BAB-E-ARQAM SCIENCE ACADEMY

CH # 5

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
DEFINITIONS AND SOME IMPORTANT NOTES

F.Sc Part (I)

1: POLYNOMIAL EXPRESSION:
An expression of the form anx + an-1x + . + a1x + a0 ; where n is a Non- Negative Integer (Whole number) is known as Polynomial Expression in x. It is mostly represented as P(x) or f(x). For Example: f(x) = 3x +5x +2x +x+6 ; Similarly p(y) = 3y +4y + 10.
4 3 2 5 n n-1

NOTES: (i) The Highest power of the variable involved in the Polynomial expression is called its Degree.
For Example: The degree of the Polynomial f(x) = 4x + 5x + 3 is 3. (ii) The Coefficient of the term having the variable with highest power is known as Leading Coefficient. For Example: In f(x) = 3x +5x +2x +x+6 ; The leading Coefficient is 3. (iii) The Polynomials are usually regarded as Polynomial functions. The reason is that Polynomials are defined for every Real number. It means that the Domain & Range of the Polynomial functions is always the set of Real numbers. This statement can be verified by putting different values of variable in the Polynomial expression. For Example: If f(x) = 3x +4x + 10 ; then by putting x = -2 we get f(-2) = 3(-2) +4(-2)+10 = 48 -8 + 10 = 50 SO it can be seen that by putting only one value of -2 as an input ; we obtained only one value 50 as an output. (iv) Honestly speaking this is the simplest definition of a function that A Function is any relation that gives only one output when only one input is inserted into it. The set of all the Inputs that can be given to the function is called Domain & the set of all the defined Outputs obtained from a function as a result of the Inputs is known as Range of that function. (v) This must also be remembered that a polynomial expression includes only One variable. The Algebraic expressions involving multiple variables are only the functions but not the Polynomials. For Example: f(x,y) = 3x +5xy+2y includes two variables x & y. It is a function but not a Polynomial.
2 2 4 4 4 3 2 3

2: RATIONAL FRACTION:
The Quotient of the form where Q(x) 0 with no common factors & P(x) and Q(x)

are Polynomials in variable x ; is called a Rational Fraction. For example: & are examples of Rational Fractions.

TYPES OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS:

There are two types of rational fractions. (i) (i) Proper Rational Fraction (ii) Improper Rational Fraction

PROPER RATIONAL FRACTION:

A Rational fraction of the form where Q(x) 0 is called Proper

Rational fraction if The Degree of Polynomial P(x) < The Degree of Polynomial Q(x). For Example: &

(ii)

IMPROPER RATIONAL FRACTION:

A Rational fraction of the form where Q(x) 0 is called an Improper

Rational fraction if The Degree of Polynomial P(x) The Degree of Polynomial Q(x). For Example: &

3: PARTIAL FRACTIONS: A Rational fraction can be expressed as a sum of two or more than two rational fractions each of which is called Partial Fraction of the Given Rational Fraction.

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For Example: The Rational fraction can be expressed as = . +
Eq (1)

The two rational fractions on the R.H.S of Eq (1) are Partial Fractions of 4: FRACTION RESOLUTION:

The Method of Expressing a Rational Expression as a sum of Partial fractions is called Fraction Resolution. 5: EQUATION: An open sentence formed by the sign of equality = between two algebraic expressions is called 2 Equation. For example: x+5 = 10 ; x -5x+6 = 0 ; x+6 = 2x 5

TYPES OF EQUATIONS:
There are two types of an Equation (i) Conditional equation (ii) Identity

(i) CONDITIONAL EQUATION: The equation that is true for particular values of the variable is called Conditional Equation. For Example: (i) x+3 = 7 is true only for only x = 4. (ii) x -7x+ 12 = 0 is true for only two values of x as 3 & 4. (ii) IDENTITY: The equation that is true for all the values of the variable involved in it is called Identity. For Example: (x+2)(x+3) = x +5x+6 is True for all the values of x. Similarly (x+a) = x +2ax+a is also an example of identity.
2 2 2 2 2

NOTE: Whenever a Rational fraction is expressed as a sum of partial fractions then Result is always an
Identity. That means that L.H.S and R.H.S of = + will give us same ans for each value of x.

6: THEOREM FOR THE EVALUATION OF UNKNOWN COEFFICIENTS INVOLVED IN THE PARTIAL FRACTIONS:
It is stated as If two Polynomials are equal for all the values of the variable involved then both polynomials must have the same degree and the Coefficients of like powers of the variable in both polynomials must also be Equal. For Example: If ax +bx+c = 2x -3x+5 then a = 2 ; b = -3 ; c = 5.
2 2

SOME IMPORTANT NOTES:

(i) It must be remembered that Fraction Resolution can be performed only if Rational fraction is Proper One. In the Case Of Improper Rational Fraction, Division method is used 1st to convert the Improper R.F into Proper R.F. (ii) If the Denominator has Non- repeated linear factors ; then For Example: Partial fraction of the form will be of

where A & B are generally called Unknown Coefficients which are to be found.

(iii) The Number of Unknown Coefficients is always equal to the Degree of the Polynomial in Denominator. (iv) If the Denominator has repeated linear factors ; then For Example: Partial fractions of the form will be of

(v) If the Denominator has Irreducible Quadratic factors ; then For Example: The Partial Fractions of will be of the form = + .

(vi) If the Polynomial in Denominator has mixed form of all these three cases ; then For Example: The Partial fractions of will be like = ....... .