Name__________________________

Section___________________________ Remember These Rules:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Digits from 1-9 are always significant. Zeros between two other significant digits are always significant One or more additional zeros to the right of both the decimal place and another significant digit are significant. Zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point (placeholders) are not significant. Identify the number of significant digits show in each of the following examples.

1) 400

2) 200.0

3) 0.0001

4) 218

5) 320

6) 0.00530

7) 22 568

8) 4755.50

Answers: 1) 1

2) 4

3) 1

4) 3

5) 2

6) 3

7) 5

8) 6

1) 4.0 x 103

2) 1.67 x 10-8

3) 5 x 1012

4) 2.00 x 104

5) 635.000

6) 22 000

7) 5201

8) 81

Answers: 1) 2

2) 3

3) 1

4) 3

5) 6

6) 2

7) 4

8) 2

1) 23.7 x 10-2

2) 1.4 x 107

3) 4.293 x 104

4) 705

5) 600

6) 4301.0

7) 0.00056

8) 40280

9) 33214

10) 2.003

Answers 1) 3

2) 2

3) 4

4) 3

5) 1

6) 5

7) 2

8) 4

9) 5

10) 4

1) 7000

2) 450.0

3) 350

4) 44 578

5) 305

6) 0.006200

7) 565.05

8) 5500

9) 74.00

10) 7040.0

Answers 1) 1

2) 4

3) 2

4) 5

5) 3

6) 4

7) 5

8) 2

9) 4

10) 5

RULE: When adding or subtracting your answer can only show as many decimal places as the measurement having the fewest number of decimal places. Perform the following calculations and round according to the rule above. 1) 4.60 + 3 = 2) 0.008 + 0.05 = 3) 22.4420 + 56.981 =

4) 200 - 87.3 =

5) 67.5 - 0.009 =

6) 71.86 - 13.1 =

Answers 1) 8

2) 0.06

3) 79.423

4) 113

5) 67.5

6) 58.8

RULE: When adding or subtracting your answer can only show as many decimal places as the measurement having the fewest number of decimal places. Perform the following calculations and round according to the rule above. 1) 357.89 + 0.002 = 2) 17.95 + 32.42 + 50 = 3) 5.5 + 3.7 + 2.97 =

4) 84.675 - 3 =

5) 75 - 2.55 =

6) 10 - 9.9 =

Answers 1) 357.89

2) 100

3) 12.2

4) 82

5) 72

6) 0

RULE: When adding or subtracting, your answer must show as many decimal places as the measurement having the fewest number of decimal places. Perform the following calculations and round according to the rule above. 1) 2.25 + 6 2) .04 + 2.7 3) 18.640 + 670.445

4) 0.70 - 0.1

5) 640 - 627.03

6) 12.09 - 6.7

Answers 1) 8

2) 2.7

3) 689.085

4) 0.6

5) 13

6) 5.4

RULE: When multiplying or dividing, your answer may only show as many significant digits as the multiplied or divided measurement showing the least number of significant digits. Perform the following calculations and round according to the rule above.

1) 13.7 x 2.5 =

2) 200 x 3.58 =

3) 0.00003 x 727 =

4) 5003 / 3.781 =

5) 89 / 9.0 =

6) 5000 / 55 =

Answers 1) 34

2) 700

3) 0.02

4) 1323

5) 9.9

6) 90

RULE: When multiplying or dividing, your answer may only show as many significant digits as the multiplied or divided measurement showing the least number of significant digits. Perform the following calculations and round according to the rule above. 1) 50.0 x 2.00 = 2) 2.3 x 3.45 x 7.42 = 3) 1.0007 x 0.009 =

4) 51 / 7 =

5) 208 / 9.0 =

6) 0.003 / 5 =

Answers 1) 1.00 x 102

2) 59

3) 0.009

4) 7

5) 23

6) 0.0006

RULE: When multiplying or dividing, your answer may only show as many significant digits as the multiplied or divided measurement showing the least number of significant digits. Perform the following calculations and round according to the rule above. 1) 3.14 x 5.6= 2) 300 x 10.6= 3) 0.059 x 6.95=

4) 80/0.675=

5) 0.003/106=

6) 8.5/0.356=

Answers 1) 18

2) 3000

3) 0.41

4) 100

5) 0.00003

6) 24

The significant figures (also called significant digits and abbreviated sig figs, sign.figs, sig digs or s.f.) of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision

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The significant figures (also called significant digits and abbreviated sig figs, sign.figs, sig digs or s.f.) of a number are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision (see entry for Accuracy and precision). ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant_figures all certain digits in a measurement plus one uncertain digit. www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/chem30_05/appendix/glossary.htm the number of digits reported in a measurement, irrespective of the location of the decimal place www.mhhe.com/physsci/physical/jones/graphics/jones2001phys_s/common/glos_s.htm The run of digits in a number that is needed to specify the number to a required degree of accuracy. Additional zero digits may also be needed to indicate the number's magnitude. ... school01.danceabout.com/mod/glossary/view.

Introduction to fundamental concepts of chemistry Define the following terms: Chemistry www.citycollegiate.com Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the properties, composition and structure of matter. Study of chemistry also includes the laws and principles related to the structure and inter-relations of elements and compound. Chemistry has the task of investigating the materials of which our universe is made. Chemistry investigates chemical changes, conditions under which chemical changes occur. Chemistry also deals with the way in which similar changes can be brought about in laboratory and on a large scale in industries. Chemistry is a very vast field. Chemistry is divided into a number of branches such as Organic chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Physical chemistry, biochemistry, Applied chemistry, Nuclear chemistry etc. Significant Figures Significant figures are the reliable digits in a number or measurement which are known with certainty. Significant figures show the accuracy in measurements. We can understand the precision of a measurement if we know exactly the significant figures in the measurement. A measurement that contains more number of significant figures is more accurate than a measurement that contains less number of Significant figures. For example:Radius of a bob is 3.3679 cm and that of the other is 3.36 cm. In this situation the first measurement is the most accurate as it has more number of significant figures. Rules Of Significant Figures www.citycollegiate.com In order to determine significant figures in a number we must follow the following rules: (1) All the non-zero digits are significant figures. For Example: 3.456 has four significant figures. 12.3456 has six significant figures. 0.34 has two significant figures. (2) Zeros between non-zero digits are significant. For Example: 2306 has four significant figures. 20,0894 has six significant figures. (3) Zeros locating the position of decimal in numbers of magnitude less than one are not significant. For Example: 0.2224 has only one significant figures. 0.0000034 has two significant figures. (4) Final zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant. For Example: 3.0000 has five significant figures. 1002.00 has six significant figures. (5) Zeros that locate decimal point in numbers greater than one are not significant. For Example: 30000 has only one significant figure. 120000 has two significant figures. Rules Of Rounding Off Data www.citycollegiate.com Rule # 1: If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, then add "1" to the last digit to be retained and drop all digits farther to the right. For example: 3.677 is rounded off to 3.68 if we need three significant figures in measurement. 3.677 is rounded off to 3.7 if we need two significant figures in measurement. Rule # 2: If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then simply drop it without adding any number to the last digit. For example: 6.632 is rounded off to 6.63 if we need three significant figures in measurement. 6.632 is rounded off to 6.6 if we need two significant figures in measurement. Rule # 3: If the digit to be dropped is exactly 5 then: (A) If the digit to be retained is even, then just drop the "5". For example: 6.65 is rounded off to 6.6 if we need two significant figures in measurement. 3.4665 is rounded off to 6.466 if we need four significant figures in measurement. (B) If the digit to be retained is odd, then add "1" to it.

For example: 6.35 is rounded off to 6.4 if we need two significant figures in measurement. 3.4675 is rounded off to 6.468 if we need four significant figures in measurement. Remember: Zero is an even number 3.05 is rounded off to 3.0 if we need two significant figures in measurement.

Use of significant figures in www.citycollegiate.com addition and subtraction In addition and subtraction we consider the significant figures on the right side of decimal point. This means that only as many digits are to be retained to the right side of decimal point as the number with fewest digits to the right of the decimal point. For example: 4.345 + 23.5 =27.845 (actual answer by using calculator) Answer after rounding off: 27.8 Use of significant figures in multiplication and division In multiplication and division , the number obtained after calculation of two or more numbers must have no more significant figure than that number used in multiplication or division. For example: 4.3458 x 2.7 =11.73366(actual answer by using calculator) Answer after rounding off: 12(because 2.7 has only two significant figures)

Rules for Sig. Figs.

Skip to Math Rules

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

All non-zero digits are significant. If there is a decimal point in the number, start with the left side of the number and move to the right. Begin counting with the first non-zero digit and count all remaining digits. If there is NOT a decimal point in the number, start with the right side of the number and move to the left. Begin counting with the first non-zero digit and count all remaining digits. All numbers before the x10x in scientific notation are significant All exact numbers have an infinite number of significant digits.

Examples 100 100. 0.005780 3.0 x 103 1020 4 apples Math Operations and Significant Figures Addition and Subtraction Rule: Retain the same number of decimal places in your answer as there are in the factor with the fewest decimal places: Example: 45.6 + 19.23 = 64.83 BUT, we can only keep 1 decimal place (45.6), so the correct anwser is actually 64.8 1 sig. fig 3 sig figs 4 sig figs 2 sig figs 3 sig figs infinite

Multiplication and Division Rule: Retain the same number of significant figures in your answer as there are in the factor with the fewest number of decimal places: Example: 13.7 x 7.2 = 98.64 But, we can only keep 2 significant figures (7.2), so the correct answer is 99

Rules for Counting Significant Figures Rule: All non-zero digits are significant. 12.83 cm [4] 16935 g [5] Rule: Zeros between other significant figures are significant. 12 038 cm [5] 169.04 g [5] 70 304 g [ ] 395.01 kg [ ] Rule: Zeros to the right of a decimal point and to the right of a number are significant. 12.380 cm [5] 169.00 m [5] 3.010 mL [4] 1.30 kg [ ] 1691.100 cm [ ] Rule: A zero standing alone to the left of a decimal point is not significant. 0.421 g [3] 0.5 m [ ] Rule: Zeros to the right of the decimal and to the left of a number are not significant. 0.000 421 mg [3] 0.001 80 cm [3] 0.010 kg [ ] 0.01010 m [ ] Rule: Zeros to the right of the last number but left of the decimal point may or may not be significant. This information is known only to the person that made the measurement. Use scientific notation when in doubt. The use of a bar over the last significant zero is acceptable as well as using the decimal point to indicate that all digits to its left are significant. 4000. g [4] 3400 kg [2] 69 700. mL [ ] 4.50 E 2 g [ ] Rounding Rules When rounding examine the digit to the right of the digit that is to be last (this number is called the trigger): a) if the trigger is less than 5, drop it and all the digits to the right of it b) if the trigger is more than 5, increase by 1 the number to be rounded C) if the trigger is 5, round the number so that it will be even 63.5347 m [4] = 62.53 m 3.787 21 m [3] = 3.79 m 726.835 m [5] = 726.84 m 24.8514 m [3] = 24.8 m