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GII THIU Gio trnh ny l s c kt kinh nghim ca tc gi trong ging dy cc kho o to v Access cng nh kinh nghim s dng Access

lm h qun tr c s d liu v cng c pht trin phn mm. Hu ht ni dung trnh by trong gio trnh u bm theo nhng bi tp thc hnh c th. Do vy, sau khi c xong v thc hnh theo trnh t cun sch ny, bn c gn nh c th thit k v xy dng c nhng ng dng v qun l thng tin. C th y l: Qun l lng cn b mt c quan v Qun l bn hng ti mt ca hng. i tng chnh ca gio trnh l sinh vin, hc sinh cc trng THCN h chuyn CNTT cng nh khng chuyn CNTT c hc mn Access. Tt nhin cng hon ton ph hp cho nhng ai quan tm hc hi mn hc ny bi l cc ni dung u c trnh by rt trc quan, c th t v kt qu r rng. Thi lng thit k 80 tit. Tu theo mc ng dng ca tng trng, ngnh vo mn hc ny m mi n v s chn cho mnh mt qu thi gian cng nh cc ni dung ging dy ph hp t gio trnh ny. Ni dung gio trnh gm mt bi m u v 7 chng: Bi m u Bi ny s trnh by tng qut v mn hc; gii thiu v Access lm sao hiu c Access dng lm g? Phn bit c vi mt s phn mm c hc nh Pascal, Foxpro, Word, Excel, Cui cng bn c s hiu c mi trng lm vic ca Access v thc hin vo ra v qun l cc tp tin d liu. Chng 1: Xy dng c s d liu (CSDL) Chng 1 tp trung vo nhng kin thc c bn gip c th xy dng CSDL Access mt cch chc chn, c bit th hin qua qui trnh xy dng mt CSDL tng kt c ni dung ton b chng hc. Chng 2: Truy vn d liu - QUERY Tp trung vo cc kin thc v k nng gip x l d liu mt cch a dng thng qua cc loi Query. Chng 3: Thit k giao din - FORM Chng ny trnh by cc khi nim cng nh nhng k thut, k nng c th thit k c nhng giao din phn mm thng qua vic s dng Form v cc cng c i km. Chng 4: In n - REPORT Bao gm cc kin thc cng nh k nng cn thit thit k cc mu biu in n a dng s dng cng c Report ca Access. Hn na kt hp vi Form, s gii quyt c cc bi tp mang tnh tng hp, hon thin. Ni dung t chng 1 n chng 4 mang tnh cn bn. Nhng chng tip theo mang tnh chuyn ngnh v nng cao hn.
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Chng 5: Lp trnh VBA cn bn MACRO & MODULE Chng ny cung cp nhng khi nim cn bn v mi trng, cch lm vic v lm vic trn nhng bi ton n gin s dng ngn ng lp trnh VBA. y l c s tip cn tt hn trong chng tip theo- lp trnh CSDL. Chng 6: Lp trnh CSDL VBA WITH DAO Trnh by nhng khi nim, nguyn tc, cng c v nhng k nng rt cn bn v lp trnh CSDL ni chung cng nh lp trnh CSDL Access bng VBA ni ring. Kt thc chng ny c th x l c CSDL rt a dng, thc t v hon ton c th dng Access pht trin cc CSDL thnh nhng sn phm phn mm hon chnh. Chng 7: Menu & Toolbar Cung cp nhng kin thc, nhng k nng cui cng c th hon thin mt CSDL Access thnh phn mm ng gi, hon chnh. Cui cng, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s quan tm v to iu kin ca S GD&DT H Ni; cc ng nghip tn tnh gip , ng gp kin xy dng gio trnh c hon thin nh by gi. Tuy nhin rt kh trnh khi nhng thiu xt t khch quan n ch quan. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp , ph bnh gio trnh dn c hon thin hn, phc v tt cho vic dy-hc trong nh trung v cc bn c.

BI M U Bi m u s trnh by v mi trng lm vic, cng nh cch vo ra phn mm Access, l: Gii thiu Access2003 Cch khi ng To tp tin CSDL mdb mi Mi trng lm vic M tp tin CSDL mdb tn ti Thot khi Access. 1. Gii thiu Access 2003 T cui nhng nm 80, hng Microsoft cho ra i h iu hnh Windows, nh du mt bc ngot trong pht trin cc ng dng phn mm trn nn Windows (giao din GUI- Graphical User Interface). Mt trong nhng ng dng ni bt nht i km lc l b phn mm tin hc vn phng Microsoft Office. T n nay, b phn mm ny vn chim th phn s 1 trn th gii trong lnh vc tin hc vn phng. Ngoi nhng ng dng v vn phng quen thuc phi k n nh: MS Word - son tho ti liu; MS Excel - bng tnh in t; MS Powerpoint - trnh chiu bo co; .. cn phi k n phn mm qun tr c s d liu rt ni ting i km: MS Access. n nay phin bn mi nht l Access2007. Ton b ni dung gio trnh ny, chng ti gii thiu trn Access2003. V c bn, cc phin bn t Access97 tr li y cch s dng gn ging nhau. Mi phin bn ch khc mt s tnh nng c bit v mt cht v giao din. Do , khi hc Access2003, bn lun c c nhng kin thc cn thit nht tip thu nhng phin bn Access mi sau ny cng nh nhn nhn v s dng tt cc phin bn c hn. Chng ti khuyn bn c nn s dng Access2003 tr ln. Nu l ngi cha tng bit g v Access, bn s c mt cu hi: Access lm c g, v nhng ng dng ca n trong thc t? - Access l mt H qun tr c s d liu quan h (RDMS- Relational Database Management System), rt ph hp cho cc bi ton qun l va v nh. Hiu nng cao v c bit d s dng- bi l giao din s dng phn mm ny gn ging ht mt s phn mm khc trong b MS Office quen thuc nh : MS Word, MS Excel; - Hn na, Access cn cung cp h thng cng c pht trin kh mnh i km (Development Tools). Cng c ny s gip cc nh pht trin phn mm n gin trong vic xy dng trn gi cc d n phn mm qun l qui m va v nh. c bit nhng ai mun hc pht trin phn mm th y l cch d hc nht, nhanh nht gii quyt bi ton ny. -n y c th khng nh c 2 ng dng chnh ca Access l :
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1. Dng xy dng h c s d liu (ch l phn c s d liu, cn phn pht trin thnh phn mm c th dng cc cng c khc lm nh : Visual Basic, Visual C, Delphi, .NET,..) 2. C th dng xy dng trn gi nhng phn mm qun l qui m va v nh. Access2003 c g mi so vi cc phin bn c (Access2000)? - Phi tha nhn giao din s dng c nhng tin b vt bc. Cc thao tc s dng t i, n gin hn v giao din rt thn thin; - Cng ngh truy cp d liu ADO ActiveX Data Objects hon ton c th thay th cng ngh trc y s dng trong Access l DAO Data Access Objects bi nhiu l do c v cch thc s dng ln nhng ti u v k thut. Chng ti s gii thiu k cng ngh ny trong Phn 2 cun gio trnh; - Ngn ng lp trnh VBA c ci tin, c bit bn MS Access 2003 Developer cn cung cp cng c ng gi d n Access (tc l to b ci t m khi s dng khng cn phi gi t Access ln my tnh) - C kh nng to cc ng dng truy cp c s d liu thng quan giao din web (web-base). iu ny cha h c trong cc phin bn trc y. Tuy nhin, kh nng ny vn cn mt s gii hn, cha th thc s mnh nh cc cng c chuyn nghip khc nh : ASP, PHP, .NET, c th s dng Access, my tnh phi c ci t phn mm ny thng qua b Microsoft Office 2003. Cc bc ci t xin tham kho ti liu hng dn s dng i km a CD phn mm. 2. Khi ng C th khi ng Access theo nhiu cch: - Cch 1: Start --> Programs --> Microsoft Office 2003 --> Microsoft Office Access 2003

- Cch 2: Start -- > Run -- > g vo

MSACCESS

-- > OK

- Chn Blank Access Database bt u to mt tp tin Access mi (to mi tp tin); - Hoc Access Database wizard, page, and project to mt CSDL theo mu c sn (khng trnh by trong gio trnh ny); - Hoc Open an existing file m tp tin Access tn ti lm vic tip. 3. To mi tp tin CSDL Access . mdb Mt d n Access (Access Project) l mt hoc nhiu tp Access nhm gii quyt mt cng vic ln no . Khun kh gio trnh ny ch trnh by nhng d n c 1 tp tin. Tp tin CSDL Access c phn m rng *.MDB (ngoi ra nhng tp tin c phn m rng *.DBE cng m c nhng ch c th thc thi ch khng chnh sa c cu trc). C 6 thnh phn chnh trn mt tp tin: - Tables ni cha ton b cc bng d liu, cha thng tin ca cc i tng trn CSDL. y l i tng c bn ca CSDL. - Queries ni cha ton b cc truy vn d liu c thit k. - Forms ni cha cc mu giao din phn mm. - Reports ni cha cc mu bo co c thit k. - Macros ni cha cc Macro lnh phc v d n. - Modules - ni cha cc khai bo, cc th vin chng trnh con phc v d n. Thng thng mi tp tin Access cn phi lm vic trn tt c cc thnh phn trn. bt u to mt tp tin mi, chn mc Blank Access database ca s mc 2, tip theo nhn OK, hp thoi sau xut hin yu cu chn ni (th mc) lu tr v t tn tp tin Access:

Hy chn ni lu tr hp Save in; g vo tn tp tin mc File Name; nhn


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ghi li thit lp. n y sn sng s dng tp tin Access va khai bo. 4. Mi trng lm vic Sau khi mt tp tin Access c m, mi trng lm vic trn Access xut hin vi nhng thnh phn nh sau:

(1) - H thng thc n (menu) v cc thanh cng c (Toolbar)- ni thc hin cc lnh khi cn (2) - Ca s tp tin Access ang lm vic bao gm 7 phn chnh: Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports, Pages, Macros v Modules. Chng ta s ln lt hc cch lm vic trn tng phn ny trong cc chng tip theo. 5. M tp tin tn ti Mi tp tin Access phi to mi duy nht mt ln, c m ra lm vic v ghi li trong nhng ln tip theo. m mt tp tin Access tn ti lm vic, lm nh sau: Bc 1: T mi trng Access gi Menu: File | Open (hoc nhn nt Open trn thanh cng c), hp thoi Open xut hin:

Bc 2: Tm n tp tin Access cn m trn hp thoi Open bng cch: - Tm n th mc ni cha tp tin Access cn m hp Look in; - Tip theo chn tp tin Access cn m trn danh sch v nhn nt Open hoc Enter. n y ca mn hnh lm vic Access vi tp tin va m xut hin tip tc lm vic. 6. Thot khi Access Khi khng lm vic vi Access, hy ra lnh thot khi Access bng mt trong cc cch: -M thc n File | Exit; -Nhn t hp phm nng Alt + F4; -Hoc s dng nt Close trn ca s Access ang m. CHNG 1 XY DNG C S D LIU Xy dng CSDL l cng vic quan trng u tin trong ton b qui trnh pht trin mt ng dng trn Access. Mt CSDL c thit k v xy dng tt s l nhng thun li, nhng t tin u tin bc vo mt qui trnh pht trin ng dng; nhng tri li s l mt thm ha cho d n ang pht trin: s thng xuyn gp phi nhng kh khn phi chnh sa li CSDL v ti t hn, d n c th phi thc hin li t u do vic thit k CSDL qu km. Trong chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim cng nh cc k nng hc vin c th tip cn v xy dng c cc h CSDL trn Acces, c th l: To cu trc cc bng d liu - Table Thit lp thuc tnh LookUp Thit lp quan h v cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu Nhp d liu cho CSDL c bit l qui trnh xy dng mt CSDL Access. 1. Cc khi nim v CSDL Access 1.1 CSDL Access : CSDL l tp hp thng tin ca nhiu i tng trong mt thc th, cc i tng ny c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau. C th hn: CSDL Access l mt i tng bao gm tp hp cc bng d liu, cc kt ni gia cc bng c thit k mt cch ph hp phc v lu tr d liu cho mt ng dng qun l d liu no .
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V d: CSDL Qun l hc sinh bao gm tp hp cc bng d liu: HOCSINH, LOP, KHOI, MONHOC, DIEM c kt ni vi nhau mt cch ph hp phc v lu tr d liu cho ng dng qun l hc sinh mt trng hc. Ton b cu trc CSDL qun l hc sinh trn Access c m t nh sau:

CSDL Qun l bn hng bao gm tp hp cc bng d liu: HANG, KHACH, HOADON, HANGBAN c kt ni vi nhau mt cch ph hp, phc v ng dng qun l vic bn hng ti mt ca hang. S cu trc CSDL ny nh sau:

CSDL Qun l lng cn b, bao gm cc bng: PHONGBAN, CHUCVU v CANBO c kt ni vi nhau phc v lu tr d liu cho ng dng qun l lng cn b mt c quan. Cu trc CDSL ny c biu din nh sau:

CSDL Qun l vic nhp-xut vt t mt ca hng. Bao gm cc bng: VATTU, KHACH, PHIEUNHAP, PHIEUXUAT, VATTU_NHAP, VATTU_XUAT c biu din nh sau:

1.2 Bng d liu Bng d liu (Tables) l mt phn quan trng nht ca CSDL. Mi mt Table cho php lu tr mt i tng trong CSDL. L ni lu tr nhng d liu tc nghip cho ng dng. Mt CSDL c th c rt nhiu bng, cc bng phi c thit k sao cho c th lu tr c y d liu cn thit, m bo gim ti a tnh trng gy d tha d liu (d tha d liu c hiu n gin l tnh trng lu tr nhng d liu khng cn thit trn mt s bng. Tc hi ca hin tng ny s gy: sai lch d liu tc nghip v lm tng dung lng d liu khng cn thit); gim ti a dung lng CSDL c th, ng thi to mi trng lm vic thun li cho vic pht trin ng dng trong cc bc tip theo. Mt bng d liu trn Access bao gm cc thnh phn: Tn bng, cc trng d liu, trng kho, tp hp cc thuc tnh cn thit cho mi trng d liu v tp hp cc bn ghi. M t mt bng d liu trong trng thi Datasheet (nhp, xem, s d liu):

M t mt bng d liu trong trng thi Design view (ang thit k cu trc):

Tn bng Mi bng c mt tn gi. Tn bng thng c t sau khi to xong cu trc ca bng, tuy nhin cng c th i li tn bng trn ca s Database nh i tn tp tin d liu trn ca s Windows Explorer. Khng nn s dng du cch (Space), cc k t c bit hoc ch ting Vit c du trong tn bng. Trng d liu (Field) Mi mt field cho php lu tr 1 thuc tnh ca i tng . Tu thuc vo tnh cht gi tr ca thuc tnh m ta xc nh kiu d liu cho ph hp
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Mi ct d liu ca bng s tng ng vi mt trng d liu. Mi trng d liu s c mt tn gi v tp hp cc thuc tnh miu t trng d liu v d nh: kiu d liu, trng kho, ln, nh dng, .. Mi trng d liu phi c nh kiu d liu. Trong Access, trng d liu c th nhn mt trong cc kiu d liu sau:

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Kiu d liu Number Autonumber Text Yes/No Date/Time Currency Memo Hyperlink OLE

ln

Lu tr.. S: s thc, s nguyn theo nhiu kiu

4 bytes

S nguyn t ng c nh s. Kiu chui c kch thc nh 255 k t

1 bytes 8 bytes

Kiu logic Lu tr ngy, gi Lu tr d liu km k hiu tin t

tu thuc gi tr tu thuc di xu tu thuc d liu

Kiu chui c kch thc ln (65535 k t) Lu tr cc siu lin kt (hyperlink) m thanh, hnh nh, ho, (Objects)

Khng nn s dng du cch (Space), cc k t c bit hoc ch ting Vit c du trong tn trng. Bn ghi (Record) Mi dng d liu ca bng c gi mt bn ghi. Mi bng c mt con tr bn ghi. Con tr bn ghi ang nm bn ghi no, ngi dng c th sa c d liu bn ghi . c bit, bn ghi trng cui cng ca mi bng c gi EOF.

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Trng kho (Primary key) Trng kho c tc dng phn bit gi tr cc bn ghi trong cng mt bng vi nhau. Trng kho c th ch 01 trng, cng c th c to t tp hp nhiu trng (gi b trng kho). V d: (1) - bng THISINH ca CSDL thi tuyn sinh, trng kho l SoBaoDanh. V mi th sinh c th nhiu trng c gi tr ht nhau, nhng SoBaoDanh th duy nht. (2) - bng CANBO trng MaCanBo s l trng kha v khng th tn ti 2 cn b no trong bng ny trng MaCanBo (3)- bng HANGBAN ca CSDL Qun l bn hng, 2 trng hangID v hoadonID l mt b trng kho. V khng th trn mt ho n bng hng no c bn mt mt hng no ghi lp li 2 ln.

1.3 Lin kt cc bng d liu Lin kt cc bng d liu l mt k thut trong thit k CSDL quan h. Chng l mi lin kt gia 2 bng vi nhau theo thit k cho trc m bo c mc ch lu tr d liu cho ng dng. Trong Access tn ti 2 kiu lin kt: lin kt 1-1 v lin kt 1-n (mt-nhiu) Lin kt 1-1 l: mi c th trong i tng A c quan h vi mt c th bn i tng B (mi bn ghi ca bng ny s lin kt vi duy nht ti mt bn ghi ca bng kia) v ngc li V d lin kt 1-1:

M t d liu 2 bng ny nh sau:

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Lin kt 1-n l: mi c th trong i tng A c quan h vi nhiu c th bn i tng B (mi bn ghi ca bng 1 s c th lin kt vi mt hoc nhiu bn ghi ca bng nhiu (n). Ngc li, mi bn ghi ca bng nhiu s lin kt ti duy nht 1 trng ca bng 1. V d lin kt 1-n:

C th tham kho mi cha c th c nhiu con qua 2 bng sau: Hoc xem theo mt kiu khc:

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2. Xy dng cu trc bng Mc ny hng dn cch thit k cu trc mt bng d liu trn CSDL Access. c th lm tt c cng vic ny, ngh hc vin nn tun th theo th t cc bc s lit k di y. Minh ho ny hng dn cch to cu trc bng HANG bao gm cc trng hangID, tenhang, donvi, dongia. Bc 1: Khi ng trnh thit k cu trc bng ch Design View tab Tables, nhn nt New, chn Design View, nhn OK Hoc nhn

trn tab Tables. Hp thoi thit k cu trc mt bng xut hin:

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Bc 2: Khai bo danh sch tn cc trng ca bng: bng cch g danh sch tn cc trng ln ct Field Name ca ca s thit k. Ch : tn trng khng nn cha du cch (space), ch ting Vit c du. Sau khi g vo danh sch tn cc trng ca bng HANG, hp thoi thit k s c dng:

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Bc 3: Khai bo kiu d liu cho cc trng ca bng, bng cch chn kiu d liu cho tng trng ct Data Type tng ng. Sau khi chn xong kiu d liu cho cc trng, hp thoi thit k s c dng:

chn kiu d liu, c th dng chut chn kiu d liu t hp th; mt khc cng c th nhn k t u tin ca kiu d liu cn chn mi khi nh v n Data Type cn lm vic. V d:
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Bc 4: Thit lp trng kho cho bng (nhng bng khng c trng kho c th b qua bc ny). -Chn cc trng mun thit lp kho bng cch: dng chut kt hp gi phm Shift nh du u dng cc trng mun thit lp kho; -M thc n Edit | Primary key thit lp thuc tnh kho cho cc trng va chn. Cng c th ra lnh ny bng cch nhn nt Primary key trn thanh cng c. Sau khi thit lp kho, nhng trng kho s c biu tng nh sau:

Bc 5: Lu li cu trc bng. Nhn t hp phm Ctrl + S hoc nhn nt Save trn thanh cng c, hp thoai yu cu ghi tn cho bng xut hin:

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Hy g tn bng v nhn OK. c bit: -Vi nhng bng khng thit lp trng kho, trong qu trnh ghi li cu trc bng, my tnh s hi:

Nhn Yes- my tnh s to thm mt trng mi c tn ID v thit lp trng ny lm kho. Nu khng mun nh vy hy nhn No; nhn Cancel hu lnh ct. -Tn bng khng nn cha du cch, cc k t c bit khc hoc ch Vit c du. Mi trng d liu c khai bo trong ca s trn u c th thit lp c rt nhiu cc thuc tnh tu thuc kiu d liu trng nhn. Cc thuc tnh ny c th thit lp ti phn Tp hp cc thuc tnh ca cc trng nh trnh by trn. Di y l danh sch mt s cc thuc tnh hay c s dng. Thuc tnh Field size thit lp kch thc d liu. Ch p dng cho cc trng c kiu d liu Number v Text. i vi cc trng kiu s, Field size cho bit trng nhn gi tr loi s no. TT 1 Loi s Byte ln s nguyn 1 byte

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2 3 4 5 6

Integer Long Integer Single Double Decimal

s nguyn 2 byte s nguyn 4 byte s thc 8 byte s thc 12 byte s thc 16 byte

i vi cc trng kiu Text, thuc tnh ny cho bit chiu di ti a ca xu k t. V d: Vi trng Hoten th Field size khong 30. Vic xc nh kch thc Field Size rt quan trng. Khi thit lp ta ch cn to mt size va trnh gy lng ph v thi gian sng ca CSDL l rt ln nn vic tnh ton Field size cho mi Field rt quan trng . Thuc tnh Format thit lp nh dng d liu khi hin th. Trng ny p dng cho hu ht cc kiu d liu tr ra kiu: Memo, OLE, Yes/No, Date/Time V d: Cc chui nh dng format thng s dng > : t ng chuyn sang ch hoa < : t ng chuyn sang ch thng ; N; Nam tr No ; N[Red]; Nam[Blule]: mu xanh dd/mm/yyyy: Thuc tnh Input Mark Thit lp mt n nhp d liu cho cc trng. Qui nh dng thc d liu phi nhp vo cho field . Kiu ny c th p dng cho cc loi trng kiu Text, Number, Datetime, Currency. K T 0 NGHA Bt buc phi nhp gi tr. Nhp gi tr t 0 9. Khng cho php s dng du + hin th gi tr kiu date/time N hin th ch mu , Nam : Hin th l N cho gi tr Yes, Nam cho gi

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9 # L ? A a & C password V d:

Khng bt buc nhp gi tri. Nhp gi tr t 0 9 hoc l khong trng. Khng cho php s dng du + Khng bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp gi tr t 0 9 hoc l khong trng. Cho php s dng du + Bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp gi tr t A Z. Khng bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp gi tr t A Z. Bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp gi tr t A Z, 0 - 9 Khng bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp gi tr t A Z, 0 - 9 Bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp bt k k t no Khng bt buc nhp gi tr. Nhp bt k k t no Bt k k t no c nhp vo u c lu di dng chui nhng n ch hin th du * khi g vo

Mnh thit lp Input mask l LL000 cho field MaNV: Bt buc nhp 2 k t lin tip, pha sau phi l 3 k s. Thuc tnh Default Value thit lp gi tr ngm nh cho trng mi khi ra lnh thm mi mt bn ghi. V d: Trng s lng mi khi thm mt bn ghi mi, gi tr trng ny t ng l 1. Khi phi thit lp thuc tnh Default Value ca trng ny l 1. Thuc tnh Caption Thit lp tiu ct m trng hin th. Tn trng khng nn cha du cch v ch Vit c du, nhng Caption ca cc trng th nn g bng ting Vit c du sao cho d c v nhn bit. c bit gi tr thuc tnh Caption nu c s c s dng lm tiu cho cc trng tng ng mi khi s dng cng c Form Wizard hay Report Wizard sau ny- s rt tin li. Thuc tnh Validation Rule Thit lp iu kin kim tra tnh ng n ca d liu khi c nhp vo. V d: Trng NgaySinh ca hc sinh phi nhp vo nhng ngy >= 1/1/1980 chng hn. Khi thuc tnh Validation Rule ca trng Ngaysinh hy g vo >=#1/1/1980#

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Thuc tnh Required yu cu phi nhp d liu cho trng ny (nu thit lp Yes) khi bt u mt bn ghi mi hoc khng nu thit lp No. Cn mt s cc thuc tnh khc xin mi tham kho qua phn Help ca Access.

3. Thit lp quan h Mt bc quan trng trong xy dng CSDL Access l thit lp quan h cc bng trong CSDL. Lm c iu ny bn s gp c rt nhiu thun li trong qu trnh s dng cc trnh Wizard v Design View trong Access sau ny. Di y s l hng dn cch thit lp quan h cho mt cp bng. Tng t bn phi thit lp ton b cc quan h c th trn CSDL. Bc 1: M ca s thit lp quan h bi Menu: Tools | Relationship.. Bc 2: a cc bng (Tables) tham gia thit lp quan h thng qua hp thoi Show Tables (nu cha thy hp thoi ny dng thc n Relationship | Show table):

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Cch a cc bng ln ca s thit lp quan h (Database) nh sau: - Chn bng cn tham gia thit lp quan h (thng th chn tt c) - Nhn nt Add - Chn xong ton b nhn Close ng ca s. Bc 3: Thc hin to kt ni gia tng cp bng theo thit k, cch lm nh sau: Dng chut ko (Drag) trng cn lin kt ca bng ny (v d trng hangID ca bng HANG) th (Drop) ln trng cn lin kt n ca bng kia (v d trng hangID ca bng HANGBAN). Khi hp thoi Edit Relationships xut hin:

Trong trng hp mun thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu (Enforce Referential Integrity) cho quan h hy thc hin chn (checked) 3 mc chn sau: ng thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu m bo ton vn d liu khi xo d liu gia 2 bng lin quan. Khi , nu mt bn ghi bng c quan h 1 b xo, ton b cc bn ghi c quan h vi bn ghi hin ti s c t ng xo bng c quan h nhiu (nu xo 1 CHA, ton b cc con ca cha s t ng b xo khi bng CON) m bo ton vn d liu khi cp nht d liu gia 2 bng lin quan. Khi , nu gi tr trng kho lin kt bng 1 b thay i, ton b gi tr trng kho lin kt bng nhiu cng b thay i theo. Hp Relationship Type: cho bit kiu quan h gia 2 bng ang thit lp:
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- One To One Kiu 1-1 - One To Many Kiu 1-n - Indeterminate: Khng xc nh c kiu lin kt Tu thuc vo kiu kho ca cc trng tham gia lin kt m Access t xc nh ra c kiu lin kt gia 2 bng. Di y l mt s kiu lin kt c Access t ng xc nh: Bng A Kho chnh Kho chnh Kho ph Khng kho

TT 1 2 3 4

Bng B Kho chnh Kho ph kho Kho ph kho Khng kho

Kiu lin kt 1-1 1-n Khng xc nh c kiu lin kt Khng xc nh c kiu lin kt

Ch - Khi hp Relationships Type ch Indeterminate c ngha l quan h ang thit lp khng ng v cu trc kho ca 2 bng (quan h sai); - Trong trng hp thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu nu gp phi hp thoi thng bo li:

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Li ny do mt s d liu ang tn ti trong bng quan h khng tho mn vi bng quan h 1. Hiu n gin l: c mt s mt hng khai bo trong bng HANGBAN cha c trong trong danh mc hng (bng HANG) nh vy l khng hp l, khng tho mn cc iu kin v ton vn d liu gia 2 bng ny. - Khi gp phi li sau y khi kt ni gia 2 bng:

Tc l 2 trng tham gia kt ni khng cng kiu d liu. V d: mt trng kiu Number, trng kia kiu Text; hoc mt trng kiu Text, trng kia kiu Date/Time - u b sai v khng cng kiu d liu. 4. Nhp d liu : Nhp d liu l yu cu bt buc i vi bt k mt ng dng no. D liu c th c nhp vo CSDL bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Trong phn ny s trnh by cch nhp d liu t bn phm vo trc tip cc bng d liu trong Access. 4.1 Cch nhp d liu C 2 bc c th nhp trc tip d liu vo bng: Bc 1: M bng nhp d liu bng cch: nhn p chut ln tn bng cn nhp d liu; hoc chn bng cn nhp d liu ri nhn nt Open; Bc 2: Thc hin nhp d liu vo bng ang m bng bn phm

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Ch : Mt s li c th xy ra khi nhp d liu Li th nht:

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Li do: Bn nhp vo gi tr khng tng thch vi kiu d liu ca trng ch nh. V d: trng kiu Numeric m g vo ch ci; hoc khng g y cc gi tr ngy, thng, nm cho trng kiu Date/Time,.. li ny s xut hin. Khc phc: hy nhp li cho ng, gi tr cc trng yu cu n khi khng xut hin thng bo li. Li th 2:

Li do: Bn khng nhp gi tr hoc trng gi tr trng kho. l trng kho lun yu cu phi nhp d liu cho mi bn ghi. Khc phc: phi nhp y gi tr cho trng kho. Li th 3:

Li do: Gi tr trng kho trng nhau. Gi tr trng kho va nhp vo trng vi gi tr ca mt bn ghi no trn bng d liu. Khc phc: nhp li gi tr trng kho khc sao cho va ng, v khng
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b trng kho. Li th 4:

Li do: Bn ghi va nhp d liu b trng trng bt buc nhp d liu (nhng trng c thit lp thuc tnh Required=Yes) Khc phc: Phi nhp d liu cho cc trng bt buc phi nhp d liu.

Li th 5:

L do: Li do thc hin mt thao tc vi phm cc nguyn tc m bo ton vn d liu. V d: Bn nhp d liu trn mt bng c quan h m bn ghi ang nhp khng th lin kt c ti c mt bn ghi no ca bng c quan h 1 vi n (nhp mt hng bn m m hng cha c trong bng danh mc hng ho). Khc phc: Tm v nhp cho ng gi tr theo bng quan h 1 tng ng. Tham kho cch khc phc li ny mc 5: thuc tnh LookUp.
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4.2 Mt s thao tc x l d liu trn bng ng trc mt bng d liu, c rt nhiu thao tc cn x l, v d: sp xp bng, tm kim cc bn ghi, xo bn ghi no , Ni dung phn ny trnh by cch s dng mt s thao tc . a. Xo bn ghi Xo bn ghi l thao tc xo b mt s bn ghi ra khi bng. Vi bng d liu ang m c th thc hin 2 bc sau xo cc bn ghi: Bc 1: Chn nhng bn ghi cn xo. C th chn mt hoc nhiu bn ghi bng cch dng chut nh du u dng nhng bn ghi cn chn; Bc 2: Ra lnh xo bng cch: m thc n Edit | Delete Record hoc nhn nt Delete Record trn thanh cng c hoc nhn phi chut ln vng chn, tip theo nhn Delete Record. Mt hp thoi xut hin bn khng nh mt ln na vic xo d liu:

-Chn Yes ng xo; -Nhn No hu lnh xo.

Ch D liu ng xo s khng th phc hi li c. Nn phi cn nhc trc quyt nh ny cng nh cn nhc trc cc cu hi kiu Yes/No truc khi quyt nh. b. Sp xp d liu Sp xp l vic thay i th t hin th mt bng d liu theo mt trt t no . Kt qu ca vic sp xp gip ngi dng c th quan st c tt hn d liu
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trn bng, tt nhin mun quan st bng d liu theo trng no phi thc hin sp xp bng theo d liu trng y. Cch sp xp d liu trn bng ang m nh sau: Bc 1: t con tr ln trng (ct) mun sp xp; Bc 2: Nhn nt lnh sp xp trn thanh cng c: - Sp xp tng dn - Sp xp gim dn.

c. Lc d liu Lc d liu l vic lc ra nhng bn ghi trn bng c cng mt s gi tr. Kt qu vic lc d liu s gip ngi dng lm vic mt cch hiu qu trn tp hp cc bn ghi h mong mun. Mt v d v tnh hiu qu ca vic lc d liu: Sp n ngy Quc t Ph n 8-3. C quan quyt nh thng mi ch em 100,000. c ct thng trn bng cng danh sch tt c cn b c quan, lm sao c th nhp vo gi tr ct thng cho ch em (khng nhp cho nam gii) l nhanh nht. Nu c ln m xem ai l n ri nhp 100,000 cho ct thng s l rt lu. Nu lm theo cch sau: Bc 1: Lc ra danh sch l cc cn b n Bc 2: Nhp 100,000 cho tt c cc bn ghi lc. Nh vy chc chn nhng cn b ang hin th (sau khi lc) u l ch em ph n, khng b xt ai m cng khng nhm mt ngi nam no c lt vo danh sch thng! Cc bc lc d liu trn mt bng ang m nh sau: Bc 1: Nhn phi chut ln trng cn lc d liu. Mt menu xut hin:

Bc 2: Thit lp iu kin lc trn trng ang chn. C rt nhiu cch xc nh iu kin lc: - Nu mun lc nhng bn ghi c cng gi tr ca bn ghi ang chn hy chn mc - Mun lc nhng bn ghi tho mn iu kin no , hy g iu kin ln mc: V d: G >=10 - lc ra nhng bn ghi c gi tr trng ang thit lp lc ln hn
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hoc bng 10; G <>3 - lc ra nhng bn ghi c gi tr trng ang lc khc 3, c bit: gi tr trng, rng c miu t l Null; Lc ra nhng ngi tn Nam g nh sau Like '*Nam'; Lc ra gi tr trong khong 10 n 15 g nh sau: Between 10 And 15 (tham kho ton t Like v Between chng sau- Queries). Mun hu ch t lc, nhn phi chut ln bng d liu v chn mc:

5. Thuc tnh LOOKUP Qua cch nhp d liu cho bng c quan h nhiu trn CSDL ta thy vic nhp d liu cho trng tham gia lin kt ca bng nhiu i hi phi c chnh xc vi d liu trn bng quan h 1 (phi nh m nhp). Trong thc t vi nhng danh mc ln n hng trm, thm ch nhiu hn na th vic nh m nhp d liu qu l kh khn: hoc g sai m, nguy him hn g ng nhng nhm m. Thuc tnh LOOKUP s gip gii quyt phn no vic kh khn trong nhp d liu trn cc bng quan h nhiu nh vy. Thuc tnh LOOKUP c thit lp ti trng tham gia lin kt trn bng c quan h nhiu sang trng tham gia lin kt ca bng c quan h 1. V d: Vi CSDL Qun l bn hng th: - Trng khachID ca bng HOADON phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP sang trng khachID ca bng KHACH; - Trng hangID ca bng HANGBAN phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP sang trng hangID ca bng HANG; - Trng hoadonID ca bng HANGBAN phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP sang trng hoadonID ca bng HOADON. Thng thng, ng vi mi quan h 1- n c thit k cn phi thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP cho trng tham gia lin kt t bng quan h 1 sang trng tham gia lin kt ca bng quan h nhiu. Mt trong cc cch thit lp thuc tnh ny n gin nht l trnh Look Up Wizard ca Access. Di y l v d v thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP cho trng khachID ca bng HOADON sang trng khachID ca bng KHACH trong CSDL qun l bn hng: Bc 1: M bng c trng cn thit lp LOOKUP ra (bng HOADON) ch Design View bng cch: chn tn bng, nhn nt Design; Bc 2: Kch hot trnh LookUp Wizard bng cch: Ti ct Data Type ca trng cn thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP (trng khachID), chn mc Lookup
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Wizard...

Hp thoi Lookup Wizard xut hin:

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Hp thoi ny hi D liu a vo danh sch chn ly t u? Trong trng hp ny danh sch d liu chn ly t bng KHACH, nn chn mc I want the lookup column to look up the values in a table or query. Nhn Next tip tc: Bc 3: Chn d liu cho danh sch:

Hp thoi trn tr li cu hi: Bng (query) no cha d liu cn a vo danh sch?. Trong trng hp ny ly d liu t bng KHACH nn mc View chn Tables; v chn bng KHACH. Chn xong nhn Next, hp thoi sau xut hin:

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Hp thoi ny tr li cu hi: Gi tr nhng trng no ca bng (query) chn s c hin th trn danh sch? Hy dng cc nt >, >>, <, << a 2 trng khachID v tenkhach t danh sch Available Fields: (danh sch cc trng c th chn) sang danh sch Selected Fields: (danh sch cc trng chn). Lu : V nguyn tc ch cn a trng khachID ca bng khc vo danh sch Selected Fields: l , tuy nhin nn a thm trng tenkhach thun tin hn khi chn la d liu khi nhp sau ny. Chn xong nhn Next tip tc:

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Nu mun n m khch khi chn d liu hy chn (checked) hp , nu khng th b qua; Nhn Next tip tc

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Nhn Yes lu thay i 6. Qui trnh xy dng CSDL Access n y chng ti c th khuyn co mt qui trnh tt xy dng mt CSDL Access theo thit k sn c : Bc 1 : Ln lt xy dng cu trc tng bng d liu trong CSDL. Vi mi bng d liu khi khai bo cu trc cn gii quyt cc cng vic sau : - Khai bo danh sch cc trng ca bng ct Field Name; -Chn kiu d liu ph hp cho cc trng ct Data Type; Thit lp trng kho cho bng; - Thit lp mt s khc cn thit cho cc trng nh : Field Size, Format, Input Mark, Requried, Validate Rule, Ghi tn bng
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Bc 2 : Ln lt thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP cho cc trng mt cch ph hp. Mi quan h trn bng thit k s cn mt thao tc thit lp thuc tnh LOOKUP (s dng trnh LookUp Wizard) t trng trn bng quan h nhiu sang trng bng quan h mt; Bc 3 : Thit lp cc thuc tnh m bo ton vn d liu cn thit cho cc quan h ti ca s Relationships (menu Tool | Relationships.. hoc nhn nt trn thanh cng c); Bc 4 : Thc hin nhp d liu cho cc bng nu cn. Ch : bng c quan h 1 phi c nhp d liu trc bng c quan h nhiu.

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CHNG 2 TRUY VN D LIU Trong chng trc gii thiu nhng khi nim cng nh cc k nng, trnh t cn thit c th xy dng tt mt CSDL trn Access. Chng ny s cung cp nhng khi nim cng nh nhng k nng cn thit x l d liu khi cn. Mt trong nhng cng c x l d liu trc quan, hu hiu trn Access l Query. C rt nhiu dng yu cu x l d liu nh: trch - lc - hin th d liu, tng hp - thng k; thm - bt - cp nht d liu, V vy s tn ti mt s loi Query tng ng gii quyt cc yu cu x l d liu trn. C 6 loi query trong Access : Select Query Crosstab Query Append Query Delete Query Update Query Make Table Query Bn cht ca Query l cc cu lnh SQL (Structured Queries Laguage- ngn ng truy vn d liu c cu trc)- mt ngn ng truy vn d liu c dng kh ph bin trn hu ht cc h qun tr CSDL hin nay. Vic thit k mt query l gin tip to ra mt cu lnh x l d liu SQL. Vic thi hnh query chnh l vic thi hnh cu lnh SQL to ra. 1. SELECT queries 1.1 Cch to Select query l loi truy vn dng trch - lc - kt xut d liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau t CSDL ra mt bng kt qu. V d: -a ra thng tin chi tit bng lng thng 8; -a ra danh sch cn b l ng vin; -a ra thng tin chi tit v cc ho n bn ra trong ngy hm nay; -a ra doanh thu bn hng ca mt thng no ; - Tt c nhng yu cu dng nh vy (a ra mt danh sch kt qu) u c th s dng SELECT query p ng. Mi yu cu x l d liu cn phi to ra mt Select query p ng; mi query s c mt tn gi (nh cch t tn bng d liu), query sau khi to ra u c th chnh sa li c cu trc cng nh ni dung; qui trnh p ng mi yu cu trn nh sau: to mt query p ng c cc yu cu
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thi hnh query to thu nhn kt qu. Tip theo minh ho qui trnh cc bc to mt select query p ng yu cu n gin nht: T CSDL Qun l lng cn b, hy a ra bng lng cn b vi nhng thng tin sau: canboID, hoten, ngaysinh, tencv, luongchinh, phucapcv, thuclinh. Trong : luongchinh = hesoluong * 290000 Thuclinh = luongchinh + phucapcv Phn tch yu cu: (1). Thng tin yu cu i hi t nhiu bng khc nhau (bng CANBO vi cc ct: canboID, hoten, ngaysinh; bng CHUCVU vi cc ct tencv, phucapcv); (2). C nhng ct thng tin c sn trn CSDL (5 ct k trn) nhng mt s ct yu cu phi c tnh bi biu thc: ct luongchinh v ct thuclinh. Hng dn cch lm: Bc 1: Ra lnh to mt Select query mi bng cch: kch hot th Queries, nhn nt New, chn Design View, nhn Ok (hnh di):

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Bc 2: Chn nhng bng c cha d liu lin quan ln mn hnh thit k query t ca s Show Table (khng thy ca s ny nhn nt Show table trn thanh cng c):

Hy chn cc bng c lin quan (bng CANBO v bng CHUCVU); chn xong nhn Add v nhn Close. Khi mn hnh thit k query xut hin: Bc 3: Khai bo nhng thng tin cn thit cho query:

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Dng Field: l ni khai bo danh sch cc thng tin (ct d liu) ca bng kt qu. C 2 loi thng tin bi ton yu cu: thng tin c sn t cc trng trn CSDL nh canboID, hoten, tencv, phucapcv v thng tin phi c tnh theo mt biu thc no nh: luongchinh v thuclinh. Mun hin th trng (Field) no ln query, ch vic nhn p chut ln tn trng hoc dng chut ko tn chng t cc bng ln dng Field. Hy dng phng php ny a 4 trng canboID, hoten, ngaysinh v phucapcv ln dng Field. Vi 2 ct luongchinh v thuclinh phi a vo query bng cch to mt ct mi vi mt tn gi <tn ct> c tnh bng mt <biu thc> trn dng Field theo c php nh sau:

V d: Luongchinh : hesoluong * 290000 to thm ct luongchinh mi Thuclinh : luongchinh + phucapcv to thm ct thuclinh mi. Cui cng, mn hnh thit k query nh sau:

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C th ghi query li vi mt tn gi khi ra lnh lu Alt + S Bc 4: S dng query va to. Mt query sau khi to xong c th: (1) Kch hot chng ly kt qu bng cch: nhn p chut ln tn query. Nu ang trong ch thit k (Design view), nhn nt View trn thanh cng c hoc nhn phi chut ln Query ang thit k chn Datasheet View. Bn s xem c kt qu tr v ca query v c th thao tc bng d liu ny nh trn mt Table ( (2) Sa li c cu trc thit k query khi chn chng v nhn nt Design.

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Bn cht ca mt SELECT query l cu lnh SQL c dng:----------------SELECT FROM Select danh sch cc Field From danh sch cc Table;

Mt s thit lp khc cho Query Dng Sort: thit lp th t sp xp d liu trn Query. Mun sp xp d liu cho trng no, thit lp thuc tnh Sort cho trng y. C 2 gi tr cho thuc tnh Sort: Ascending - sp xp tng dn v Descending - sp xp gim dn. Trng no ng trc s c th t sp xp trc.

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Ch : C 2 li hay mc phi: -Li g sai biu thc:

Nguyn nhn gy ra li ny l rt nhiu, c th lit k ra y mt s tnh hung: Tnh hung 1: C th mt trong s tn cc trng bn g trong biu thc c cha du cch hoc cc k t c bit. V d: trng hesoluong ca bn l he so luong th phi g nh sau: [he so luong] thm du mc vung vo 2 u ca tn trng; Tnh hung 2: Sai k php l gc ca biu thc: do vit tha hoc thiu cc ton t, ton hng, hoc cc du m ng ngoc khng khp..; -G khng ng tn trng trong biu thc:

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Li ny xy ra khi bn g sai tn trng. Tn hin th trn hp thoi (phucap cv) my tnh khng hiu, c th tn ng ca trng ny l phucapcv. Bn phi ln ti biu thc c cha tn trn v kim tra sa cho ng vi tn trng c trong CSDL. Li ny hay xy ra khi thit k bng t tn cc trng c cha du cch! 1.2 Lc d liu Khc vi bng (Tables), Queries cung cp mt kh nng lc d liu kh hon chnh; C th lc ra nhng d liu theo nhng iu kin phc tp hn, c bit c th chp nhn nhng gi tr lc l cc tham bin. lc d liu, bn phi thit lp iu kin t lc ln vng Criteria ca queries (trong ch ang thit k).

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Cc iu kin nm trn cng mt dng Criteria s c ni vi nhau bi ton t AND (v); mi dng Criteria s c ni vi nhau bi ton t OR (hoc). Xt cc v d sau thc hin lc trn query bng lng va c to ra: V d 1: Lc ra nhng cn b l trng phng c thc lnh <=1,000,000

V d 2: Lc ra nhng cn b l Trng phng m khng phi l ng vin hoc nhng cn b N l ng vin:


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Ton t LIKE biu din nhng gi tr mang tnh tng i (c th ch ging mt phn gi tr thc). C php biu din ton t ny nh sau: Like <gi tr tngi> Trong <gi tr tng i> c th cha hng (Nam) v cc k t i din. C 2 k t i din l: -K t * biu din bt k gi tr no
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-K t ? biu din mt k t bt k. Mt s v d minh ho ton t LIKE: - Like Nguyn* -lc ra nhng ngi h nguyn. 6 k t u l Nguyn, cc k t cn li l thoi mi - Like *c* -lc ra nhng ngi c H hoc m hoc Tn l c; -Like */*/1980 - lc ra nhng ngi sinh nm 1980 - Like */11/* - lc ra nhng ngi sinh thng 11 - Like */*/198? -lc ra nhng ngi sinh t nm 1980 n nm 1989; - V d 4: Lc ra nhng cn b c 2,000>= Thuclinh >=1,000:

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Trong gi tr nh v gi tr ln khng vt qu 65536

Hy g vo Tn phng ban cn xem. Vic thit lp tham s kiu ny khng gii hn trn mt query.

Bn cht ca yu cu lc d liu th :------------------------- WHERE trong cu lnh SQL

hin

mnh

1.3 Cc hm thng s dng trong Access


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a. Hm IIF C php: IIF(iu kin, kt qu 1, kt qu 2) Cng dng: tng t nh hm If trong Microsoft Excel. Hm IIF trong Access cho php xc nh gi tr biu thc iu kin, khi biu thc iu kin t gi tr TRUE hm IIF s tr v gi tr ca kt qu 1, ngc li tr v gi tr kt qu 2

b. Hm And C php: iu kin 1 And iu kin 2 Cng dng: Xt quan h gia hai iu kin, s dng khi yu cu tho mn c hai iu kin c. Hm OR C php: iu kin 1 OR iu kin 2 Cng dng: Xt quan h gia hai iu kin, s dng khi yu cu tho mn ch mt iu kin trong hai iu kin cho. d. Hm Datepart C php: Datepart( chui qui c , d liu ngy ) Cng dng: phn on d liu ngy theo tng phn on khc nhau, quy cch phn on c cho bi chui qui c. CHUI QUI C yyyy q m w ww

STT 1 2 3 4 5

NGHA CNG DNG Phn on theo gi tr nm trong d liu Phn on theo gi tr qu trong d liu Phn on theo gi tr thng trong d liu Phn on theo gi tr ngy th my trong tun trong d liu Phn on theo gi tr cc tun trong nm
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1.4 Chc nng Total ca Query Tng hp, thng k l php x l d liu kh ph bin. Trong Access, query l mt trong nhng cng c x l kh tt vic ny. Chc nng Total cho php ngi dng x l tt yu cu trn.

Hy xt mt s yu cu tng hp d liu nh sau:

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Tt c nhng yu cu trn u c th c p ng bng chc nng Total ca Select Query. V d: To query a ra bng tng hp Tenchucvu, Tng s CB (query th 2); Bc 1: To mt select query vi y cc thng tin lin quan bng tng hp:

Bc 2: Kch hot chc nng Total bng cch m thc n View | Total hoc nhn nt Total trn thanh cng c; Bc 3: Thit lp cc tu chn Total cho cc trng mt cch ph hp nh sau:

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-V bi ton yu cu tng hp thng tin theo tng loi chc v, nn Total ca trng Tenchucvu l Group By; -Trng canboID dng m s cn b tng chc v, nn chn php tng hp l Count. Chc nng Total cung cp cho ngi dng cc phng thc thng k sau: Group By: Gom nhm cc gi tr ging nhau Sum: Tnh tng cc gi tr trong cng mt nhm Count: m s phn t trong mt nhm AVG: Tnh trung bnh cng cc phn t trong cng mt nhm Min: Tnh gi tr nh nht ca cc phn t trong cng mt nhm Max: tnh gi tr ln nht ca cc phn t trong cng mt nhm Expresion: Biu thc k tha t cc gi tr c tnh trc Cc phng thc nu trn c gi l phng thc ni ti. Ch p dng tnh ton trn 1 field. Trong Access 2003 khng tn ti cc hm Sum, Count, Avg, Max, Min tnh ton trn mt s cc gi tr c lp

Bn cht ca Total query th hin cu lnh SQL:------------------------------SELECT .. FROM .. GROUP BY

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2. CROSSTAB queries Chng ta c tm hiu v chc nng Total ca Select Query trong vic p ng cc yu cu tng hp d liu. Trn thc t cn rt nhiu cc yu cu tng hp khc m Select query khng th p ng c. Nhiu trong s nh l:

Nhn thy rng cc bng trn c thng k theo phng thc cho, iu kin dng thng k c phn thnh nhiu on khc nhau. Tt c nhng yu cu dng trn c th s dng CROSSTAB query p ng. Trc khi tm hiu cch to Crosstab query, chng ta hy tm hiu cu trc mt Crosstab, c minh ho bi hnh sau:
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- Row heading l tiu cc dng, c cha cc gi tr ca cc trng no lm i tng thng k. Mi Crosstab phi c ti thiu 1 trng lm Row heading - Column heading l tiu cc ct, c cha cc gi tr ca mt trng no lm iu kin thng k. Mi Crosstab ch c duy nht 01 trng lm Column heading - Value l vng d liu tng hp (l cc con s). Ch c duy nht mt trng lm Value, tng ng vi n l mt php tng hp hoc: m, tnh tng, tnh trung bnh cng, max, min,.. Cc bc to mt Crosstab query. V d to query a ra c bng tng hp sau:

Bc 1: To mt Select query vi y cc trng c lin quan n php tng hp (khng tha v cng khng th thiu mt trng no) nh sau:

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Bc 2: Ra lnh chn kiu Crostab query bng cch m thc n Queries | Crosstab Query; Bc 3: Thit lp cc thuc tnh Total cng nh Crosstab cho cc trng ph hp v d nh sau:

C th:
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Tn trng Tenphongban Tenchucvu canboID

Thuc tnh Total Group By Group By Count

Thuc tnh Crosstab Row Heading Column Heading Value

Bn cht ca SQL:--------------------------

Crosstab

query

th

hin

cu

lnh

TRANSFORM .. SELECT .. FROM .. GROUP BY PIVOT

3. MAKE TABLE queries Select Query hay Crosstab Query lun a ra mt bng kt qu- l gi tr tc thi, mi nht c ly ra t CSDL ti thi im . Ti thi im khc khi thi hnh query , rt c th chng ta khng thu li c bng kt qu nh thi im trc . Mun lu li bng kt qu ca mt query ti mt thi im no , trong Access c mt cch l a d liu kt qu query ra mt bng (Table) lu tr lu di bi mt MAKE TABLE query. Cc bc to mt Make table query lu tr kt qu mt query ra mt bng d liu c tin hnh theo 2 bc chnh: Bc 1: To mt Select query hoc mt Total query a ra c bng kt qu cn lu tr; Bc 2: Ra lnh to Make table query t query ang thit k v thi hnh thu c bng kt qu nh mong mun. Gi s to c mt Select query a ra c bng kt qu nh sau:
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Bi ton t ra l: a ton b kt qu ca query ang hin th ra mt bng mi c tn bangluong. Cch lm nh sau: Bc 1: m select query to c ch Design View Bc 2: ra lnh to Make table query bng cch m thc n Queries | Make Table query, hp thoi Make table xut hin: Hy nhp vo tn bng d liu cn lu vo Table Name Ch : - Nu tn bng nhp vo l mi, Access s t ng to mt bng mi v sao chp ton b d liu m query kt xut c ra bng ny; - Nu tn nhp vo trng mt tn bng c sn, khi thi hnh Access s xo bng c v in vo d liu mi (cn cn nhc khi t tn bng trng tn bng tn ti). Bc 3: thi hnh query nhn kt qu bng cch:
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-Nu query ang ch thit k, nhn nt Run -Hoc nhy p chut ln query cn thc hin.

trn thanh cng c;

Khi mt hp thoi cnh bo vic bn ang ra lnh thi hnh mt query c th lm thay i n d liu trn CSDL:

Nhn Yes tip tc hoc nhn No hu b lnh. Nu trn CSDL tn ti mt bng c cng tn bng bn ch nh cho query ny lu d liu, Access s hi bn: tn ti bng xxx trn CSDL ri, n s b xo sch khi query ny thi hnh, bn c mun tip tc khng?

Nhn Yes tip tc (tt nhin bng d liu s b xo v thay vo ni dung mi); nhn No hu b. Cui cng mt hp thoi hi mt ln cui xem bn c ng dn xxx bn ghi vo bng ch nh hay khng?

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Nhn Yes ng , No hu b. Thi hnh xong hy m bng va to c kim tra kt qu. Bn cht ca SQL:-------------------------Crosstab query th hin cu lnh

SELECT .. INTO .. FROM..

4. Append Query Khi lm vic vi CSDL, vic qun l mt CSDL vi lng d liu ln l khng phi d. Trong cc cch qun l CSDL, Access cn cung cp cho ngi dng mt c ch qun l chia tr. Bn s mt bao lu nhp thng tin ca mt ho n cht y mt phng din tch 100m2.. Tht kinh khng ng khng?. vy th liu rng c t nh thm mt quyn tr gip khc khng? Ngha l nu c mi ngi nhp d liu vi bn th sao. Ok. Gii quyt phng ho n gn l ng khng. cui cng chng ta c 10 ci Table c cu trc hon ton ging nhau. Lm sao gom d liu ca chng li vi nhau y ? --- > Pht sinh nhu cu chuyn ti d liu t mt Table ngun vo mt Table ch. Append query l gii php hu hiu. Bc 1: Ra lnh to mt Select query mi bng cch: kch hot th Queries, nhn nt New, chn Design View, nhn Ok (hnh di):

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Bc 2: Chn Table ngun cung cp ngun d liu cho Table ch. Bc 3: Menu Query -- > Append Query

Table Name: Chn Table ch ( table s nhn d liu truyn qua). Current Database: Table ch nm trn CSDL hin hnh. Another Database: Table ch nm trn CSDl khc, khi bn phi chn file CSDL cn chuyn d liu qua.

5. DELETE queries Delete Query l mt loi Action Query (query hnh ng). N c th gy thay i d liu trong CSDL. Trong trng hp ny, Delete query dng xo cc bn ghi t CSDL tho mn nhng iu kin no . Di y l hng dn to mt Detele query xo i nhng cn b n tui ngh hu ra khi CSDL Qun l lng cn b. Khi query ny thi hnh, danh sch cc cn b n tui hu s b xo khi bng canbo. Cch to query ny nh sau:

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Bc 1: To mt Select query nh sau:

Bc 2: i query hin hnh thnh Delete query bng cch m Menu Queries | Delete Query

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thi hnh vic xo cn b, nhn nt Run hp thoi cnh bo xut hin:

trn thanh cng c. Khi mt

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Nhn Yes ng xo i cc bn ghi (bn ghi xo khng th phc hi li c); nhn No hu b lnh. Phi cn trng trc khi quyt nh lnh xo d liu. Khi xo d liu ri th khng th phc hi.

Bn cht ca Delete query th hin cu lnh SQL:-------------------------DELETE FROM [WHERE]

6. UPDATE queries Update query dng cp nht d liu mt s trng no trong CSDL. Ging vi Delete query, Update query l loi query hnh ng, lm thay i ni dung d liu trn CSDL. Di y l mt v d s dng Update query tnh gi tr cho ct luongchinh (lng chnh) l mt trng mi c thm vo bng canbo. Bc 1: To mt query v c cha bng canbo v chuyn thnh Update query bng cch m thc n Queries | Update query; hp thoi thit k query nh sau:

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thi hnh vic xo cn b, nhn nt Run hp thoi cnh bo xut hin:

trn thanh cng c. Khi mt

Nhn Yes ng cp nht d liu (d liu sau khi cp nht khng th phc hi li c); nhn No hu b lnh. Phi cn trng trc khi quyt nh lnh ny.

Bn cht ca Update query th hin cu lnh SQL:-------------------------UPDATE SET [WHERE]

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CHNG 3 THIT K GIAO DIN Chng ny trnh by v FORMs - mt cng c thit k giao din ngi s dng phn mm- b phn giao tip gia ngi dng vi ng dng. Ton chng s cp n cc mng kin thc: Cc khi nim v Forms S dng Form Wizard S dng Form Design View K thut Main Sub-form Sau khi hc xong chng ny, hc vin s nm c cc khi nim v Form, v thit k giao din, v lp trnh trc quan, hng i tng; - Qua , hc vin hon ton c nhng k nng tt c th to ra c cc dng Form nhp d liu, form iu khin, x l d liu theo nhng yu cu ca bi ton thc t t ra. Tuy nhin, c mt kh nng pht trin chuyn nghip hn, hc vin cn chuyn su n phn 2 ca gio trnh ny ni v Lp trnh CSDL. 1. Khi nim Forms Khi s dng mt ng dng, a phn cng vic ca ngi dng lm trn cc hp thoi (Dialog), ca s (Windows). C 2 thnh phn ny trong lp trnh u c gi l Form. Vi ngi dng, Form l giao din s dng phn mm, cn vi nhng ngi pht trin phn mm, Form l nhng ci m h phi ngh, phi thit k v to ra sao cho ngi dng h cm thy rt thoi mi, ph hp v d dng. C 2 mi trng dng to Form trong Access: - S dng trnh Form Wizard. y l cch rt n gin, nhanh chng, d dng gip to nhanh mt Form. Tuy nhin Form c to ra c nhiu hn ch, khng gn gi vi yu cu ca ngi dng, thng dng to cc Form kt ni vo CSDL. - S dng trnh Form Design View - mt cng c tng i hon chnh to ra cc form p ng nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca ngi s dng, thng dng to cc Form iu khin hoc cc Form c cu to phc tp Tip theo s gii thiu c 2 mi trng ny.

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2. S dng FORM WIZARD Form wizard l cng c trn Access gip ngi dng nhanh chng v d dng to ra mt Form dng lm giao din nhp d liu cho cc bng trn CSDL. Di y trnh by cc bc to mt form lm giao din nhp d liu cho bng CANBO trong CSDL Qun l lng cn b. (bn phi chc chn to hon chnh cu trc CSDL trn): Bc 1: Kch hot trnh Form Wizard th Forms, nhn nt New, chn Form Wizard, nhn OK;

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- Chn bng - ni c trng cn a ln form nhp d liu hp Tables/Queries; - Tip theo a cc trng cn nhp d liu ln form t danh sch Available Fields: sang danh sch Selected Fields: bng cc nt lnh: >, >>, <, <<; form. Hy lm ln lt n khi chn c cc trng cn nhp d liu ln

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tip tc nhn Next; Bc 3: Chn b cc (Layout) cho form. C 4 kiu b cc c th thit lp c cho form l: Columnar; Tabular; Datasheet v Justified. Hy ln lt nhn ln tng kiu b cc (hnh di) v xem kt qu minh ho (Preview) hp ch nht bn tri hp thoi quyt nh nn chn loi no: Columnar: hin th d liu ca mt record trn mt trang Form. Tabular: hin th d liu ca tt c cc record trn mt trang Form, c hin th tiu , nt lnh v cc gi tr thng k Datasheet: hin th d liu ca tt c cc record trn mt trang Form di dng li Query, tuy nhin khng hin th tiu , cc nt lnh v nhng gi tr thng k. Justified: Phn b d liu ca record trn form theo cu trc nh sn ca Access. Chn xong nhn Next tip tc; Bc 4: Chn kiu dng (Style) cho form. C mt danh sch cc kiu dng chn. Hy th tng kiu dng v chn cho form mt phong cch ph hp. Tuy nhin nu lm dng vo Style s lm tng kch thc file mdb. Chn xong nhn Next:

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Bc 5: Hon thin cng vic:

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- Bn c th g vo tn gi cng nh tiu cho form hp What title do you want for your form? . y bn khng nn dng du ting Vit v Access s s dng chui bn nhp vo t tn cho Form, nu c khong trng hoc du ting Vit s gy kh khn rt nhiu cho bn v sau. - C th tu chn kch hot ngay form va to nu chn Open the form to view or enter information hoc m Form ra ch Design view sa cu trc nu chn mc Modify the forms design; - Nhn Finish hon tt ton b cng vic.

Ch Quan trng nht l bc 1, 2. T bc 3 tr i c th b qua bng cnh nhn Finish ngay t bc 2 nu m bo ton b cc thit lp t bc 3, 4, 5 l ph hp. S dng form to c vo vic nhp d liu: Chn form, nhn nt Open. Nu form ang ch thit k c th nhn nt View trn thanh cng c. Lc ny c th s dng form cp nht d liu:

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Ti mi thi im, form nhp d liu ch hin th gi tr ca mt bn ghi. Bn c th nhp, sa trc tip cc trng ca bn ghi hin ti trn form ny. Thanh nh hng (Navigator bar) s gip x l mt s thao tc trn form

3. S dng FORM DESIGN VIEW to ra c form mang tnh chuyn nghip v p ng c st yu cu thc t bt buc phi s dng n Form Design View. Ni nh vy khng c ngha l khng dng Form Wizard to form, m trong nhiu tnh hung vn dng Form Wizard ri s dng n Form Design View tip tc hon thin yu cu. Ni dung mc ny trnh by mi trng thit k form cng nh cch to mt s kiu form t n gin n phc tp s dng Form Design View. 3.1 Thit k Form nhp d liu n gin Chng ta s tm hiu cch thit k mt form nhp d liu n gin thng qua yu cu: to form dng lm mu nhp d liu cho bng CANBO. Bc 1: tab Form, nhn New, chn Design View Hoc nhn vo Creat Form in Design View QLL Database. Mi trng thit k form xut hin:

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C 3 thnh phn quan trng lm vic: (1) Ca s Form ni s thit k v xy dng cc thng tin cn thit theo yu cu bi ton. Cu trc form gm 3 phn: Form Header - phn tiu u form; Form Footer - phn tiu cui; Detail - phn thn form.. Ton b cc thng tin trn Form u c cha trong cc i tng iu khin (Control), cc i tng ny c ly t thanh cng c Toolbox s trnh by phn tip sau. Thanh cng c Toolbox ni cha nhng i tng, nhng cng c c th a ln form vi mc ch thit k giao din v iu khin d liu theo bi ton. V d: mun to nhp H tn trn form c th dng i tng Textbox, mun a mt ch thch (nhn hin th) c th dng Label, mun to mt nt lnh c th dng CommandButton, Mi i tng s c tp hp cc thuc tnh (Properties) v tp cc s kin (Events). Thuc tnh m t tnh cht cho i tng nh: mu sc, kch thc, tnh cht d liu,.. S kin- ni c th gn cc m lnh VBA hoc gn cc Macro lnh x l nhng cng vic no . Chng ta s tm hiu k vic s dng cc s
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kin trong phn lp trnh VBA. (3) Ca c Properties ni c th thit lp cc thuc tnh (Properties) cho Form cng nh cc i tng trn form Bc 2: Thit lp ngun d liu cho form thuc tnh Record Source. Form ang thit k l loi nhp d liu, bc ny xc nh ngun d liu form lm vic. V ch nhp d liu cho bng CANBO, nn ngun d liu s l bng cn b. Cch thit lp thuc tnh ny nh sau: - Chn thuc tnh form bng cch chn tn i tng Form hp chn Object trn thanh cng c Formatting: Hoc nhn chut ln vung- v tr giao gia 2 thc k ngang-dc ca form ang thit k. Lm sao khi tiu ca s Properties l Form l ok. - Thit lp thuc tnh Record Source cho form bng cch chn tn bng CANBO hp Record Source. C th tm thuc tnh ny th Data - ch nhng thuc tnh lin quan n d liu; hoc th All- c y tt c cc thuc tnh v s kin:

Bc 3: M ca s Field List. Ca s Field List c cha danh sch cc trng trn CSDL c trong ngun d liu ca Form. N h tr vic a nhng trng d liu ny ln form nhp v hin th d liu rt tt. Trong trng hp ny ta dng a nhng trng cn nhp d liu t bng CANBO ln form. Nu cha thy ca s ny xut hin, hy thc hin hin th n bng cch m thc n View | Field List hoc nhn nt Field List trn thanh cng c chun.

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Bc 4: a nhng trng cn nhp d liu t ca s Field List ln Form ang thit k bng cch: Dng chut ko tng trng mun thit k ln form t ca s Field List th ln v tr hp l trn form (vi bi ny phi ko ton b cc trng ln form).Lc ny ca s thit k form c dng: Mi khi ko mt trng t Field List ln form, Access s t ng to mt i tng gn kt ti trng d liu tng ng, i tng ny c th l Textbox, Combobox hay i tng khc tu thuc vo kiu d liu ca trng tng ng; v i tng Label i km nhm to nhn ch thch cho trng d liu.

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3.2 Tinh chnh cu trc Form Khi thit k mt form, i hi lp trnh vin khng nhng phi to ra c form p ng y cc yu cu v x l d liu ca bi ton, m cn phi p ng tnh thm m. Th no l form c thm m cao? Cu hi ny rt kh! Tu thuc vo bi ton, vo i tng ngi s dng m thit k nhng kiu giao din thn thin. Thanh cng c Toolbox v ca s Properties l nhng cng c cn thit thit k giao din. a. Sa thuc tnh M form sa ch thit k (Design view) bng cch: chn form, nhn nt Design; hoc nhn nt Design trn thanh cng c. Mn hnh thit k form xut hin: Tu tng mc ch, i tng lm vic c th m c cc cch lm vic khc nhau. Sau y l mt s v d: Sa nhn (Label): Label l i tng to ra dng ch ch thch trn form. Dng ch ny (nhn) phi c nhp trc tip t bn phm lm sao tht ngn gn, xc tch ngi dng c th hiu c bn cht cng nh ngha ca vic bn ang gii thch. Gi tr hin th trn nhn chnh l gi tr ca thuc tnh Caption. Sa nhn l sa thuc tnh Caption hoc c th bm chut trc tip ln nhn s gi tr. Thay i kch thc i tng (Resize): Kch thc ca i tng thng c m t thuc tnh: Height - chiu cao v With - chiu rng. Tuy nhin bn hon ton c th thay i kch thc i tng mt cch trc quan bng chut. Cch lm tng t nh vic thay i kch thc mt i tng ho (Graphic) trn Word. C th nh sau: Khi tr chut (chn) ln i tng cn thay i, x xut hin 6 im trn i tng:

Khi c th t chut ln tng im (khi no con tr chut chuyn thnh mi tn 2 u) iu chnh ln bng cch gi v di chut.
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Di chuyn i tng: Mi i tng nm trn form u c xc nh bi mt to , to ny c th hin qua 2 thuc tnh: Top - khong cch t tiu form n i tng v Left -khong cch t mp form bn tri n i tng. Tuy nhin bn nn di chuyn i tng bng cch trc quan s dng chut vi thao tc ko-th. Ch trong nhng trng hp i hi phi di chuyn i tng n cc v tr chnh xc mi cn dng n 2 thuc tnh Top v Left thit lp.

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Thay i Font ch: Nhng i tng c hin th ch (Text) hon ton c th thay i c phng ch. Gi tr ny c miu t thuc tnh Font Name. Tuy nhin bn hon ton su dng hp Font trn thanh cng c Formatting thit lp nhanh. Thay i mu nn: Mi i tng thng c th thit lp c mu nn, chng th hin thuc tnh BackColor. Tuy nhin hon ton c th thit lp mu nn mt cch nhanh chng hp Fill\Back Color trn thanh Formatting. Thay i mu ch: Mi i tng thng hin th ch c th thit lp c mu ch, chng th hin thuc tnh ForeColor. Tuy nhin hon ton c th thit lp mu ch mt cch nhanh chng hp Font\Fore Color trn thanh Formatting Ngoi ra c th s dng thuc tnh Format v InputMark nh dng d liu khi hin th cng nh mt n khi nhp d liu. Xin tham kho cch lm ny phn cc thuc tnh ca bng d liu (Chng 1; mc 2- Xy dng cu trc bng). Hy s dng cc tnh nng nh dng nh trn mt cch ph hp, hon ton c th a form ban u v dng d nhn, d s dng hn nh sau:

b. S dng Command Button Wizard Tuy cha c hc mt cht g v lp trnh trn Access, nhng hc vin vn c th to c mt s cc nt lnh t trn form iu khin cng vic. Tnh nng
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Command Button Wizard gip lm iu . Nt lnh (Command Button) thng c dng lp trnh x l cc cng vic no . V d: khi nhn ln nt -mt bng lng s c in ra hoc khi nhn nt -form ang lm vic s c ng li. Mun vy, ngi lp trnh phi vit cc lnh pha sau nt , lm sao khi nhn ln nt, cc lnh s c thi hnh iu khin cng vic nh yu cu. Control Button Wizard s gip to mt s loi nt lnh m khng cn bit n lp trnh. Di y l cc bc s dng: V d: To nt Trc khi s dng tnh nng ny, phi m bo nt Control Wizard trn thanh cng c ToolBox c nhn chm xung:

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Bc 2: Chn hnh ng cn lm cho nt lnh. Quan st hp thoi trn c 2 danh sch: -Categories: cha cc nhm thao tc m mt nt lnh c th nhn; -Actions: cha danh sch cc lnh ca mi nhm. Bng di y lit k danh sch lnh ca tng nhm:

TT 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1

Nhm \ Lnh Record Navigation -Goto First Reocord -Goto Last Reocord -Goto Next Reocord -Goto Previous Reocord Record Operations -Add New Reocord -Delete Reocord -Update Reocord -Undo Reocord Form Operations -Close Form -Open Form Report Operations -Preview report report
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ngha nh hng tr chut trn Record - Chuyn v bn ghi u - Chuyn n bn ghi cui cng - Chuyn bn ghi k sau - Chuyn bn ghi k trc Cc x l vi bn ghi - Thm bn ghi mi - Xo bn ghi hin ti - Cp nht bn ghi hin ti - Phc hi thay i d liu bn ghi Cc x l vi Form -ng form - M mt form khc Cc x l vi Report - Xem trc ni dung (Preview)

4.2 4.3 file 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3

-Print report -Send report to Applications -Quit Application -Run Application Miscellaneos -Print table -Run macro -Run query

- In report - Xut report ra mt tp tin tin ngoi X l ng dng - Thot khi Access - Chy mt ng dng no (tp tin .exe) Mt s thao tc khc - In ni dung mt bng - Thi hnh mt Macro - Thi hnh mt query

Vi yu cu ng form, phi chn: Categories = Form Actions v Actions = Close Form. Chn xong nhn Next: Bc 3: Chn hin th cho nt lnh trn hp thoi di:

- Chn tu chn Text nu mun nt lnh hin th bng ch. Khi g vo ch hin th trn nt. Hnh trn g ng Form; - Chn tu chn Picture nu mun th hin mt hnh nh ln nt lnh. Khi
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c th chn mt hnh nh trn danh sch. Bn c th quan st trc c th hin ca nt lnh hp Sample bn tri hp thoi. - Cui cng, nhn Finish kt thc vic to mt nt lnh. S dng thanh cng c Toolbox Khi s dng form Design View th thanh Tool box l cng c bn phi s dng nhiu nht. Thanh Toolbox cung cp tt c cc cng c iu khin s dng trn giao din Form. Nu thanh ToolBox khng hin ra khi bn s dng Form Design View bn vo menu View - - > Toolbox hoc nhn vo nt

Select Objects Label Option Group Option Button Combo Box Command Button Unbound Object Frame Page Break Sub form/ Sub Report Rectangle

Control wizard Text box Toggle Button Check Box List Box Image Bound Object Frame Tab Control Line More Control

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Label: dng to tiu , nhn ch thch cho cc i tng trn Form, Report. Textbox: dng to cng c cha d liu trn CSDL, kt qu nhp xut d liu trn Form hoc Report Name: tn ca cng c, i din cho d liu cha bn trong cng c. Khi ngi dng mun xc nh cng c ang s dng th gi Name ca cng c Event: L cc s kin giao tip vi ngi dng din ra trn cng c, i vi Textbox th Event ArterUpdate, Change thng c s dng cho php kim tra d liu nhp vo, cp nht gi tr cc i tng khc trn Form khi d liu trong Textbox b thay i. Control Source: ngun d liu m Text box lin kt n CSDL hoc l mt biu thc tnh ton da trn d liu ngi dng nhp vo hoc thng tin c sn trn CSDL. Validation Rule: quy lut kim tra d liu nhp vo trn Text box Validation Text: chui thng bo li ngi dng, khi h nhp sai quy tc nh sn trn Validation Rule. Statusbar text: chui hin th trn thanh Status khi ngi dng ang s dng Textbox Visible: n/ hin Text box hay khng? Nu thit lp l Yes th hin th cn ngc li th n Enable: Cho php / khng cho php ngi dng can thip, t tr chut vo i tng. Khi Enable c thit lp l Yes th cho php ngi dng can thip vo d liu bn trong hoc t tr chut vo Text box ngc li th khng cho php Locked: Kho/ khng kho cng c. Nu thit lp l Yes th ngi dng vn t tr chut ti Textbox nhng khng th can thip vo d liu bn trong Text Align: Canh l d liu bn trong Text box Option Group: dng to nhm cc cng c option, cho php ngi dng chn 1 option trong tt c cc option nm bn trong Option Group m thi Name: tn ca cng c, i din cho d liu cha bn trong cng c. Khi ngi dng mun xc nh cng c ang s dng th gi Name ca cng c . Mun kim tra ngi dng chn Option no trong Option Group th ta kim tra gi tr ca n ( dng Name i din cho gi tr). Gi tr ca Option Group l th t ca Option c chn trong Option Group. Default value: gi tr mc nh chn option no khi Form c load ln. Visible: n/ hin Text box hay khng? Nu thit lp l Yes th hin th cn ngc li th n
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Enable: Cho php / khng cho php ngi dng can thip, t tr chut vo i tng. Khi Enable c thit lp l Yes th cho php ngi dng can thip vo d liu bn trong hoc t tr chut vo Text box ngc li th khng cho php Locked: Kho/ khng kho cng c. Nu thit lp l Yes th ngi dng vn t tr chut ti Textbox nhng khng th can thip vo d liu bn trong. Control Tip Text: chui thng bo, nhc nh khi ngi dng Drag chut qua i tng. Event: L cc s kin giao tip vi ngi dng din ra trn cng c, i vi cng c Option Group th Event Click thng c s dng. khi ngi dng Click vo bt k mt Option no c cha bn trong Option Group ng ngha l ngi dng cng ang Click chut ln trn Option Group, khi ta kim tra gi tr ca Option Group quyt nh hnh ng k tip ca Form. Toggle button: l cng c to Option dng nt nhn, c hai trng thi. c s dng khi ngi dng mun to 1 s la chn c dng nt nhn. Option button: l cng c to Option dng nt trn, c hai trng thi. c s dng khi ngi dng mun to 1 s la chn c dng nt trn. Checkbox: l cng c to Option dng nt vung, c hai trng thi. c s dng khi ngi dng mun to 1 s la chn c dng nt check vung. Combo box: l cng c cho php lit k cc gi tr trn CSDL theo mt danh sch, c 2 trng thi l trin khai v thu gn. C th hin th thng tin ca mt Field hoc nhiu field. Name: tn ca cng c, i din cho d liu c chn bn trong cng c. Khi Combo cha nhiu Field d liu th nu ngi dng mun truy cp thng tin trn field th n th s dng c php sau: combobox_name.column(n-1) Control Source: ngun d liu m Combo box lin kt n CSDL hoc l mt biu thc tnh ton da trn d liu ngi dng nhp vo hoc thng tin c sn trn CSDL. Thuc tnh ny s dng cho cc Combobox c chc nng nhp d liu vo cho mt field trn CSDL. Row Source Type: kiu d liu hin th trn Combo box. C 3 kiu : Table/Query, Value list, Field list Row Source: d liu hin th trn Combo box. Nu thuc tnh Row Source Type thit lp l Table/Query th y mnh phi khai bo tn Table hoc Query mun hin th d liu ln Combo box, cn nu thit lp l Value list th mnh lit k cc gi tr hin th trn Combobox nhng phi t cch nhau bng du ; Column Count: S ct d liu hin th trn Combobox Column Head: C hin th tiu field name ca cc field d liu hin th trn Combobox hay khng. List Row: S dng d liu hin th trong Combobox khi n trng thi trin
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khai Enable: Cho php / khng cho php ngi dng can thip, t tr chut vo i tng. Khi Enable c thit lp l Yes th cho php ngi dng can thip vo d liu bn trong hoc t tr chut vo Combo box ngc li th khng cho php Locked: Kho/ khng kho cng c. Nu thit lp l Yes th ngi dng vn t tr chut ti Combobox nhng khng th can thip vo d liu bn trong Event: L cc s kin giao tip vi ngi dng din ra trn cng c, i vi Combobox th Event ArterUpdate, Change, Click thng c s dng cho php kim tra d liu nhp vo, cp nht gi tr cc i tng khc trn Form khi d liu trong Combobox b thay i. List box l cng c cho php lit k cc gi tr trn CSDL theo mt danh sch vi trng thi trin khai Name: tn ca cng c, i din cho d liu c chn bn trong cng c. Khi Combo cha nhiu Field d liu th nu ngi dng mun truy cp thng tin trn field th n th s dng c php sau: listbox_name.column(n-1) Control Source: ngun d liu m List box lin kt n CSDL hoc l mt biu thc tnh ton da trn d liu ngi dng nhp vo hoc thng tin c sn trn CSDL. Thuc tnh ny s dng cho cc Listbox c chc nng nhp d liu vo cho mt field trn CSDL. Row Source Type: kiu d liu hin th trn List box. C 3 kiu : Table/Query, Value list, Field list Row Source: d liu hin th trn List box. Nu thuc tnh Row Source Type thit lp l Table/Query th y mnh phi khai bo tn Table hoc Query mun hin th d liu ln List box, cn nu thit lp l Value list th mnh lit k cc gi tr hin th trn Listbox nhng phi t cch nhau bng du ; Column Count: S ct d liu hin th trn Listbox Column Head: C hin th tiu field name ca cc field d liu hin th trn Listbox hay khng. List Row: S dng d liu hin th trong Listbox khi n trng thi trin khai Enable: Cho php / khng cho php ngi dng can thip, t tr chut vo i tng. Khi Enable c thit lp l Yes th cho php ngi dng can thip vo d liu bn trong hoc t tr chut vo List box ngc li th khng cho php Locked: Kho/ khng kho cng c. Nu thit lp l Yes th ngi dng vn t tr chut ti Listbox nhng khng th can thip vo d liu bn trong Event: L cc s kin giao tip vi ngi dng din ra trn cng c, i vi Listbox th Event ArterUpdate, Change, Click thng c s dng cho php kim tra d liu nhp vo, cp nht gi tr cc i tng khc trn Form khi d liu trong Listbox b thay i.

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Command Button: nt lnh, dng to nt lnh nhn lnh, giao tip ca ngi dng ln chng trnh Name: Tn ca nt lnh, Name c s dng trong ngn ng VBA dng gi hoc kim tra nt lnh no c s dng. Caption: tiu hin th trn nt lnh Picture: hnh nh hin th trn nt lnh Enabled: c cho php ngi dng s dng nt lnh hay khng. Control Tip Text: chui thng bo, nhc nh khi ngi dng Drag chut qua i tng. Thng i vi Command Button, ngi lp trnh thng hay t tn hoc cng dng ngn gn vo Control Tip Text ca mi nt lnh nhm lm cho chng trnh d s dng hn. Event: thng s dng event Click. Khi ngi dng Click chut ln mt nt lnh th chng trnh s p tr li s kin Click chut ca ngi dng. Image: Dng to mt nh tnh trn Form Unbound Image Frame: cha d liu nh, hin th mt video .. nhng khng kt ni vo CSDL Bound Image Frame: cha d liu l Image trn CSDL, c kt ni vo CSDL, cho php nhp xut cc gi tr dng hnh nh. Page break: cho php ngt trang Form TabControl: to mt cng c cha nhiu tab, lm cng c cha cc cng c khc, thng c dng phn trang cho Form khi kch thc Form qu ln, form hin th nhiu i tng. Line: dng v mt on thng trn nn Form Rectangle: dng v hnh ch nht trn nn Form. 4. K thut Main Sub Form K thut thit k form trnh by cc phn trn c th gi l Single-form. Sub-form l k thut thit k giao din rt mnh, p ng c nhng yu cu x l d liu phc tp m k thut Single-form cha th p ng. C th hiu Sub-form l vic form ny lng trong form kia (c th lng trong nhau nhiu lp). Form cha gi l form m (Main form); form c lng vo gi l form con (Sub-form). Vic x l d liu trn tng form c th x l c lp hoc c quan h vi nhau tu theo mc ch cng vic. Sub-form c th c s dng trong cc loi form nhp d liu, hoc s dng hin th d liu. Di y minh ho 2 v d to form c s dng k thut ny. S dng Main Sub-form trong form nhp d liu: Bi ton: Thit k form nhp thng tin ho n bn hng nh sau:
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Vi yu cu ny, phi to mt form con cho php hin th v nhp cc thng tin v hng bn (1); Phi to mt form m nhp thng tin v ho n bn hng (2); Phi kt ni form m vi form con thng qua trng hoadonID. Cch lm nh sau (yu cu thc hin theo ng th t cng vic cc bc):

Bc 1: To form con -To mi mi form ch Design View -V form con s hin th d liu dng bng nn phi thit lp thuc tnh Default View cho form con l Datasheet -Thit lp ngun d liu lm vic cho form con thuc tnh Record Source bng cch nhn nt (hnh di)

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Mt mn hnh thit k query xut hin. Hy thit lp query ny nh sau:

(Ch phi chn ng tn trng ca cc bng ch dn) Tip theo ng mn hnh thit k query -S dng ca s Field List a cc trng cn thit ln vng Detail ca form bao gm: hangID, donvi, dongia, soluong, thanhtien -Ghi li form vi mt tn gi (v d: frmHangban) v ng li, chun b to
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form m.

Bc 2: To form m -To mi mi form ch Design View; -Thit lp ngun d liu lm vic cho form m thuc tnh Record Source bng cch nhn nt (hnh di)

Mt mn hnh thit k query xut hin. Hy thit lp query ny nh sau:

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(Ch phi chn ng tn trng ca cc bng ch dn) Tip theo ng mn hnh thit k query -S dng ca s Field List a cc trng cn thit ln vng Detail ca form bao gm: hoadonID, khacID, ngayban, diachi, email -S dng i tng Subform\Subreport trn thanh cng c ToolBox a form con ln form m. Sau khi a mt i tng Subform\Subreport ln form, mt hp thoi xut hin;

Hy chn tn form con cn a ln danh sch Use an existing form. Chn


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xong nhn Finish. (C th a form con ln form m bng cch dng chut gp tn form con th ln form m) Lu li form vi mt tn gi (v d: frmLapHoadon) v ng li, kt thc yu cu c bn bi ton, thu c kt qu nh sau:

Khi s dng Form wizard, bn cng rt r dng khi to form theo yu cu trn. Cch lm y l kt hp gia form wizard vi form Design view. Chng ti trnh by thm cch ny cc bn tham kho. Bc 1: To form wizard ly nhng d liu sau: Bng HOADONly cc trng: hoadonID, khachID, ngayban; Bng KHACH ly cc trng: diachi, email; Bng HANGBAN ly cc trng: hangID, soluong; Bng HANG ly cc trng: donvi, dongia. Sau bc ny Access s to c form theo yu cu c dng:

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Form ny gn p ng yu cu u bi (ch thiu ct Thanhtien trong form con). Bc 2: Sa form con p ng bi ton: -M form con ch Design View (thng thng tn form con ny Access s t hangban subform); -Thm mt Textbox ln vng Detail ca form con v thit lp thuc tnh Control Source cho text box ny nh sau (= [dongia]*[soluong]):

-ng v ghi li tt c. Bn to c form nh yu cu. S dng Sub-form trong form lc d liu Bi ton: Thit k form lc ra danh sch cn b mt phng ban no nh sau:

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Vi yu cu ny, phi to mt form con cho php hin th cc thng tin v danh sch cn b cn in ra (1); Phi to mt form m cho php nhp cc tham s cn lc (2); Phi thit lp tham s cho form con sao cho mi khi chn mt phng ban trn form m, danh sch cn b phng ban s t ng hin th ra form con. Cch lm nh sau (yu cu thc hin theo ng th t cng vic cc bc): Bc 1: To form con -To mi mi form ch Design View; -V form con s hin th d liu dng bng nn phi thit lp thuc tnh Default View cho form con l Datasheet; -Thit lp ngun d liu lm vic cho form con tuc tnh Record Source bng cch nhn nt (hnh di)

Mt mn hnh thit k query xut hin. Hy thit lp query ny nh sau:

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(Ch phi chn ng tn trng ca cc bng ch dn) Tip theo ng mn hnh thit k query -S dng ca s Field List a cc trng cn thit ln vng Detail ca form bao gm: hoten, gioitinh, ngaysinh, tenchucvu; -Ghi li form vi mt tn gi (v d: frmDscb_subform) v ng li, chun b to form m. Bc 2: To form m -To mi mi form ch Design View -To hp Combo box cha danh sch cc phng ban c th chn trn form m bng cch: Dng chut ko i tng Combobox t thanh cng c ToolBox th ln form m, hp thoi sau xut hin:

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Hy chn mc I want the combo box look up the value in a table or query. Nhn Next tip tc, hp thoi sau xut hin:

Chn bng t danh sch Table\Queries ni c cha danh sch phng ban cn a vo hp chn Combobox. Chn PHONGBAN, nhn Next, hp thoi tip theo xut hin:

Chn cc trng s hin th gi tr ln Combo box t danh sch Available Fields: Selected Fields: (chn 2 trng phongbanID v Tenpban). Nhn Next
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tip tc:

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Hy chn tn form con cn a ln danh sch Use an existing form. Chn xong nhn Finish. -Ghi li form vi mt tn gi (v d: frmTracuuDanhSachCanBo) v ng li, kt thc yu cu c bn bi ton.

Ch 1. Gi tr thuc tnh Name ca hp Combobox trn form m phi trng vi tham s t form con. Nu cha trng nhau phi sa li cho khp: hoc sa Name ca Combo cho khp vi tham s form con hoc thao tc ngc li m form con sa tham s cho khp Name ca Combobox.

4.3 L thuyt v Main Sub Form Trn y l 2 v d minh ho v Main Sub Form. Vy th Main Sub Form dng lm g? ng dng nh th no? Da vo quan h gia Main v Sub trm Form ta c th chia lm 2 loi: Quan h trc tip : Ngha l tn ti d liu chung to lin kt gia Form Main
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v form Sub Quan h gin tip: form Main v form Sub lin kt vi nhau thng qua mt form Sub khc.

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Nhn thy rng: l Form Main: ly d liu t Table HoaDon. l Form Sub: ly d liu t Table ChiTietHoadon Mc ch s dng Form trn l g?. Xem chi tit cc mt hng c lp trn tng ha n. Vy th Ho n lm ch s hu -- > Ha n lm form Main. Vy th gia Main v sub c quan h vi nhau khng?

Master field 101

Child field

Main Form

Sub Form

1. i vi loi MainSub Form m Form Main c quan h trc tip vi Form main ta c cch lm tng qut bng Design View tng qut nh sau: Bc 1: To Form Sub cha d liu cn thit. Bc 2: To Form Main. S dng cng c Subform/Sub Report. Ko to 1 cng c trn nn Form Main + M ca s Properties (bm F4) + Chn tab Data + Source Object: chn tn Form Sub cn kt ni vo Form Main + Link Master Field: in thng tin Master Field + Link Child Field: in thng tin Child Field

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MainForm

SubForm1

SubForm2

By gi ta xt quan h gia cc Main sub form trn:


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Nhn thy rng: + Main Form v Subform 1: quan h trc tip vi nhau thng qua field HoadonId (Hoadon) - HoadonID(Chitiethoadon) + Main Form v Subform 2: khng c quan h trc tip vi nhau, Subform 2 c quan h vi Main form l gin tip thng qua field HangID(Chitiethoadon). Do m quan h ny c gi l quan h gin tip.

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i vi loi MainSub Form m Form Main c quan h gin tip vi Form main ta c cch lm tng qut bng Design View tng qut nh sau: Bc 1: To tt c Form Sub cha d liu cn thit. Bc 2: To Form Main Kt ni cc Subform c quan h trc tip vi Form Main trc + . S dng cng c Subform/Sub Report. Ko to 1 cng c trn nn Form Main + M ca s Properties (bm F4) + Chn tab Data + Source Object: chn tn Form Sub cn kt ni vo Form Main + Link Master Field: in thng tin Master Field + Link Child Field: in thng tin Child Field. Kt ni cc form c quan h gin tip vi Form Main. + S dng cng c Subform/Sub Report. Ko to 1 cng c trn nn Form Main + M ca s Properties (bm F4) + Chn tab Data + Source Object: chn tn Form Sub cn kt ni vo Form Main + Dng Text box to mt cng c trn nn Form Main + M ca s Properties (bm F4) + Chn tab Data -- > Control Source: ly field trung gian to lin kt vo. + Link Master Field: in thng tin Master Field + Link Child Field: in thng tin Name ca Text box to trn.

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CHNG 1 THIT K BO CO - REPORT Report l cng c dng thit k in n d liu hu hiu trong Access. Hu nh tt c nhng g bn mun in v in theo b cc nh th no? Report u c th p ng! Chng ny s trnh by t nhng khi nim cn bn v thit k in n, v Report ca Access n tip cn nhng k thut in n phc tp nh: report c tham s, sub-report Ni dung c th bao gm: Cc khi nim v Report S dng report wizard S dng report design view K thut sub-report Tham s cho report Kt thc chng, hc vin hon ton c th thit k c nhng mu biu in n n gin n nhng biu phc tp phc v nhu cu in n a dng trong cc bi ton thc t t CSDL. 1. Cc khi nim v Report Mun in cc bo co trong Access bn c th s dng Report- mt cng c in n rt mnh. ng vi mi mu bo co c th thit k cc thng tin ln mt report. Mi khi report hin th kt qu (preview) l lc c th in c ni dung bo co ra giy.

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1.1 Cu trc Report Cu trc mt report thng thng gm 5 phn:

Page Header L phn u tin ca mt trang bo co. Ging nh khi nim Page header trong Word v Excel. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. Page Footer L phn cui cng ca mi trang bo co. Ging nh khi nim Page footer trong Word v Excel. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. Detail L phn thn ca report ni hin th gi tr cc bn ghi s in ra. Phn ny c th b thay i, ph thuc vo ngun d liu ti thi im s in ra ca report. V d: Danh sch hc sinh lp 10A1 l 45 khi Detail report s in ra 45 dng; nu chuyn sang in danh sch hc sinh lp 10A2 c 48 hc sinh, lc ny Detail report s in ra 48 dng (tng ng vi s bn ghi ca ngun d liu s in ra). Report Header L phn tiu ca trang u tin Report, nm tip theo phn Page header v nm trn phn Detail. Mi Report s ch c nhiu nht 1 Report header. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k.

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Report Footer L phn tiu cui ca trang cui cng Report, nm tip theo phn Detail v pha trc phn Page Footer. Mi Report s ch c nhiu nht 1 Report footer. Phn ny c th c hoc khng c thng tin tu vo ngi thit k. 1.2 Mi trng lm vic Lm vic vi Report gn ging lm vic vi Form. S khc nhau c bn ca Report v Form l: Form c th hin th, tra cu, cp nht v iu khin d liu t CSDL; cn Report ch c th lp bo co v in ra, c bit Report khng lm thay i gi tr d liu trong CSDL. Thng thng mi report s in d liu ca mt Table hoc mt Query no . Tc l phi c mt ngun d liu cn in c th (trng hp c bit Report khng c ngun d liu s ni n phn cui) 2. S dng Report wizard Ging nh Form wizard, Report wizard l mt cng c rt n gin, d dng to nhanh mt Report. Di y hng dn tng bc dng Report wizard to mt report in ra danh sch cn b t CSDL Qun l lng bao gm cc thng tin: Hoten, ngaysinh, tenchucvu, Tenphongban. Bc 1: th Reports, nhn New, chn Report Wizard, nhn OK:

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Bc 2: Chn d liu cn in trn hp thoi sau:

chn d liu cn in ln report, c 2 thao tc phi lm trn hp thoi ny:


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-Chn bng hoc query ni c cha trng d liu cn in ra hp Table/Queries; -S dng cc nt lnh >, >>, <, << a cc trng cn in t danh sch Available Fields: (danh sch cc trng c th in) sang danh sch Seleted Fields: (danh sch cc trng s c in ra report). Hy ln lt thc hin chn cc trng hoten, ngaysinh (t bng CANBO), trng tenchucvu (bng CHUCVU) v trng tenphongban (bng PHONGBAN). Chn xong nhn Next:

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Bc 3: Chn kiu cch hin th d liu trn report:

Da vo mi quan h gia cc Table cung cp d liu cho Bn mun in d liu theo kiu no: Hy chn kiu cn in t danh sch bn tri hp thoi. Trong yu cu ny c th c 3 kiu hin th d liu trn report (v d liu c chn ra t 3 bng khc nhau). V mun in mt danh sch cn b nn chn kiu by CANBO (c th xem kiu hin th bn phi hp thoi). Nhn Next tip tc
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Bc 4: Thit lp cc nhm d liu cn thit:

Report wizard cho php ti a 4 mc u tin sp xp d liu c nh s t 1 n 4 (hp thoi trn). Trng no thit lp trc, s c u tin sp xp trc. Trong trng hp gi tr trng trng nhau, Access s chuyn n cc mc tip theo sp xp. Kiu sp xp (theo chiu tng hoc gim) c th thit lp khi nhn
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nt bn cnh. Thit lp xong nhn Next tip tc: Bc 6: Chn b cc (Layout) cho Report:

C 2 thit lp trong bc ny: -Chn b cc cho report hp Layout. C 3 kiu Layout: Columnar, Tabular v Justified- hy chn mt kiu ph hp (xem hp preview bn tri bit trc kt qu); -Chn hng giy in hp Orientation. C 2 kiu hng in l: Portrait in theo kh giy dc v Landscape- in theo kh giy ngang; -Chn xong nhn Next tip tc:

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Bc 7: Chn mu nh dng (Style) cho report:

Hy chn mt mu nh dng t danh sch bn tri hp thoi. Chn xong nhn Next tip tc: Bc 8: Hon thin cc thng tin cui cng:

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Bao gm cc thng tin sau: -G vo tiu report cng nh tn Report trn hp What do you want for you report? -Chn Preview the report hin th d liu ca report ngay sau khi kt thc; hoc hin th ngay mn hnh thit k sa cu trc report khi chn Modify the reports design -Cui cng nhn Finish kt thc cc cng vic s dng report wizard. Mn hnh hin th d liu report nh sau:

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T mn hnh ny c th thc hin rt nhiu cc thao tc thng qua thanh cng c Print Preview nh sau:

Nt Print Nut Design Nt One page Nt Two page Nt Multi Page Nt Zoom Nt Office Link Nt Close : : :

in ni dung report ra my in; m report ra ch thit k; hin th report ra mn hnh trong tng trang bo co;

hin th 2 trang bo co mt trn mn hnh; chn nhiu trang bo co c th hin th trn mn hnh; phng to, thu nh ni dung report;

kt xut (Export) thng tin trn report ra cc : loi nh dng khc ca MS Office nh Word, Excel, HTML. ng mn hnh preview report.

Ton b 8 bc s dng report wizard lit k trn, khng phi lc no cng cn thc hin y . Vi nhng report n gin nh trn, ch cn thc hin Bc 1; Bc 2 c th nhn Finish kt thc. Tuy nhin tu vo yu cu in bo co m mun dng li bc no thit lp cc thng tin cho ph hp hy chuyn nhanh n bc . 3. Thit k report Phn trc trnh by cc bc dng Report wizard c th thit k cc mu bo co in n d liu t CSDL. l cch lm rt d dng v nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, cc mu bo co c sinh ra ch gii hn theo mt s mu m my tnh cung cp sn, khng th in ra c nhng biu bo co phc tp theo nh nhng yu cu a dng ca ngi s dng. Report wizard ch c th to ra cc report in d liu t cc bng hoc queries theo cu trc n gin; trong nhng trng hp yu cu cu
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trc report phc tp, hoc phi in d liu khng phi hon ton ch t cc bng v queries hoc in n bo co theo cc tiu ch, tham s ng no th khng th p ng c. Trong trng hp ny phi dng n Report design view. Trong chng mc no , cch lm vic vi Report design view gn ging cch lm vic vi Form design view. Sau y l tng bc hng dn s dng Report design view thit report theo yu cu nh trn: Bc 1: Khi ng Report design view: T th Report nhn nt New, chn Design view, nhn OK

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Mi trng lm vic vi Report design view xut hin:

C 3 phn quan trng trn mi trng lm vic ny: (1) Ca s thit k Report (hnh trn tiu ca s ny l Report1: Report)ni thit k ni dung cn in n. Ni dung c thit k trn ca s ny l cc i tng t thanh cng c Toolbox sau khi c thit lp cc thuc tnh ph hp vi mc ch; (2) Thanh cng c Toolbox- ni cha nhng i tng gip a cc thng tin cn thit ln report. Chc nng v cch lm vic trn thanh cng c ny gn ging vi lm vic trn thanh cng c Toolbox ca Form design view; (3) Ca s Properties ni thit lp cc thuc tnh ph hp cho cc i tng trn mn hnh thit k report.
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Chng ta s c tm hiu k hn cc thnh phn trn trong cc bc tip theo khi lm vic c th vi chng. Bc 2: Xy dng ngun d liu in n cho report. Report s in nhng thng tin g? Phm vi nh th no? L cc cu hi phi c tr li bc ny bng cch thit lp thuc tnh Record Source cho report. Thng thng, report s in d liu t mt hay nhiu bng hoc t kt qu ca mt query, tng qut l t mt query. Query c th c xy dng sn t danh sch cc Queries ca d n (cha trn th Queries)- khi bc ny ch chn query cn in ti thuc tnh Record Source ca report:

Mt ca s thit k query lm ngun d liu cho report xut hin:

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Hy thit lp cc thng tin cn in ra report trn query ny. Thit lp xong nhn nt ng ca s thit k query (hoc nhn phm nng Ctrl+W) v chn Yes trong hp thoi sau:

Bc 3: a cc thng tin ln ca s thit k report: (1) C rt nhiu loi thng tin phi a ln report. Mi khi c nh a mt thng tin ln, bn phi tr li c 2 cu hi: l thng tin g? l tiu DANH SCH CN B. S t thng tin ln phn no ca report? t ln phn Page Header! (2) Theo ngm nh, ca s thit k report ch xut hin 3 phn: Page header, Page footer v Detail. Nu report ang thit k yu cu c c Report header v Report footer, hy hin th chng bng cch: nhn phi chut ln ca s thit k report v chn:
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Nhng phn no khng dng n khi thit k c th tt i hoc dng chut thu li din tch phn . (3) S dng cng c Label

-Dng chut nhp nt Label trn thanh cng c Toolbox th ln v tr cn t vo trn Report; -G vo ni dung tiu cn in ra report; -C th s dng thanh cng c Formatting nh dng hp d liu ny. (4) S dng cng c Text box Text box l dng hin th d liu ca mt trng d liu (Field) no , hin th d liu ca mt biu thc (v d tnh Tng tin chng hn). Cch s dng Textbox nh sau: -Dng chut nhp nt Textbox cn t vo trn Report trn thanh cng c Toolbox th ln v tr

-G vo ngun d liu s hin th ln Textbox thuc tnh Control Source. Gi tr thuc tnh ny c th: + Hin th gi tr mt trng: Khi hy chn trng mun a thng tin vo (hnh di): -C th s dng thanh cng c Formatting nh dng hp d liu ny.

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(5) S dng ca s Field List Danh sch cc trng d liu c th in ra c report th hin ca s Field List (nu cha thy hin th m thc n View | Field List). Mun in ra gi tr ca trng no ln v tr no ca report c th dng i tng Textbox nh gii thiu trn hoc c th dng ca s Field List ny bng cch: dng chut ko trng cn in ra t ca s Field List th ln v tr cn in trn ca s thit k report (nn lm theo cch ny thay v dng Textbox). (6) S dng cng c Image Cng c Image trn thanh cng c Toolbox gip a nh t cc tp tin tin nh in ra report. Sau khi dng chut nhp nt nt Image t thanh cng c t ln report, mt hp thoi xut hin cho php tm n tp tin tin nh cn a ln report:

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Hy tm v chn tp tin nh, chn xong nhn OK hon tt cng vic. (7) S dng cng c Line Cng c Line dng v cc ng thng ln Report. Rt hu hiu

trong vic k bng biu. Sau khi nhp nt Line trn thanh cng c, hy thc hin k bng cch di chut. Vi yu cu nh trn, bng cch s dng cc cng c nh hng dn hy thit k mt report nh sau: Trong :

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-Textbox bao gm cc nh nh mi tn ch dn. Trong : -hoten, ngaysinh, tenchucvu, tenphongban c to bng cch ko t ca s Field List ln phn Detail; -Textbox m tng s cn b thit lp thuc tnh Control Source l =Count([hoten]), phn Report footer. -Textbox t ng nh s th t phi thit lp nh sau: Control Source l =1; thuc tnh Running sum l Over Group. -Cc hp ch cn li dng i tng Label; -Ton b bng biu s dng i tng Line. Ch cc ng k phi c ni kht vi nhau. Nu khng kht s to ra cc khe h v nt t (khng lin nt) 4. Report cha tham s Report c tham s thc cht l loi Report c kh nng lc d liu khi in. V d: bnh thng Report in ra danh sch cn b trn s in danh sch ton b cn b trong c quan. By gi mun in danh sch cn b mt phng ban no ? Lc ny phi cn n report c tham s.
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C nhiu cch thit lp v s dng report c tham s nh: -Thit lp tham s trn Record Source ca report; -Thit lp tham s trn iu kin lc (Where Condition) dng Macro; -Thit lp tham s trong cu lnh VBA DoCmd; - Trong phn ny, chng ti hng dn cch thit lp tham s trn thuc tnh Record Source ca report. Cch d lm, khng cn am hiu v lp trnh VBA. Cch dng Macro cng tt nhng khng nn dng. V phng php lp trnh ny tr nn cng nhc. Thc t, phng php dng cu lnh DoCmd trn VBA l tt nht, n th hin tnh linh hot v chuyn nghip ca cch gii quyt vn . Ring cch ny, cc bn c th tham kho Chng Lp trnh CSDL. Sau y l cch gii quyt bi ton: In danh sch cn b mt phng ban no . Phng ban cn in c chn t Combo box mt form nh sau:

Sau khi chn tn mt phng ban t danh sch, nhn nt In danh sch. Danh sch cn b phng chn s c in ra mt report. Cch lm: Bc 1: To Report p ng thng tin cn in C th s dng report Wizard hoc Report Design View to ra mt Report in danh sch cn b vi cc thng tin nh sau:

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Bc 2: To form theo yu cu bi ton -C th s dng Combo Wizard to Combobox ly ra danh sch cc phng ban t bng phongban; -C th s dng Command button Wizard to cc nt lnh ng v In danh sch; Cui cng c form nh sau:

Bc 3: Thit lp tham s cho Report


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y trnh by phng php thit lp tham s vo thuc tnh Record Source ca Report. Cch lm nh sau: -M report to c ch Design View (ch thit k); -M query c thit lp thuc tnh Record Source ni to ngun d liu v thit lp tham s cho trng phongbanID ca query nh sau:

Trong : tham s cho trng phongbanID l tn (Name) ca Combo box cha phng ban c chn trn form. C php vit tham chiu ti mt i tng trn form nh sau: Forms!<Tn form>!<tn i tng> Trong trng hp ny tn Combo l Combo1 v tn ca form (Name ca form) l frmIndsCB, cch vit tham s s nh sau: Forms!frmIndsCB!Combo1 Nu cch vit ny kh thc hin, bn c th s dng tnh nng Build Expression c sn trn Access gip to biu thc ny nh sau: Nhn phi chut ln Criteria ca trng phongbanID- ni s g vo tham s. Mt menu s xung xut hin:
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Chn hoc c th nhn nt Build trn thanh cng c Standard, hp thoi Expression Builder xut hin:

cy cc i tng bn tri hp thoi, hy chn: Forms | All Forms | frmIndsCB y l form cha i tng combo box phng ban cn lc. Khi mt danh sch cc i tng trn form frmIndsCB xut hin gia hp thoi; Hy nhn p chut ln Combo1 -i tng cha phng ban cn lc, c kt qu nh hnh sau:
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Cui cng nhn OK hon tt vic to tham s cho query bng hp thoi Expression Builder.

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CHNG 5 LP TRNH VBA CN BN Access khng nhng l h qun tr CSDL rt mnh- c th cc bn c tm hiu rt k Chng 1 v Chng 2. Hn na, vi nhng cng c c sn i km nh Forms, Report, Macros v c bit l ngn ng lp trnh VBA Access s cn l mt cng c pht trin phn mm rt mnh, d s dng cho cc ng dng qun l va v nh. Ni dung chng ny s trnh by cn bn v ngn ng lp trnh VBA (Visual Basic for Application) - mt ngn ng kh quen thuc i vi nhng ngi s dng chuyn su sn phm Microsoft Office. y chnh l c s quan trng cc bn tip cn c th chuyn ngnh lp trnh CSDL s c gii thiu trong chng tip theo. Qua chng ny, hc vin s hiu c mi trng lm vic ngn ng VBA; bit cch s dng cc cu trc lnh; vit v s dng tt chng trnh con; c bit dn lm quen vic lp trnh trn cc i tng ActiveX- sn sng tip cn cc cng c lp trnh hng i tng trc quan hin i nh Visual Basic v Visual Basic .NET. 1. Mi trng lp trnh VBA B phn mm tin hc vn phng Microsoft Office phi ni l ni ting nht th gii trong lnh vc tin hc vn phng. Word cung cp kh nng ch bn in t p v hin i; Excel vi kh nng bng tnh in t mnh m; FrontPage vi kh nng to ra cc trang web sng ng; Access vi kh nng qun tr CSDL; tt c cc phn mm to nn s ph bin ca b phn mm ny vi hu ht ngi dng my tnh trn ton th gii. Khng dng mc ng dng c sn, b phn mm ny cn c mt ngn ng lp trnh i km VBA Visual Basic for Application gip ngi dng c th to ra cc tu bin mnh hn, thn thin hn vi trong cng vic ca mnh. Vi Word, Excel bn hon ton c th t to ra cc macro tng tc s dng ng dng; hn th na VBA trn Access th hin tnh chuyn nghip trong lp trnh, phn no bin c mt CSDL n gin tr thnh nhng sn phm ng gi thng mi. Mn hnh lm vic ngn ng VBA thng c dng:

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Trong : (1) H thng thc n v thanh cng c Cng nh bt k mi trng lm vic no u c h thng thc n v thanh cng c i km. Trn c cha cc lnh gi, thi hnh hoc thit lp cc iu khin cn thit. (2) Ca s Project Explorer; C rt nhiu cc thnh phn c th lp trnh c bi VBA nh: Forms, Reports, Modules. Ca s Project Explorer l cy phn cp lp cc i tng c cha m lnh VBA, ng thi gip lp trnh vin d dng trong vic vit (coding) cng nh qun l cc m lnh VBA vit. (3) Ca s vit lnh; Ca s vit lnh l ni son tho cc dng lnh VBA. Mi ca s s cha ton b m lnh cho mt i tng nh: Forms, Reports, Modules. Trong mi ca s c th c nhiu phn c vit lnh, mi phn c th l ni dung mt khai bo, mt chng trnh con, ni dung mt th tc p ng s kin. V d:

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(4) Ca s Intermediate Ca s Intermediate l ni gip thi hnh trc tip mt cu lnh no , rt hu dng trong vic g li phn mm (s quay tr li vn g ri phn mm cui chng) 2. Cc kiu d liu v khai bo 2.1 Cc kiu d liu c bn Cng nh cc ngn ng lp trnh khc, VBA u h tr cc kiu d liu c bn. Di y gii thiu chi tit v tng kiu. Boolean Kiu l gc, tng t kiu Boolean trn Pascal. Kiu ny chim 2 byte b nh; ch nhn mt trong 2 gi tr l: Yes No hoc True False hoc i khi th hin di dng s 0 tng ng vi False, True tng ng vi bt k s no khc 0. Khi lp trnh CSDL, kiu Boolean tng ng vi kiu Yes/No trong bng d liu. Byte Kiu s nguyn dng trong phm vi t 0..255. Kiu ny chim 1 byte b nh. Integer Kiu nguyn, c gi tr trong khong -32768...32767. Kiu ny chim 2 bytes b nh.
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Long Kiu s nguyn di, c gi tr trong khong 2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647. Kiu ny chim 4 bytes b nh. Single Kiu s thc, c gi tr trong khong 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38. Chim 4 bytes b nh. Double Kiu s thc c ln hn kiu Single, c gi tr trong khong 4.94065645841247E-324 to 1.79769313486232E308. Chim 8 bytes b nh. Currency Kiu tin t. Bn cht l kiu s, ln 8 bytes, c gi tr trong khong -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to 922,337,203,685,477.5807. c bit, kiu ny lun c k hiu tin t i km. String Kiu xu k t. Kiu ny tng ng vi kiu String trong Pascal, tng ng vi kiu Text trong cc trng CSDL Access. ln ti a 255 bytes tng ng vi kh nng x l xu di 255 k t. Variant Variant l kiu d liu khng tng minh. Bin kiu ny c th nhn bt k mt gi tr no c th. V d :

Hon ton khng c li. Ngi ta thng khai bo bin kiu Variant trong nhng trng hp phi x l bin mm do. Khi th bin nhn gi tr kiu ny, khi th nhn gi tr v x l theo kiu d liu khc.
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Object Object l mt loi bin kiu Variant, chim dung lng nh 4 bytes, dng tham chiu ti mt loi i tng (Object) no trong khi lp trnh. Tt nhin mun khai bo bin Object kiu no, phi chc chn i tng c ng k vo th vin tham chiu VBA bi tnh nng Tool | Reference. Chng ta s cn tr li vn ny khi lp trnh CSDL. 2.2 Bin v cch s dng bin a. Bin khai bo bin n gin Bin (Variable) l thnh phn ca mt ngn ng lp trnh, gip x l d liu mt cch linh hot v mm do. Thng thng trong cc ngn ng lp trnh, mi bin khi tn ti phi c nh kiu, tc l phi nhn mt kiu d liu xc nh. Tuy nhin trong VBA th khng, mi bin c th nh kiu (c khai bo trc khi s dng) hoc khng nh kiu (khng khai bo vn s dng c). Trong trng hp ny bin s t nhn kiu gi tr Variant. Bin c th c khai bo bt k u trong phn vit lnh ca VBA. Tt nhin, bin c hiu lc nh khai bo ch bt u t sau li khai bo v m bo phm vi hot ng nh qui nh. V bin trong VBA hot ng rt mm do, nn c nhiu cch khai bo bin nh: V d 1: Khai bo bin i kiu Integer

V d 2: Khai bo 2 bin i, j kiu Integer

V d 3: Khai bo bin i kiu Integer, st kiu String di 15 k t

V d 4: Khai bo bin i kiu Variant

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V d 5: Khai bo bin txt kiu Textbox

V d 6: Khai bo mng kiu String*30 gm 46 phn t V d 7: Khai bo bin mng 2 chiu A(i , j) trong : i = 0..3 v j = 0..4

V d 8: Khai bo mng 3 chiu A(i, j, k) trong : i = 1..5; j = 4..9 v k = 3..5

V d 9: Khai bo mt mng ng kiu Variant. Mng ng l mng khng c nh chiu di.

b. Phm vi bin Nh chng ta bit, mi bin sau khi c khai bo n s nhn mt kiu d liu v c mt phm vi hot ng, tc l li khai bo bin ch c tc dng trong nhng vng c ch nh; ngoi vng ch nh bin s khng c tc dng, nu c tc dng s theo ngha khc (bin cc b kiu Variant chng hn).
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Bin cc b: Bin cc b c khai bo sau t kho Dim, n ch c tc dng trong mt chng trnh con, cc b trong mt form hoc mt module no . Di y s ch ra 3 trng hp bin cc b ny: -Trong mt chng trnh con, nu n c khai bo trong chng trnh con ; -Trong c mt Form, nu n c khai bo trong phn Decralations ca Form ; -Trong c mt Reports, nu n c khai bo trong phn Decralations ca Report ; -Trong c mt Modules, nu n c khai bo trong phn Decralations ca Modules ; * Bin ch c tc dng sau lnh khai bo Dim Bin ton cc: Bin ton cc c khai bo sau cm t kho Public, n c tc dng trong ton b chng trnh ( bt k ch no c th vit lnh). Loi bin ny lun phi c khi bo ti vng Decralations ca mt Module no . V d:

Trn mt tp tin Access, khng c php khai bo trng tn bin ton cc. Tuy nhin tn bin cc b vn c th trng tn bin ton cc, trong trng hp VBA s u tin s dng bin cc b trong phm vi ca n. 2.3 Hng v cch s dng hng a. Khai bo hng Hng (Constan) l i lng c gi tr xc nh v khng b thay i trong bt k hon cnh no. Tng ng vi tng kiu d liu, s c nhng hng tng ng. Khai bo hng s bi t kho Const. Sau y l cc v d v khai bo cc loi hng: V d 1: Hng a =5 (hng s)

V d 2: Hng ngy = 24/12/2004 kiu Date (bao bi cp du thng #..#) V d 3: Hng xu k t (bao bi cp du nhy kp ..)

V d 4: Hng kiu Lgc xc nh bi True hoc False


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b. Phm vi hng Tng t nh bin, hng cng c nhng phm vi hot ng ca n. Hng c khai bo trong th tc no, hoc cc b trong form, report hoc module no s ch c tc dng trong phm vi . Mun hng c phm vi ton cc, phi c khai bo sau t kho Public Const, ti vng Decralations ca mt module no nh sau:

3. Cc cu trc lnh VBA Cc cu trc lnh l thnh phn c bn ca mi ngn ng lp trnh. Thng thng cc ngn ng lp trnh u c cc cu trc lnh nh nhau: lnh x l iu kin, lnh lp bit trc s vng lp, lnh lp khng bit trc s vng lp,.. Tuy nhin cch th hin (c php) mi cu trc lnh c th khc nhau tu thuc vo mi ngn ng lp trnh. Hn na, mi ngn ng cng c th c mt s im khc bit, c trng trong mi cu trc lnh. Cng ging nh nhiu ngn ng lp trnh hin i khc, cc cu trc lnh trong VBA u tun th cc nguyn tc: -C cu trc: mi cu trc lnh u c t kho bt u v mt t kha bo hiu kt thc; -Thc hin tun t (loi tr trng hp c bit th tc Goto <Label>); -C kh nng lng nhau 3.1 Cu trc IF END IF Cu trc ny thng gi l lnh la chn. Tc l nu mt iu kin no xy ra s l g, hoc tri li c th lm g. Trong VBA c php lnh ny nh sau:

ngha lnh trn l: nu <iu kin> = True th thc hin cc lnh trong <th tc1>. Tri li thc hin cc lnh trong <th tc 2>. Phn trong cp du ngoc vung [..] c th c hoc khng c trong cu lnh, tu thuc vo mc ch x l.

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V d 1: Kim tra v tr li mt s l chn hay l?

Cho bit thang (s nguyn) roi vo u nm (1..4), gia nm (5..8) hay cui nm (9//12)?

3.2 Cu trc SELECT CASE .. END SELECT y l mt loi ca cu trc la chn. Thng thng hon ton c th s dng If .. End If thc hin cc x l lin quan n kiu cu trc ny, nhng trong nhng trng hp c bit, cu trc Select Case .. End Select th hin c s tin dng vt tri. Trong VBA c php lnh ny nh sau:

Trong : <Biu thc> lun tr v gi tr kiu v hng m c nh: s nguyn, xu k t, kiu l gc,.. Vi cu trc ny, VBA hot ng nh sau: (1) Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
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(2) Kim tra <biu thc> = <gi tr 1> ? -Nu ng thc hin <th tc 1> v kt thc lnh, thc hin lnh tip theo sau t kho End Select. -Nu sai, thc hin tip vic so snh <biu thc> = <gi tr i> tip theo v x l tng t qui trnh nu trn. (3) Trong trng hp <biu thc> <> <gi tr i>, i=1..n khi c 2 kh nng: -Nu c tu chn Case Else th VBA s thc hin <th tc n+1>; -Nu khng c tu chn Case Else, VBA s khng thc hin bt k th tc no lit k trong vng Select .. End Select c m chuyn ti thc hin lnh tip theo sau t kho End Select. Xt v d sau: Kim tra mt s nguyn (so) v tr v tn ting Anh thng tng ng vi s nguyn (bin thang) , v d: 1 - Janualy 2 - Februaly 12 - December >12 - Khng xc nh Nu dng lnh If hon ton c th p ng c bi ton ny, thay vo s l mt tp hp 12 lnh If .. Else .. End If nh sau: Tuy nhin khi s dng Select Case .. End Select, cu trc s gn gng v sng sa hn nhiu. C th nh sau:

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3.3 Cu trc FOR NEXT For Next l mt cu trc lp bit trc s ln lp trong VBA, tuy nhin trong nhng tnh hung c bit, vn c th s dng cu trc ny nh cu trc khng bit trc c s ln lp.
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C php cu trc ForNext nh sau:

Trong : -<bin chy> l bin kiu v hng m c, hay dng nht l bin kiu nguyn; -<gi tr 1>, <gi tr 2> l cc gi tr m bin chy s nhn v thc hin dch chuyn sau mi ln lp. C th dch chuyn i 1 n v, c th dch chuyn i nhiu n v mt ln, c th dch chuyn tin, cng c th dch chuyn li- tt c iu ny tu thuc vo vic c hay khng c tu chn [Step <n>]; - Nu c tu chn [Step <n>] bin chy s dch n n v sau mi ln lp. Khi , nu n>0 d dch tin, ngc li s dch li; - Mi ln lp, VBA s thc hin <th tc> mt ln; - Trong trng hp c bit nu gp phi lnh Exit For trong vng lp, ngay lp tc thot khi lnh lp v thc hin lnh tip ngay sau t kho Next. Chnh Exit For lm mt i tnh lp bit trc c s ln lp ca loi lnh ny. Tip theo l cc v d: V d 1: Tnh tng cc s t 1 n 50, gi tr c lu vo bin tong.

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V d 2: Tnh tng cc s chia ht cho 3 t 1 n 50, gi tr c lu vo bin tong.

Lnh For trong v d ny ch khc lnh For v d 1 ch Step 3. V <gi tr 1> = 3 l s chia ht cho 3, nn tt c cc gi tr i cn li s chia ht cho 3 (v i = i +3). V d 3: Kim tra mt s nguyn (>2) c phi l nguyn t hay khng?

Gii thut n gin xc nh mt s c phi nguyn t hay khng l: xc nh xem tt c cc s (uoc) c th tr thnh c ca s (so) cn kim tra. Nu tm thy mt c thc s u tin, kt lun ngay khng phi s nguyn t bi lnh nguyento = False v thot khi vng lp bng lnh Exit For; trong trng hp xt ton b cc c c th m khng tm c mt s no l c thc s, kt lun y l s nguyn t (bin nguyento = True nh gi tr ban u) Tuy nhin gii thut kim tra s nguyn t trn l cha ti u, bn hy tm mt thut ton kim tra mt s n c phi l nguyn t hay khng tt hn!

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3.4 Cu trc WHILE WEND While Wend l mt cu trc lp khng bit trc s ln lp trong VBA.C php cu trc WhileWend nh sau (Wend - vit tt ca cm t While End):

Trong : -While, Wend l cc t kho ca lnh lp -Nu <iu kin> = True, cc lnh trong <th tc> s c thc hin. Thc hin xong li quay ln dng lnh While kim tra tip <iu kin> -Nu <iu kin> = False, s thot khi vng lp v thc hin lnh tip theo t kho Wend. Ch : Lun phi chng minh c rng, sau mt s hu hn ln thc hin <th tc>, gi tr ca <biu thc> phi l False thot khi vng lp. Trong trng hp khng th thot khi vng lp, c ngha ngi lp trnh mc phi li lp v hn. C th dn n chng trnh b treo.

Cc v d: V d 1: Tnh tng cc s chia ht cho 3 trong khong t 1 n 50

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V d 2: V d ny th hin vng lp v hn. L do c th l ch quan, rt n gin v g nhm! Hy ch ra dng lnh g nhm v thc hin sa cho ng.

3.5 Lnh DoCmd Bn c th dng lnh DoCmd thi hnh cc cng vic thng thng trn Access thng qua mi trng VBA. V d nh: dng DoCmd c th m form, m report, query, lc d liu, thi hnh macro x l bn ghi, ng dng,.. Hu ht cc thao tc x l trn cc i tung ca Access u c th dng lnh doCmd gi ra thc hin trong mi trng VBA. Di y lit k mt s cc php x l ca lnh DoCmd thng dng: Lnh ng mt i tng Lnh ny ng (Close) hoc gii phng i tng no ra khi b nh. Hay dng lnh ny ng form ang hot ng hoc ng mt report ang preview. C php nh sau: DoCmd.Close [ObjectType], [ObjectName], [SaveOption] Trong : ObjectType ch kiu i tng cn ng. C th nh sau: acForrm ng form acReport ng report acQuery ng query acTable ng bng ObjectName - ch tn i tng cn ng; SaveOption - ch nh tu chn ghi li cu trc (nu c s thay i). C th: SaveNo Khng khi li SaveYes Lun ghi li SavePromt Hin th hp thoi nhc ghi nu c s thay i V d sau ng form frmHoadon, khng cn ghi
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li cu trc nu c s thay i.

c bit, ra lnh ng i tng ch ang m ch cn ra lnh sau:

Lnh m form L mt lnh hon chnh m v thit lp mi trng lm vic cho mt form. C php nh sau: DoCmd.OpenForm [objectName], [WhereCondition], [DataMode], [WindowsMode] Trong : ObjectName tn form mun m; ViewMode - ch m. C th: acDesign M form ra ch thit k acNormal M form ra thi hnh FilterName -t iu kin lc d liu WhereCondition - Gii hn cc bn ghi trong ngun d liu DataMode - thit lp ch d liu trn form, c th: WindowsMode - thit lp kiu ca s form l: acDialog Kiu hp thoi acWindowsNormal Kiu ca s bnh thng V d: Di y l lnh m form lp ho n bn hng (frmLapHoaDon), trong ch hin th ni dung ca ho n c m "H0035" [ViewMode], [FilterName],

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Lnh m report L mt lnh hon chnh m v thit lp mi trng lm vic cho mt report. C php nh sau: DoCmd.OpenReport [objectName], [WhereCondition], [DataMode], [WindowsMode] Trong : ObjectName tn Report mun m; ViewMode - ch m. C th: acDesign M Report ra ch thit k acNormal M Report ra thi hnh FilterName -t lc WhereCondition - Gii hn cc bn ghi trong ngun d liu DataMode - thit lp ch d liu trn Report , c th: WindowsMode - thit lp kiu ca s Report l: acDialog Kiu hp thoi acWindowsNormal Kiu ca s bnh thng [ViewMode], [FilterName],

V d: Di y l lnh Preview report in ra ho n bn hng (rptHoaDon), trong ch hin th ni dung ca ho n hin ti trn mt form ( cha m ho n l txtHoadonID)

Lnh thi hnh cu lnh SQL Dng thi hnh mt lnh SQL. C php nh sau: DoCmd.RunSQL Gi s trn bng canbo c thm trng luongchinh. Lnh sau y s cp nht gi tr cho trng ny thng qua lnh SQL cp nht d liu:

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Hoc di y l lnh xo b nhng cn b n tui ngh hu ra khi CSDL:

4. Chng trnh con Chng trnh con l mt n v m lnh VBA, n c th cha tp hp cc cu lnh nhm thao tc, tnh ton hoc iu khin mc ch hoc d liu no . Trong VBA c 2 loi chng trnh con: -Chng trnh con dng th tc, c khai bo bi t kho Sub; -Chng trnh con dng hm, c khai bo bi t kho Function. V bn cht, 2 loi chng trnh con trn u nh nhau: khai bo, tham s v truyn tham s. Tuy nhin, im khc nhau c bn l: -Function lun tr v mt gi tr kiu v hng chun, v d: hm Date() - tr v gi tr ngy hin ti kiu Date. Trong Access sn c rt nhiu cc hm tnh ton (tham kho trang ), chng c gi l cc build-in fuction. Hn na, ngi dng hon ton c th to ra cc hm s dng cho cc mc ch ring loi hm ny gi l user-define function; -Cn Sub th khng, n ch thc hin mt s cc cng vic. Tt nhin nhng cng vic ny hon ton c th lm thay i d liu theo mong mun trong chng trnh. Cng nh Function, Access v VBA sn c mt th vin cc th tc; hn na ngi dng cng c th t to thm nhng th tc mi phc v vic x l d liu theo mc ch ring. c bit, Access cn nh ngha th tc p ng s kin. Th tc ny s c t ng gi ra khi s kin p ng b nh hng. Chng ta s tr li ni dung ny qua cc v d lp trnh VBA. Tu tng tnh hung c th s la chn s dng Function hoc Sub.

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4.1 Chng trnh con dng hm C php

Trong : -Function, End Function l cc t kho bt buc khai bo cu trc mt chng trnh con dng hm; -<tn hm> l tn gi hm nh khai bo. Tn khng c cha du cch (space) v cc k t c bit; -<danh sch cc tham s> - danh sch cc tham s cn thit cho hm. C hay khng c danh sch ny tu thuc vo hm cn nh ngha; -<kiu DL hm> - kiu d liu m hm s tr li. Phn ny bt buc phi c khai bo vi mi hm; -<th tc> - thn chng trnh con. Trong cu lnh <tn hm> = <biu thc> phi xut hin t nht mt ln trong th tc. Cu lnh ny c tc dng gn gi tr cho hm. Nu khng c t kho Public trc Function, hm ch c tc dng cc b: trong mt module, trong mt report hoc trong mt form. Khi c t kho Public trc Function, hm s c tc dng ton cc. Tc l c th s dng bt k ni no trn tp tin Access . Tt nhin, tt c nhng g khai bo l Public phi c khai bo trong phn Decralations ca mt Module no .

Cc v d: V d 1: hm tnh tng 2 s

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V d 2: hm kim tra mt s c phi l nguyn t hay khng?

V d trn c s dng n: -hm Int(number) hm ly phn nguyn ca mt s; -hm Sqr(number) hm ly cn bc hai mt s V d 3: hm tch tn trong xu h v tn. y l mt bi ton gp phi rt nhiu trong thc t. C th bi ton gii quyt vn sau: Nu bit h tn l Nguyn Sn Hi, hm s tch ra c tn l Hi. Ton b m lnh hm nh sau:

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V d 4: Hm dng so snh 2 xu kiu ch TCVN3 chng ti a ra di y l mt tham kho rt tt. Trong Word, Access cng nh cc bng d liu ting Vit c du trn my tnh, vic sp xp xu k t l mt bi ton m ngi Vit phi gii quyt. V d, di y l mt danh sch trn Word: STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tn Quang c on Bng Bang An n

Sau khi s dng tnh nng sp xp (Sort) ca Word theo ct Tn theo th t tng dn, c danh sch kt qu nh sau: STT 7 3 2 Tn n on c

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6 4 5 Bang 1 Quang

An Bng

M danh sch sp xp ng phi l: STT 6 7 5 4 3 2 1 Tn An n Bang Bng on c Quang

Hm Mahoa di y s gip qui i mt xu ting Vit chun TCVN3 (b phng ABC) v dng khng du. Mun sp xp hay so snh v th cc xu, hy so snh cc xu khng du c chuyn i bi hm Mahoa ny.

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158

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4.2 Chng trnh con dng th tc C php

Trong : -Sub, End Sub l cc t kho bt buc khai bo cu trc mt chng trnh con dng th tc; -<tn CTC> l tn gi th tc nh khai bo. Tn khng c cha du cch (space) v cc k t c bit; -<danh sch cc tham s> - danh sch cc tham s cn thit cho th tc. C hay khng c danh sch ny tu thuc vo th tc cn to -<th tc> - thn chng trnh con. Nu khng c t kho Public trc Sub, th tc ch c tc dng cc b: trong mt module, trong mt report hoc trong mt form. Khi c t kho Public trc Sub, th tc s c tc dng ton cc. Tc l c th s dng bt k ni no trn tp tin Access . Tt nhin, tt c nhng g khai bo l Public phi c khai bo trong phn Decralations ca mt Module no . Cc v d: V d 1: Th tc tnh tng hai s

V d 2: Cng l tnh tng, nhng th tc sau y khng c ngha g!

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V sao? V bin tong c khai bo cc b trong CTC tong2so, nn khi CTC ny kt thc, bin tong cng b gii thot khi b nh lun. Khng gy nh hng g n d liu cng nh th hin ca chng trnh. 5. K thut x l li X l li l k thut rt quan trng trong lp trnh. lp trnh th kh trnh khi li (Errors). C rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra li; cc nguyn nhn ny c th c lng trc hoc khng c lng trc. K thut x l li bao gm cc k nng pht hin v x l cc tnh hung khi chng trnh gy li. 5.1 X l li L vic x l khi ang lp trnh gp phi li. Thng thng khi chy th chng trnh trong lc ang xy dng phn mm nu gp phi li, s xut hin hp thoi thng bo li c dng:

Thng thng mt hp thoi thng bo li gm 2 thnh phn: - Thnh phn bo li bao gm: + M s li - Mi li m VBA c th kim tra c u c mt m s, c hin th dng thng bo: Run-time error 'm s li': V d trn l : Run-time error '11': + Tn li. v d trn tn li l: Division by zero - li sai kiu d liu.

Hnh trn khi di chut ln bin b, gi tr bin b xut hin di dng Tool tip
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(gi tr b = 0). Sau khi chn nt Debug, bn hon ton c th thc hin sa m lnh trong chng trnh. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp khi sa m lnh VBA s hi:

iu ny c ngha: vic sa i m lnh va ri, VBA yu cu phi tr v ch thit k bnh thng nu nhn Ok; tri li nhn Cancel- vic thay i m lnh s khng c chp nhn. Sau khi thc hin sa m lnh, bn c th yu cu VBA thc thi tip chng trnh.

Vic thc thi s c tin hnh tip tc ti v tr vt sng ang tr. Bn c th dng chut dch chuyn vt sng v lnh cn thc thi (ch trong cng mt chng trnh con). thc thi tip nhn phm F5 hoc nt Continue. trn thanh cng c; hoc nhn nt Stop nu mun dng vic sa m lnh trong ch Break, chuyn v ch Design.
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163

Gi s v d trn sau khi g lnh:

Xem gi tr ca bin b. Sau khi nhn Enter s nhn c kt qu

Hoc nu g: S nhn c thng bo li:

V b = 0. 5.2 By li Mc 5.1 trnh by nhng k nng x l li khi ang son tho chng trnh. Cc thao tc ch c thc hin trong lc ang xy dng phn mm (VBA IDE), do ngi lp trnh x l. Khi phn mm c ng gi chuyn n ngi dng nu gp li, n s hin th mt hp tthoi thng bo li (Error Dialog) cho bit l do vn tt v li. Sau khi bn nhn OK, chng trnh s ngng hot ng, b thot. x l li trong tnh hung ny, c 2 phng php by li m chng ti a ra di y tham kho; hy vng bn s chn la c tnh hung ph hp s dng mt trong cc phng php ny m bo chng trnh vit ra chy c ng theo mc ch. S dng lnh On Error Resume Next Khi t ch tr i, nu chng trnh gp li, n s b qua (ignore) hon ton. im ny tin ch gip chng trnh EXE ca ta trnh gp li thot khi t ngt nh phn tch trn. Nhng n cng bt li l khi khch hng cho hay h gp nhng trng hp l, khng gii thch c (v li b b qua m khng ai ), th ta cng b lun, c th khng bit bt u t u g li. Do , trong lc g li ta khng nn dng n, nhng trc khi giao cho khch hng bn nn cn nhc k c
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nn s dng trong cc on m lnh hay khng. V d s dng On Error Resume Next b qua li:

Trong chng trnh con trn, nu b = 0, lnh A_chia_B = a / b s gp phi li. Do c li khai bo On Error Resume Next nn lnh li ny c b qua (khng thc hin). Tc l gi tr hm l Null. S dng cu lnh On Error Goto <nhn> Khi mt th tc c t cu lnh ny, nu gp phi mt li no , VBA s chuyn thng vic thc hin n <nhn> ch nh. Thng thng cc lnh tip theo ca <nhn> l x l cc tnh hung li. Sau y l v d s dng phong php On Error Goto <nhn> by li:

Trong chng trnh con trn, trong trng hp b = 0 cu lnh A_chia_B = a / b s gy ra li. Theo nh khai bo On Error Goto Loi ban u, VBA s b qua tt c cc lnh sau lnh li v chuyn thng ti cc lnh sau nhn Loi: y l lnh kim tra li. Nu M li = 11 kt lun ngay mt thng bo li ting Vit. Li chia
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cho 0! Phng php ny cng c dng ph bin c trong qu trnh xy dng pht hin li, cng nh trong phn mm ng gi gi n khch hng. Mi khi gp li s c thng bo nguyn nhn gy ra li bng ting Vit (chng hn) m vn khng nh hng n hot ng khc ca phn mm. Trong phng php ny, ngi lp trnh nn khai thc ti a i tng Err -i tng mang nhng thng tin v li ang xy ra, c th: Hnh ng Err.Description Err.Number Err.Number 6. Mt s v d Phn ny trnh by mt s v d s dng Form, mt s i tng iu khin (Control), cc khai bo, cc cu trc lnh v nhng k thut lin quan gii quyt mt s bi ton thc t n gin. Bi ton 1: Nhp vo mt s nguyn v kim tra s l chn hay s l? Thit k form nh sau: Kt qu M t tn li a ra m li Xo b cc gi tr ca i tng Err

Thit lp thuc tnh cho cc i tng nh sau:

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Form Caption: Kim tra s chn - l Default view: Single Form Scroll bar: Neither Record selector: No Navigation Buttons: No Diving line: No nhp s cn kim tra Name: Text0 Nt Kim tra chn l Name: cmdChanLe Caption: Kim tra chn l Nt ng Name: cmdClose Caption: ng V m lnh cho form nh sau:

Bi ton 2: Nhp vo 2 s nguyn v tnh USC v BCS ca 2 s Thit k form nh sau:

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Thit lp thuc tnh cho cc i tng nh sau: Form Caption: Default view: Dialog Scroll bar: None Record selector: No Navigation Buttons:No Diving line: No

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nhp s cn kim tra Tm USC v BSC Single Form Neither No No No A: B: USC: BSC: Nt Tnh ton cmdTinhToa Name: Caption: Nt ng Name: Caption: cmdClose ng n Tnh ton txtA txtB txtUSC txtBSC

V m lnh cho form nh sau:

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Bi ton 3: Nhp vo 3 h s A, B, C ca phng trnh bc hai Ax2 + Bx+C =0 v cho bit nghim phng trnh : Thit k form nh sau:

Thit lp thuc tnh cho cc i tng nh sau:

nhp s cn kim tra Gii phng trnh bc 2 Single Form Neither No No No

V m lnh cho form nh sau:

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CHNG 7 LP TRNH C S D LIU Access khng nhng l mt h qun tr CSDL mnh m cn cung cp nhng cng c mnh cho php pht trin mt CSDL n thun thnh mt sn phm ng gi thng mi. Chng ta c hc Queries, Forms, Report l nhng cng c kh mnh v d hc dng xy dng cc truy vn, biu mu v bo co in n trong Access. Chng 7 c lm quen vi ngn ng VBA- mt ngn ng lp trnh trc quan, hng i tng trong cc ng dng Microsoft Office ni chung cng nh trn Access. l c s quan trng trong chng ny chng ta tm hiu nhng k thut lp trnh CSDL bng VBA- c th ni l mt mc chuyn su tip theo nhng g hc VBA cn bn. Cc ch s c bn n trong chng ny bao gm: Lp i tng truy cp d liu (DAO- Data Access Objects); Bi ton tm kim; Bi ton t lc; Mt s bi ton khc. 1. K thut DAO DAO (Data Access Objects Cc i tng truy xut d liu) l tp hp bao gm lp cc i tng c th dng lp trnh truy cp v x l d liu trong cc h CSDL. y CSDL Access, ngn ng lp trnh VBA. DAO c pht trin kh sm, gn y nht l phin bn DAO 3.5 v 3.51- n c th thc hin tt c trn cc phin bn Access t 97 tr v trc. Vi Access 2003, XP phi dng phin bn DAO 3.6. Vi phin bn mi ny, DAO 3.6 s dng nn Microsoft Jet 4.0. V vy, c th lm vic c trn nn Unicode d dng. np th vin DAO3.6 vo lm vic, hy thc hin nh sau: Bc 1: M ca s lp trnh VBA; Bc 2: Chn thc n Tools | References .. Hp thoi sau xut hin:

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Hy chn (tch) mc Microsoft DAO 3.6 Object Libraly trn danh sch Available References; chn xong, nhn OK ng li. Trc khi bc vo hc lp trnh CSDL, cc bn hy xem cch thc lm vic nh th no? ng dng

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Trong : -Tng ng dng: bao gm nhng giao din ngi s dng cng nh nhng cng c n gin m ngi lp trnh c th dng x l d liu theo cc bi ton; -Tng Kt ni d liu: bao gm tp hp cc cng c, phng thc kt ni ti nhng d liu cn lm vic trong CSDL. y, tng kt ni bao gm cc chun Microsoft Jet 4.0 v cc lp i tng DAO; -Tng C s d liu: bao gm cc bng, cc query trong c s d liu thc ti. Nh vy lp trnh trn mt CSDL phi s dng cc i tng, cc phng thc tng kt ni nh l nhng cng c c th truy cp c vo CSDL tc nghip x l. Tng kt ni chnh l Jet 4.0 v DAO 3.6 m chng ta s c tm hiu di y.

1.1 Lp i tng DAO Cu trc mt CSDL bao gm nhiu thnh phn, i hi lp trnh cng cn c nhng thnh phn tng ng lm vic. Lp cc thnh phn tng ng c th lp trnh c trn ton b cu trc CSDL l lp cc i tng DAO. Chng c tn gi, c nhng tp thuc tnh, cc phng thc lm vic v c quan h mt thit vi nhau. Cy phn cp lp cc i tng DAO sau y th hin iu :

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Trong : Workspaces nh ngha tp hp cc vng lm vic. y c th coi l lp lm vic cao nht. V l thuyt c th khai bo mt vi vng lm vic (Workspace), nhng trn thc t ch cn khai bo mt vng lm vic v vng ny lun c khai bo ngm nh cho CSDL hin ti. Nn s khng cn bn nhiu n lp cc WorkSpace ny; d n; RecordSets-nh ngha cc tp hp bn ghi (Records) cn lm vic; QueryDefs -nh ngha tp hp cc Query lm vic. Querydefs v Recordsets l kh nng truy xut, x l d liu (Data Manipulation) ca DAO; TableDefs -nh ngha tp hp cc bng (Table) cn lm vic. y l kh nng nh ngh d liu (Data-Definition Language); Relations -nh ngha tp hp cc quan h (Relationship) cn lm vic; Databases -nh ngha tp hp cc CSDL Access cn lm vic trn mt

Mi lp cc i tng trn s bao gm tt c cc i tng i tng cng loi trong mt i tng m ang m. V d: -Databases s bao gm tt c cc CSDL ang oc m trong vng lm vic hin ti; -RecordSets s bao gm tp hp tt c cc Recordset ang c m trn CSDL hin ti.
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Khi , tham chiu n mt i tng c th cn lm vic, c th dng ch s (s th t ca i tng trn tp hp tt c cc i tng ) hoc dng tn gi i tng tham chiu. V d sau lit k tn ca tt c cc Recordset ang s dng trong CSDL db.

lm vic ti mt i tng c th, cn phi tham chiu t lp cc i tng m ca n. V d: hin th gi tr ca trng (Field) hoten trn tp hp cc bn ghi (Recordset) rs1 lm nh sau:

1.2 i tng Database Database l i tng dng lm vic vi mt CSDL (trong trng hp ny c th hiu mt CSDL nh mt tp tin Access .MDB). Lp cc i tng con ca Database c th hin qua s sau: Khai bo

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Khi khng lm vic vi CSDL no , c th ra lnh ng gii phngd b nh bng cch:

Sau khi lnh ny thc thi, tt c cc i tng con ca db nu ang m s c ng li gii phng b nh. Bn thn db cng c gii phng b nh (bng Nothing), tt nhin tp tin CSDL v d liu vn cn nguyn trn a. 1.3 i tng RecordSet Recordset l i tng dng miu t tp hp cc bn ghi ca mt bng, ca mt query hoc tp cc bn ghi kt qu ca vic thi hnh mt cu lnh SQL no . Lp cc i tng con ca Recordset c th hin qua s sau:

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Khai bo

Trong : -Set rs = db.OpenRecordset l lnh to ra tp hp cc bn ghi t CSDL db gn vo bin kiu recordset rs; -<Name> l mt xu k t ch ra ngun d liu s tr v cho Recordset. Xu ny c th l tn mt bng, mt Query hoc mt cu lnh SQL; Mi bin Recordset khi lm vic, phi c ch ra Database xut x ca n (phi c tham chiu t mt bin kiu Database c khai bo). Sau y l cc v d: V d 1: Gn tp hp cc bn ghi t mt bng vo bin Recordset ( y l bng canbo).

V d 2: Gn tp hp cc bn ghi t mt cu lnh chn d liu SQL vo bin Recordset ( y l cc thng tin hoten, ngaysinh ca tt c cc cn b n t bng canbo).

Mt s thuc tnh ca Recordset Thuc tnh Name Tr v xu k t trong tham s <name> ca lnh gi Recordset. V d: lnh sau s cho bit xu k t to ngun d liu cho Recordset l g?
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Thuc tnh AbsolutePosition Cho bit v tr bn ghi hin ti (c tnh t 0). Trong trng hp khng c bn ghi no trn recordset hoc con tr bn ghi ang nm EOF- s khng th ly c gi tr thuc tnh ny. Do vy s dng thuc tnh ny thng phi i km thuc tnh kim tra c tn ti bn ghi no hay khng (RecordCount > 0) v con tr bn ghi c cui tp tin cha (EOF = False). Thuc tnh RecordCount Cho bit tng s bn ghi tr v trn Recordset Thuc tnh EOF Cho bit con tr bn ghi hin ti c nm EOF hay khng? Nu c gi tr thuc tnh ny l True, tri li l False. Thuc tnh Fields Dng tham chiu ti cc trng (Fields) trn tp hp cc bn ghi m Recordset tr v. Thc t Field cng l mt i tng v cng c b thuc tnh v cc phng thc ca n. Vi Field ca Recordset thng thng ngi ta hay s dng thuc tnh Value. Nu khng ch nh thuc tnh c th no cho Field, VBA vn hiu ngm nh l Value. V d: Hin th gi tr trng hoten trong Recordset rs

Mt s phng thc ca Recordset Phng thc Close ng Recordset, gii phng b nh. Ch thc hin hnh ng ny khi khng lm vic vi Recordset no .

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Cc phng thc di chuyn bn ghi ca Recorset Phng thc MoveFirts chuyn con tr v bn ghi u tin Phng thc MoveLast di chuyn con tr v bn ghi cui cng Phng thc MoveNext Dch n bn ghi k sau Phng thc MovePrevious Dch n bn ghi k trc V d 3: V d sau duyt v hin th ton b Hoten ca bng canbo

Phng thc AddNew, Update thm mi mt bn ghi vo Recordset. Qui trnh thm mt bn ghi mi nh sau: 1. Ra lnh Addnew 2. Gn gi tr cho cc trng ca bn ghi mi 3. Ra lnh Update Di y l v d thm mi mt h s cn b mi vo bng canbo.

V d 4:

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Phng thc Edit, Update Phng thc Edit sa d liu mt bn ghi no trn recordset. Qui trnh sa mt bn ghi nh sau: 1. nh v ti bn ghi cn s trn recordset 2. Ra lnh Edit 3. Gn gi tr mi cho cc trng cn sa 4. Ra lnh Update Di y l v d v sa h s cn b c m CB000565

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V d 5:

Phng thc Delete xo bn ghi hin ti ra khi Recordset. Khi bn ghi hin ti s b xo b khi CSDL. Cn thn trng mi khi ra lnh ny. Thng thng cc lnh mt nt Xo bn ghi ca mt mu nhp liu (nhp vo bin Recordset rs) nh sau:

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V d 6:

1.4 i tng QueryDef i tng Querydef dng tham chiu ti cc Query c sn (Buil-in) trn CSDL Access, hoc cng c th lp trnh to cc Query t cc cu lnh SQL.

to v kch hot mt query trn VBA bng cch thc thi cu lnh SQL bn lm theo hng dn sau:

185

Trong : -Bt buc phi khai bo mt bin kiu QueryDef lm vic (bin qr); -Phi c mt bin Database c khai bo sn (bin db); -Lnh Set qr = db.CreatQueryDef(<tn query>) to mt query mi ln CSDL. <tn query> s c hin th trn danh sch trong th Queries trn ca s Database. Nu <tn query>="", query ny s ch tn ti trong b nh. Tu thuc vo mc ch cng vic m c t tn query hay khng, nu ch n thun to mt query x l cng vi no ri gii phng, nn t <tn query>=""; -Lnh qr.SQL=<cu lnh SQL> gn lnh SQL cn thc thi vo Query. Tu thuc vo cu lnh SQL ny m query s thc hin nhng g. V d: qr.SQL = "DELETE * FROM canbo" lnh ny s xo tt c cc bn ghi trn bng cn b; -Lnh qr.Excute thi hnh cu lnh SQL c thit lp. Lnh ny tng ng nhn nt Run i vi mt query trn ch thit k; -Lnh qr.Close ng query hin ti v gii phng b nh khi khng cn lm vic n na. Sau y l mt s v dng v s dng bin QueryDef to ra mt s loi query x l d liu trong mi trng VBA.
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V d 1: To DELETE query xo danh sch nhng cn b c tui ln hn 60 ra khi bng canbo (cn b ngh hu)

V d 2: Gi s thm mt trng mi trn bng cn b c tn luongchinh. To UPDATE query tnh gi tr cho trng ny = hesoluong * 290000.

1.5 i tng TableDef i tng TableDef c dng tham chiu ti cc bng d liu (Table) trn CSDL. Thng qua i tng ny c th thit k, chnh sa c cu trc cc bng d liu trong ch Run-time ca VBA nh trn ch thit k bng Design View.
187

Mt s thuc tnh quan trng ca TableDef Thuc tnh Name Cho bit tn bng c gn vo bin kiu TableDef Thuc tnh RecordCount Cho bit tng s bn ghi hin c trn bng c gn bi bin TableDef Thuc tnh DateCreated Cho bit thi gian to ra bng c gn vo bin kiu TableDef Thuc tnh Fields tham chiu ti cc trng ca bng. y l thuc tnh hay c s dng nht i vi TableDef. Thc cht, Field y l mt i tng, do cng c tp cc thuc tnh v phng thc ring cho thuc tnh ny. Di y l th tc hin th tn ca tt cc cc trng trong mt bng no (ngm nh trn mt CSDL c khai bo v gn bin db - kiu Database). V d 1:

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Mt s phng thc ca TableDef Phng thc CreateTableDef to ra mt bng mi bng VBA. C php to bng mi nh sau:

Trong : -db l bin kiu Database c gn bi CSDL cn lm vic (bng mi s c to ra trn CSDL ny) -<Tn bng mi> l tn bng cn to. -Lnh db.TableDefs.Append tbl l lnh ghi cu trc bng ang khai bo ln CSDL ch nh. Phng thc CreateField to ra cc trng cho mt bng kiu TableDef no . thm mt trng mi ln bng, s dng c php sau:

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Trong : -<tn trng> - tn trng mi cn to -<KiuDL> - l mt tu chn khai bo kiu d liu ca trng cn to. Kiu d liu c khai bo theo cc hng s nh sau: Gi tr: Tng ng vi kiu dbBoolean Boolean dbByte Byte dbChar Char dbCurrency Currency dbDate Date/Time dbDecimal Decimal dbDouble Double dbFloat Float dbGUID GUID dbInteger Integer dbLong Long dbMemo Memo dbNumeric Numeric dbSingle Single dbText Text dbTime Time -< ln> l mt tu chn khai bo ln d liu nu cn. Tip theo l v d minh ho cch to cu trc mt bng d liu tng hp nhng hng dn trnh by trn.

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V d 2:

1.6 i tng Relation i tng Relation dng to kt ni (RelationShip) gia 2 bng trong CSDL Access. Di y l mt v d to kt ni gia 2 bng hoadon v khach trong CSDL Qun l bn hng.

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Trong trung hp tn ti kt ni ny, mt thng bo li ting Vit " tn ti quan h ny !" xut hin.

2. Bi ton t lc d liu t lc l lp bi ton ph dng trong thc t. Vi bi ton ny phi c nhng yu cu c th v lc d liu (iu kin lc). Kt qu tr v s l mt tp hp cc bn ghi, c th c kt xut trn form hoc c in ra my in di dng report. Di y l minh ho mt bi ton t lc sau khi c xy dng v ang hot ng:

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Qui trnh xy dng mt bi ton t lc c th thc hin nh sau: Bc 1: Xy dng form con - form s cha nhng kt qu lc c; Bc 2: Xy dng form m - form cha nhng thit lp iu kin lc; Bc 3: Thc hin lc ra cc bn ghi tho mn cc iu kin trn form m v hin th kt qu ln form con. Vi bi ton trn, cch gii quyt nh sau: Bc 1: Xy dng Form con S dng cc k nng thng thng to mt form con p ng c cc kt qu theo nh bi ton. C th tng bc nh sau: -To mi form ch Design view -Thit lp thuc tnh Record Source cho form l mt Total Query nh sau:

-Thit lp thuc tnh Defaul View cho form con l Datasheets; -M ca s FieldList v thit k form nh sau:
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-ng thit k form con li v ghi ten l frm_formcon. Bc 2: Xy dng form m -To mi form ch Design view; -a hp Combobox t thnh cng c Toolbox ln form m (gi s tn (Name) ca Combo ny l Combo0). S dng tnh nng Combobox Wizard ca Access lm vic ny. Mc ch l a danh sch cc khch hng t bng khach vo hp Combo chn, phc v nhu cu lc d liu; -S dng i tng Sub-form/Sub-report trn thanh cng c Toolbox a form con va to ln form m. Ngm nh tn ca sub-form ny l frm_formcon. Ch n tn gi ny v phn tip sau s s dng n lp trnh. Cui cng, giao din thit k form m nh sau:

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Bc 3: Thit lp lnh lc d liu trn form m Cng vic ca bc ny l lm sao sau khi chn tn mt khch hng hp Combobox, danh sch cc ho n mua hng ca khch s c hin th ln form con. Mun th, vic lp trnh lc d liu y phi c thc hin trong th tc p ng s kin Combo0_Click. Gii thut s l: -To mt bin Recordset thi hnh cu lnh SQL a ra danh sch kt qu tho mn iu kin t lc. Cu lnh SQL trong trng hp ny l:

-Gn thuc tnh Recorset ca form con l bin kiu recordset va to ra (cha kt qu lc); -Ra lnh lm ti d liu cho form con.
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Tt nhin, trc phi khai bo mt bin kiu Database ton cc trong form v nh ngha n th tc Form_Load() To n b m lnh cho bi ton trn nh sau:

Tm li, vi mi bi ton t lc p dng theo phng php k trn u ging nhau v cch lm vic, im khc nhau duy nht l cu lnh SQL. C th kt lun mu cht ca bi ton ny l to ra c lnh SQL ng p ng mi iu kin t lc t form m.

Ch Vic vit ra cu lnh SQL ng l rt kh, i hi lp trnh vin phi c nhiu kinh nghim. lm tt c vic ny, nn thit k mt query ch design view; ri s dng tnh nng Copy, Paste dn cu lnh SQL m query to ln ni son tho lnh VBA v chnh sa cho ph hp. Thng thng sa mnh WHERE ca cu lnh. CHNG 7 MENU & TOOLBAR Chng ny trnh by nhng k thut to menu v toolbar nhm lin kt ton
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b nhng g lm c thnh mt h thng phn mm hon chnh. Bao gm cc mng kin thc: To Menu To Toolbar To form chnh phn mm 1. To Menu Menu l i tng c thit k c cu trc nhm gn kt cc chc nng phn mm li ngi dng thun tin trong vic khai thc cc tnh nng cng nh CSDL. C nhiu cch to menu trong Access, di y chng ti trnh by cch n gin, d to v hiu qu, l: s dng kh nng Customize ca thanh cng c. Trc khi to menu, bn phi m bo xy dng xong y cc tnh nng cn thit ca phn mm; bc ny s l cui cng, mang tnh cht gn kt cc chc nng li thnh phn mm hon chnh. Gi s trong CSDL Qun l lng cn b lm c nhng vic sau: 1. to xong CSDL 2. to form nhp d liu cho bng chucvu, form nhp d liu cho bng phongban, form nhp d liu cho bng canbo; 3. to xong report in ra Danh sch chc v, Danh sch phng ban; 4. to xong form tm kim cn b theo tn, in danh sch cn b mt phng ban 5. to xong form gii thiu phn mm (frmAbout) Di y l hng dn to ra h thng menu c cu trc nh sau:

(cc mc chn ca menu H thng)


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(Cc mc chn ca menu D liu)

(Cc mc chn ca menu In n) Cc bc t h thng menu trn nh sau: Bc 1: To mt Toolbar mi Nhn chut phi ln thanh cng c ca Access, chn Customize

Hp thoi Customize xut hin:

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Hy g tn cho thanh cng c, gi s Qun l lng. G xong nhn OK. Khi m hnh lm vic xut hin mt thanh cng c trng. Cng vic tip theo l xy dng h thng Menu trn thanh cng c ny.

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Bc 2: Xy dng cc mc cp 1 Cc mc cp 1 l: H thng, D liu v In n. xy dng cc mc ny, trn hp thoi Customize m th Commands. danh sch Categories chn New Menu v ln lt ko mc New Menu trn danh sch Commands th ln Toolbar ang thit k:

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Bc 3: Xy dng cc mc cp con 3 mc to trn l cp 1, cc mc cn li nm trong 3 mc u l mc con, chu. Bc ny s xy dng ton b cc mc con nh vy.
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Mi mc con c th l li gi mt Form, mt Report, mt bng,.. (gi tt l i tng) ra lm vic. Mun m i tng no, hy xc nh chng loi i tng bn danh sch Categories; tip theo dng chut ko-th i tng cn a ln menu t danh sch Commands ln v tr xc nh trn menu ang thit k.

Hnh trn minh ho cch a li gi n form frmAbout ln menu H thng. Tng t hy a cc form v report cn li ln v tr thch hp trn menu Qun l lng. Cch t tn cho cc menu ny thc hin tng t nh cch t tn cho 3 menu m trnh by. c bit mc Exit ly File | Exit. Bc 4: Quyt nh l Menu hay ToolBar Vi cc bc lm vic nh trn, Access ngm hiu l ang to mt ToolBar. Bc ny hng dn cch tu chn li l menu hay toolbar? Cch lm nh sau: Tr v th ToolBars ca hp thoi Customize, chn tn toolbar cn lm vic (Qun l lng) v nhn nt Properties:

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-Toolbar Name - thit lp tn cho ToolBar -Type - xc nh kiu l ToolBar hay Menu? -Docking - tu chn cc kiu kho Menu: khng cho php thay i li (Can't Change); cho php thay i li Any Allow)
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-Show on Toolbars Menu cho php hin th trn h thng thanh cng c v menu -Allow Customizing cho php nh ngha li cc mc -Allow Resizing cho php thay i kch c hin th -Allow Moving cho php di chuyn c Thit lp xong nhn Close.

2. Gn kt Menu, Toolbar Mt Menu hay Toolbar sau khi to ra, mun i km vi i tng no phi thc hin gn kt vo i tng bng cch thit lp thuc tnh Toolbar - nu mun gn Toolbar hoc Menu Bar nu mun gn menu bar. Cch lm nh sau: Bc 1: M i tng cn gn kt Menu hoc ToolBar (v d mt form) ra ch Design View:

Bc 2: Chn Menu Bar hoc ToolBar cn gn kt bng cch thit lp thuc tnh ToolBar hoc Menu Bar (hnh trn chn Menu Bar Qun l lng). 3. To form chnh Form chnh l form cha h thng menu (hoc toolbar) ca phn mm, n xut hin ngay sau khi khi ng (Start-Up Object). Vi mi phn mm ng gi hu ht phi to form chnh. t y c th m n cc chc nng phn mm cn lm vic. Trong mt tp tin Access, form chnh l mt form c thit k ch Design view; c gn Menu (hoc ToolBar) v c thit lp khi ng u tin mi khi tp tin ny c m.
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Di y l hng dn cch to form chnh cho CSDL Qun l lng nh th hin mc 1. To menu Bc 1: To frmMain -To mt form mi ch Design View -t tn form ny l frmMain -Thit lp mt s thuc tnh cho form nh sau: Menu Bar Qun l lng Caption Qun l lng Record Seletor No Navigation Button No Diving Line No mi khi form ny khi ng s t ng phng cc i ca s, hy m ca s VBA v vit lnh cho s kin Form_Open nh sau:

ngha lnh DoCmd.Maximize l phng to (Maximize) form ang lm vic. Bc 2: Thit lp cc thng tin v ng dng M thc n Tools | Startup.., hp thoi Startup xut hin:

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