LV Motors Protection

Collection Technique
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Cahier technique no. 211

TheprotectionofLVmotors
G.Baurand V.Moliton
Building a New Electric World
"Cahiers Techniques" is a collection of documents intended for engineers and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth information in order to complement that given in product catalogues. Furthermore, these "Cahiers Techniques" are often considered as helpful "tools" for training courses. They provide knowledge on new technical and technological developments in the electrotechnical field and electronics. They also provide better understanding of various phenomena observed in electrical installations, systems and equipments. Each "Cahier Technique" provides an in-depth study of a precise subject in the fields of electrical networks, protection devices, monitoring and control and industrial automation systems. This constantly updated collection can be downloaded from: http://www.technical-publications.schneider-electric.com Please contact your Schneider Electric representative if you want either a "Cahier Technique" or the list of available titles. The "Cahiers Techniques" collection is part of the Schneider Electrics "Collection technique". Foreword The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using information and diagrams contained in this document. Reproduction of all or part of a "Cahier Technique" is authorised with the compulsory mention: "Extracted from Schneider Electric "Cahier Technique" no. ..." (please specify).
no. 211
The protection of LV motors
Gilles BAURAND Graduate in Electromechanical Engineering, ENSICAEN (Ecole Nationale Suprieure dIngnieurs de Caen) in 1977. He joined Telemecanique in 1978 as a technical manager for the development of control and electronic protection relays, holding this post until 1985. He managed the laboratory of the Motor Protection Contactor and Relay Department from 1986 to 1991, and was then responsible for the advance development of this department from 1992 to 2004. He has been responsible for the advance development of the PPC (Power Protection & Control) field at Schneider Electric since early in 2005.
Vivien MOLITON He graduated from the Ecole Nationale Suprieure dIngnieurs of Limoges (ENSIL) in 2002, specializing in Mechatronics. In the same year, he set up the Mechatronics R&D Laboratory at Schneider Electric. In the Measurement and Protection department, he participated in the development of a new range of motor circuitbreakers and the Tesys U starter-controller under the Telemecanique brand.
ECT 211 first issue, January 2007
Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.2
The protection of LV motors

All electric motors must be designed to meet the requirements of specified operating conditions, and cannot operate outside these without the risk of immediate or long-term damage to the motor itself and/or to its environment. In order to eliminate this risk, or at least reduce it considerably, machine designers and installers provide protection devices selected from manufacturers catalogs. But which of all these existing devices should be provided, given that they must interact (operate) with isolation and control equipment? How do we choose? And, above all, how can we be sure that the chosen equipment will be fully compatible? This Cahier Technique is designed to answer these questions, by describing all the factors to be taken into account and then detailing the various solutions offered by manufacturers, including complete units known as motor starters.
Contents
1 Introduction 2 Brief guide to electric motors 3 Causes of faults and their consequences 2.1 The various types of motor 2.2 The applications of low-voltage motors .1 Internal faults in the motor: Damage to the stator or rotor winding .2 Faults external to the motor: Phenomena related to the motor power supply . Faults external to the motor: Phenomena related to the use of the motor .4 Summary 4 Protection functions 4.1 Short-circuit protection 4.2 Overload protection 4. Selection table for protection relays 4.4 Motor circuit-breakers (thermal-magnetic circuit-breakers) 5 Motor starters 5.1 Background 5.2 The basic functions of motor starters 5.4 A complementary function: communication 5.5 Motor starters and coordination 5.6 Control and protective switching devices (CPS) 5.7 Discrimination 5.8 Example 6 Conclusion Appendix 1: Modular system of the Tesys U starter-controller Appendix 2: The main starting modes Appendix 3 : Bibliography p. 4 p. 5 p. 6 p. 7 p. 8 p. 11 p. 12 p. 13 p. 14 p. 19 p. 20 p. 21 p. 21 p. 2 p. 24 p. 26 p. 27 p. 27 p. 29 p. 30 p. 31 p. 35
5. The special case of electronic starters and variable speed drives p. 2
Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.
1 Introduction
All electric motors have operating limits. Exceeding these limits will result, sooner or later, in the destruction of the motor and also of the machines driven by it, causing immediate stoppages and lost production. This form of load, which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, can be the site of mishaps due to electrical or mechanical factors. b Electrical v overvoltage, voltage drop, unbalance, or phase loss, causing variations in the current drawn; v short circuits where the current can reach destructive levels for the load; b Mechanical Rotor stall, momentary or prolonged overload leading to an increase in the current drawn by the motor and consequently a dangerous heating of its windings. The cost of these mishaps can be high. It includes lost production, the loss of raw materials, the repair of the production equipment, the loss of production quality, and delays in delivery. The economic imperative of increasing competitiveness for businesses implies the reduction of costs related to the loss of service continuity and low quality. These mishaps can also have dramatic consequences for the safety of personnel coming into direct or indirect contact with the motor.
To avoid these mishaps, or at least limit their consequences and prevent them from causing damage to equipment and disturbances in the line supply, protective systems must be used. They can isolate equipment to be protected from the line, by tripping breaking devices in response to the detection and measurement of variations in electrical values (voltage, current, etc.). Each motor starter must therefore incorporate: b short circuit protection, to detect and cut off, as quickly as possible, abnormal currents which are generally more than 10 times the nominal current (In) b overvoltage protection, to detect current increases up to approximately 10 In and cut off the starter before the heating of the motor and the conductors damages the insulation This protection is provided by specific devices such as fuses, circuit-breakers, overload relays or combination devices offering several types of protection. Note: Protection against ground faults, which includes protection of personnel and fire-proofing, is not covered in this document, since it is usually provided as part of the power distribution system for a piece of equipment, a workshop or a whole building.
2 Brief guide to electric motors
2.1 The various types of motor

There are three main categories of electric motor: b asynchronous motors b synchronous motors b DC motors Each of these consists of a fixed part, the stator or field coil, and a moving part, the rotor or armature. Asynchronous motors The stators of these motors have windings supplied with alternating current and positioned so as to create a rotating magnetic field (rotating flux) at the synchronous speed W. For a three-phase power supply, the most common configuration has three windings (which may include several coils) connected in a delta or star arrangement. The rotors usually consist of conductive bars short-circuited at their ends, as in squirrel cage motors (for low power applications), or, less commonly, windings, as in asynchronous motors with wound rotors (for high power applications). The rotating flux generated by the stator induces a current in the rotor and causes it to rotate (see Laplaces law). Its speed W is less than the synchronous speed W of the rotating flux; this difference is called the slip (s), corresponding to the relative loss of speed: ' , s= demonstrating the concept of asynchronism. Asynchronous motors are suitable for low and medium power applications, especially those in which the starting torque has to increase with the speed. These are the most widely used motors, because of their low cost, robustness and ease of installation and maintenance. Under local control, they have the disadvantage of having high starting currents, up to 8 times the nominal current (see Fig. 1 ). Synchronous motors Like asynchronous motors, these have a stator consisting of windings supplied with alternating current. The characteristic feature of these motors is the synchronization between the rotation speed of the rotor and that of the rotating field created by the stator. This feature is present because the rotor of a synchronous motor consists of permanent magnets or a winding supplied with direct current, establishing a fixed magnetic field. This characteristic makes their construction more complex and is reflected in their higher cost.
Ip
Starting peak (magnetizing peak)
Id
In
Motor starting phase Normal motor operation 20 to 30 ms 1 to 10 s t
Ip = 10 to 13 n: Magnetizing current Id = 4 to 8 In: Starting current In: Nominal rms current

Fig. 1 : Graph of I = f(t) for an asynchronous motor.
Synchronous motors are mainly used for very high power applications (> MW), requiring a constant speed regardless of the load, but they can be difficult to start, and for this reason they are often combined with variable speed drives. DC motors In these motors, the stator and the rotor both consists of windings through which direct current is passed. The current is taken to the armature by means of a commutator with brushes. The stator creates a fixed magnetic field which makes the conductors in the rotor move, according to Laplaces law. Direct current motors are mainly used for applications requiring precise, rapid speed control, and can withstand high overloads. They have the disadvantage of having commutators whose brushes and rings require regular maintenance. Precautions must also be taken when starting and stopping these motors, and it is especially important to avoid cutting off the excitation if the armature is live: stopping in this way will cause the rotor to race. For further information on the different types of motors and their operation, see Schneider Electric Cahier Technique no. 207.
2.2 The applications of low-voltage motors

There are two types of low-voltage (LV) motors: b single-phase b three-phase They are supplied at voltages ranging from 220 to 90 V. Most low-voltage electric motors have a power of less than 100 kW. As the power increases, the current becomes greater (P = UI.cosj), and the components involved (motors, equipment, wiring and protection) must be given suitable dimensions. For economic reasons, medium-voltage (MV) motors are used above the 100 kW level (see Fig. 2 ).
Voltage (kV) 13.8 MV 2.20 0.69 0.22 LV 100 1500 P (kW)
Fig. 2 : Applications of electric motors according to their power and supply voltage.
3 Causes of faults and their consequences
In an installation including electric motors, we can distinguish two types of fault: faults originating internally in the motor, and faults originating externally. b Internal faults: v short-circuit between phase and ground v short-circuit between phases v short-circuit between coils v overheating of the windings v breaking of a bar in squirrel cage motors v problems relating to the bearings v etc. b External faults: The origins of these faults lie outside the electric motor, but their consequences can cause damage to the motor.
These malfunctions can arise from: v the power source: - power cuts - phase reversal or unbalance - brownout - overvoltage - etc. v the operating mode of the motor: - overload operation - the number of starts and the starting operations - the load inertia - etc. v the installation of the motor: - misalignment - unbalance - excessive stresses on the shaft - etc.
3.1 Internal faults in the motor: Damage to the stator or rotor winding
The stator winding of an electric motor consists of copper conductors insulated with varnish. Breaks in this insulation can cause a permanent short circuit between a phase and ground, between two or even three phases, or between the coils of a single phase (see Fig. 3 ). It can be caused by phenomena which may be electrical (surface discharge, overvoltage), thermal (overheating) or even mechanical (vibration, electrodynamic stresses on the conductors). Insulation faults can also occur in the rotor winding, with the same result: the motor becomes unserviceable. The most common cause of damage to the windings of a motor is an excessive rise in their temperature. This rise is often caused by an overload which leads to an increase in the current flowing in these windings.
Stator windings
Fig. 3 : The windings of motors are the parts which are most vulnerable to electrical faults and operating mishaps.
The graph in Figure 4, supplied by most electric motor manufacturers, shows the change in insulation resistance as a function of temperature: as the temperature rises, the insulation resistance decreases. The service life of the windings, and therefore of the motor, is greatly reduced as a result.
The graph in Figure 5 shows how a % increase in the current, equivalent to a temperature rise of approximately +10, cuts the service life of the windings by half. Overload protection is therefore essential to prevent overheating and reduce the risks of internal damage to the motor due to the breakdown of insulation in the windings.
Insulation resistance (M) 100
Service life (%) 100
75 10
50
25
0 0.1 0 20 40 60 80 C
In
T
1.05xIn T+10
1.1xIn T+20
1.15xIn Current T+30 C
Fig. 4 : Change in the insulation resistance of motor windings as a function of their temperature
Fig. 5 : Service life of motors as a function of their operating temperature or current consumption
3.2 Faults external to the motor: Phenomena related to the motor power supply
Overvoltage Any voltage applied to equipment where the peak value exceeds the limits of a range defined by a standard or a specification is an overvoltage (see Schneider Electric Cahiers Techniques nos. 11 and 179). Temporary or permanent overvoltages (see Fig. 6 ) can have different origins, namely: b atmospheric (lightning strikes) b electrostatic discharges b operation of equipment connected to the same network b etc. Their principal characteristics are shown in the table in Figure 7 hereafter. These disturbances, which are superimposed on the line voltage, can act in two ways: b in common mode, between the active conductors and the ground b in differential mode, between the different active conductors
Fig. 6 : Example of overvoltage.
In most cases, the effect of an overvoltage is a dielectric breakdown in the motor windings, which destroys the motor.
Type of overvoltage Atmospheric Electrostatic discharge Operational At ????? frequency
Duration Very short (1 to 10 s) Very short (ns) Short (1 ms) Long (> 1 s)
Edge steepness frequency Very high (1000 kV/s) High (10 MHz) Average (1 to 200 kHz) Line supply frequency
Damping High Very high Average Zero
Fig. 7 : Characteristics of different types of overvoltage.
Phase unbalance A three-phase system is unbalanced when the three voltages are not equal in amplitude and/or are not at angles of 120 to each other. The unbalance (see Fig. 8 ) can be caused by the disconnection of a phase (asymmetry fault), by the presence of single-phase loads in the immediate environment of the motor, or by the power source itself.
which generates high rotor currents, causing a very considerable overheating of the rotor and leading to the overheating of the motor (see Fig. 9 ).
Amount of unbalance (%) Staotr current (A) Increased losses (%) Heating (%)
2 1.01 In
3, 1.0 In 12. 11
1.07 In 2 128
In
0
V Vmax Vmin
100 10
Fig. 9 : Effect of voltage unbalance on the operating characteristics of a motor.
Fig. 8 : Voltage readings from an unbalanced threephase system.
IEC standard 003-2 provides a derating rule based on the voltage unbalance (see Fig. 10 ) which is recommended for use when this phenomenon is known or predictable in the power line supplying the motor. This derating factor can be used either to increase the motor dimensions to allow for the unbalance, or to decrease the operating current of a motor with respect to its nominal current.
The following equation can be used to approach the calculation of the unbalance: V max Vmean Vmean Vmin U = 100 MAX , Vmean Vmean where: U is the unbalance (%) Vmax is the highest voltage Vmin is the lowest voltage 3 The consequences of an unbalance of the voltages applied to a motor are a decrease in the useful torque and an increase in losses; the unbalances give rise to an inverse component Vmean =
1 0.9 0.8 0.7
Derating factor
(V1 + V2 + V3 )
Voltage unbalance (%)
Fig. 10 : Derating of a motor as a function of the voltage unbalance in its power supply.
Brownouts and power cuts A brownout (see Fig. 11 ) is an abrupt voltage drop at one point of an electrical power network, to a value which is conventionally taken to be from 90% to 1% of the nominal voltage of the LV network (IEC 1000-2-1). Power cuts are a special case of brownout where the drop exceeds 99% (IEC). They are characterized by a single parameter: their duration. Short power cuts have a duration of less than 1 minute (IEC), while long power cuts have a longer duration. The term micro-cut is used for durations of about one millisecond.
V 1
0. 0 t
If precautions are not taken, the fast reconnection (~ 10 ms) of a decelerating asynchronous motor runs the risk of reclosing in phase opposition between the source and the residual voltage maintained by the asynchronous motor. In this case, the first current peak can be as much as three times the starting current (1 to 20 In) (see Schneider Electric Cahier Technique no. 11). These overcurrents and the consequent voltage drops have a number of effects on the motor: v additional heating and electrodynamic forces in the coils which may cause breaks in the insulation v shocks with abnormal mechanical stresses on the couplings, leading to premature wear or even breakage They can also affect other equipment such as contactors (causing wear on the contacts or even welding them together), or cause the tripping of the master protection devices of the installation and thus stop a production line or a workshop. b The consequences for a synchronous motor The consequences are practically the same as those for asynchronous motors. However, synchronous motors can withstand larger brownouts (about 0% greater) without stalling, because their inertia is generally greater and the voltage has less effect on the torque. If stalling occurs, the motor stops, and the whole starting procedure, which may be complex, has to be recommenced. b Effects on variable speed machines The problems posed by brownouts affecting variable speed drives are as follows: v the impossibility of supplying sufficient voltage to the motor (loss of torque, deceleration) v malfunction of the control circuits supplied directly from the line v overcurrent when the voltage is restored (recharging of the filter capacitors of the variable speed drives) v overcurrent and current unbalance in the line if a brownout occurs in one phase only Variable speed drives generally fail if a voltage drop of more than 1% occurs. Presence of harmonics Any periodic function (of frequency f) can be broken down into a sum of sine waves with a frequency of h x f (where h is an integer) y(t) = Y0 + Yhsin(h t + h )
h=1
-0. -1 Fig. 11 : Example of a brownout and a brief power cut.
These voltage variations may be due either to a random phenomenon outside the application (a fault in the mains network or an accidental short circuit) or a phenomenon caused by the installation itself (connection of high loads such as motors, transformers, etc.). These variations can have drastic effects on the motor. b The consequences for an asynchronous motor When a brownout occurs, the torque of an asynchronous motor (proportional to the square of voltage) decreases abruptly and causes deceleration. This deceleration is a function of the amplitude and duration of the brownout, the inertia of the rotating frames and the torquespeed characteristic of the driven load. If the torque developed by the motor becomes less than the resistive torque, the motor stops (stalls). After a power cut, the return of the power generates a demand for reacceleration current which is similar to the starting current and with a duration dependent on the duration of the power cut. When the installation has numerous motors, their simultaneous reacceleration can cause a voltage drop in the upstream impedances in the network. The duration of the brownout is then prolonged and can make reacceleration difficult (requiring long restarts with overheading) or even impossible (where the motor torque is less than the resistive torque).
where Y0 is the continuous component h is the order of the harmonic w is the pulsation (2pf) Yh is the amplitude of the harmonic of order h Y1 is the fundamental component
The harmonic distortion rate (or THD, Total Harmonic Distortion) provides a measure of the deformation of the signal: THD(%) = 100x
h=2
Yh
1
Y 2
The harmonic currents and voltages are created by non-linear loads connected to the line supply. Harmonic distortion (see Fig. 12 ) is a form of pollution of the line supply which can give rise to problems at a rate of more than %.
The electronic power devices (variable speed drives, inverters, etc.) are the principal sources which inject harmonics into the line. Since the motor is not perfect, it can also create 3rd order harmonics; in a delta connection, flux rebalancing can then occur, generating a current in its windings. The presence of harmonics causes an increase in eddy current losses, leading to additional heating. They can also generate pulsating torques (causing vibration and mechanical fatigue) and noise nuisance, and limit the use of motors at full load (see Schneider Electric Cahier Technique no. 199).
h1 h5 h total (h1+h5) Fig. 12 : Sinusoidal voltage reading, including 5th order harmonics.
3.3 Faults external to the motor: Phenomena related to the use of the motor
Motor starting: excessively long and/or frequent starting The starting phase of a motor is the period required for it to reach its nominal rotation speed. The starting time (tS) depends on the resistive torque (Tr) and the motor torque (Tm). An increase in the resistive torque, due to the load to be driven, together with a decrease in the motor torque, due to a line voltage drop (20 to 30% of Un), causes an increase in the motor starting time as follows: N tS (s) = J 30 Tm Tr where J is the global moment of inertia of the moving frames N(r.p.s.) is the rotation speed of the rotor. Because of its intrinsic characteristics, each motor can only withstand a limited number of starts, generally specified by its manufacturer (as the number of starts per hour). Similarly, each motor has a maximum starting time which is a function of its starting current (see Fig. 13 ). IS IN
20 15
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 t (s) 3 4 5 7 10 15 Fig. 13 : Permissible start times of motors as a function of the ratio between starting current and nominal current.
Rotor locking The locking of a motor due to mechanical factors creates an overcurrent approximately equal to the starting current. However, the heating which it causes is much greater, since the losses in the rotor are kept at their maximum level throughout the locking and ventilation is prevented if it is dependent on the rotation of the rotor. The rotor temperatures can become very high (30 C).
Overload (deceleration or overspeed) The overload of a motor is caused by an increase in the resistive torque or by a drop in the supply line voltage (> 10% Un). The increase in the current drawn by the motor causes heating which reduces its service life and can be fatal in the longer or shorter term.
3.4. Summary
This summary, shown in table form in Figure 14, shows the possible causes, the probable effects and the established consequences of each type of fault. In all cases, two forms of protection are always required for motors: b short-circuit protection b overload (overheating) protection
Fault Short circuit
Cause b Contact between more than one phase, between one phase and neutral, or between several coils of a single phase b Lightning b Electrostatic discharge b Operation
Effects b Current peak b Electrodynamic forces on the conductors b Dielectric breakdown in the windings
Consequences for the motor Destruction of the windings Destruction of the windings due to loss of insulation Overheating(1) Overheating(1) Overheating(1) Overheating(1) Overheating(1) Overheating(1)
Overvoltage
Voltage unbalance Brownouts Harmonics Excessive starting time Locking Overload
b Disconnection of a phase b Decreased useful torque b Single phase load upstream of the motor b Increased losses b Instability of the line supply voltage b Connection of large loads b Pollution of the line supply by variable speed drives, inverters, etc. b Excessively high resistive torque b Brownouts b Mechanical problem b Increased resistive torque b Brownouts b Decreased useful torque b Increased losses b Decreased useful torque b Increased losses Increased starting time Overcurrent Increase in current drawn
(1) Followed by short-circuiting and destruction of the windings after a period which depends on the importance and/or frequency of the fault.
Fig. 14 : Summary of the faults which can affect a motor, with their causes, effects and consequences.
4 Protection functions
4.1 Short-circuit protection

Background A short circuit is a direct connection between two points having different electrical potentials; the types of short circuit are: b alternating current: A connection between phases, between a phase and neutral, between a phase and a conductive frame, or between the coils of a single phase b direct current: A connection between the two polarities or between a conductive frame and the polarity insulated from it There are various possible causes: Deterioration of the insulating varnish on the conductors, loosening, breakage or stripping of wires or cables, presence of metallic foreign bodies, conductive deposits (dust, moisture, etc.), penetration of water or other conductive liquids, deterioration of the load, and errors in wiring at start-up or during servicing. A short circuit is indicated by an abrupt increase in the current, which may become several hundred times greater than the operating current in just a few milliseconds. A short circuit can have devastating effects and cause major damage to equipment. It is characterized by two phenomena: b A thermal phenomenon which corresponds to the amount of energy released in the electrical circuit through which the short-circuit current I flows for a time t, according to the formula I2t, expressed in A2s. This thermal effect can cause: v melting of the contacts of the contactor v destruction of the thermal elements of a bimetallic relay, in the case of type I coordination (see the Coordination section) v generation of electric arcs v burning of insulating materials v fire in the equipment. b An electrodynamic phenomenon between the conductors gives rise to strong mechanical forces, caused by the flow of current, with the following effects: v deformation of the conductors forming the motor windings v breakage of the insulating supports of the conductors v repulsion of the contacts (inside contactors) which may lead to their melting and welding Such effects are dangerous to both property and personnel. It is therefore essential to use shortcircuit protection devices designed to detect faults, and to break the circuit very quickly, if possible before the current reaches its maximum level. Two protection devices are commonly used for this purpose: v fuses (circuit breakers) which break the circuit by blowing, and must be replaced subsequently v magnetic trip circuit-breakers, often simply called magnetic circuit-breakers which automatically break the circuit when their poles are opened, and which only require a resetting operation to bring them back into service. Short-circuit protection can also be incorporated into multi-function devices such as motor circuitbreakers and contactor/circuit-breakers. Definitions and characteristics The main characteristics of short-circuit protection devices are: b the breaking capacity: i.e. the highest presumed short-circuit current which a protection device can interrupt at a given voltage b the making capacity: i.e. the highest current which the protective device can pass at its nominal voltage in specified conditions. The making capacity is equal to k times the breaking capacity, according to the table in Figure 15 . Fuses Fuses provide protection for one phase at a time (single-phase protection), with a high breaking capacity in a small volume. They limit the level of I2t and the electrodynamic stresses (Ipeak).
Breaking capacity (BC) . kA < BC < kA kA < BC < 10 kA 10 kA < BC < 20 kA 20 kA < BC < 0 kA 0 kA < BC
Cos j 0.7 0. 0.3 0.2 0.2
Making capacity (MC) 1. BC 1.7 BC 2 BC 2.1 BC 2.2 BC
Fig. 15 : Breaking and making capacity as specified by IEC Standard 60947-2 for circuit-breakers.
They are fitted as follows: b either to special supports called fuseholders b or in isolators, where they replace sockets or terminal strips (see Fig. 16 ).
b L1 L2 L3
Fig. 16 : Fused 32 A and 125 A isolators (Telemecanique LS1-D32 [a] and GS1-K4 [b]).
currents, circuit-breakers operate more quickly than fuses. This protection conforms to IEC Standard 097-2. Effective interruption of a short-circuit current requires three essential functions: b very fast detection of the fault current b very fast separation of the contacts b interruption of the short-circuit current Most magnetic circuit-breakers for motor protection are current limiters, and therefore also contribute to the coordination (see Fig. 18 ). Their particularly short breaking time enables them to interrupt the short-circuit current before it reaches its maximum amplitude. The thermal and electrodynamic effects are therefore also limited, thus providing better protection of cables and equipment.
Note that fuse cartridges with strikers can be combined with an all-pole breaking device (often the motor control contactor) to prevent singlephase operation after they have blown. Type aM fuses are used for motor protection. They have the characteristic of allowing excess magnetizing currents to pass when motors are switched on. Therefore, they are unsuitable for overload protection (unlike gG fuses). For this reason, an overload relay has to be added to the motor supply circuit. As a general rule, their rating must be immediately above the full load current of the motor to be protected. Magnetic circuit-breakers Subject to their breaking capacity, these circuitbreakers can protect installations against short circuits by means of their magnetic trip releases (one per phase) (see Fig. 17 ). Magnetic circuit-breakers are intrinsically allpole breaking devices: the tripping of a single magnetic trip release causes the simultaneous opening of all the poles. For low short-circuit
L1 L2 L3
I> I> I>

Fig. 17 : Telemecanique GV2-L magnetic circuitbreaker and its graphic symbol.
Non-limiting Limiter
Id
Limiting zone
Fig. 18 : Tripping curves of magnetic circuit-breakers.
4.2 Overload protection

Background Overloading is the most common motor fault. It causes an increase in the current drawn by the motor, as well as thermal effects. The insulation class determines the normal heating of a motor at an ambient temperature of 0 C. If the maximum operating temperature is exceeded, this reduces the service life as a result of the premature ageing of the insulation. However, it should be noted that an overload leading to heating above the normal level does not have immediate negative consequences if it is limited in time and infrequent. Thus it does not necessarily mean that the motor must be stopped, but normal operating conditions must be resumed as soon as possible. The importance of proper overload protection is obvious, because: b it protects the service life of motors by preventing them from operating in abnormal heating conditions b it ensures continuity of operation, by: v avoiding untimely stoppage of motors v enabling restarting to be carried out in the best safety conditions for personnel and equipment, after tripping. The actual operating conditions (ambient temperature, altitude of use and standard service) must be known in order to determine the
operating levels of the motor (in terms of power and current) and in order to choose effective overload protection (see Fig. 19 ). These operating levels are supplied by the motor manufacturer. According to the desired level of protection, overload protection can be provided in the form of relays of the following types: b overload, thermal (bimetallic) or electronic, which will at least protect the motors in the following two cases: v overload, by controlling the current drawn in each phase v phase unbalance or failure, by means of their differential devices b PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) thermistor probe b excess torque b multi-function Reminder: A protection relay does not have a circuit-breaking function. It is designed to open a circuit-breaking device, generally a contactor, which must have the requisite breaking capacity for the fault current to be interrupted.
For this purpose, a protection relay has a fault contact (NC) which is to be connected in series with the power supply to the contactor coil. Overload relays (thermal or electronic) b Background These relays protect motors against overloads, but they must allow the temporary overload caused by starting, and must not trip unless the starting time is abnormally long. Depending on the application, the motor starting time can vary from a few seconds (for no-load starting, low resistive torque, etc.) to several tens of seconds (for a high resistive torque, high inertia of the driven load, etc.). It is therefore necessary to fit relays appropriate to the starting time. To meet this requirement, IEC Standard 097--1 defines several classes of overload relays, each characterized by their trip time (see Fig. 20 ). The relay rating is to be chosen according to the nominal motor current and the calculated starting time.
Altitude m 1000 100 2000 200 3000 300 000
Ambient temperature 30 C 35 C 1.07 1.0 1.01 1.0 1.01 0.98 0.97 0.9 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.8 0.83 0.81
40 C 1.00 0.97 0.9 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.78
45 C 0.9 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.8 0.80 0.7
50 C 0.92 0.89 0.8 0.8 0.80 0.7 0.72
55 C 0.87 0.8 0.82 0.79 0.7 0.72 0.8
60 C 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.7 0.71 0.8 0.
The values in the table above are provided for guidance only. In reality, the derating of a motor depends on it size, its insulation class, its type of construction (self-cooled or forced-cooled, IP 23 or IP degree of protection, etc.), and varies according to the manufacturer Note: The nominal power which is generally shown on a motor plate is specified by the manufacturer for a continuous service S1 (operation at constant speed and for a long enough time to reach thermal equilibrium). There are other standard services, such as temporary service S2, or periodic intermittent services S3, S and S for which the motor manufacturer specifies an operating power, different from the nominal power, for each case. Fig. 19 : Derating factors of motors according to their operating conditions. Trip time from the following states: Cold Hot Hot at 1.05 x Ir at 1.2 x Ir at 1.5 x Ir
Cold at 7.2 x Ir
Narrower tolerances (band E)
Class 10 A > 2 hrs < 2 hrs < 2 mins 2 s < tp < 10 s 10 > 2 hrs < 2 hrs < mins s < tp < 10 s s < tp < 10 s 20 > 2 hrs < 2 hrs < 8 mins s < tp < 20 s 10 s < tp < 20 s 30(1) > 2 hrs < 2 hrs < 12 mins 9 s < tp < 30 s 20 s < tp < 30 s (1) class used infrequently in Europe, but used widely in the United States Cold state: Initial state without previous load Hot state: Thermal equilibrium reached at Ir Ir: Setting current of the overload relay Fig. 20 : Main tripping classes of overload relays according to IEC 60947-4-1.
The limits of use are also characterized by graphs (see Fig. 21 ) showing time as a function of the adjustment current (expressed as multiples of Ir). These relays have a thermal memory (except for some electronic overload relays, as indicated by their manufacturers) and can be connected as follows: v in series with the load v or, for high power, to current transformers in series with the load b Bimetallic thermal relays (see Fig. 22 ) These are combined with contactors to protect motors, lines and equipment from small prolonged overloads. They are therefore designed to allow the normal starting of motors without tripping. However, they must be protected from large overloads by a circuit-breaker, or by fuses (see Short-circuit protection). The operating principle of a thermal overload relay is based on the deformation of its bimetallic strips when heated by the current flowing through them (see Fig. 23 ). The bimetallic strips are deformed when the current flows, and, depending on their adjustment, can cause the sudden opening of the relay contacts. Resetting is only possible when the bimetallic strips have cooled down sufficiently. Thermal overload relays can be used for both alternating and direct current, and are generally: v three-pole v compensated, i.e. non-sensitive to variations in ambient temperature (identical trip curve from 0 to 0 C over a standard range (see Fig. 24 hereafter)
t (s)
30 20
Class 30 Class 20 Class 10
10
1.05 1.50 1.20
7.2
I/Ir
Fig. 21 : Tripping curves of overload relays.
Fig. 22 : Telemecanique LRD bimetallic overload relay and its graphic symbol.
Blade with high coefficient of expansion Blade with zero coefficient of expansion
Current conductor Support forming fixed point Bimetallic strip after heating Current input
Trip release system
Trip capacity setting
Bimetallic strip with resistor Current output
Fig. 23 : View of the inside of a thermal overload relay and detail of one of its bimetallic strips.
1.4 Ir 1.3 Ir 1.2 Ir 1.1 Ir 1 Ir 0.9 Ir 0.8 Ir -10
Lower limit Upper limit Tripping zone
C 0 10 20 30 40 Ambiant air temperature 50
Fig. 24 : Tripping zone for compensated thermal overload relays according to ambient air temperature (source: IEC 60947-4-2 and 6-2).
basis of a model which reconstitutes the thermal time constants of the motor, the electronic system calculates the motor temperature constantly as a function of the current flowing through it and the operating time. The protection thus gives a better approximation of the actual conditions and can prevent incorrect tripping. Electronic overload relays are less sensitive to the thermal environment of the location where they are installed. In addition to the conventional functions of overload relays (protection of motors from overloads and phase unbalance and failure), electronic overload relays can be supplemented with options such as: v PTC probe temperature monitoring v protection against locking and excess torque v protection against phase inversions v protection against insulation faults v protection against no-load operation v etc. PTC thermistor probe relays These protection relays monitor the actual temperature of the motor to be protected. They offer extremely precise temperature measurement: the small volume of the probes gives them a very low thermal inertia and therefore a very short response time. Allowing direct monitoring of the stator winding temperature, they can be used to protect motors against overload, rises in ambient temperature, ventilation circuit faults, excessive starting frequency, jerky running, etc. They comprise: b One or more Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) thermistor probes placed within the windings of the motors or in any area subject to heating (bearings, etc.). They are static components whose resistance increases sharply when the temperature reaches a threshold called the Nominal Operating Temperature (NOT), as shown in Figure 27 next page. b An electronic device, supplied with alternating or direct current, which constantly measures the resistance of the probes combined with it. When the NOT is reached, the threshold circuit detects the sharp resistance increase of the probe and then causes the output contacts to change state. Depending on the probes chosen, this protection method can be used as follows: v either to provide an alarm without stopping the machine (where the NOT is lower than the maximum temperature specified for the component to be protected) b or to stop the machine (where the NOT is equal to the maximum specified temperature). (see Fig. 28 next page) The use of this protection method must be specified in advance, because the probes have to be incorporated in the windings during the manufacture of the motor, or during any rewinding operation after an mishap.
v manually or automatically reset v graduated in motor amperes: the current shown on the motor name plate is displayed directly on the relay They can also be sensitive to a phase failure: this is the differential concept. This function prevents the single-phase operation of the motor, and meets the conditions of IEC 097--1 and 097--2 (see Fig. 25).
Trip time > 2 hrs < 2 hrs
Multiple of the setting current 2 poles : 1.0 Ir 1 pole : 0.9 Ir 2 poles : 1.1 Ir 1 pole : 0
Fig. 25 : Operating limit of a differential thermal overload relay (sensitive to a phase failure).
Widely used, this relay offers excellent reliability, and is inexpensive. It is particularly recommended if there is a risk of the rotor locking. However, it has the disadvantage of not taking into account in a very precise way the thermal state of the motor to be protected, and of being sensitive to the thermal environment of the location where it is installed (cabinet ventilation, etc.). b Electronic overload relays (see Fig. 26 ) These relays benefit from the advantages of electronics which enables a more detailed thermal image of the motor to be created. On the
Fig. 26 : Electronic overload relay (Telemecanique LR9F)
R ()
(Logarithmic scale)
4000 1330 550 250
Unlike most overload relays, these relays do not have a thermal memory. They have a operating characteristic for a specified time (with adjustable threshold current and delay). The excess torque relay can be used as overload protection for motors where starting is lengthy or very frequent (e.g. those used for hoists). Multi-function relays (see Fig. 30 ) These relays can protect motors from the main causes of heating. Moreover, the electronic technology provides these relays with capacity for communication with PLCs and supervisors via fieldbuses. This link with a PLC facilitates the set-up and maintenance. It makes it possible to set parameters and activate the necessary protection, to configure and operate the motor driver, and to monitor the states of starting, alarms and tripping. It can be used for exchanging data, measurement information (currents, heating, etc.) with the higher PLC level (controlling PLC), and for monitoring the thermal state of the motor. This facilitates diagnostics and the implementation of preventive measures. These relays are used for the isolated protection of sensitive motors, i.e. those for which an incorrect stop would have serious effects on personal protection, safety, production losses, etc. The diagram below shows the possibilities of a multi-function relay connected to a supervising PLC (see Fig. 31 opposite page).
20 T (C) -20 NOT -20 NOT -5 TNF High markers NOT+5 NOT+15 Low markers 0
Fig. 27 : Markers or operating points of PTC thermistor probes.
Fig. 28 : Electronic device (Telemecanique LT3) to be combined with three thermistor probes to stop a motor when the maximum temperature is exceeded.
The choice of the PTC probes to be incorporated depends on the insulation class and structure of the motor. This choice is normally made by motor manufacturers or rewinders who are the only ones who have the necessary skill. Because of these two constraints, the choice of PTC probe protection is generally reserved for top-range equipment with expensive motors. Excess torque relays: a supplementary form of protection (see Fig. 29 ) As a supplement to thermal protection by relay or PTC probe, these protect the drive chain in case of rotor locking, seizing or mechanical shock.
Fig. 29 : The excess torque relay (Telemecanique LR97D) is a supplementary form of protection in case of rotor locking, seizing or mechanical shock.
Fig. 30 : Multi-function relay (Telemecanique LT6).
PLC
I> I> I>
Computer
Modbus network
M 3a
PTC probes
Multi-function protection relay
M 3a
M 3a
Fig. 31 : Example of a communications network based on a multi-function relay (source: Telemecanique).
4.3. Selection table for protection relays
Type of relay
Overload relay (thermal or electronic)
PTC probe relay Overload relay
Multi-function relay
Causes of heating: Overload Rotor locking Phase failure Ventilation fault Shaft bearing seizing Excessive starting time Demanding service Torque shocks Some Telemecanique references Tesys U : (*) CU: Control Unit
With PTC probe With PTC probe Class 20 or 30 With PTC probe With PTC probe LT Multi-function CU* Possible solution Unsuitable (no protection)
LR2K, LRD, LR9D, LR9F Standard or expandable CU* Entirely suitable
LT3
LR97D & LT7
4.4 Motor circuit-breakers (thermal-magnetic circuit-breakers)

Background A motor circuit-breaker is a thermal-magnetic circuit-breaker which provides protection against both short circuits and overloads, by rapidly opening the faulty circuit. It is a combination of a magnetic circuit-breaker (see Short-circuit protection) and an overload relay (see Overload protection). It conforms to IEC 097-2 and 097--1 (see Fig. 32 ). b the normal operation zone 1 . Since I < Ir, there is no tripping. b the thermal overload zone 2 . The thermal element trips; the trip time decreases as the overload increases. This tripping mode is therefore called inverse time in standards. b The high current zone 3 , monitored by the instantaneous magnetic element or short-circuit element whose operation is instantaneous (less than ms). b And, in some circuit-breakers (electronic circuitbreakers), an intermediate zone 4 monitored by a time-delayed magnetic element whose operation is delayed (by 0 to 300 ms). This tripping mode is called independent delay mode in standards. It can be used to avoid incorrect tripping when peak magnetizing current of motors is present at switch-on. Their limits are: Ir: setting current of the overload protection; this must match the nominal current (In) of the motor to be protected. Im: trip current of the time-delayed magnetic protection. Iinst: trip current of the instantaneous magnetic protection. This can vary from 3 to 17 times Ir, but is generally close to 10 Ir. Ics: rated breaking capacity in short circuit Icu: ultimate (maximum) breaking capacity in short circuit
L1 L2 L3
I> I> I>
Fig. 32 : Motor circuit-breaker (Telemecanique GV7) and its graphic symbol.
In these circuit-breakers, the magnetic devices (short-circuit protection) have a non-adjustable trip threshold, generally about 10 times the maximum setting current of thermal trips. Their thermal elements (overload protection) are compensated against variations in ambient temperature. The thermal protection threshold can be adjusted on the front panel of the circuitbreaker. Its value must match the nominal current of the motor to be protected. In all these circuit-breakers, coordination (type II) between the thermal elements and the shortcircuit protection is provided by the design. Additionally, in the open position, most of these devices have a sufficient clearance distance (between their contacts) to provide an isolation function. They also incorporate a padlocking device required for logging. Tripping curves A motor circuit-breaker is characterized by its tripping curve, which represents the trip time of the circuit-breaker as a function of the current (multiple of Ir). This curve has four zones (see Fig. 33 ):
t(s)
Overload zone Short-circuit zone
2 4 3
I(A) Ics Icu
Ir
1.0 Ir 1.20 Ir
Im Iinst
Fig. 33 : Operating zones of a thermal-magnetic circuitbreaker.
5 Motor starters
5.1 Background
A motor starter has four basic functions: b Isolation b Short-circuit protection b Overload protection b Control (on - off). Each motor starter can be enhanced with additional functionality according to the application requirements. These relate to: b Power: speed adjustment, progressive starting, phase inversion, etc. b Control: auxiliary contacts, time delay, communication, etc. In the design of a motor starter, the functions are distributed in different ways, as shown schematically in Figure 34 .
Isolator-fuse: b short-circuit protection, b isolation for maintenance. Contactor: b on-off Overload relay: b overload protection
Thermal-magnetic circuit-breaker: b short-circuit protection, b overload protection b isolation for maintenance. Contactor : b on-off
Magnetic circuit-breaker: b short-circuit protection, b isolation for maintenance. Contactor : b on-off b disconnection in case of fault. Variable speed drive: b progressive starting, b variable speed control, b motor protection, b overload protection.
Motor
Motor
Motor
Fig. 34 : The various functions and their combinations forming a motor starter.
5.2 The basic functions of motor starters

Isolation The isolation function is essential, and must form the basis of any circuit (see installation standards NF C1-100, IEC 03--3); it is not stipulated but is recommended for all motor starters. It serves to isolate the circuits from their power source (power supply line) in a secure way in order to protect property and personnel during maintenance, repair or modification work carried out on the downstream electrical circuits. This isolation must be designed according to the specifications, which require: b simultaneous all-pole breaking b conformity with specified clearances according to the supply voltage b interlocking b visible, or fully apparent, circuit-breaking: v visible breaking signifies that the opening of the poles can be viewed directly by an operator v apparent breaking is identified either by the position of the actuator, or by a position indicator which, according to the standard, must not indicate the off position unless the contacts are actually separated by a sufficient distance specified in the standards. Manufacturers offer numerous devices to perform this function. The isolation and short-circuit protection functions are often combined in a single device (e.g. fused isolator). For this purpose, some basic devices have to be supplemented with an additional device, such as a plug-in support. Reminder: An isolator is intended to isolate a circuit; it has no breaking or making capacity. It is therefore always operated in no-load conditions.
Short-circuit protection This function requires the detection of overcurrents following short circuits (generally more than 10 times the nominal current) and the opening of the faulty circuit. It is provided by fuses or magnetic circuit-breakers. Overload protection This function requires the detection of excess currents following overloads (Ir < Ioverloads < Im) and the opening of the faulty circuit. It is provided by electromechanical or electronic devices (overload relays) combined with a breaking device (circuit-breaker or contactor) or incorporated in electronic starters or variable speed drives. It also protects the motor line against thermal overloads. Control Control signifies the closing (making) and opening (breaking) of an electrical circuit under load. The control function is provided by switches or possibly by motor circuit-breakers, starters or variable speed drives. However, the contactor is the product most commonly used for this function, since it allows remote control. For motors, this control device must permit a large number of operations (electrical durability) and must conform to IEC 097--1. According to these standards, manufacturers must specify the following characteristics for this equipment: b Control circuit v the nature of the control current, and its frequency in the case of alternating current v the rated voltage of the control circuits (Uc) or the control supply voltage (Us) b Power circuit v the rated operating voltage (Uo): this is generally expressed as the voltage between phases. It determines the operation of the
circuits to which the making and breaking capacity relates, the type of application and the starting characteristics v the rated operating current (Io) or rated operating power : this characteristic is defined by the manufacturer according to the specified conditions of use and takes into account, in particular, the rated operating voltage and the conventional thermal current (Ith corresponds to the maximum value of the test current: Ith u Ie). In the case of equipment for the direct control of a single motor, the indication of a rated operating current can be replaced or supplemented by that of the rated maximum available power. In some cases, this information is supplemented with: v the duty rating, with details of the intermittent duty class, if applicable. The classes define different operating cycles v the rated making and/or breaking capacity. These are maximum currents, specified by the manufacturer, which a piece of equipment can establish (making) or interrupt (breaking) in a satisfactory way in specified conditions. The rated making and breaking capacities are not necessarily specified by the manufacturer, but the standard requires minimum values for each category of operation. b The standards of the IEC 097 series define operating categories according to the applications for which the control devices are intended (see Fig. 35 ). Each category is characterized by one or more operating conditions such as: v currents v voltages v the power factor or time constant v and other operating conditions if necessary.
Type of current Operating categories Alternating AC-1 current AC-2 AC-3 AC- Direct current DC-1 DC-3 DC-
Typical applications Non-inductive or low-inductance loads, resistance furnaces. Power distribution (lighting, generator sets, etc.) Slip-ring motors: starting, disconnection. Equipment for intensive use (lifting, handling, grinding machines, rolling mill trains, etc.) Squirrel cage motors: starting, disconnection of started motors(1). Motor control (pumps, compressors, fans, machine tools, conveyors, presses, etc.) Squirrel cage motors: starting, reversing, inching. Equipment for intensive use (lifting, handling, grinding machines, rolling mill trains, etc.) Non-inductive or low-inductance loads, resistance furnaces. Shunt motors: starting, reversing, inching. Dynamic disconnection of motors for direct current. Series motors: starting, reversing, inching. Dynamic disconnection of motors for direct current.
(1) The AC-3 category can be used for inching or reversing for occasional operations of limited duration, such as the assembly of a machine; the number of these operations during these limited periods does not normally exceed five operations per minute or ten in a period of 10 minutes.
Fig. 35 : The different operating categories of contactors according to their intended applications, as shown in IEC 60947-1.
Thus the following characteristics are taken into account, for example: v the making and breaking conditions v the nature of the controlled load (squirrel cage motor, slip-ring motor, resistor) v conditions in which making and breaking takes place (motor running, motor stalled, during starting, counter-current braking, etc.). b Choosing a contactor: The operating categories defined in the standard can be used for an initial selection of equipment capable of meeting the requirements of the motors intended application. However, other constraints must be taken into account, and not
all of these are defined by the standard. Thus there are factors external to the application, such as the climatic conditions (temperature, humidity), the geographical location (altitude, coast). In some situations, the reliability of the equipment can also be a critical factor, particularly when maintenance is difficult. The electrical life (durability of the contacts) of the equipment (the contactor) is also an important characteristic. It is therefore essential to consult comprehensive, detailed catalogues, in order to ensure that the chosen equipment meets all these requirements.
5.3 The special case of electronic starters and variable speed drives
Starting asynchronous motors by direct connection to the line supply is the solution which is most common, most economical and most suitable for a wide range of machines. However, this may entail constraints (such as the inrush current on starting, mechanical shocks on starting, the impossibility of controlling acceleration and deceleration and the impossibility of varying the speed) which may be troublesome for some applications, or even incompatible with the desired operation of the machine. Electronic starters and variable speed drives (see Fig. 36 ) can overcome these problems, but the conventional protection described above is ineffective with equipment which modulates the electrical energy supplied to the motor. Electronic variable speed drives and starters therefore have integrated protection. Modern variable speed drives generally provide overload protection for motors and self-protection. On the basis of the current measurement and data on the speed, a microprocessor calculates the motor temperature increase and sends an alarm or trip signal if the heating is excessive. Variable speed drives, and in particular frequency inverters, are also often fitted with protection against: b short-circuits between phases and between phase and ground b overvoltages and voltage drops b phase unbalance b single-phase operation Additionally, data produced by the thermal protection incorporated in the variable speed drive can be exchanged with a PLC or a supervisor via the communications link provided in the more advanced variable speed drives and starters. For further information about electronic starters and variable speed drives, see SchneiderElectric Cahier Technique no. 208.
Fig. 36 : Variable speed drive (Telemecanique ATV58H).
5.4 A complementary function: communication

Communication is a function that has become almost indispensable in industrial production processes and systems. It provides a remote method of monitoring the machines of a production system, interrogating different devices, and controlling the machines. Industrial network communication can be broken down into five levels, represented by a triangle, according to the CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) concept (see Fig. 37 next page). For this form of communication, which can also be global, between all elements of a production system, communicating components or modules (see Fig. 38 next page) are integrated into many devices, including protection devices such as multi-function relays or motor starters. With communication modules such as AS-i, Modbus, Profibus, etc., it is possible, for example, to control a motor (remote on-off control of the motor starter), and also to remotely monitor the motor load (current measurement)
Entreprise level Factory level Workshop level Cell level Machine level
Production management Scheduling Supervision Automated systems Sensors - Actuators
Fig. 37 : The five levels of industrial communication.
and/or existing faults (overcurrent overload, etc.) or earlier faults (log). Communication systems are not only useful for integrating protection into automatic industrial processes, but also enable any breakdown to be anticipated (pre-alarm conditions, etc.), thus reducing downtime and ensuring continuity of operation. It therefore helps to improve equipment management, with positive effects on the economic outcome.
Fig. 38 : A starter-controller with the Modbus communication module (Telemecanique Tesys U).
5.5. Motor starters and coordination

Motor starter solutions As explained at the start of this chapter, the main functions required from a motor starter (isolation, control and protection against short circuits and overloads) can be provided by different devices. There are three possible combinations of devices (see Fig. 39 ) which enable a motor starter to provide all these functions correctly, but they require compatibility between the characteristics of each of the combined devices. b The all in one solution: The three functions are combined in a single device; its overall performance is guaranteed by the manufacturer. For the user, this is the simplest solution, from the design phase through to installation: it is easy to install (less wiring) and can be chosen immediately (no special research needed). b The two device solution Thermal-magnetic circuit-breaker + contactor Compatibility between the characteristics of the two devices must be checked by the user. b The three device solution Magnetic circuit-breaker + contactor + overload relay This can cover a wide power range. This combination requires a compatibility study for the selection of the devices and an installation study for their mounting on a chassis or in an enclosure.
Solution "1 product"
LU motor starter Solution "2 products"
GV2 M LC1 K Thermal-magnetic + contactor circuit-breaker Solution "3 products"
GVE LE Magnetic + circuit-breaker
LC1 K contactor
LRK overload relay
Fig. 39 : The three possible combinations of devices for a motor starter.
This nature of this operation (compatibility, choice and installation) is not always obvious to users, since it is necessary to combine the characteristics of the different devices and have the skill to compare them. For this reason, manufacturers investigate the combinations of devices and then offer them in their catalogues. As part of this operation, they attempt to find optimal combinations of protection devices: this is the coordination concept. Coordination between protection and control This coordination is the optimal combination of different protection devices (for short circuits and overloads) and the control device (contactor) which make up a motor starter. Designed for a given power rating, it provides the best protection for the equipment controlled by the motor starter (see Fig. 40 ). It has the double advantage of reducing equipment and maintenance costs, since the different protection devices are matched with each other as precisely as possible, without unnecessary redundancy. b There are different types of coordination. Two types of coordination (type 1 and type 2) are defined by IEC 097--1. v Type 1 coordination: this is the standard solution and is most commonly used. It requires that, in short-circuit conditions, the contactor or starter must not create any risk to personnel or installations. It allows the necessary repair or replacement of components before the restoration of service.
v Type 2 coordination: this is the highperformance version; it requires that the contactor or starter must not create any risk for personnel or installations, and must be capable of operating afterwards. The risk of contact welding is accepted; if this occurs, the manufacturer must state the action to be taken for the maintenance of the equipment. v There is a very high performance version, provided in CPS (control and protective switching devices) and offered by some manufacturers, called Total Coordination. This type of coordination requires that, in shortcircuit conditions, the contactor or starter must not create any risk for personnel or installations, and must be capable of operating afterwards. The risk of contact welding is not acceptable; the motor starter must be capable of being restarted immediately. b What type of coordination should be chosen? The choice of the type of coordination depends on the operating parameters. It must meet the users requirements at an optimal installation cost. v Type 1 Acceptable when continuity of service is not required and service can be restored after the replacement of the faulty elements. In this case, the maintenance service must be effective (available and competent). The advantage is a lower equipment cost. v Type 2 To be chosen when continuity of service is required. It requires less maintenance.
t(s)
Thermal withstand limits: - contactor - circuit-breaker - overload relay
In
0.7Ic Ic 1.2Ic
Overload zone Impedanceearthed short-circuit Short-circuit zone
I(A)
Tripping curves: 1 overload relay 2 magnetic trip release 3 fuse Fig. 40 : The principles of coordination.
To enable a motor starter to operate correctly, the coordination between all the devices must meet all the following requirements: b the overload relay must protect the magnetic circuit-breaker in the overload zone : its curve 1 must pass below that of the thermal withstand of the circuit-breaker; b and, conversely, in the short-circuit zones, in order to protect the thermal relay, the short-circuit trip curve must pass below that of the thermal withstand of the relay; b finally, in order to protect the contactor, its thermal withstand limit must be above the curves of the two trip releases (thermal, 1, and magnetic, 3) (or the fuse, 2). Note that the standard specifies the limit test currents: b up to 0.7 Ic only the thermal protection must operate; b above 1.2 Ic only the short-circuit protection must operate.
v When immediate restarting of the motor is essential, Total Coordination must be chosen. No maintenance is required.
The types of coordination offered in manufacturers catalogues simplify the users choices and provide assurance that the motor starter conforms to the standard.
5.6 Control and protective switching devices (CPS)

CPS or starter-controllers are designed to perform the functions of control and protection (against overload and short circuit) simultaneously; they are also designed to enable control to be provided in short-circuit conditions. They can also provide complementary functions such as isolation, enabling them to perform all the functions of a motor starter. They conform to IEC 097--2, which in particular defines the rated values and the operating categories of CPS, and to the principles of IEC 097-1 and 097--1. The various functions of a CPS are combined and coordinated to provide continuity of service for all currents up to the rated breaking capacity for short-circuit operation, Ics, of the device. The system may or may not incorporate a single device, but its characteristics are always rated as if for a single device. Additionally, the guarantee of total coordination between all the functions gives the user a simple choice of an optimal protection device which is easy to use. Even if it takes the form of a single device, a CPS can provide a degree of modularity equal to, or even greater than, that of a three product motor starter. This is true of the Telemecanique Tesys U starter-controller (see Fig. 41 ). This allows a control unit integrating the protection and control functions for motors from 0.1 A to 32 A to be added, or changed at any time, on a
1/L2 4/T2 1/L1 1/L3 6/T3
Power base unit Control units
Control unit
Fig. 41 : Example of a modular CPS (Telemecanique Tesys U starter-controller).
general-purpose power base unit or sub-base rated at 32 A (see Fig. 42 ). Additional functionality can also be installed, for the following aspects: b power: inverter unit, limiter b control: v function modules: alarms, motor load, automatic reset, etc. v communication modules: AS-i, Modbus, Profibus, CAN-Open, etc. v auxiliary contact modules, additional contacts.
Possible functions Starter states (ready, operating, faulty) Alarms (overcurrent, etc.) Thermal alarm Remote reset via the bus Indication of the motor load Fault differentiation Parameter setting and protection functions look-up Log function Supervision function Start and stop commands
Control units: Standard Expandable
Multi-function
Information carried on the bus (Modbus) and functions provided
Fig. 42 : Example of optional functions available with a modular system (Telemecanique Tesys U starter-controller).
2/T1
5.7 Discrimination
In an electrical installation, the loads are connected to the generators via a sequence of isolation, protection and control devices. Unless there is a carefully implemented discrimination plan, an electric fault may affect several protection devices. Thus a single fault can result in a larger or smaller part of the installation being switched off. This causes an additional loss of availability of electrical energy in correctly operating feeders. To prevent this loss, in a radial feeder layout (see Fig. 43 ) the aim of discrimination is to disconnect only the faulty feeder or motor from the line supply, while keeping the largest possible part of the installation live. Thus discrimination makes it possible to combine safety and continuity of service. It also facilitates fault location. To provide maximum continuity of service, protection devices which are coordinated with each other must be used. For this purpose, different methods are used to achieve either total discrimination, which covers all fault current levels up to the maximum available in the installation, or partial discrimination which does not cover the whole range. Discrimination methods There are several types of discrimination: b current-based, using a difference between the trip thresholds of the circuit-breakers connected in series b time-based, where the tripping of the upstream circuit-breaker is delayed by a few tens or hundreds of milliseconds, or use is made of the ordinary operating characteristics related to the ratings of the devices. Thus discrimination can be provided between two overload relays by meeting the condition Ir1 > 1. Ir2 (where r1 is upstream of r2). b SELLIM or energy-based, in the electricity supply field: here a limiting circuit-breaker is connected upstream, and opens for the time required for the operation of the downstream circuit-breaker, and then recloses. b logic, in which one circuit-breaker informs the other that the threshold has been exceeded, leaving the more downstream circuit-breaker the choice of whether to open. For further information on discrimination, see Schneider Electric Cahiers Techniques no. 17. Discrimination in processes For process control equipment (production lines, chemical production units, etc.), the discrimination methods most commonly used between motor starters and the electrical line supply to these processes are generally currentbased and time-based. In most cases, discrimination is provided by the limiting or ultralimiting capacity of the motor starters.
D1
D3
D2
Fig. 43 : Discrimination between two circuit-breakers D1 and D2 connected in series, where the same fault current is flowing through both, requires that only the circuit-breaker D2 downstream of D1 should open
5.8 Example
The aim is to select a motor starter for protecting and controlling a lifting pump where continuity of service is essential. Technical characteristics of the motor to be protected b Three-phase asynchronous motor b Power: kW at 00 V, 0 Hz, and nominal current In 8.1 A b Operating category AC-3 b Normal start (no specific starting time) b Short-circuit current of the installation calculated in relation to the equipment: Isc = 3 kA b Control voltage: 230 V. Essential limit characteristics The operating conditions lead to the following choice: b for short-circuit protection, and in order to provide the requisite continuity of service, a magnetic circuit-breaker must be provided, with a breaking capacity in excess of Isc, calculated as 3 kA in this case.
To allow the continuous passage of the nominal current, the operating current of the magnetic circuit-breaker must be more than In = 8.1 A. b for overload protection, given normal starting, the relay must be of class 10 or 10 A, with a setting current Is of 8.1 A or slightly more. b a contactor having an operating current of more than 8.1 A. Its control coil must be supplied at 230 V a.c. Since continuity of service is essential, type II coordination or total coordination of the protection devices is required.
The hardware solutions The selection of equipment having all these characteristics can be difficult, especially if devices made by different manufacturers have to be combined. However, most manufacturers catalogues show ranges of motor starters together with tables of tested combinations, facilitating the selection process. (see Fig. 44 ).
D.O.L. starters with circuit-breaker and thermal overload relay 3-product solution, type 2 coordination
Standard power ratings of 0/0 Hz three-phase motors in Category AC-3 00/1 V 0 V 00 V Ie Iq P Ie Iq P Ie Iq P kW A kA kW A kA kW A kA 0.08 0.22 130 0.0 0.19 130 0.09 0.12 0.18 LC1 D 3 LR D 0.3 0.2 0. . 8. 130 130 130 130 130 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.28 0.37 0. 130 130 130 Circuit-breaker Ref. Contactor Thermal overload relay Rating FLAm Ref.(2) Ref. Setting (1) range A A A 0. LC1 D09 LRD 02 0.10.2 0. 0.3 8 LC1 D09 LC1 D09 LRD 03 LRD 04 0.20.0 0.0.3
GV2 L
. . 10 0 GV2 L14 or LE14 GV2 LE14 GV2 L14 GV2 L14 or LE14 10 10 10 10 138 138 LC1 D09 LC1 D12 LC1 D12 LC1 D09 LRD 12 LRD 12 LRD 12 LRD 14 .8 .8 .8 710
GV2 L03 or LE03 GV2 L03 or LE03 GV2 L04 or LE04
Solution: GV2 L14 + LC1 D09 + LRD 14 TeSys U starter-controllers 1 product solution, total coordination - Power base Rated short-circuit breaking capacity (Isc)
Volts 230 0 00 kA 0 0 10 Note: For higher values, use limiters. At 90 V, use phase barrier LU9 SP0. Connection Power Screw clamp Control Screw clamp Rating y 0 V A 12 32 00 V A 12 23 90 V A 9 21 90 Ref. LUB 12 LUB 32
- Control units
LUB 12 Maximum standard power ratings of Setting Clip on power Ref. to be 0/0 Hz single-/three-phase motors range base rating completed with 00/1 V 00 V 90 V code indicating kW kW kW A A voltage Advanced control Pressing the Test button on the front panel simulates tripping on thermal overload. Class 10 for three-phase motors 0.09 0.2 2.2 1. 3 . . 9 7. 9 1 18. 1 1 0.10. 0.31. 1.2 312 .18 832 872 ES 12 and 32 12 and 32 12 and 32 12 and 32 32 32 11020 FU LUCB X6pp LUCB 1Xpp LUCB 05pp LUCB 12pp LUCB 18pp LUCB 32pp
Existing control circuit voltages

Volts c a c or a 2 BL B -
Solution: LUB12 + LUCB 12 FU Fig. 44 : Two solutions in which good coordination between the different functions of a motor starter is guaranteed (source: Telemecanique).
6 Conclusion
In any installation including electric motors, different kinds of faults can occur. But, whether they originate in the motors (short circuits between phases, etc.) or are related to the operation of the motor (rotor locking, prolonged starting, etc.) or to the power supply (overvoltage, unbalance, etc.), their effects on the motors can include short circuits and/or overheating of the windings, which may destroy them. Accordingly, in order to avoid these mishaps or limit their effects, every motor should be protected from: b short circuits: by fuses, magnetic circuitbreakers, etc. b and overloads: by thermal or electronic overload relays, multi-function relays, etc. In a motor starter, these protection elements are combined with an isolation device and a control device. To ensure that they perform their functions correctly, their coordination must be ensured. This is an operation which is often difficult for the designer of the installation or machine, since he has to take into account not only the type of motor, but also its mode of operation and the characteristics of the installation. To facilitate the selection process, all major manufacturers of motor starters publish combination tables for their equipment in their catalogues. Only a few manufacturers, such as Schneider Electric, have produced devices which incorporate all the necessary elements to guarantee the correct operation of a whole installation. Thus the requisite motor protection devices can be rapidly specified and installed without the risk of random occurrences.
Appendix 1: Modular system of the Tesys U starter-controller
The Tesys U CPS, or starter-controller (made by Telemecanique) is a direct motor starter for protecting and controlling single-phase or threephase motors. Its functions are integrated simply by plugging control units and modules into a power base unit (see Fig. 45 ). With this technology, the CPS can be adapted up to the last minute, and other plug-in elements are available to simplify or even eliminate the wiring in it. Power base unit [1] b Independent of the control voltage and the motor power b Integrates the circuit-breaker function with a breaking power of 0 kA at 00 V, total coordination (continuity of service), and the switch function Control units [2] b Standard control unit v Protection against overloads and short circuits v Protection against phase failure and unbalance v Protection against isolation faults (equipment protection only) v Manual reset b Expandable control unit v Includes the functionality of the standard control unit (see above) v When combined with a function or communication module: - fault differentiation with manual reset - fault differentiation with remote or automatic reset - thermal pre-alarm - indication of the motor load. b Multi-function control unit v Includes the functionality of the standard control unit (see above) v Reset parameters can be modified in manual or automatic mode v Protection system alarm v Display on front panel or on remote terminal, using Modbus RS 8 port v Log function v Monitoring function, displaying the main motor parameters on the front panel of the control unit or on a remote terminal v Fault differentiation (short circuit, overload, etc.) v Protection against excess torque and no-load operation
1
Fig. 45 : Tesys U modular starter-controller.
Modules [3-4] b Auxiliary contacts b Function v Fault differentiation (with manual reset or remote or automatic reset) v Thermal pre-alarm v Indication of the motor load b Communication v Parallel bus v Serial bus: AS-Interface, Modbus, Profibus, etc. Inverter unit [5] Limiter-isolator unit [6]
Appendix 2: the main starting modes
DOL starting (see Fig. 46 ) This is the simplest and most economical starting mode, but, owing to its electromechanical
characteristics, it cannot be used unless: b the load allows a large starting torque b and the line supply allows a starting current which may be up to 10 times the nominal current.
C Cmax
Id / In I
Cn Cd
Acceleration torque Resistive torque
Cr
In
N
If (Cr)
N N1 Nn
N1 Nn
In the power network Starting current Brownout Harmonic disturbance Power factor In the motor Number of successive starts Available torque Temperature stress In the mechanism Stress on couplings Suitable load types Large overcurrent ( to 10 In) Considerable Considerable during starting Low during starting Limited (thermal withstand) Low during starting (see graph) Very considerable (rotor) Very considerable Low-inertia load
Fig. 46 : Graphs and summary of the induced effects of the DOL starting mode.
Star-triangle starting The principle of this mode is that the motor is started by coupling the windings in star configuration under the line voltage (see Fig. 47 ), which is equivalent to dividing the nominal voltage of the motor in star configuration by 3. The peak starting current is then divided by 3, i.e. Is = 1. to 3 In. This is a simple and economical starting mode which reduces the current peak on starting (see Fig. 48 next page). It can only be used if: b the starting load is zero, or has a low torque not exceeding 1/3 of the nominal torque b and the line can withstand the excess current during the coupling changeover. Rheostatic stator starting The principle is to start the motor at a reduced voltage by connecting resistors in series with the windings (see Fig. 49 next page). When the speed is stabilized, the resistors are short-circuited and the motor is coupled directly to the line supply. This operation is generally controlled by a timer.
U L1 L2 L3 1 Q1 2 4 6 3 5 X
1 KM2 2
3 4
5 KM3 6
1 2
3 4
5 KM1 6
1 2
3 4
5 6
(U) (V) (W) U1 V1 W1 M 3 U2 V2 W2 (X) (Y) (Z) F2
1 2
3 4
5 6
Fig. 47 : Electrical diagram of a star-triangle starter.
C / Cn Cmax 2 C in Y 1 Resistive torque N1 Nn

In the power network Starting current Brownout Harmonic disturbance Power factor In the motor Number of successive starts Available torque Temperature stress In the mechanism Stress on couplings Suitable load types
Id / In
C in
I
4 2
I in I in Y If (Cr)
N N1 Nn
Cr N
In
Low overcurrent (1. to 3 In) Considerable on change of coupling Considerable during starting Degraded during starting 2 to 3 times greater than in direct connection Reduced during starting (1/3 Cn) Lower than in direct connection Lower than in direct connection Low-inertia
Fig. 48 : Graphs and summary of the effects of the star-triangle starting mode. L1 L2 L3 1 Q1 2 4 6 3 5
Autotransformer starting The motor is supplied at reduced voltage by means of an autotransformer which is switched out of the circuit after starting.
1 KM1 2
3 4
5 KM1 6
1 2
3 4
5 6
Ic Id
6 5
I (direct) I (stage 1)
R1 R3 R5 R2 R4 R6
4 3 2
with resistances
I (stage 2)
without resistance
1 F2 2 U
3 4 V M 3
5 1 6 W Torque 1.5 C (direct) Cm (stage 2) N
50
100
Fig. 49 : Electrical diagram and sequence of a rheostatic stator starter.
1 0.5 Cm (stage 1) Cresistive 50 100 N
This starting mode avoids power cuts during the starting phase; it can greatly reduce the magnetizing current peaks (transients). However, the starting current remains high, at about . In. This starting mode causes a considerable loss of torque and power (see Fig. 50 ).
Fig. 50 : Current and torque graphs for a rheostatic stator starter.
Starting takes place in three stages (see Fig. 51 ). This starting mode is used mostly in LV applications for power ratings of more than 10 kW and for mechanisms having low inertia
where the torque characteristics can withstand the decrease in motor torque in a ratio varying from 0. to 0.8 with respect to the starting torque of the motor (see Fig. 52 ).
L1 L2 L3 Stage 1 L1 L2 L3
I> I> I>
U K3 K2 U1 V1 W1 Stage 2 L1 L2 L3
V 3 M
Stage 3 L1 L2 L3 U V 3 U V 3 M W M W
U3 V3 W3 U V M 3 W U2 V2 W2 K1
Fig. 51 : Electrical diagram and sequence of autotransformer starting.
Ic
6 5 4
Id I (direct)
Electronic starting (soft starter) When the motor is switched on, it is supplied with a progressively increasing voltage. This is produced by means of a power controller whose output voltage can be controlled by an acceleration ramp which is determined by the value of the limit current, or the torque, or is related to these two parameters (see Fig. 53 ). This is a high-performance starting mode which allows soft starting and stopping. In current limiting control, a maximum current (3 to In) is fixed during the starting phase, although this decreases the torque performance. This form of starting is particularly suitable for turbine machines such as centrifugal pumps and fans.
I (3e temps)
3 2 1 50 100 N
I (1er temps)
Couple 1,5 1 0,5 C (direct)
Cm (2e tps)
Cm (3e tps)
Cm (1er tps) Crsistant 50 100 Fig. 53 : Progressive starting and deceleration unit (Telemecanique Altistart 01). N
Fig. 52 : Current and torque graphs for an autotransformer starter.
In torque regulation control, the torque performance is optimized on starting, but with negative effects on the current drawn from the line supply. Frequency converter starting This operates on a principle similar to that of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) according to a PWM sinus law. This method provides regular and shock-free rotation of the machines, even at low speed, because the output current waveform is very close to a sine wave. This is a high-performance starting mode, used when the speed must be controlled. Suitable for all types of machine, it can be used for the following purposes, among others: b starting high-inertia loads b starting large loads in a network with a low short-circuit capacity b optimizing electricity consumption in accordance with the speed of turbine machines.
Appendix 3: Bibliography
Standards b IEC 003-2: Rotating electrical machines. b Part 2: Effects of unbalanced voltages on the performance of three-phase induction motors. b IEC 03, NF C 1-100: Low-voltage electrical installations. b IEC 097-1: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 1 : General rules. b IEC 097-2: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 2 : Circuit-breakers. b IEC 097--1: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part -1: Contactors and motorstarters - Electromechanical contactors and motor-starters. b IEC 097--2: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part -2: Multiple function equipment - Control and protective switching devices (or equipment) (CPS). b IEC 097-8: Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 8 : Control units for built-in thermal protection (PTC) for rotating electrical machines. b IEC 1000-2-1: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 2: Environment - Section 1: Description of the environment - Electromagnetic environment for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public power supply systems. Schneider Electric Cahiers Techniques b Overvoltages and insulation coordination in MV and HV Cahier Technique no. 11- Didier FULCHIRON b Energy-based discrimination for LV protective devices Cahier Technique no. 17 - Marc SERPINET and Robert MOREL b LV surges and surge arresters - LV insulation coordination Cahier Technique no. 179 - Christophe SRAUDIE b Discrimination with LV power circuit-breakers Cahier Technique no. 201 - Jean-Pierre NEREAU b LV protection devices and variable speed drives (frequency converters) Cahier Technique no. 20 - Jacques SCHONEK and Yves NEBON b Electric motors ... and how to improve their control and protection Cahier Technique no. 207 - Etienne GAUCHERON b Electronic starters and variable speed drives Cahier Technique no. 208 - Daniel CLENET
Miscellaneous b Schmathque Technologies du contrle industriel, Edition CITEF - Collection Technique Telemecanique 199 b Utilisation industrielle des moteurs courant alternatif, TEC & DOC, Schneider-Electric 2001 Jean BONAL b Protections lectriques des alternateurs et moteurs, Techniques de lIngnieur no. D 377 Bernard GUIGUES b Protections lectriques des alternateurs et moteurs, Techniques de lIngnieur no. D 820 Jacques VERSCHOORE b Guide dinstallation et de maintenance des Moteurs asynchrones triphass ferms cage ou bagues, Leroy Somer Document
SchneiderElectric
Schneider Electric Industries SAS Head Office 89, bd Franklin Roosevelt 92506 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex FRANCE
DTP: AXESS Valence. Transl.: Lloyd International - Tarpoley - Cheshire - GB Editor: Schneider Electric
01-07
2007 Schneider Electric

LV Motors Protection

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Collection Technique

Cahier technique no. 211

Building a New Electric World

ECT 211 first issue, January 2007

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.2

The protection of LV motors

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

2 Brief guide to electric motors

2.1 The various types of motor

Starting peak (magnetizing peak)

Motor starting phase Normal motor operation 20 to 30 ms 1 to 10 s t

Ip = 10 to 13 n: Magnetizing current Id = 4 to 8 In: Starting current In: Nominal rms current

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

2.2 The applications of low-voltage motors

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

3 Causes of faults and their consequences

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.7

Insulation resistance (M) 100

Service life (%) 100

1.15xIn Current T+30 C

Fig. 6 : Example of overvoltage.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.8

Type of overvoltage Atmospheric Electrostatic discharge Operational At ????? frequency

Damping High Very high Average Zero

Fig. 7 : Characteristics of different types of overvoltage.

3, 1.0 In 12. 11

Fig. 9 : Effect of voltage unbalance on the operating characteristics of a motor.

Fig. 8 : Voltage readings from an unbalanced threephase system.

Voltage unbalance (%)

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.9

-0. -1 Fig. 11 : Example of a brownout and a brief power cut.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.10

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.11

Fault Short circuit

Voltage unbalance Brownouts Harmonics Excessive starting time Locking Overload

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.12

4.1 Short-circuit protection

Cos j 0.7 0. 0.3 0.2 0.2

Making capacity (MC) 1. BC 1.7 BC 2 BC 2.1 BC 2.2 BC

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.13

I> I> I>

Fig. 18 : Tripping curves of magnetic circuit-breakers.

4.2 Overload protection

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.1

Altitude m 1000 100 2000 200 3000 300 000

40 C 1.00 0.97 0.9 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.78

45 C 0.9 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.8 0.80 0.7

50 C 0.92 0.89 0.8 0.8 0.80 0.7 0.72

55 C 0.87 0.8 0.82 0.79 0.7 0.72 0.8

60 C 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.7 0.71 0.8 0.

Narrower tolerances (band E)

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.1

Class 30 Class 20 Class 10

1.05 1.50 1.20

Fig. 21 : Tripping curves of overload relays.

Trip release system

Trip capacity setting

Bimetallic strip with resistor Current output

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.1

1.4 Ir 1.3 Ir 1.2 Ir 1.1 Ir 1 Ir 0.9 Ir 0.8 Ir -10

Lower limit Upper limit Tripping zone

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.

3, 1.0 In 12. 11

-0. -1 Fig. 11 : Example of a brownout and a brief power cut.

Cos j 0.7 0. 0.3 0.2 0.2

Making capacity (MC) 1. BC 1.7 BC 2 BC 2.1 BC 2.2 BC

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.1

Altitude m 1000 100 2000 200 3000 300 000

40 C 1.00 0.97 0.9 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.78

45 C 0.9 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.8 0.80 0.7

50 C 0.92 0.89 0.8 0.8 0.80 0.7 0.72

55 C 0.87 0.8 0.82 0.79 0.7 0.72 0.8

60 C 0.82 0.79 0.77 0.7 0.71 0.8 0.

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.1

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.1

LR97D & LT7

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.2

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.2

Cahier Technique Schneider Electric no. 211 / p.2