate to centre of flange, in mm

) 5 . 0 (
f w
t h =
for Bulb profile

) 5 . 0 (
f w
t h + =
for Angle and Tee profile

Figure 1: Stiffener cross sections

Note: Measurements of breadth, bf and depth, hw are based on gross scantlings.
1. General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1
This Section contains the methods for definition of buckling utilisation factors, determination of the buckling
capacity and other measures necessary to control buckling of plate panels, longitudinal and transverse stiffeners,
primary support members, struts, pillar, cross ties and corrugated bulkhead.
1.2 Definitions for usage factor and buckling capacities
1.2.1
The utilisation factor is defined as the ratio between the applied loads and the corresponding ultimate capacity or
buckling strength.
For each typical failure mode, the corresponding capacity of the panel is calculated by applying the actual stress
combination and then increasing or decreasing the stresses proportionally until collapse.
x c cx
o o =

y c cy
o o =

t t
c c
=

h
w
t
w
t
p
h
w
b
f
h
w
t
w
h
w
b
f
t
f
e
f
C C C C
b
f
March 2011 Page 3

c
y x c
y x
c cy cx
y x
u
act
act
W
W
t o o
t o o
t o o
t o o
n
1
) (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
= =

2. Closed form method
2.1 General
2.1.1
This part contains the formulations for the determination of the buckling capacity for the prescriptive buckling
requirements and for the buckling requirements in finite element analysis by using the closed form method
approach.
2.1.2
The collapse is obtained when the interaction formulae defined in [2.2.1], [2.3.1], [2.4.1] and [2.5.3] are equal to
1.0.
2.1.3
The buckling utilisation factor of the structural member is equal to the highest utilisation factor obtained for the
different calculated failure modes.
2.1.4
The lateral pressure is kept constant in the stiffener buckling strength.
2.2 Overall stiffened panel capacity
2.2.1
The elastic stiffened panel state limit is based on the following interaction formulae:
Ask Richard to write the formulae
2.3 Plate capacity
2.3.1
The state limit for the plate between stiffeners is based on the following interaction formula:
1
3
2
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
e
c cy
y
cx
x
e
cy
y
e
cx
x
B
t
t
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

where:
Method 1 Method 2
y x
o o , andt
Actual stress Actual stress.
When
x
o or
y
o are in tension, the
respective value is to be taken
equal to 0.
Page 4 March 2011
cx
o
,
cy
o
and
c
t

Ultimate critical stresses defined in [2.3.4] Elastic Critical stresses defined in
[2.3.2]
1 e

2
o
1
2

2 e

3 e

2
B

x
o
and
y
o
positive
(compressive
stress)
>
s
=
120 0
120
120
1
p
a
p
a
p
a
t
l
for
t
l
for
t
l
B

0
x
o
or
y
o
negative
(tensile stress)
1
2.3.2 Elastic critical stresses
The elastic critical stresses of plate panels subject to compression or shear, respectively, are to be taken as:
E x cx
K o o =

E y cy
K o o =

E c
K o t
t
=

t
K K K
y x
, ,
: Buckling factors, as defined in Tables 1 and 2
E
o
: Reference stress, in N/mm
2

( )
2
2
2
1 12
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
p
l
t
E
v
t

2.3.3
The reference degree of slenderness is to be taken as:

E
Plate eH
K
R
o
_
=

2.3.4 Ultimate critical stresses

The ultimate critical stresses of plate panels subject to compression or shear, respectively, are to be taken as:
Plate eH x cx
R C
_
= o

Plate eH
R C
y cy
_
= o

3
_ Plate eH
c
R
C
t
t =

March 2011 Page 5
where:
t
C C C
y x
, ,
: Reduction factors, as defined in Tables 1 and 2.
- where
0 s
x
o
(tensile stress), 1 =
x
C .
- where 0 s
y
o (tensile stress), 1 =
y
C .
The boundary conditions for plates are to be considered as simply supported (cases 1, 2 and 5 of Table 1). If the
boundary conditions differ significantly from simple support, more appropriate boundary condition can be
applied according to cases 3, 4 and 7 to 10 of Table 1.

March 2011 Page 6

Table 1: Buckling Factor and Reduction Factor for Plane Plate Panels
Case Stress ratio Aspect ratio Buckling factor K Reduction factor C
1

0 1 > >v

1 > o

1 . 1
4 . 8
+
=
v
long x
F K

1 =
x
C
for
c
s

|
.
|
\
|
=
2
22 . 0 1

c C
x
for
c
>

where:
25 . 1 ) 12 . 0 25 . 1 ( s = v c

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
c
c
c
88 . 0
1 1
2
1 0 > > v

| ) 10 26 . 6 ( 63 . 7 v v =
long x
F K

1 s v

| |
2
) 1 ( 975 . 5 v =
long x
F K

2

0 1 > >v

1 > o

) 1 . 1 (
1 . 2 1
1
2
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
v o
y
K

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
2
) ( 1

R H F R
c C
y

Where:
25 . 1 ) 12 . 0 25 . 1 ( s = v c

) / 1 ( c R =
for
c
<

22 . 0 = R
for
c
>

( ) c c
c
/ 88 . 0 1 1 5 . 0 + =

0 / 1
91 . 0
1
1
2
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= c
K
F
p

5 . 0
2 2
=
p
and
3 1
2
s s
p

1
1
= c
for
y
due to direct loads (3)
0 ) / 1 1 (
1
> = o c
for
y
due to bending (in general) (2)
0
1
= c
for
y
due to bending in extreme load
cases (e.g. watertight bulkheads.)
R
T T c

H >
+
=
) 4 (
2
2

3
1
15
14
+ + =
T

1 0 > >v

5 . 1 1 s s o

1 . 1
) 1 ( 1 . 2 1
1
2
2
v
o
+
+ =
y
K

) 10 9 . 13 (
2
v
o
v

5 . 1 > o

1 . 1
) 1 ( 1 . 2 1
1
2
2
v
o
+
+ =
y
K

2
2
87 . 1 87 . 5 ( o
o
v
+

) 10
6 . 8
2
v
o
+
1 s v

4
) 1 ( 3
1
v
o

s s

975 . 5
1
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
v
y
K

4
) 1 ( 3 v
o

>

9675 . 3
1
2
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
v
y
K

87 . 1
1
5375 . 0
4
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
o
v

t

o
x
o
x
o l
a
l
a
v o
x
v o
x
t

v o
y
o
y
o
y
o l
a
l
a
v o
y
March 2011 Page 7

Case Stress ratio Aspect ratio Buckling factor K Reduction factor C
3

0 1 > >v

0 > o

1 3
) / 1 425 . 0 ( 4
2
+
+
=
v
o
x
K

1 =
x
C
for
7 . 0 s

51 . 0
1
2
+
=
x
C
for
7 . 0 >

1 0 > > v

) 1 ( ) / 1 425 . 0 ( 4
2
v o + + =
x
K

) 42 . 3 1 ( 5 v v
4

1 1 > >v

0 > o

2
3 1
425 . 0
2
v
o

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
x
K

5

-
3
t
K K =

1 =
t
C
for
84 . 0 s

t
84 . 0
= C
for
84 . 0 >

1 > o

+ =
2
4
34 . 5
o
t
K

1 0 < < o

+ =
2
34 . 5
4
o
t
K

6

-
K = K r
K = K according to Case 5
r = opening red. factor
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
b
a
a
l
d
l
d
r 1 1
o

7 . 0 s
a
a
l
d
o
and
7 . 0 s
a
b
l
d

t
v o
x
o
x
o
x
l
a
o l
a
v o
x

t
v o
x
l
a
o l
a
v o
x
o
x
o
x
t

t
t
l
a
o l
a
t

t
l
a
o l
a
t
d
b
d
a
March 2011 Page 8

Case Stress
ratio
Aspect ratio

Buckling factor K Reduction factor C
7
-
64 . 1 > o

28 . 1 =
x
K

1 =
x
C
for
7 . 0 s

51 . 0
1
2
+
=
x
C
for
7 . 0 >
64 . 1 < o

2
13 . 0 56 . 0
1
o
o
+ + =
x
K

8
-
3
2
> o

97 . 6 =
x
K

1 =
x
C
for
83 . 0 s

=
2
22 . 0 1
13 , 1

x
C
for
83 . 0 >

3
2
< o

2
2
5 5 . 2
1
o
o
+ + =
x
K

9

-
4 > o

4 =
x
K

1 4 > >o

74 . 2
3
4
4
4

+ =
o
x
K

1 s o

2
67 . 0 07 . 2
4
o
o
+ + =
x
K

10

-
4 > o

97 . 6 =
x
K

1 4 > > o

3
3
4
97 . 6
4

+ =
o
x
K

t
o
x
o
x
o l
a
l
a
x
t
o
x
o
x
o l
a
l
x
t
o
x
o
x
o l
a
l
a
x
March 2011 Page 9
1 s o

2
2
4 07 . 2
4
o
o
+ + =
x
K

where:
the ratio between smallest and largest compressive stress as shown for Case 1 to 4
a
l
length in mm, of the shorter side of the plate panel

Edge boundary conditions:
- - - - - - - - - plate edge free
plate edge simply supported
plate edge clamped
Notes
(1) Cases listed are general cases. Each stress component (x, y ) is to be understood in local coordinates.
(2) c1 due to bending (in general) corresponds to straight edges (uniform displacement) of a plate panel integrated in a large structure.
This value is to be applied for hull girder buckling and buckling of web plate of primary supporting members in way of openings.
(3) c1 for direct loads corresponds to a plate panel with edges not restrained from pull-in which may result in non-straight edges

t
o
x
o
x
o l
a
l
a
x
Page 10 March 2011

Table 2: Buckling and reduction factor for curved plate panel with R/t 2500 (1)
Case Aspect Ratio Buckling factor K Reduction factor C
1

General
t
R
R
l
a
5 . 0 s
t R
l
K
a
2
3
2
1+ =

1 =
x
C
for
25 . 0 s

= 933 . 0 233 . 1
x
C
for
1 25 . 0 s <

3
/ 3 . 0 =
x
C
for
5 . 1 1 s <

2
/ 2 . 0 =
x
C
for
5 . 1 >

t
R
R
l
a
5 . 0 >

=
R
t
R
l
t R
l
K
a a
3 267 . 0
2
t R
l
a
2
4 . 0 >
Curved
single field
e.g. bilge
strake
- - 0 . 1
65 . 0
2
s =
x
C

2a

2b

General
t
R
R
l
a
63 . 1 s

( )
35 . 0
175 . 0
3
a
a
l
t R
t R
l
K + =

1 =
y
C
for
4 . 0 s

= 686 . 0 274 . 1
y
C
for
2 . 1 4 . 0 s <

2
65 . 0
=
y
C
for
2 . 1 >

t
R
R
l
a
63 . 1 >

2
2
2
2
25 . 2 3 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
t l
R
R
l
K
a
a
Curved
single field
e.g. bilge
strake
- - 0 . 1
8 . 0
2
s =
y
C

3

t
R
R
l
a
s
2
2
3 . 0
6 . 0
a a
a
l
t R
l
t R
t R
l
K +
=

as in load case 2a
t
R
R
l
a
>
2

2
2
2
2
291 . 0 3 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
t l
R
R
l
K
a
a

4

t
R
R
l
a
7 . 8 s

3
t
K K =

5 . 0
5 . 1 5 . 1
3
67 . 0
3 . 28

+ =
t R
l
K
a
t
1 =
t
C
for
4 . 0 s

t
= 686 . 0 274 . 1 C
for
2 . 1 4 . 0 s <

2
65 . 0
t
= C
for
2 . 1 >
t
R
R
l
a
7 . 8 >

Rt R
l
K
a
2
28 . 0 =
t
Explanations for boundary conditions - - - - - plate edge free
plate edge simply supported
plate edge clamped
Notes
(1) For curved plate fields with a very large radius the C-value need not to be taken less than for the expanded plane field.
(2) The parameters la, R and t must have the same unit, e.g. in mm.

March 2011 Page 11
2.3.5
The correction factor
long
F
for boundary condition of stiffener on the longer side of the buckling panel is to be
taken as:

long
F

c
Un-stiffened Panel 1.00 ---
Stiffened Panel Flat bar
1 1 + = > c F
t
t
if
long
p
w

1 1
3
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= s
p
w
long
p
w
t
t
c F
t
t
if

0.10
Bulb profile 0.30
Angle profile 0.40
Tee profile 0.30
Girder of high rigidity (e.g.
bottom transverse)
1.4 ---
An average value of
long
F
is to be used for plate panels having different edge stiffeners.
2.4 Web plate of primary support members in way of openings
2.4.1
The web plate of primary support members with openings is to be assessed for buckling based on the combined
axial compressive and shear stresses.
The web plate adjacent to the opening on both sides is to be considered as individual unstiffened plate panels as
shown in Table 3.
The interaction curve of [2.3.1] is to be used with:
-
av x
o o =

-
0 =
y
o

-
av
t t =

where:
av
o
: Average compressive stress in the area of web plate being considered according to case 1, 2
or 3 in Table 1, in N/mm
2

av
t
: Average shear stress in the area of web plate being considered according to case 5 or 6 in
Table 1, in N/mm
2

2.4.2
The reduction factors,
x
C
or
y
C
in combination with
t
C
, of the plate panel(s) of the web adjacent to the
opening is to be taken as shown in Table 3.

Page 12 March 2011
Table 3: Reduction Factors
Mode C
x
, C
y
C

(a) without edge reinforcements
P1
P2
o
av
o
av
t
av
t
av
Separate reduction
factors are to be
applied to areas P1
and P2 using Case 3
in Table 1, with edge
stress ratio:
0 . 1 = v

A common reduction
factor is to be applied
to areas P1 and P2
using Case 6 in Table
1 for area marked:

(b) with edge reinforcements
P2
P1
o
av
o
av
t
av
t
av
Separate reduction
factors are to be
applied for areas P1
and P2 using:
C
x
for Case 1 or C
y
,
for Case 2 in Table 1
with stress ratio
0 . 1 = v

Separate reduction
factors are to be
applied for areas P1
and P2 using Case 5
in Table 1
(c) example of hole in web
P3
P1 P2
TB TB
o
av
t
av
o
av
t
av
o
av
t
av
o
av
t
av
Panels P1 and P2 are to be evaluated in
accordance with (a). Panel P3 is to be
evaluated in accordance with (b)
Note:
Web panels to be considered for buckling in way of openings are shown shaded and numbered P1, P2, etc.
March 2011 Page 13
2.5 Stiffeners
2.5.1
The following buckling modes shall be checked:
- Buckling due to stiffener failure (SI)
- Buckling failure initiated by the associated plate (PI)
The control point in [2.5.3] for SI is at the top of the stiffener and for PI at the plate/stiffener connection, both
taken at the mid span of the stiffener.
2.5.2
To take into account the decrease of stiffness due to local lateral deformation, the thickness web of flat bar
stiffener used in the stiffener buckling strength is reduced according to the following formula:
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
eff
a
w
w reduced w
l
b
l
h
t t 1
3
2
1
2
2
_
t

where:
eff
b
: Effective breadth of attached plating of stiffeners in mm, as defined in [2.5.4]
2.5.3
The ultimate state limit for the stiffener buckling strength is based on the following interaction formulae:
1 =
+ +
S
R
eH
warping b a
o o o

where:
a
o
: Compressive axial effective stress acting on the post-buckled plate-stiffener combination, in N/mm
2
,
in way of the mid span of the stiffener

S p eff
S p a
x a
A t b
A t l
+
+
=o o

eH
R
: Specified minimum yield stress of the material, in N/mm
2

Stiffener eH eH
R R
_
=
for stiffener induced collapse (SI)

Plate eH eH
R R
_
=
for plate induced failure (PI)
S : Safety factor, taken equal to:
- S = 1.0 except for the case mentioned below
- S = 1.1 for structures which are exclusively exposed to local loads (e.g. hatch covers, foundations)
- S = 1.15 for bulk carrier stiffeners: longitudinal and transverse stiffeners of the hatchway coamings,
sloping plating of the topside tanks and hopper tanks, inner bottom, inner side if any, side shell of single
side skin construction and top and bottom stools of transverse bulkheads
net
o
b
Z
M M
1000
1
+
= o
: Bending stress in the stiffener, in N/mm
2

net
Z
: Net section modulus of stiffener, in cm
3
, including effective breadth of plating according to [2.5.4], to
be taken as:
Page 14 March 2011
- For stiffener induced collapse (SI), the section modulus is to be calculated at the top of stiffener flange
- For plate induced failure (PI), the section modulus is to be calculated at the attached plating
1
M
: Bending moment, in N.mm, due to the lateral load P

3
2
1
10 24
=
stf
l s P
M
for longitudinal stiffeners

3
2
1
10 8
) (
s
stf
c
ns l P
M =
for transverse stiffeners
P
: Lateral load, in kN/m
2

s
c
: Factor for the boundary conditions of the transverse stiffener:

0 . 1 =
s
c
for simply supported stiffeners

0 . 2 =
s
c
for partially constraint stiffeners
n
: Number of elementary plate panels breadths within the partial or total plate panel

0
M
: Bending moment, in N.mm, due to the lateral deformation w of stiffener

|
|
.
|
\
|
=
z f
z
E
P c
w P
F M
0
where:
0 >
z f
P c

E
F
: Ideal elastic buckling force of the stiffener, in N

4
2
2
10
x
stf
Ex
I E
l
F
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t

( )
4
2
2
10
y Ey
I E
ns
F
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
x
I
,
y
I
: Moment of inertia, in cm
4
, of the stiffener including effective width of attached plating according to
[2.5.4].
x
I
and
y
I
are to comply with the following requirement:

4
3
10 12
>
t s
I
x

4
3
10 12
>
t l
I
stf
y
March 2011 Page 15
t
: Net thickness of plate, to be taken as the mean thickness of the two attached plating panels, in mm
Z
P
: Nominal lateral load, in N/mm
2
, acting on the stiffener due to membrane stresses,
x
o
,
y
o
and
1
t
, in
the attached plating in way of the stiffener mid span:

|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
2 2 t o
t
o
y
stf
xl
p
Zx
c
l
s
s
t
P

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
2 1 2 t
t
o o
p stf
s stf
y xl
stf
p
Zy
t l
A
ns
l
c
l
t
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
p
s
a xl
t s
A
1 o o
, in N/mm
2

0
) (
2
2
2
1
_ 1
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
m
l
m
E R t
stf
Plate eH p
t t

1
m
,
2
m
: Coefficients taken equal to:
- For longitudinal stiffener:
-
47 . 1
1
= m

49 . 0
2
= m
for
0 . 2 >
s
l
stf

-
96 . 1
1
= m

37 . 0
2
= m
for
0 . 2 <
s
l
stf

- For transverse stiffener:
-
37 . 0
1
= m

2 2
96 . 1
n
m =
for
5 . 0 >
s
l
stf

-
49 . 0
1
= m

2 2
47 . 1
n
m =
for
5 . 0 <
s
l
stf

S
A
: Net sectional area of the stiffener without attached plating, in mm
2

c
: Factor taking into account the membrane stresses in the attached plating acting perpendicular to the
stiffeners axis

) 1 ( 5 . 0 v + =
for
1 0 s sv

v
=
1
5 . 0
for
0 < v

v
: Edge stress ratio for Case 2 according to Table 1
y
o
: Membrane compressive stress in the attached plating acting perpendicular to the stiffeners axis, in
N/mm
2

t
: Shear membrane stress in the attached plating, in N/mm
2

w
: Deformation of stiffener, in mm,
1 0
w w w + =

0
w
: Assumed imperfection, in mm
Page 16 March 2011

1000
0
stf
l
w =

For stiffeners sniped at both ends, w
0
is not to be taken less than the distance from the midpoint of attached
plating to the neutral axis of the stiffener calculated with the effective width of the attached plating according to
[2.5.4].
1
w
: Deformation of stiffener at midpoint of stiffener span due to lateral load P, in mm. In case of
uniformly distributed load the w
1
, is to be taken as:
-
x
stf
I E
l s P
w
7
4
1
10 384
=
for longitudinal stiffener
-
( )
2 7
4
1
10 384
5
s y
stf
c I E
ns l P
w
=
for transverse stiffener
f
c
: Elastic support provided by the stiffener, in N/mm
2

- For longitudinal stiffener:

) 1 (
2
2
px
stf
E f
c
l
F c + =
t

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1
10 12 91 . 0
1
1
3
4
p
x
xa
px
t s
I
c
c

2
2
2

+ =
stf
stf
xa
l
s
s
l
c
for
s l
stf
2 >

2
2
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
s
l
c
stf
xa
for
s l
stf
2 <

- For transverse stiffener:

( )
) 1 (
2
2
py Ey s f
c
ns
F c c + =
t

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1
10 12
91 . 0
1
1
3
4
p stf
y
ya
py
t l
I
c
c

2
2
2

+ =
ns
l
l
ns
c
stf
stf
ya
for
stf
l ns 2 >

2
2
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
stf
ya
l
ns
c
for
stf
l ns 2 <

March 2011 Page 17
warping
o
: Stress due to torsional deformation, in N/mm
2

|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
u =
ET
stiffener eH
stf
s c warping
R
l
z z Ey
o
t
o
_
2
0
' ' '
4 . 0
1
1
1 ) (
for stiffener induced collapse (SI)

0 =
warping
o
for plate induced failure (PI)
'
y
: Horizontal distance from centroid of stiffener cross-section to reference point to be assessed (free edge point
of stiffener flange)

0
'
= y
for Flat bar

) (
2
) (
f w f
f w f
f
'
t t b
A
t t b
b y +
=
for Angle profile

2
' f
b
y =
for Tee profile
Note: Bulb profile is taken as with an equivalent angle profile.
'
c
z
: Vertical distance from centroid of stiffener cross-section to plate stiffener intersection

w
f
f w
s
w w
c
h
t
t h
A
t h
z + =
2
) (
2
'

'
S
z
: Vertical distance from centroid of stiffener cross-section to shear center of stiffener

) (
2
'
f w
s
w w
S
t h
A
t h
z + =

w
stf
h
l
001 . 0
0
=

ET
: Reference stress for torsional buckling, in N/mm

2

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
T
stf p
ET
I
l
I
I
E
385 . 0
10
2
2 2
e
t c
o

p
I
: Net polar moment of inertia of the stiffener about point C as shown in Figure 1, defined in Table 4, in cm
4

T
I
: Net St. Venants moment of inertia of the stiffener, defined in Table 4, in cm
4

e
I
: Net sectorial moment of inertia of the stiffener about point C as shown in Figure 1, defined in Table 4, in
cm
6

c
: Degree of fixation

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ =

3 3
4
4
3
3
) 5 . 0 ( 4
4
3
10 1
w
f f
p
stf
t
t e
t
s
I
l
e
t
c

w
A
: Net web area, in mm
2

Page 18 March 2011
f
A
: Net flange area, in mm
2

Table 4: Moments of inertia
Section
property
Flat bars Bulb flats, angles and T bars
P
I

4
3
10 3
w w
t h

4 2
2
10
3
) 5 . 0 (

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
f f
f f w
e A
t e A

T
I

|
|
.
|
\
|
w
w w w
h
t t h
63 . 0 1
10 3
4
3

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
f
f f f
f f
w
w f f
b
t t b
t e
t
t t e
63 . 0 1
10 3
5 . 0
63 . 0 1
10 3
) 5 . 0 (
4
3
4
3

e
I

6
3 3
10 36
w w
t h

for bulb flats and angles:
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
w f
w f f f f
A A
A A b e A 6 . 2
10 12
6
2 2

for T bars:
6
2 3
10 12
f f f
e t b
2.5.4
The effective breadth of attached plating of stiffeners is to be taken as:
( ) s s C b
s x eff
; , min =
0 . 1 0056 . 0 4422 . 0 0673 . 0 0035 . 0
2 3
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
s
l
s
l
s
l
eff eff eff
s
;

where:
x
C
: Average reduction factor for buckling of the two attached plate panels, according to Case 1 in Table 1
eff
l
: Value taken as follows:
- For longitudinal stiffeners:
-
stf eff
l l =
, if simply supported at both ends
-
stf eff
l l 6 . 0 =
, if fixed supported at both ends
- For transverse stiffeners:
-
s l
eff
=
, if simply supported at both ends
-
s l
eff
6 . 0 =
, if fixed supported at both ends

March 2011 Page 19
3. Semi-analytic buckling method
3.1 Scope
3.1.1
This part describes the semi-analytic buckling method and its application as required by the Rules in Sec 4. The
semi-analytic method is to be based on nonlinear analysis technique which predicts the complex behaviour of
rectangular shaped stiffened and un-stiffened panels.
3.1.2
The semi-analytic buckling method can also be applied for local structural configurations of more irregular and
complex shapes (e.g. fore and aft ship structures, web frames etc.) for more accurate strength assessments in
FEM buckling check.
3.1.3
The semi-analytic buckling method can also be applied for other structures such as corrugated bulkheads etc.
whenever appropriate.
3.1.4
The buckling strength assessments can be computed according to Method 1 (ultimate strength) or Method 2
(initial buckling strength) principles as defined in [1.2.2] and [1.2.3] respectively.
3.2 Effects accounted for
3.2.1
Typical failure modes of stiffened panels with open profiles are accounted for in the semi-analytic method.
These are
- Plate buckling
- Torsional /warping stiffener buckling
- Stiffener web plate buckling
- Lateral stiffener buckling. (global/overall buckling)
3.2.2
The semi-analytic method is to be capable of considering the following effects:
- Non-linear geometrical behaviour
- Material yielding
- Initial deflections - geometrical imperfections/out-of flatness
- Welding residual stresses
- Interactions between buckling modes and structural elements; plates, stiffeners, girders etc.
- Simultaneous acting loads; bi-axial compression/tension, shear and lateral pressure
- Boundary conditions.
3.3 Assessment Criteria
3.3.1
A structure is considered to have an acceptable buckling strength if it satisfies the criteria given in Sec 1.
Page 20 March 2011
3.4 Application
3.4.1
The application of the stiffened panel and unstiffened panel with the Method 1 or Method 2, see Sec 4, [2.1].
3.4.2
Where the semi-analytic method is unable to correctly model the panel geometry, then an equivalent rectangular
panel is to be defined as described in Sec 4.
3.4.3
Where the panel between stiffeners consists of several plate thickness the weighted average thickness
may used for the thickness of the plating for assessment of the corresponding stiffener/plating
combination. Calculation of weighted average is to be in accordance with Sec 4, [2.2.2]. See Figure 2:
Figure 2: Capacity Model for Web Plate

1) Note
1) The correction of panel breadth is applicable also for other slot configurations provided that the
web or collar plate is attached to at least one side of the passing stiffener.
3.4.4
The local design pressure, and the deformations and bending/shear stresses it sets up in the stiffeners and plating,
are to be coped with in the semi-analytic / numerical buckling method. Accordingly the local pressure effects
should be eliminated from the in-plane design stresses in the buckling control.

4. Other structures
4.1 Struts, pillars and cross ties
4.1.1
The critical buckling stress for axially compressed struts, pillars and cross ties is to be taken as the lesser of the
column and torsional critical buckling stresses. The buckling utilisation factor, , is to be taken as:
cr
av
o
o
n =

where:
av
o
: Average axial compressive stress in the member, in N/mm
2

cr
o
: Minimum critical buckling stress, in N/mm
2

0.5h
stf
h
stf
Equivalent plate panel
March 2011 Page 21

E cr
o o =
for
Stiffener eH E
R
_
5 . 0 s o

Stiffener eH
E
Stiffener eH
cr
R
R
_
_
4
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
o
for
Stiffener eH E
R
_
5 . 0 > o

E
o
: Minimum elastic compressive buckling stress, in N/mm
2
, according to [4.1.2] to [4.1.3]
4.1.2
The elastic compressive column buckling stress,
E
o
, in N/mm
2
of pillars subject to axial compression is to be
taken as:

4
2
2
10
=
pill pill
end E
l A
I
Ef t o

where:
I
: Net moment of inertia about the weakest axis of the cross-section, in cm
4

pill
A
: Net cross-sectional area of the pillar, in cm
2

pill
l
: Unsupported length of the pillar, in m
4.1.3
The elastic torsional buckling stress,
ET
o
, in N/mm
2
, with respect to axial compression of pillars is to be taken
as:
4
2
2
10
+ =
pill pol
warp end
pol
sv
ET
l I
Ec f
I
GI
t
o

where:
sv
I
: Net St. Venants moment of inertia, in cm
4
, see Table 5
pol
I
: Net polar moment of inertia about the shear centre of cross section, in cm
4

( )
2
0
2
0
z y A I I
net z y
+ + + =

warp
c
: Warping constant, in cm
6
, see Table 6
pill
l
: Unsupported length of the pillar, in m
0
y
: Position of shear centre relative to the cross-sectional centroid, in cm, see Table 5
0
z
A
: Net cross-sectional area, in cm
2

y
I
: Net moment of inertia about y-axis, in cm
4

z
I
: Net moment of inertia about z-axis, in cm
4

Page 22 March 2011
4.1.4
The unsupported length of the cross tie,
pill
l
, is to be taken as follows, in m:
- For cross tie in centre tank: distance between the flanges of longitudinal stiffeners on the starboard and port
longitudinal bulkheads to which the cross ties horizontal stiffeners are attached
- For cross tie in wing tank: distance between the flanges of longitudinal stiffeners on the longitudinal
bulkhead to which the cross ties horizontal stiffeners are attached, and the inner hull plating
4.1.5
For cross-sections where the centroid and the shear centre do not coincide, the interaction between the torsional
and column buckling mode is to be examined. The elastic torsional/column buckling stress,
ETF
o
, with respect
to axial compression is to be taken as:
( ) ( )

+ + =
ET E ET E ET E ETF
o .o o o o o
.
o 4
2
1
2

where:
pol
I
A z
2
0
1 = .

0
z
A
: Net cross-sectional area, in cm
2

pol
I
: Net polar moment of inertia about the shear centre of cross section, in cm
4

E
o
: Elastic column compressive buckling stress, as defined in [4.1.2]
ET
o
: Elastic torsional buckling stress, as defined in [4.1.3]
Table 5: Cross Sectional Properties

( )
4 3 3
10 2
3
1

+ =
w wt f f sv
t d t b I
cm
4

6
3 2
10
24

=
f f wt
warp
t b d
c
cm
6

( )
4 3 3
10
3
1

+ =
w wt f f sv
t d t b I
cm
4

March 2011 Page 23
y0 = 0 cm
1
2
0
10
5 . 0

+
=
f f w wt
w wt
t b t d
t d
z
cm
6
3 3 3 3
10
144
4

+
=
w wt f f
warp
t d t b
c
cm
6

( )
4 3 3
50
10 2
3
1

+ =
w wt f fu net sv
t d t b I
cm
4

y0 = 0 cm
6 /
10 5 . 0
2
10
1 2 1 2
0
f fu w wt
w wt
f f w wt
w wt
t b t d
t d
t b t d
t d
z
+
+
=

cm
( )
( )
6
3 2
10
6 12
2 3

+
+
=
f fu w wt
f fu w wt w wt fu
warp
t b t d
t b t d t d b
c
cm
6

( )
4 3 3
3 3
3
2 2
3
1 1
10 2
3
1

+ + + =
w wt f f f f f f sv
t d t b t b t b I
cm
4

y0 = 0 cm
3 3 2 2 1 1
1 2
3 3
2
10 ) 5 . 0 (
f f f f f f w wt
w wt f wt f
s o
t b t b t b t d
t d t d b
z z
+ + +
+
=

cm
( )
2 2
3
2
1 2
2
1
10
2

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
o wt f
f f
o f warp
z d I
b I
z I c
cm
6

( )
4
2
1 2 2 1
3
2 1
1
10 )
2 12
(

+
=
f f f f f f
f
b t b t t b
I
cm
4

4 2
3
2
2
10
12

=
f f
f
t b
I
cm
4

4 3
3
3
3
10
12

=
f f
f
t b
I
cm
4

1
3 1
3
10
+
=
f f
wt f
s
I I
d I
z
cm
Note:
All dimensions are in mm
Page 24 March 2011
4.2 Corrugated bulkhead
4.2.1
The buckling utilisation factor of a unit flange and a unit web of corrugation bulkheads is based on the combined
axial compressive and shear stresses.
The interaction curve of [2.3.1] is to be used with:
-
2 = o

-
1 = v

March 2011 Page 1
Appendix 1 Stress based reference stresses
Symbols
a
l
: Length of the shorter side of the plate panel as defined in Table 1, in mm
1. Stress based Buckling Assessment
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1
This section provides a method to determine stress distribution along edges of the considered buckling panel by
linear approximation using least square method. This method is called Stress Method.
Reference stress is stress components at center of plane element transferred into the local system of buckling
panel.
1.2 Axial and shear stress
The axial stress
x
o
applied on the short edge of the buckling panel and the shear stress
t
are to be calculated
using a weighted average approach, given by:
=
n
i
n
xi i
x
A
A
1
1
o
o
=
n
i
n
i i
A
A
1
1
t
t

where:
xi
o
: Actual stress applied along the short edge of the buckling panel at the centroid of the i
th
plate element
of the panel, in N/mm
2

i
t
: Membrane shear stress at the centroid of the i
th
plate element of the panel, in N/mm
2

A
i
: Area of the i
th
plate element making up the panel, in mm
2

n : Number of elements in the panel
The edge stress ratio
x
for the stress
x
o
is equal to 1.0.
1.3 Transverse stress
The transverse stress
y
o
applied on the long edge of the buckling panel is to be calculated by extrapolation of
surrounding.
Page 2 March 2011

Figure 1: Buckling panel
The distribution of
( )
y
x o
is assumed as straight line also
( )
y
x C Dx o = +

The best fitting curve
( )
y
x o
is to be obtained by minimizing the square error
H
considering area of each
element as a weighting factor.
( )
2
1
n
i iy i
i
A C Dx o
=
H = +

The unknown coefficients C and D must yield zero first derivatives,
cH
with respect to C and D, respectively.
( )
( )
1
1
2 0
2 0
n
i iy i
i
n
i i iy i
i
A C Dx
C
Ax C Dx
D
=
=
cH
= o + =

c
cH
= o + =

The unknown coefficients C and D can therefore be obtained:
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

= = =
= = = =
= = =
= = = =
2
1 1
2
1
1 1 1 1
2
1 1
2
1
1 1 1
2
1
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
iy i
n
i
i i
n
i
iy i i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
iy i i
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
n
i
iy i
x A x A A
A x A x A A
D
x A x A A
x A x A x A A
C
o o
o o

( ) max ,
y
A A Ba o = +

( )
( )
min ,
max ,
y
A A Ba
A A Ba
v
+
=
+

uj
ix
vj
iy
a
b
Harmonised Common Structural Rules Chapter 8, Appendix 2
July 2010 Page 1
Appendix 2 Displacement Based Reference Stresses
Symbols
For symbols not defined in this Section, refer to Ch 1, Sec 4.
a : Length of the longer plate panel side
b : Length of the shorter plate panel side
x : Direction parallel to a, taken as the longitudinal direction
y : Direction parallel to b, taken as the transverse direction
C : Coefficient taken equal to:
) 1 ( 16
2
v
=
E
C

v : Poisson ratio
m : Coefficient taken equal to:
v =1 m
1. Introduction
1.1
1.1.1
This Appendix provides a method to obtain the buckling stresses and edge stress ratios for elementary plate
panels (EPP) from a finite element calculation. This method is called Displacement Method.
2. Displacement method
2.1 General
2.1.1
As the mesh of the finite elements does not correspond, in general, to the buckling panels the nodal points of the
EPP can be mapped onto the FE-mesh and the displacements of these nodes can be derived from the FE-
calculation.
Whenever operations on displacements are performed, full numerical accuracy of the displacements should be
used.
2.1.2 Calculation of nodal displacements
Three different node locations are possible:
- If a node of the buckling panel is located at an FE-node, then the displacements can be transferred directly.
- If a node of the buckling panel is located on the edge of a plane stress element, then the displacements can
be linearly interpolated between the FE-nodes at the edge.
- If a node of the buckling panel is located inside of an element, then the displacements can be obtained using
bi-linear interpolation of all nodes of the element.
July 2010 Page 2

2.1.3 Transformation in local system
The transformation of the nodal displacements from the global FE-system into the local system of the buckling
panel is performed by
( ) | | ( )
g
u u =
where:
( ) u : Local displacement vector
( )
g
u : Global displacement vector
| | : Transformation matrix (23), of direction cosines of angles formed between the two sets of axes.
2.2 Calculation of buckling stresses and edge stress ratios
2.2.1
The displacements, derived at the corners of the elementary plate panel, are to be considered as input from which
the stresses at certain stress-points are derived. The locations and the numbering convention may be taken from
Fig 1.
The derived stresses at EPP stress nodes can be directly used as input for the buckling assessment according
Ch 8, Sec 5. The buckling load cases, which have to be considered in the FEM buckling assessment and defined
in Ch 7 are buckling load cases 1, 2 and 5 of Ch 8, Sec 5, Tab 1 and 1, 2a, 2b and 4 of Ch 8, Sec 5, Tab 2. In
special cases, other buckling load cases may be used for the buckling assessment by a hand calculation.
2.2.2 8-node buckling panel
Stress displacement relationship for a 8-node buckling panel (compressive stresses are positive)

(a) Displacement Nodes
EPP 1 EPP 2 EPP 3
a
b
1
2
3
4
5
6 7
8
u
i
v
i

(b) Stress Nodes

EPP 1 EPP 2 EPP 3
a
b
1 2
3
4 5
6
o
iy
o
ix
July 2010 Page 3
Figure 1 8-node-buckling-panel

From the displacements of the EPP corner nodes the stresses of these nodes and on mid positions can be
obtained using:

|
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.
|
\
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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.
|
\
|
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
6
*
6
*
6
5
*
5
*
5
4
*
4
*
4
3
*
3
*
3
2
*
2
*
2
1
*
1
*
1
/ 21 / 5 / 21 / 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 5
/ 10 / 42 / 6 / 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 6 / 6 / 10 / 6
/ 10 / 42 / 6 / 42 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 6 / 6 / 10 / 6
0 0 / 21 / 4 / 21 / 4 0 0 0 0 / 3 / 4 / 3 / 4 0 0
0 0 / 8 / 42 / 8 / 42 0 0 0 0 / 8 / 6 / 8 / 6 0 0
0 0 / 8 / 42 / 8 / 42 0 0 0 0 / 8 / 6 / 8 / 6 0 0
0 0 0 0 / 21 / 3 / 21 / 5 / 3 / 5 / 3 / 3 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 / 6 / 42 / 10 / 42 / 10 / 6 / 6 / 6 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 / 6 / 42 / 10 / 42 / 10 / 6 / 6 / 6 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 5 / 21 / 5 / 21 / 3 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 / 6 / 6 / 10 / 6 / 10 / 42 / 6 / 42 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 / 6 / 6 / 10 / 6 / 10 / 42 / 6 / 42 0 0 0 0
0 0 / 3 / 4 / 3 / 4 0 0 0 0 / 21 / 4 / 21 / 4 0 0
0 0 / 8 / 6 / 8 / 6 0 0 0 0 / 8 / 42 / 8 / 42 0 0
0 0 / 8 / 6 / 8 / 6 0 0 0 0 / 8 / 42 / 8 / 42 0 0
/ 3 / 5 / 3 / 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 21 / 3 / 21 / 5
/ 10 / 6 / 6 / 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 6 / 42 / 10 / 42
/ 10 / 6 / 6 / 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 / 6 / 42 / 10 / 42
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
v
u
a m b m a m b m a m b m a m b m
b a b b b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
b a b a b a b a
C
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
t
o
o
t
o
o
t
o
o
t
o
o
t
o
o
t
o
o

where:
( )
T
y x y x
) , , , , , , (
6
*
6
*
6 1
*
1
*
1
*
t o o t o o o =
( )
T
y x y x
v u v u u ) , , , , (
8 8 1 1
=

In case of slightly warped buckling fields and underlying finite elements an appropriate warping correction
matrix has to be incorporated into the stress-displacement matrix, which provides balanced moments at the mid-
plane of the warped buckling field.

Handling nonlinear transversal stress distributions, in particular handling of extreme parabolic transversal
stress distribution causing buckling shape switch
If all ( ) 0 2 /
*
6
*
1
> +
y y
o o and ( ) 0 2 /
*
4
*
3
> +
y y
o o and ( ) ( ) 2 / 4 /
*
5
*
2
*
4
*
3
*
6
*
1 y y y y y y
o o o o o o + > + + + then
( ) 4 / 25 . 0
*
4
*
3
*
6
*
1
*
5
*
2 y y y y y y
o o o o o o + + + = =

Linearization of transversal stress distribution
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 2 /
2 /
2 . 0 15 . 0
*
, 3
*
, 1
*
, 4
*
, 6
*
, 2
*
, 4
*
, 3
*
, 3
*
, 1
*
, 4
*
, 6
*
, 2
*
, 6
*
, 1
*
, 5
*
, 2
*
, 4
*
, 3
*
, 6
*
, 1
*
, 5
*
, 2
y y y y y y y
y y y y y y y
y y y y y y y y
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
+ = =
+ + = =
+ + + + + = =

If both
*
x
o and
*
y
o are compressive stresses then the stresses o
x
and o
y
must be obtained as follows:
91 . 0 / ) 3 . 0 (
91 . 0 / ) 3 . 0 (
* *
* *
x y y
y x x
o o o
o o o
=
=

July 2010 Page 4

Where compressive stress fulfils the condition
- -
<
x y
o o 3 . 0 , then 0 =
y
o and
*
x x
o o =
Where compressive stress fulfils the condition
- -
<
y x
o o 3 . 0 , then 0 =
x
o and
*
y y
o o =
This leads to the following stress vector:
( )
T
y x y x
) , , , , , , (
6 6 6 1 1 1
t o o t o o o =
The relevant buckling stresses can be obtained by:
- LC 1: longitudinal compression
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
x l x
l l x
x x x x x x l
x x x x x x l l
x x x x x x l
then if
o o v
o o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
/ 1
5 . 0
3
1
2 / , 2 / , 2 / min , 0
2 / , 2 / , 2 / max
3 4 2 5 1 6
4 3 5 2 6 1
4 3 5 2 6 1
A =
A + =
+ + = A
+ + + = <
+ + + =

- LC 2: transverse compression
( )
y t y
t t y
y y y y t
y y y y y y t
o o v
o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o o o
/ 1
5 . 0
2
1
) ( 2 . 0 ) ( 15 . 0
4 6 3 1
5 2 6 4 3 1
A =
A + =
+ = A
+ + + + + =

- LC 5: shear
=
=
6
1
6
1
i
i
t t

Harmonised Common Structural Rules Buckling Requirements

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Harmonised Common Structural Rules Part 1, Chapter 8, Section 1

March 2011 Page 1

: Membrane stress applied in x direction, in N/mm

: Membrane stress applied in y direction, in N/mm

: Membrane shear stress applied in xy plane, in N/mm

, defined in Sec 5 [2.3] for plates and in [2.5] for stiffeners

, in mm, is defined by the following formula:

: Allowable buckling utilisation factor, as defined in Table 1

: Overall column utilisation factor, as defined in Sec 5, [4.1].

: Stress multiplier; load proportionality factor

: stress multiplier at collapse

: Reference stress for torsional buckling, in N/mm

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