mercury@Updatesofts.

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File h thng: Theo kinh nghim ca chng ti, 90% ngi s dng khng c hiu bit nhiu v cch son tho 2 file ny. Mt phn do cc sch dy v Dos ni qu nhiu khin ngi c khng phn bit c ci no chnh, ci no ph nn khng th nh ht c. Mt phn do ni dung ca 2 file ny khng c mt chun mc c nh m tu thuc vo mi my c th no nn rt kh dy y v d hiu. Chng ti cng khng c tham vng ni y m ch yu cp n cc phn khng th thiu trn a s my cho ngn, gn. Cc chng trnh thng dng khi ci t u t nhiu c sa cha 2 file ny nn ni dung ca chng thng xuyn thay i. S thay i ny li c nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca my. Do , khng c hiu bit v chng l mt thiu st ln v c th em li rt nhiu phin toi cho ngi dng my. Hai file ny l 2 file text thun tu nn chnh sa bn c th dng mt trong cc chng trnh son tho vn bn khng nh dng nh Edit.com, NC Edit trong Dos hoc cho chy Notepad, Sysedit trong Windows. Nm trong th mc gc ca da cng khi ng dng xc nh cu hnh ca h thng my v ci t cc driver thit b. Mi dng vn bn l mt lnh ca Dos. c bit Dos ch c file ny khi khi ng my do nu bn c sa i g trn file ny, bn phi khi ng li vic thay i c hiu lc (hin nay cng c vi chng trnh cho php bn ci t drv thit b trong Config.sys ngay ti du nhc m khng cn khi ng li). Ch : Lnh trong Config.sys phi ghi y ng dn v phi tht chnh xc do lc ny Dos cha lu tr ng dn (lnh Path) nn cha t ng i tm file c. ng ra trong file Config.sys cn nhiu lnh na, nhng lnh ny ta tm gi l lnh ni b (bao gm tt c lnh khc lnh device. Th d: Dos=; Lastdrive=; Shell=...), lun lun c np vi cc thng s mc nhin nn bnh thng ta khng cn quan tm. Ch khi no cn ch nh li thng s ta mi a vo nh trong th d sau. Lnh ni b khng quy nh th t, chng c u tin np trc d nm bt k v tr no trong file. Cc driver c np bng lnh device (tm gi l lnh b sung) trong Config.sys phi i theo th t nu chng c lin quan n nhau. Th d: Himem-Emm386devicehigh.
Tm hi u v h th ng

Cn bit khi s dng my tnh

CONFIG.SYS :

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V d file config.sys : Device= C:\Windows\Himem.sys /Testm:off Device= C:\windows\Emm386.exe noems ;Device= C:\windows\Emm386.exe ram Dos=High,UMB Devicehigh= D:\Audio\Opti930\Cdsetup.sys /T:X Devicehigh=C:\dos\Ecscdide.sys /d:ecscd001 Devicehigh=c:\windows\ifshlp.sys Lastdrive=H Shell=c:\dos\command.com c:\dos /p /E:512 Phn tch: Himem.sys v Emm386.exe phi c np trc bng lnh Device qun l vng b nh UMB,HMA. Sau bn mi dng c lnh Devicehigh np cc driver khc vo vng b nh ny. Device= C:\Windows\Himem.sys /Testm:off Thng s /Testmem:off hay /testm:off l ch nh Himem khi np khng cn kim tra b nh khi ng cho nhanh. Device= C:\windows\Emm386.exe noems ;Device= C:\windows\Emm386.exe ram Thng s Noems l ch nh khng dng b nh bnh trng. Thng s Ram l ch nh dng b nh bnh trng. Du ; l v hiu ho dng lnh i sau n, tng t nh lnh REM nhng chy nhanh hn v n khng phi l lnh nn khng mt thi gian thc hin. Khi chn Noems, Windows s chy nhanh hn chn Ram, nhng mt s chng trnh xa c vit cho my 286 v vi tr chi s khng chy c do chng i hi b nh bnh trng (Ram). Khi chn Ram, Windows chy chm v vng UMB s cn t do b mt 64Kb dnh lm khung trang cho b nh bnh trng. Theo chng ti, tt nht l bn c c 2 dng ny trong Config.sys. Bnh thng bn cho dng Noems c hiu lc. Khi no cn b nh bnh trng, bn mi cho dng Ram c hiu lc. Dos=High,UMB Cho php np Dos vo b nh cao (high) v cho php dng lnh Devicehigh np cc driver vo vng b nh trn (UMB). Nu khng c thng s UMB, cc lnh Devicehigh trong Config.sys v lnh Loadhigh trong Autoexec.bat s v tc dng. Devicehigh= D:\Audio\Opti930\Cdsetup.sys /T:X Devicehigh= C:\dos\Ecscdide.sys /d:ecscd001
Tm hi u v h th ng

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Dng th nht xc lp cho ng IDE trn card sound do a CD Rom ni vo card sound. Lnh ny c th khc nhau tu theo card sound bn ang dng. Nu CD Rom ni vo card I/O hay vo mainboard th khng cn dng lnh ny. Dng th nh ci driver iu khin a CD Rom. Thng s /D: dng t tn cho a CD Rom, tn ny phi trng vi tn trong Autoexec.bat. Ch : Tn ny s c dnh ring cho h thng, bn khng th to th mc hay file c tn trng vi tn ny. Devicehigh=c:\windows\ifshlp.sys Dng lnh ny dnh ring cho Windows dng chy 32BitFileAccess. Lastdrive=H Ch nh cho php s dng bao nhiu a trn my bn, bao gm 2 mm A,B (khng c cng tnh). Trong v d ny l 2 mm, 6 a logic khc (gm cng, CD Rom, tho ri...). Mc nhin ca Dos 6.22 khi khng c dng lnh ny l E, nu my bn c nhiu logic hn bn phi thm dng lnh ny. Shell=c:\dos\command.com c:\dos /p /E:512 Dng lnh ny ch nh a ch ca trnh thng dch cn phi np. Trong th d ny l Command.com nm trong th mc Dos ca C. khi khng c dng lnh ny, h iu hnh s tm np command.com nm trong th mc gc ca C. /P l cho php np file Autoexec.bat sau khi np config.sys. /E:512 ch nh tng vng mi trng ln 512byte. Vng mi trng l kch thc b nh dnh ring cha nhng thng tin khi bn nh lnh SET khi du nhc Dos. Mc nhin khi khng c lnh ny l 256byte.

AUTOEXEC.BAT

File ny cng nm trong th gc ca a khi ng v c np t ng sau khi np Config.sys. Cng dng ca file ny l to cc thng s v mi trng hot ng cho h thng v cc phn mm. Ni dung bao gm cc dng lnh ging y nh lnh bn nh ti du nhc v bn cng c th nh lnh m khng cn ghi chng vo file Autoexec.bat. Nh vy v thc cht, ta c th ni file Autoexec.bat gm mt chui cc lnh c lp sn Dos thc hin ln lt theo th t t dng u n dng cui, tit kim thi gian v cng sc nh lnh mi khi khi ng my. V d file Autoexec.bat sau: @echo off Path=C:\Windows;C:\Windows\Command;C:\NC Set path=%path%;c:\sb16 Set temp=C:\Temp Set NC=C:\NC
Tm hi u v h th ng

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Set Sound=C:\SB16 Set Blaster=A220 I5 D1 H5 P330 T6 ::LH C:\dos\mouse.com LH C:\Windows\Command\Mscdex.exe /d:ecscd001 /l:f LH C:\windows\smartdrv.exe Gii thch: @Echo off Thng l lnh u tin trong file autoexec.bat. Echo off ngn khng cho Dos hin th dng lnh ra mn hnh khi thc hin cc lnh sau lnh ny. @ trc lnh Echo off l ngn khng cho chnh lnh ny hin ln mn hnh. Path=C:\Windows;C:\Windows\Command;C:\NC To ng dn cho cc chng trnh,m t li tm v cc th mc m Dos truy tm cc chng trnh ny. Khi bn nh tn mt file chng trnh, Dos s tm trong cc a ch ny theo th t k khai. Set path=%path%;c:\sb16 C tc dng ging nh Path v v c np sau nn s chng ln lnh path. Trong th d ny lnh Set path nhm b sung ng dn C:\sb16 vo sau cc ng dn c trong lnh Path. %path% c ngha l np ton b ni dung trong lnh Path trc lnh ny. S d c lnh ny l nhm trnh vic nh 1 lnh Path di qu 125 k t (%Path% ch c tnh l 6 k t trong khi ni dung tht ca n c th ln n 125 k t). Set temp=C:\Temp Ch nh tn th mc dnh ring cho cc chng trnh cha file tm khi hot ng. Nu khng c dng lnh ny cc chng trnh s cha cc file tm ti ni chng khi ng hay trong th mc ca chng, gy kh khn cho vic dn dp a. Ch : Nu khng c lnh ny hay khng c th mc c ch nh trong lnh, NC5 s thng xuyn b mt cu hnh. Set NC=C:\NC Ch nh th mc cha cc thng tin cn thit cho hot ng ca NC5. Nu khng c lnh ny, NC5 c th thng bo li l khng tm thy cc file cn thit khi thc hin 1 chc nng no . Set Sound=C:\SB16 Set Blaster=A220 I5 D1 H5 P330 T6 Ch nh cc thng s hot ng ca card sound. Ch nh ny gip cc chng trnh cn iu khin card sound s bit cch hp tc vi chng. Cc thng s trong lnh Set Blaster c th khc nhau tu theo card.
Tm hi u v h th ng

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Ch : Nu c nhiu lnh Set trng tn, ga tr s do dng lnh Set cui cng quyt nh do n c np ln cc lnh trc . ::LH C:\dos\mouse.com Dng lnh ny b v hiu ho do c k hiu :: trc dng lnh. Du :: c tc dng nh lnh Rem nhng khng phi l lnh nn chy nhanh hn (ging nh du ; trong config.sys) LH C:\Windows\Command\Mscdex.exe /d:ecscd001 /l:f LH C:\windows\smartdrv.exe LH tc l Loadhigh: Np mt chng trnh thng tr ln vng b nh cao. LH ch c gi tr khi c lnh np Himem, Emm386 v Dos=umb trong Config.sys. Lnh 1 l np driver iu khin CD Rom. Thng s /D: phi ging nh trong Config.sys. Thng s /L:F c ngha t tn cho CD Rom l F. Lnh 2 l np chng trnh Cache a ca Dos nhm tng tc truy xut a. Lnh ny phi nm sau Smartdrv c th nhn thy v cache cho CD Rom.

A CU HNH:

Nu bn thng xuyn phi thay i 2 file h thng chy chng trnh. Tt nht l bn s dng a cu hnh cho my ca bn. Bn ch tn cng 1 ln khi to lp a cu hnh, sau my s thay i t ng khi bn mun. Ch : Nu mun dng a cu hnh, bn phi sa dng BOOTGUI=0 trong file MSDOS.SYS i vi Win 95. Th d v a cu hnh: CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT [Menu] @Echo off menuitem=Win95,Windows 95 path=c:\nc;c:\sound; menuitem=Win311,Windows 3.11 set nc=c:\nc menuitem=Game,Dos Game set temp=c:\temp menudefault=Win95,5 Set Sound=C:\SB16 [common] Set Blaster=A220 I5 D1 H5 device=c:\win95\himem.sys /testm:off goto %config% dos=high,umb,noauto lastdrive=h [Win95] :Win95 device=c:\win95\emm386.exe noems set path=c:\win95\command;%Path%; devicehigh=c:\win95\ifshlp.sys Win [Win311] goto end device=c:\win95\emm386.exe noems :Win311
Tm hi u v h th ng

Updatesofts.com devicehigh=c:\win311\ifshlp.sys [Game] device=c:\win95\emm386.exe Ram

Ebook Team set path=c:\win311;%path%; lh c:\Win311\Mscdex.exe /d:ecscd001 /l:f lh c:\win95\smartdrv.exe Win goto end :Game lh c:\Win311\Mscdex.exe /d:ecscd001 /l:f lh c:\win95\smartdrv.exe goto end :end

Gii thch: Trong th d trn, chng ti c tnh xp t cho cc bn thy s tng ng gia cc nhm cu hnh trong 2 file h thng (trn thc t, bn khng cn c nhng dng trng). [menu]: nhm tn. menuitem=Win95,Windows 95: t tn. u tin l tn nhm vit tt cho gn khi son tho, tn sau du phy l tn chi tit dng hin th ra mn hnh khi khi ng. menudefault=Win95,5: Ch nh nhm mc nhin my t chn (Win95) sau thi gian ch i (5 giy) m bn khng quyt nh chn. [Common]: Nhm chung, cc lnh trong nhm ny c dng chung cho mi cu hnh. [Win95]: Nhm cu hnh ring. Tn nhm ring trong Config.sys phi trng vi tn nhm tng ng trong Autoexec.bat. Cc lnh trong nhm ch c np khi bn chn cu hnh. Ch : Lnh Dos=noauto ch dng khi bn s dng Win 95, n c tc dng ch th ngn Win 95 khng c np driver IFSHLP.SYS t ng gip cho Win 3.11 np driver ca mnh khi chn cu hnh Win311 (drv ny dng chy 32 bit file). goto %config%: lnh r nhnh n tn nhm tng ng trong Config.sys. :Win95: Nhm cu hnh goto end: Lnh r nhnh n nhm End. Nu khng c lnh ny, Dos s thc hin tip cc lnh trong nhm k tip theo th t dng lnh. Ch : Cc lnh nm ngoi nhm hay nm trong nhm End l lnh chung, s c s dng cho mi cu hnh. Lnh Win dng t ng np win. Nu khng c lnh ny, my s ngng du nhc Dos.
Tm hi u v h th ng

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TRC TRC V SA CHA:

Bn c th cho h thng khi ng m khng thc hin cc lnh trong Config.sys hoc Autoexec.bat; bn cng c th cho h thng khi ng v quyt nh cho np tng dng lnh. Bn thc hin iu ny khi mn hnh xut hin dng ch Starting Ms Dos hoc Starting Windows 95 lc mi khi ng my, bn nhn F5 (b qua 2 file h thng) hay F8 (np tng dng lnh). Vic lm ny cn thit khi bn mun bit do dng lnh no lm my ca bn trc trc bn c th sa cha thch hp. Khi dng lnh trong Config.sys b li. Dos s thng bo c th l dng lnh th my, bn kim tra li v sa cha cho ng. Khi dng lnh trong Autoexec.bat b li. Dos thng thng bo l Bad command or file name, bn phi dng fm F8 kim tra chnh xc dng no b li. Cc li thng gp l: Sai a ch cha file np, sai tn file, khng c file trn a, d du cch (du cch cng l 1 k t). Khi ci t chng trnh mi, 2 file h thng hay b sa cha. Bn cn kim tra v xp sp li cho hp l. Cc lnh trong Autoexec.bat phi c nm di lnh @echo off chng khi hin th "lnh knh" ra mn hnh. QUN L B NH : Mt vn thng xy ra khi bn chi cc tr chi trong Dos, hoc khi chy mt chng trnh no l h thng thng bo khng b nh. Mn hnh hin ln dng ch sau : "Out of memory" B nh c cp y l RAM (tt ch Random Access Memory) cung cp vng lu tr tm thi cho cc chng trnh v d kin. Tt c cc chng trnh u cn n b nh chy. Mt s chng trnh i hi b nh nhiu hn mt s khc. Vic c bao nhiu b nh hu dng (Available Memory) s nh hng ln nhng chng trnh m bn c th chy. Di y chng ti xin gii thch s v cu to ca b nh ca my PC m khng i qu su v mt k thut cho cc bn d hiu. + B nh quy c (Conventional Memory) : L vng b nh t 0 Kb n 640 Kb. Mi my vi tnh u c vng b nh ny. T "quy c" c t ra l v loi b nh ny xut hin t khi my PC mi ra i, sau ny b nh ngy cng tng vt qua gii hn 640 Kb, nn phn b nh ny c t tn nh vy. Cc chng trnh ng dng u s dng n vng b nh ny + B nh vng trn (Upper Memory Area - UMA) : L vng b nh nm gia vng b nh quy c v b nh m rng. Kch thc 384 Kb (t 640Kb n 1Mb). Mt phn ca vng ny c Dos chia thnh nhng khi gi l Upper Memory Block Tm hi u v h th ng

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UMB (Lnh Dos=UMB l a mt phn ca Dos vo vng ny). Mt phn khc ca vng ny c khung trang cho b nh phn trang EMS. + B nh m rng (Extended Memory - XMS) : L vng b nh nm trn 1 Mb. s dng vng b nh ny CPU phi chuyn qua ch bo v (Protected Mode). Cn vng di 1Mb th CPU trong ch thc (Real Mode). May mn cho chng ta, vic chuyn qua li gia hai ch ny c Dos v cc nh ch to CPU lo + B nh vng cao (High Memory Area - HMA) : L vng thuc b nh m rng, nhng nm k ngay b nh vng trn, kch thc 64 Kb (t 1024 Kb n 1088 Kb). Chnh trnh o din Himem.sys cho php bn s dng c 24 Kb ca vng b nh m rng ny chuyn mt phn chng trnh h thng ca Dos ln y gii phng thm ch cho b nh quy c + B nh phn trang (Expanded Memory -EMS) cn c gi l b nh bnh trng. B nh ny c phn thnh tng trang kch thc 16 Kb v c nh x vo vng khung trang ca UMB. C nhng chng trnh s dng ch trng trn da cng lm b nh phn trang. Chng trnh no mun s dng b nh phn trang th phi bo r l mnh cn b nh phn trang cho trnh qun l EMM, vic ny ng v pha ngi vit chng trnh phn mm phi tho chng thm gy tn km cho nh sn xut nn ngi ta t vit chng trnh loi ny. Bi vy nu bn m file Config.sys xem th thy a s trn my chng ta trnh qun l b nh Emm386.exe thng c ci t vi tham s noems (NO EMS ngha l khng s dng b nh phn trang) Ni chung vic qun l b nh l lm sao ta c c phn b nh hu dng tc l phn cn li ca b nh quy c cng ln cng tt. lm vic ny ta phi c hiu bit v Himem.sys v Emm386.exe c ci t bng lnh Device trong file Config.sys, bit cch xp sp cc dng lnh trong 2 file h thng nhm a cc phn c th ln cc b nh khc gii phng c nhiu ch trng cho b nh quy c. Mun bit b nh c phn b ra sao, t du nhc Dos, bn nh lnh Mem. Trnh qun l b nh c sn ca Dos l Himem.sys v Emm386.exe, bn c th dng trnh tin ch qun l khc nh QEMM Bn c th dng Memaker, QEMM t ng sa cha 2 file h thng dm bn. Nhng bn cn phi chy li chng mi khi bn hay cc phn mm mi ci t thay i ni dung 2 file ny, nu khng b nh ca bn cn "t" hn l bn khng s dng chng. Mt s nguyn tc ti u 2 file h thng trong vic qun l b nh.
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a/ Lun lun np Himem.sys v Emm386.exe trc tin. Ring v Emm386, nn dng thng s NOEMS v c th thm 2 thng s Highscan v I=B000(B7FF tng dung lng cho khi UMB. Th d: device=c:\dos\emm386.exe noems highscan I=b000(b7ff b/ Phi c dng lnh Dos=high,umb c/ i tt c lnh device thnh devicehigh nu c. Bn phi i th tng lnh ri khi ng li xem chng c bo li khng v c mt s drv khng np c ln b nh cao. d/ Thm LH vo trc tt c cc dng lnh np drv thng tr trong Autoexec.bat ging nh mc c. i vi cc lnh np file chng trnh chy ri thot nh NDD, IMAGE th khng cn. e/ Thng xuyn dng lnh MEM kim tra b nh quy c. Nu trn 600Kb l chng t bn xp sp tt 2 file h thng. CI T, G B PHN MM NG DNG & TIN CH : Khi mi mua my, ni bn c ci sn cho chng ta mt s chng trnh chng ta s dng, nhng vi thi gian nhu cu s dng thay i, chng ta c th cn thm hay bt mt s chng trnh cho ph hp vi nhu cu ca chng ta.

CI T :

Thm mt phn mm (chng trnh) no vo my vi tnh, l ci t chng trnh. Trc tin bn cn phn bit gia sao chp (Copy) v ci t (Install hay Setup) C mt s phn mm nh, khi chy ch cn 1 vi file v chy c lp khng "quan h" vi cc phn mm khc. Ta ch cn c mt bn sao (Copy) ca n, em v vo da cng ca ta (cng Copy) l c th s dng c bng cch cho thi hnh mt trong cc file .bat hay .exe ca phn mm . Th d: VIETRES, NC, NU... Nhng i vi cc phn mm ln ca Dos cng nh Windows, khi chy cn nhiu file v c "nh v" n cc phn mm khc. Th d: 3DS, ACAD, VIETWARE...Mun s dng c, trc ht ta cn c bn gc trn a mm hay trn CD ROM, sau ta phi ci t phn mm vo da cng ca ta bng cch cho thi hnh mt trong cc file : Install.bat, Install.exe hay Setup.exe (ty theo phn mm). Cc file ny thng nm ngay trong da s 1 (nu bn ci t da mm). Chng trnh ci t s lm cng vic bung nn cc file trn a mm xung a cng, xp t chng vo cc th mc con, to vng mi trng v ng k cc thng s cn thit vo cc file h thng sao cho phn mm c th chy c tt nht m khng cn s can thip ca chng ta. Nu bn khng bit cch ci t, c th phn mm khng th chy c hay thng xuyn b li.
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trnh gp rc ri trong vic ci t v s dng chng trnh, bn nn tm c cc file *.txt, *.doc, c trong mi chng trnh, c bit l file Readme.txt, cc file ny lun cha nhng thng tin cn thit v mi nht (gi cht) v chnh chng trnh . Trong qu trnh ci t, bn s c hi mt i iu, v d : Bn mun ci phn mm vo da, th mc no ? Bn chn ci y , ti thiu hay bn chn la ? Bn mun ci thng tr hay ch khi no bn cn s dng mi kch hot n ? (Chng trnh Norton Anti Virus). Bn c cn to da mm khi ng khng ? (Ci Win 95) Nu bn hiu r th bn s chn c nhng ty chn thch hp, cn khng th bn c nhn Enter chp nhn nhng mc nhin do chng trnh ci t ngh. Sau nhiu ln ci t bn s quen vi nhng cu hi nh vy v c kinh nghim thch hp. i khi bn cng gp nhng bn Update (cp nht), chng trnh ci t s yu cu bn ch th mc cha version c gp trng hp ny bn phi a da mm cha mt phn ca version c vo nh la n. Bn c mnh dn ci t chng trnh i ri bn s c kinh nghim. Mt s phn mm khi ci t s chnh sa Config.sys v Autoexec.bat (Dos), sa Win.ini v System.ini (Win). Do bn nn sao chp bn file ny trc khi ci t c th so snh sa i nu sau khi ci t h thng ca bn chy khng tt nh trc. Hin nay, do da CD cng kh r nn cc my vi tnh c trang b CD cng thng dng. Bn nn chn mua cc da CD cha phn mm m bn thng dng (khong 12 USD) v ci t trc tip t da CD, hn l mua da mm em i chp khng kinh t bng, v bo qun cng nguy him hn. Nhng phn mm ln nh OFFICE, COREL cn cho php bn chy ngay trn a CD tn a cng. Ch : tn a, nh sn xut lun lu tr phn mm di dng nn trong b a mm gc. Chng s c bung t ng khi bn ci xung a cng, tuy nhin c nhiu b a gc cung cp thm chng trnh bung ring khi cn bn c th bung tng file nhm cp nht nhanh cc file b h trn a cng. Th d nh cc phn mm ca Microsoft c th dng chng trnh EXPAND, DECOMP, EXTRACT... bung cc file nn. Nu b a gc c sao chp t a CD ROM qua a mm, ton b cc file trn a s c thuc tnh ch c. Cc chng trnh ci t cn cp nht a mm gc s khng chu chy (th d nh Stacker 4.1). Bn phi b thuc tnh ch c trn a gc s 1 th mi ci t c.

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Khi bn ci t phn mm xung a cng, bn khng nn di chuyn hay i tn th mc cha phn mm ny v c th chng khng chy c do khi ci t chng lu thng tin v i ch ban u ca chng. i vi cc phn mm Dos, chng lu trong file c ui .ini hay .cfg; i vi win3.xx, chng lu trong cc file .ini; i vi Win 95, chng lu trong .dat; Vic sa cha cc file ny rt phin phc v hay thiu st. Tt nht l nn ci t li nu mun thay i i ch. a s cc phn mm chy vi Dos ch yu cu bn ghi thm a ch vo lnh PATH v Set vng mi trng trong file Autoexec.bat. Nn ni chung , bn c th copy chng t my khc v my mnh m khng cn ci t, k c Dos cng vy. Cc phn mm chy vi Win c qu trnh ci t phc tp do khi chy chng phi "nh v" vo Win v cn thc hin mt s lin kt vi cc phn mm khc khi cn thit. Do khi copy bn s khng thc hin c cc xc lp ny bng tay v chng s khng chy c. Bn nn phn bit ci t phn mm v ci t drv thit b v khi ci t drv, chng i hi vic xc lp trong Config.sys v Autoexec.bat phc tp hn do chng phi lm vic vi phn cng ca my. Bt mt chng trnh no ra khi my vi tnh l g b chng trnh. Cng tng t nh khi ci t, i vi cc phn mm nh, mun g b bn ch cn vo th mc cha n ri Delete l xong. Nhng i vi cc phn mm ln, g b c chng l mt k cng v chng nm ri rc trong nhiu th mc v ghi rt nhiu chi tit ln cc file h thng. g b chng bn nht thit phi bit r trong qu trnh ci t chng lm g v thao tc xo bng tay rt cng phu m nhiu khi cng khng hiu qu. Trong Windows 95 c mt tin ch i km dng vo vic ci t v g b chng trnh l Add/Remove Program, nhng n ch p dng c cho cc phn mm vit cho Win 95 m thi. Tuy nhin nh Win 95 m ngy nay cc phn mm mi u bt chc cung cp thm phn Remove hay Uninstall ca ring n gip cho ngi s dng vt v. Hin nay g b cc phn mm c, tt nht l chng ta nh s h tr ca cc tin ch chuyn dng l CleanSweep, Remove-It hay Unistaller. Nhng cc phn mm ny chy tt, bn phi ch cc im c bn nh sau: Phi cho chng chy trc khi ci t cc phn mm chng c th theo di qu trnh ci t ca cc phn mm ny. Chng s lu thng tin vo 1 file ni b sau ny cn c vo m xo phn mm tng ng mt cch chnh xc.

G B :

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Trong trng hp bn xo phn mm no khng c chng theo di, bn s c yu cu tr li mt s cu hi. Bn cn suy ngh chnh chn trc khi tr li v chnh bn mi l ngi hiu r v phn mm ch khng phi chng. Tuy nhin bn s c li ch chng lc li tt c nhng g lin quan n phn mm mun xo v lit k ra cho bn xem xt (vic ny nu bn t lm th thc l gian kh). c bit trong Windows, c vn l mt file c s dng cho nhiu phn mm. ng lo, chng s bit v bo cho bn phng, tt nht l bn khng nn xo cc file ny khi cha chc chn. DA MM KHI NG : c khi no bn gp phi thng bo "Non- system disk or disk error. Replace and press any key when ready" hin ln trn mn hnh my tnh ca bn cha ? V bn khng th s dng c my vi tnh ca bn na, ch c ngi m c thng bo trn mn hnh my tnh. Gp trng hp ny nu bn khng c da mm khi ng th bn ch cn cch tt my v lin h vi ni bn my m thi. Hoc trng hp my ca bn b nhim virus. Nh vy bn thy cn thit l nn c sn da mm khi ng cha ? Mt da mm h thng dng khi ng my vi tnh ti thiu phi cha ba file h thng l Io.sys, MsDos.sys v Command.com (Ch : Cc file h thng a khi ng khng th Copy mt cch bnh thng (ngoi tr Command.com) m phi dng lnh SYS hay thm thng s /S khi format). Bn to n bng cch a da mm vo da v nh lnh t du nhc Dos. + G lnh Format A: /s nu da mm ca bn cha nh dng + G lnh Sys A: nu da mm ca bn c nh dng Bn nn nh dng da mm khi ng bng phin bn Ms-Dos ging vi phin bn trn my tnh ca bn. iu ny l hin nhin khi bn t to, nhng trong trng hp bn nh ngi khc to dm th nh bo cho ngi bit phin bn Ms-Dos bn ang dng. Nhng vi da mm khi ng nh trn th n ch lm ng chc nng khi ng m thi, bn khng th dng n vo vic khc c. Mun s dng c hiu qu bn phi thm vo cc file cn thit ty theo mc v nhu cu s dng ca bn (Do bn nn dng da mm c dung lng ln cha thm cc file khc, thng dng hin nay l da 1,44 Mb, ch lc trc c nhiu da mm dung lng nh nh 360 Kb, 720 Kb, 1,2 Mb khng thch hp lm) Bn thm vo :

TO DA MM KHI NG DOS:

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Ebook Team

+ Cc file Fdisk.exe, Format.com, Sys.com nu bn mun tin hnh phn chia li cng ca bn, hoc phi nh dng li cng trong trng hp b virus. (y l cc lnh ngoi tr nn khng c sn trong command.com) + Mt s file ca chng trnh Norton Commander thch hp nu bn quen dng NC trong vic qun l v son tho file. + Mt s file ca chng trnh Norton Utilities thch hp nu bn quen dng sa cha da. + Cc chng trnh phng chng virus m bn thch dng + Driver iu khin ca da CD Rom bn c th ci chng trnh t CD Rom (v d file Ecscdide.sys v Mscdex.exe) + Thm vo hai file Config.sys v Autoexec bat vi cu hnh ti thiu t da mm bn c th s dng c NC hoc iu khin CD Rom Trn y ch l gi cn trong thc t bn c th thm bt. V d bn lm da khi ng ch cha 3 file h thng v file Vre.exe bn em n ni thu my thc tp chng trnh Vietrex m bn mi hc. To a mm khi ng cho Win95 cng ging nh trn. Bn cng c th to a mm Dual Boot theo cc bc sau: 1/ To a mm khi ng cho Win95. 2/ Chp Command.com, io.sys, msdos.sys ca DOS ln a ny nhng i thnh command.dos, io.dos, msdos.dos. 3/ Chp file msdos.sys ca Win95 nhng xo sch mc PATHS ch cha li mc OPTION v i BootMulti=0 thnh BootMulti=1. Bn khng cn dng lnh Sys cho a c format bng lnh format ca win97, bn ch cn copy file IO.SYS ca Win97 ln a mm hay a cng mt cch bnh thng l a ca bn c th khi ng c. Bn lm a mm Dual Boot cho Win97 nh sau: 1/ To a mm khi ng cho Win97. 2/ Chp Command.com ca DOS ln a ny nhng i thnh command.dos 3/ Chp io.sys ca DOS ln a nhng i thnh ibmbio.com. 4/ Chp msdos.sys ca DOS ln a nhng i thnh ibmdos.com. 5/ Chp file msdos.sys ca Win97 nhng xo sch mc PATHS ch cha li mc OPTION v i BootMulti=0 thnh BootMulti=1.

TO DA MM KHI NG WIN95:

TO DA MM KHI NG WIN97:

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Ch : Bn lm a cng ca Win97 thnh Dual Boot bng cch nh trn cng c nhng trong mc 5 bn khng cn xo Paths.

S DNG DA MM KHI NG

a RESCUE l a mm c bit do chng trnh NU to ra dng cu a cng ca bn khi c h hng do mt CMOS hay b Virus. Trn a ny lu cc thng tin sau: Cc xc lp trong CMOS. Master Boot Record. Boot Record. Partition. File h thng. Cc thng tin ny dng phc hi li khi thng tin trong my b mt v mt l do no . Ton b cc thng tin ny c th b thay i do ngi s dng my. Th d: Thay i xc lp CMOS, chia a...Do khi to a RESCUE cc bn nn ch to li khi c thay i, nh vy a RESCUE ca bn mi c gi tr. Nu bn "lm bing" th tt nht ng to a ny chi cho tn tin. KHNG GIAN DA : Khi bn mun ci t thm chng trnh th c th ny sinh vn l da cng ca bn c cn ch trng thm vo khng ? Hoc nu khng gian da ca bn cn t th cc chng trnh trong Windows khi chy c th s bo li v Windows s dng khng gian da cn trng lm b nh o hoc to cc file tm (.tmp) chy cc chng trnh. Nu cng ca bn b cht, bn phi tm cch thu xp khng gian da ca bn sao cho c ch c th ci t thm chng trnh bn cn vo, hoc chy tt cc chng trnh trong mi trng Windows Sau y l mt s bin php gip bn c thm ch trng trn da cng + Dt khot g b, xa cc chng trnh hay cc file khng cn cn dng n. V d, khi bn mi tp s dng my vi tnh, c th bn yu cu ni bn my ci dm cho bn chng trnh TOUCH, VIETRES nhng mt khi bn thnh
Tm hi u v h th ng

A RESCUE:

Thng thng bn s dng da mm khi ng trong trng hp h thng my vi tnh ca bn c vn , hoc l b virus (nh vit phn virus my tnh), hoc l khng th khi ng t da cng c do mt CMOS hay v l do g c th l h iu hnh trn my bn b h. Bn phi tin hnh ci t li h thng bt u t da mm khi ng. Do tnh cht cu nguy ca da mm khi ng nn bn phi bo m sao cho n khng b nhim virus, hy bt cht chng ghi v em ct ring mt ni an ton.

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tho, chc chn bn khng cn cn n n na, hy mnh dn g b chng trn da cng ca bn (nu bn c tic, mun sau ny cho ngi khc dng th bn hy lu chng vo da mm). Mt s file hnh nh Screen Saver ca chng trnh NC, Windows hay Wall Paper ca Windows, bn ch nn chn gi li mt hai hnh cn th nn thng tay xa chng; cng vy i vi mt s hnh nh c sn trong ClipArt ca b MS. Office, chc chn l c nhng hnh nh khng thch hp i vi chng ta. Cc file Readme.text ca cc chng trnh ch cn thit khi bn ci t hoc mi bt u s dng cn khi rnh r bn cng chng nn gi n lm g. Bn nn vo th mc TEMP xa ht cc file .tmp (cc file ny tm thi do cc chng trnh, c bit l cc chng trnh Windows thng to ra cha d liu dng sau ; ri khi ht s dng, chng trnh s t xa cc file ny i, nhng trong mt s trng hp bn tt my m cha thot khi Windows hoc b mt in t xut th cc file ny vn cn trn my ca bn). + Nn cc chng trnh hay cc file bn t dng n. C nhng chng trnh hay file bn khng th g b hay xa c v vn cn dng n, nhng c lc c thng hoc c nm mi li ra s dng mt ln th bn nn nn chng li, lc no dng th bung nn ri s dng. V d, mt s tr chi bn thch, nhng khng th chi hoi, lc no rnh mi li chng ra. + Trnh cc file nh, chng chim nhiu ch ca khng gian da hn so vi cc file ln. Nguyn nhn l do cch da c thit k lu file . da c chia thnh cc n v lu tr c nh gi l Cluster. Mt file chim t nht l mt Cluster ty theo kch thc ca n. Di y l bng s liu m Dos v Win95 cp pht cho mt n v Cluster ty thuc vo dung lng ca da N V CP PHT (Cluster) DUNG LNG DA LOGIC 512 Byte n 31,5 Mb 1 KB trn 31,5 Mb 2 Kb trn 64 Mb 4 Kb trn 127 Mb 8 Kb trn 254,9 Mb 16 Kb trn 504,9 Mb 32 Kb trn 1 Gb 64 Kb trn 2 Gb V d bn c mt file kch c thc s l 9 Kb th n chim n 16 Kb trn khng gian da ca bn nu cng ca bn c dung lng trn 254,9 Mb (2 Cluster) hoc
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trn 504,9 Mb (1 Cluster), nhng n li chim n 32 Kb nu da cng ca bn c dung lng trn 1 Gb. Gp trng hp ny th bn c th gii quyt bng cch dn cc file nh vo thnh mt file ln. + Bn c th chy Scandisk qut da tm cc lin cung lc m (lost cluster) ngha l cc lin cung cha d liu nhng khng cn s dng c v mt lin h vi file gc ca n, xa i. Cc lin cung lc m c c l do bn thot mt chng trnh khng ng quy cch hay my bn chy khng n nh. + Nu my vi tnh ca bn c da CD th mt s chng trnh bn c th chy trn CD hn l ci vo cng ca bn. V d mt s tr chi. + Bn cng c th dng cc tin ch dn dp a ni phn trn, cho chng i tm cc file hay chng trnh khng cn s dng, d tha trn my ca bn ri xo hay nn li. VIRUS MY TNH : Virus my tnh l mt on chng trnh c bit c "gn ln" vo mt chng trnh khc sao cho khi chng ta thc hin chng trnh ny th on chng trnh virus s c thc hin trc. on chng trnh virus c kh nng ly lan sang cc chng trnh khc hay t da ny sang da khc v gy tc hi trn my tnh ca chng ta Virus my tnh c chia lm thnh 2 loi : + B-virus (Boot sector & partition table virus) : y l dng thng thng nht, virus loi ny thng nm n trong cung mi da mm hoc trn bng phn khu da cng. Du hiu pht hin l thy tng s byte ca b nh quy c thp hn 640 Kb + F-virus (File infector virus) : loi ny thng nm trong cc file chng trnh (.com, .exe). Du hiu pht hin l kch thc ca file tng ln hn thng l. Tuy nhin cng c nhiu con virus loi ny khng lm kch thc ca file b nhim tng ln C mt loi chng trnh khng phi l virus v n khng ly lan nhng cng gy s ph hoi i vi my tnh ca ta, loi chng trnh ny thng c gi l Trojan horses. Ty theo kh nng ph hoi ca virus my tnh m ta cn phn bit loi hin v loi d. Loi d l loi c kh nng ph hy cc d liu trn my tnh ca ta; loi hin th ch hin ln nhng thng bo, nhng li chc gho. Nhng d l loi no i na th ta cng phi mt nhiu cng sc phng chng chng.

KHI NIM :

PHNG V CHNG VIRUS MY TNH :

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Chng ta lun b th ng trong vic phng chng virus my tnh v lun c cc chng trnh virus mi khn ngoan v thng minh thot khi s kim sot ca cc chng trnh chng virus, nhng chng ta c th ngn nga gim thiu s nhim v ly lan ca virus bng cch : + Cnh gic i vi nhng da mm m ta khng r xut x. Nu bn cn mt chng trnh no th bn nn n cc dch v sao chp phn mm ( nhng ni ny v l chuyn nghip nn h c cch bo v d liu nghim ngt) hn l sao chp sang tay qua bn b. Nu bt buc phi s dng th bn phi cho chy mt chng trnh chng virus kim tra. Bn nh rng virus hin din trn da mm s khng ly qua h thng ca bn nu bn np da mm vo trong da ri cho chy chng trnh chng virus qut n. Tuy nhin nu bn khi ng my t da mm b nhim hoc cho chy mt chng trnh trn da mm b nhim th h thng my ca bn s b ly. + Thng xuyn bn nn cho chy chng trnh chng virus nh k kim tra h thng my ca bn c th pht hin sm nu b nhim virus ngn nga s tc hi ca chng. Bn cng nn cp nht thng xuyn chng trnh chng virus bn dng. Ch : Bn nh rng phi s dng chng trnh chng virus ph hp vi h iu hnh ca my tnh nu khng th c th lm mt d liu c trn da ca bn. V d bn khng th dng cc chng trnh chng virus trong Dos v Win 3.11 qut cng khi bn ang dng Win 95. Theo chng ti cch tt nht chng Virus trn my c Win 95 l bn dng cc chng trnh chng Virus ca VN qut tt c a mm trc khi s dng chng v thnh thong dng Scan for Win 95 qut a cng.

X L S C KHI MY B NHIM VIRUS

Mt khi bn pht hin c virus trn h thng my, vic trc tin l hy thot cc chng trnh ang s dng, tt my. Xong ly da mm khi ng sch (khng b nhim virus) a vo da v bt my khi ng li (C th bn phi vo CMOS Setup sa li khi ng t A:, C: ), dng chng trnh chng virus (version mi nht) c trn da mm ny qut da cng ca bn n tm v dit virus trn my. Nu bn gp may, chng trnh chng virus ca bn c hiu qu, tm v dit c virus ny th tt. Bn tt my, khi ng li t da cng v tin hnh dng Diskedit ca chng trnh Norton Utilities sa da, khi phc li cc file b virus ph hoi. Nu bn khng gp may, virus trn h thng ca bn l loi virus mi m cc chng trnh chng virus c sn khng th pht hin v dit c th
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+ Nu da ca bn cha d liu quan trng khng th xa c , th bn phi ngng hot ng my tnh ca mnh, gi mu virus n cc nhm tc gi chng trnh chng virus h vit chng trnh mi dit con virus ny. Sau bn em chng trnh mi ny v tin hnh li cc bc trn. iu ny c th lm mt thi gian c th vi ngy hoc hn, bn phi quyt nh chn la gia mt thi gian hay mt d liu. + Nu da ca bn cha d liu c th xa c, bn tin hnh Fdisk, Format li da ca bn t da mm v ci t li ton b phn cng v phn mm. iu ny bn c th ch ng, t mt thi gian hn nhng b li bn phi chu mt d liu. Bn nn nh Format da l bin php chng virus trit nht, nhng c ci phin l lm mt d liu. Ch : Nhiu khi bn Fdisk cng khng th xo c virus trong MBR, tt nht l dng Diskedit xo sch MBR trc khi Fdisk. Chng trnh Diskedit chng ti dng th d l ca b NU for Win95 v2.0, gm c file DISKEDIT.EXE dung lng khong 600Kb. 1/ Sau khi khi ng chng trnh, bn chn OBJECT/DRIVER Trong hp chn, ch nh Physical disk, Hard disk 1, OK. 2/ Chn OBJECT/PHYSICAL SECTOR Trong hp chn, ch nh Cylinder: 0, Side: 0, Sector: 1. y chnh l Master Boot Record. Bn sa 2 byte cui cng ca sector ny t 55 AA thnh 00 00 (h HEX). Ch : Trc bn nn kim tra xem Diskedit ang ch cho php sa hay khng ? v thng diskedit khi ng ch ch c cho an ton. Nu cn, bn phi chuyn qua ch ghi bng cch chn TOOLS/CONFIGURATION. Bn b du chn mc READ ONLY, sau chn OK hay SAVE nu bn mun ch ny tr thnh mc nh khi Diskedit khi ng. 3/ Bn cng lm tng t nh vy nu mun xo Boot Record ca a khi ng bng cch chn Cylinder: 0, Side: 1, Sector: 1 trong PHYSICAL SECTOR. Mc ch ca vic lm ny l bo cho Fdisk bit MBR b h hng cn phi c to li. Bnh thng khi Fdisk nhn thy k hiu 55 AA cn nguyn th cho rng MBR tt, khng cn ti to. Virus li dng im ny chim gi MBR cho d bn Fdisk li. CI THIN TC A CNG, DN A : Sau mt thi gian s dng, bn s thy l h thng my tnh ca bn chy chm li so vi lc ban u mi mua. Thi gian truy xut cc file lu hn. Nguyn nhn
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S DNG NHANH DISKEDIT:

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chnh l do hin tng phn mnh trn da cng. Hin tng ny xy ra do cch qun l file ca h iu hnh khi ghi ln da cng. Cc file c cp pht cc lin cung cha d liu, nhng cc lin cung ny c th khng gn k nhau nhau. Vi thi gian s dng, bn to thm hay xa b cc file th da cng b phn mnh cng nhiu. Bn phi dn da li, chng trnh thch hp l Defrag ca Dos hay Speed Disk c trong Norton Utilities. Thng xuyn dn da, ngoi vic gip bn truy xut nhanh cn gip cho bn ko di thm tui th ca da cng v khi u t s di chuyn t hn tm c v ghi file ln da. Ch : Nu bn dng h iu hnh Win95, bn phi dng Disk Defragmemter km theo win95 hay Speedisk trong b NU for Win95 v cc chng trnh c khng nhn bit tn file di ca hh ny. CI T PHN CNG : Thng thng ci t phn cng km theo vic tho my gn thm cc Carde vo Mainboard. Nu khng rnh th chng ta phi nh ni bn my. Nhng trong nhng v d sau, bn c th t gii quyt ly : Con chut v bn phm l nhng phn m c th bn phi thay th sau khi s dng lu ngy, bn phi bit cch ci t con chut v bn phm ca bn li. My ca bn c gn da CD Rom v Card Sound, khi mua my, ni bn my lp t sn cho bn nhng v mt l do g h thng my ca bn b h, bn phi tin hnh ci t li. Bn c my in kim, nhng trong mt s vic i hi phi c my in Laser hoc my in mu, c th bn mn c ni bn b khi cn thit, nhng nu bn khng bit ci t my in th lm sao s dng ? Hu ht cc thit b phn cng u c cc a driver v cc ti liu km theo bn ci t. (y l mt trong nhng l do khi mua my bn phi i cho c cc ti liu hng dn v cc a driver ca cc thit b c trn my ca bn). Mun ci t thit b, trc ht bn nn c ti liu hng dn, sau bn c vic a da driver ca phn cng tng ng bn mun ci t vo v tin hnh ci t nh ci chng trnh (phn mm). Thng thng vic ci t phn cng lm thay i hai file Config.sys v Autoexec.bat, bn phi copy mt bn ca hai file ny trc khi ci t c th phc hi li nu thit b bn ci vo c s xung t vi h thng lm treo my. Trong Win 95, mun ci t phn cng bn vo Settings / Control Panel / Add New Hardware. Mun ci thm my in bn vo Printers cng trong Control Panel. Win95 l h iu hnh Plug and play, do khi bn gn card b sung theo chun ny l Win bit ngay v nhc bn a a mm c chng trnh qun l thit b ca
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nh sn xut vo. Nh vy bn c th phn bit Card b sung theo chun Plug and Play v Card set ti nguyn bng phn mm nhng khng c Plus and Play bng cch sau: C 2 loi Card u set ti nguyn bng phn mm, khng c Jumper trn Card. Nhng chng khc nhau ch Win95 nhn bit ngay loi Card PnP sau khi khi ng, cn Card khng c PNP bn phi t thng bo v ci t trnh iu khin vi Win95 qua Add new Hardware. Win95 cn c phn Device Manager rt n gin v c o, gip bn c th dn xp chuyn va chm ti nguyn mt cch nhanh chng, hu hiu. Ch : Trong Win95 trc khi thay i g bn nn lu tr 2 file System.dat v User.dat c th phc hi tr li tnh trng c khi cn. Chn ng CPU Thi bui hin nay, mi th dng nh u c ngha. Bn tng bit l Pentium chy nhanh hn 486, chip 200-MHz chy nhanh hn 133-MHz. V nu khi cn mua my tnh, chc chn bn s chn loi c tc nhanh nht vi gi tin m bn c th tr. Bn cm thy rt hi lng. Nhng mi ci u thay i. Th trng trn ngp cc loi CPU mi, v c v s kiu my. n cc ca hng, dch v my tnh, hay c cc trang qung co, bn s nhn thy no l Pentium, no l Pentium vi cng ngh MMX, v mi y nht l Pentium II. Tt nhin, bn cng s tm thy my tnh s dng cc chip tng thch ca Advanced Micro Devices v Cyrix, mi loi u c xung nhp v c tnh ring ca mnh. Hn na, cn c mt lot chip x l mi khc m s hin din ca chng vn cn mp m sau nhng tn m nh Deschutes, Katmai, v Willamette, lm cho tnh th tr nn cng ri ren thm. Ni chung, nhng CPU mi ny xo trn cc nguyn tc m chng ta vn dng o tc . V d, Pentium MMX ca Intel cho kt qu nhanh hn Pentium Pro khi chy cc ng dng 16-bit, trong khi hi chm hn vi ng dng 32-bit. Hn na, xung nhp (clock speed) khng cn l thc o tc ng tin cy na. Bng chng l cc my tnh s dng chip Cyrix 6x86-PR200: chng chy tc 150MHz nhng li cho kt qu nhanh hn cc my tnh s dng Pentium 200MHz. Bn cm thy au u? Hy ngh mt cht cho th gin, v theo chng ti bm st s thay i lin tc trong cng ngh CPU.
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La chn chip C mt iu khng h thay i: vi my tnh, gi v tc vn l vn quan trng. CPU khng ch l yu t c bn xc nh tc my tnh ca bn, m cn l thnh phn t nht trong ton h thng. Tin tt cho bn l mi s la chn u tc ng n vic mua bn thc t. Khi mt loi chip mi xut hin, cc chip c khc s r i. Nu bn c d nh sm mt my tnh vi chip Pentium c 120 - 133MHz, th gi y, gi ca loi ny r i kh nhiu. Sau mt thi gian kho st th trng vi nhiu loi my tnh v CPU khc nhau, ng thi tham kho kin ca cc nh phn tch v nhng g c c cc loi CPU sp ti, kt lun chung ca PC World l: Nu gi l vn quan tm hng u ca ca bn th hy mua my tnh s dng cc loi chip K5 ca AMD, MediaGX hay 6x86 ca Cyrix, hoc Pentium thng thng ca Intel. Cc loi chip ny tng i r hn, nhng Pentium vn l loi thng dng cho nhiu kh nng la chn v m bo vn tng thch. i vi my tnh s dng trong gia nh v gii tr, bn nn chn Pentium MMX (h tr multimedia). Vi gi c hp l, cc tr chi mi nht v ng dng multimedia s rt thch hp trn loi my ny. Cn khi bn cn tc v khng my quan tm n multimedia, hy cn nhc Pentium Pro, c bit nu bn chy cc ng dng 32-bit mi nht. Trong trng hp bn mun c c cng ngh mi nht, tin tin nht v cng sn sng tr gi cho n, th hy xem xt n Pentium II ca Intel, M2 ca Cyrix v K6 MMX ca AMD. Tt c cc CPU mi ny u cho tc nhanh hn hn. Tt nhin, s nh gi chnh xc nht ch c c khi chy phn mm trn mt my tnh hon chnh. Trc khi cn nhc nn chn loi no, bn cn tm hiu v nhng g bn trong. Cng ngh MMX S kin ni bt nht trong nm nay v lnh vc CPU l Intel a ra cng ngh MMX. Cc CPU trong tng lai ca Intel cng s l MMX. Hu nh tt c cc nh sn xut PC ln u gii thiu cc my tnh c trang b MMX ca mnh nh thit k chun cho my bn, v c cc my tnh xch tay cng h tr cng ngh ny. Vo gia nm nay, nhng h thng ny u tin s dng chip loi Pentium Pro MMX - chng hn nh Pentium II, K6 v M2 s c tung ra. Cho n cui nm, ngi dng c th chng kin nhng phin bn nhanh hn ca Pentium II, c tn m l Deschutes.

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Vi nhng cng vic c th, chip MMX s dng t lnh hn nhiu so vi mt CPU chun thng thng. Liu MMX c lm thay i cuc sng ca bn? C l l khng. Bn thn MMX khng lm tng tc bng tnh hay trnh x l vn bn, mc d mt s ci tin khc trong chip c th tng cng cho nhng ng dng ny. V d, nh b nh cache ln, Pentium MMX c th thc hin nhanh hn Pentium tng ng t 7 - 10%. Khng phi l s khc bit ln, nhng cng bn c c s cn nhc cho mt h thng ti u. Tuy nhin chip MMX li t ra vt tri vi nhng phn mm s dng cc lnh MMX mi. Trong th nghim, khi chy cc phin bn MMX ca Adobe Photoshop, Macromedia Director v Fractal Design Ray Dream Studio, tc tng n 20 - 45%, c bit khi chy cc ng dng video ton mn hnh theo chun MPEG-2 cho kt qu hin th nh video thng thng (mc d vn phi s dng card video MPEG t c 30 khung hnh trong 1 giy). Tr khi bn say m vi ngh thut trn Photoshop, thit k cc trnh din multimedia, hay tiu tn thi gi trong th gii thc t o 3 chiu (3D VRML) trn Internet, th sc mnh ca MMX th hin rt r trong cc phn mm tr chi v gii tr. Ni chung l cng ngh MMX thc s hu ch cho s dng gia nh. ng sau s kt ni CPU khng phi l yu t duy nht nh hng n tc ca h thng. Mt cng v bo mch ch chy nhanh, cng vi s lng RAM thoi mi c th lm cho my tnh ca bn chy nhanh ng k. Tuy nhin, bn khng th c c mt h thng my chy nhanh tht s trn c s CPU chm. Vy ngoi kh nng h tr MMX, mt CPU nhanh cn phi c nhng g khc? Tc xung nhp. Tuy khng cn l tiu chun c bn phn xt tc ca CPU, nhng xung nhp vn mang rt nhiu ngha. Mi xung nhp tri qua (CPU 200MHz thc hin 200 triu xung nhp trong mt giy), mt vi ch th c thc hin. iu ny c ngha l xung nhp cng cao, CPU cng sm kt thc cng vic. B nh cache. RAM h thng khng th lun lun cung cp y d liu cn thit cho CPU mt cch nhanh chng. B nh SRAM nhanh hn nm gia CPU v b nh chnh c tc dng khc phc nhc im trn. Loi cache s cp ny (primary), hay cn gi l cache Level 1 (cache cp 1) c thit lp ngay bn trong CPU v chy cng vi tc xung nhp ca chip. Intel v AMD chia phn cache s cp bn trong CPU thnh hai phn - cho ch th v cho d liu - gip CPU truy tm nhanh chng. Ni chung, cache s cp cng ln, chip cng nhanh.

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My tnh li tr gip CPU vi mt lng cache ln ca h thng - gi l cache th cp (secondary) hay cache Level 2 (cache mc 2). Trong a s trng hp, cache th cp nm ngay trn bo mch ch v chy vi tc ca n (chm hn tc CPU). tng tc , Pentium Pro c thit sn bn trong cache th cp, trong khi Pentium II v cc BXL tip theo ca Intel t cache trong trn cng v mnh khng qua bo mch ch. Cu trc. Cu trc ca mt CPU cho bit chip x l lnh v d liu nh th no. Cc CPU hin nay u s dng mt hay nhiu pipeline (ng dn) a gia on (multistage) c th x l nhiu hn mt lnh trong cng thi im. thc hin qu trnh ny mt cch hiu qu, CPU c kh nng suy on lnh no s c thc hin tip theo. Nu sai, CPU phi quay ngc li thc hin thao tc sa li. Nu CPU c thit k tt, n s t on sai hn. Mt . Cc transistor trong CPU cng c b tr st nhau hn, CPU cng nhanh hn. CPU phi thc ng b cc tn hiu i qua hng triu transistor. Gim khong cch gia cc transistor cho php chip chy tc nhanh hn. Trong a s cc BXL hin nay, cc transistor c b tr cch nhau 0,35 micron (1 micron bng 1 phn trm ng knh si tc con ngi), cho php xung nhp hot ng hiu qu gii hn 200MHz. C Intel, AMD, v Cyrix u ha hn tung ra cng ngh chip 0,25 micron nhanh hn vo cui nm nay. Mt sp xp transistor cao hn cn gim lng silicon cn thit trong sn xut chip, cho php tit kim vt liu v theo l thuyt, gim gi thnh. Cc i th Chip no tt nht i vi bn? y l nhng g chng ti bit v nhng g chng ti d on v cc CPU hin ti v tng lai. Intel Pentium. Cc h thng my s dng chip Pentium l s la chn tuyt vi cho nhng ngi mua hng. Vi 1000 USD, bn c th s hu mt chic PC Pentium nhn hiu nghim chnh, hoc nu l my nhi lp rp, bn ch phi b ra cha y 650 USD. V gi ca loi chip ny ang ngy cng gim. Intel cho bit s tip tc sn xut Pentium mt khi th trng cn c nhu cu, v cc my PC Pentium s cn tn ti cho n ht nm 1997. Cn sau th sao? Mt nh sn xut PC giu tn ni rng: "Intel cho thy rt r rng l cho n cui nm nay, s khng sn xut chip khng phi MMX P-200". C ngha l Intel mun c mt th gii ca MMX. AMD K5. Khi chip cnh tranh Pentium ca AMD ln u tin xut hin vo thng 3/1996, n gn nh c nm sau khng chy nhanh nh mong i. Nhng AMD tip tc a ra chip K5-PR166 y n tng v trong th nghim, my PC s dng
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chip ca AMD khng ch vt qua phn ln cc my chy Pentium 166 m cn ngang nga vi Pentium 200. V hn na, gi ca K5 thp hn Pentium tng ng. AMD khng t tn chip theo tc xung nhp thc t m theo ch s tc ca Pentium tng ng (gi l P-Rating hay PR). V d chip K5-PR166 c tc xung nhp thc t l 116,7MHz. AMD sn xut K5 n ht 1997 cung cp cho Acer, Epson, Everex, Monorail v Polywell. Cyrix MediaGX. y l loi chip thch hp nu bn cn mt my tnh dng cho x l vn bn hay truy cp Web vi gi khng qu 2000 USD (gi my c nhn hiu). BXL MediaGX bao gm c ha SVGA, m phng sound blaster, kim sot b nh ngay trn mt chip n tng thch Pentium, cho php bn khng cn s dng card video v mch m thanh. Mt trong nhng my tnh s dng MediaGX l Compaq Presario 2100 c gi 1.300 USD (ti M). Nhng sp ti, mt h thng MediaGX hon chnh s c bn vi gi khong 700 USD. Yu im ca chip l tc . Cc phin bn ca MediaGX chy 120- v 133MHz u thiu cache th cp, hn na tt c nhng yu cu x l video v m thanh u giao ph cho CPU. Do vy, d chy tc xung nhp 133-MHz, my Presario 2100 ch t tc tng ng Pentium 100-MHz. Tt nhin, tc chm c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc, v nhng h thng tip theo hy vng s tr nn nhanh hn. Cyrix 6x86. Tr t hn, c c nhiu hn. l cu chuyn v chip 6x86. Thc t, my tnh trn c s BXL ny thng nhanh hn 4% v r hn khong 200 USD so vi my tnh chy Pentium tng ng. Tng thch c th l iu ng quan tm i vi cc chip khng phi Intel, v Cyrix cng c nhng vn trc y. Mt s tr chi hin nay a ra cc thng bo li khi chng khng tm thy chip Intel, mc d phn ln li loi ny u c th b b qua. Ging nh AMD, Cyrix t tn cho 6x86 khng phi vi tc xung nhp m bng gi tr Pentium tng ng (P-Rating). V d chip Cyrix 6x86 PR-200 c tc xung nhp l 150MHz, nhng c kh nng thc hin phn mm nhanh hn Pentium-200. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca tc nhanh hn l bo mch ch ca 6x86. Chip Pentium 200-MHz thng chy vi bo mnh c tc 66MHz, dn ti lm chm tc bn ngoi CPU. Trong khi , h thng 6x86 s dng bo mch ch 75MHz, cho php thng tin di chuyn nhanh hn.
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Cho n hin ti, bn c th mua my tnh trc tip t Cyrix, mt trong s ny l Power Desktop. Ngoi ra, cc nh sn xut khc nh CyberMax, Diamond, Kingdom v c AST, IBM cng cung cp my tnh chy Cyrix 6x86 (IBM t sn xut chip 6x86 vi thit k ca Cyrix). Intel Pentium MMX. Mc d khoc nhn hiu chnh thc "Pentium vi cng ngh MMX", loi chip mi nht ny ca Intel cn c nhiu iu ng quan tm ch khng ch l MMX. CPU c trang b cache s cp n 32K cng vi mt s sa i nh trong cu trc. Nhng ci tin ny gip Pemtium MMX t c im cao trong cc th nghim, cho d cha ni n kh nng MMX. Bn c th mua my tnh chy Pentium thng thng. Nhng nu khng v kh nng ti chnh hn hp, Pentium MMX s l la chn tuyt vi vi a s ngi dng. Mc d Intel cha cng b chnh thc, nhng chip Pentium MMX-233 MHz c l s c vo qu T nm nay. Intel Pentium Pro. Vi thng trc y, Pentium Pro l BXL hng u, mc d vi cc ng dng 16-bit tc khng nhanh lm. Hin ti, tuy b lu m trc cng ngh MMX, nhng Pentium Pro l ng u vi m 32-bit. Mt nguyn nhn lm cho Pentium Pro c tc cao l cache th cp c thit k ngay bn trong v ca chip v hot ng tn s 166 - 200MHz, nhanh hn nhiu so vi bo mch ch c tc 60 hay 66MHz. Vy ti sao u th ny li khng pht huy vi phn mm 16-bit? gim thiu kch thc ca chip, Intel loi b mt s thnh phn c tc dng tng tc m 16bit. Nu ch yu chy cc ng dng 16-bit, bn s khng khai thc c sc mnh ca Pentium Pro. Tc cao vi m 32-bit gip Pentium Pro tr thnh chip hng u la chn cho my ch cao cp v trm lm vic. Tuy nhin, v tr ny s gi c bao lu? Liu Pentium II s l chip k tc trong tng lai gn? i th nng k Intel Pentium II. Nhng ngui dng kh tnh khng chp nhn tc ch ca Pentium Pro khi chy m 16-bit s cm thy d chu hn vi chip mi nht ny ca Intel. iu ny t c ch yu nh cng ngh MMX v 32KB cache s cp trong chip. gim gi thnh, Intel a cache th cp ra bn ngoi chip v t n ngay bn cnh CPU trong mt hp (cartridge) loi Tip Xc Mt Cnh (Single Edge Contact), v chy tc chm hn CPU nhng nhanh hn bo mch ch.

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Cc chip Pentium II u tin chy tn s 233 v 266MHz. Tuy nhin, hin ti my tnh s dng Pentium II cn t so i vi phn ng ngi dng bnh thng. AMD K6 MMX. Vi nhng vn v chip K5, AMD thit k li th h chip mi K6 ca mnh trn c s chip Nx686 ca NexGen (AMD thu nhn NexGen vo nm ngoi). Th nghim h thng chy K6 cho kt qu rt tt. Mc d khng t tc nh Pentium II, nhng K6 li r hn. Trong khi Pentium II i hi phi thit k c bn li bo mch ch th vi K6, ch cn cm chip vo chn ca Pentium chun, lm n gin qu trnh sn xut bo mch. Nhiu chuyn gia d on AMD s thnh cng vi K6. Theo phn tch, mc d Pentium II vn gi th ch o, nhng K6 s l i th ng gi. Cyrix M2. Chip th h k tip ca Cyrix cng l i th ca Intel Pentium II trong cuc tranh ginh ngi dng cao cp. Thit k tng cng ca b x l ny cho tc ti u 32-, 16-bit v cng ngh MMX ca ring Cyrix. Theo cng ty, M2 c tc nhanh hn 6x86 t 150 n 200%. Thnh cng ny c th l tr ngi ln cho Pentium II. M2 c ra mt vi bn 180 v 200MHz, tip s l 225 v 233MHz. H thng s dng chip 225MHz ca Cyrix c tc nhanh hn bn 233MHz bi n da trn bo mch ch c tc 75MHz. Tng lai gn Intel Deschutes. S c a ra vo cui nm nay, y l phin bn nhanh hn ca Pentium II. Chip Deschutes s dng quy trnh sn xut mi, cho php gim khong cch gia cc transistor cu thnh chip ti 0,25 micron, v vy c th tng tc xung nhp cao hn na. Ngoi kh nng chy tc 400MHz, Deschutes c nhng u th khc. Do kch thc nh, CPU loi ny c th s c s dng nhiu trong cc my tnh xch tay. Cn tip theo sau Deschutes? l mt s thit k ang c thc hin vi nhng tn m Katmai, Willamette v Merced. Chi tit v nhng CPU ny cn c Intel gi kn. L Trung vit PC World US 5/1997 1. Cc ch th v d liu (instructions and data). Phn mm c kt hp t cc ch th v d liu. Ch th bo cho CPU phi lm g vi d liu. D liu v ch th c lu trn a cng, khi cn, chng c chuyn vo RAM. 2. RAM. Lu tr tt c cc d liu v ch th cn x l. Thng thng, RAM khng th cung cp d liu nhanh cho CPU, hay ni cch khc, CPU x l nhanh hn tc cung cp ca RAM.
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3. Cache th cp (secondary cache). Cc ch th v d liu c gi thit s dng cho bc x l tip theo thng c lu trong mt loi RAM nhanh hn, t tin hn, gi l cache. Cache cung cp d liu v ch th cho CPU nhanh hn nhiu RAM thng thng. 4. Cache s cp (primary cache). Ch th v d liu c lu y cho CPU truy cp nhanh hn na, vi tc x l ca CPU. 5. n vi thc thi (execution unit). Mi n v thc hin ch th v lu gi kt qu. 6. Pipeline. n v thc thi x l cc ch th theo tng phn, theo nhiu giai on. Mc d cha kt thc thc hin mt ch th, n v thc thi vn tin hnh thc hin ch th tip theo. Bi vy, n x l cc ch th nhanh hn. 7. Thit k siu hng (superscalar design). Cc n v a thc thi x l ng thi nhiu ch th. 8. V chip (packaging). Vt cha bng gm hay cht do bao quanh ming chip silicon. Chng trnh kho a v vic phng chng virus Virus, l cn c mng i vi nhng ngi s dng. Tht khng khip nu nh tt c cc s liu, cng trnh nghin cu ca bn v mt s ng nghip b tiu tng trong chc lt. phng chng nhng hu qu kh lng ny, bn thng xuyn phi s dng nhiu chng trnh qut virus, phi ch n nhng biu hin bt thng ca h thng v hng t nhng iu cn nh khc. Trong cng vic, thi gian l mt trong nhng vn rt quan trng, cn phi c t ln hng u, v xt trn mt ny th cc chng trnh dit virus c v khng hiu qu cho lm. L do tht n gin bi v, tc c, ghi truyn d liu ca cc a mm rt chm, nu khng mun ni l t hi. Gi s nh bn c 10 a mm m ng nghip a cho, c mt s thng tin hu ch i vi bn, liu bn c kin nhn, ngi 30 pht ch gi cc chng trnh dit virus ra qut cc a ny, v cui cng sau khi chy cc chng trnh ny bn mi nhn ra rng, chng c thng tin no hu ch vi mnh c?. Di y, ti s mch vi cc bn mt phng php rt n gin, gip bn c th xem trc nhng chng trnh, s liu trong cc a trc khi qut virus m virus khng th ly lan c: l phng php kho a. Chng 1. Chng trnh kho v b kho a A Trc ht, bn hy dng TurboPascal son tho file LOCKA.PAS gm 7 dng lnh nh di y:
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Tip , son tho thm file UNLOCKA.EXE nh sau:

uses dos; var r: register; begin r.ax:=$5f08; r.dl:=0; msdos(r); end. uses dos; var r: register; begin r.ax:=$5f07; r.dl:=0; msdos(r); end.

(Mo nh: hy m LOCKA.PAS, sa dng 4: $5f08 thnh $5f07 Ri chn mc $5f07. Save as ghi li. tn cng nhp d liu, c phi khng?). Dch hai chng trnh ngun ny ra thnh file c th thc hin c (.EXE). T du nhc ca DOS, hy gi LOCKA.EXE. Ngay sau khi LOCKA.EXE thc hin xong, a A ca bn s b kho, mi yu cu c, ghi a c gi ti trnh iu khin a ny s nhn c thng bo li nh l a khng tn ti. Bn khng tin ? Hy dng lnh chuyn a A: m xem, h iu hnh s hin th thng bo li "Invalid driver specification". y l mt lp bo v hu hiu dnh cho bn chng li cc thao tc c/ghi a m m ca virus, ti th nghim vi rt nhiu loi virus kt qu l chng u chu thua trc lp v bc ny. Nhng nu by gi bn mun c hoc ghi ln a th lm th no? Tht n gin, bn ch cn khi ng li h thng (bng cch nhn Ctrl-Alt-Del hoc n nt Reset trn v my) l chc nng kho a s ht tc dng. Tuy nhin, cch tin li nht (cng l cch ti khuyn cc bn nn s dng), l chy UNLOCKA.EXE. Cng ging nh LOCKA.EXE, UNLOCKA.EXE c tc dng ngay lp tc, mi thao tc i vi a s tr li bnh thng. Nu nh kho c a mm A, bn hon ton c th kho c a mm B, thm ch c a cng C na, nhng nu nh chng trnh trong LOCKA.PAS, dng lnh th 5, bn thc hin lnh gn r.dl:=0; th bn thay s 0 bng 1 nu nh kho B, bng 2 nu nh kho C, bng 3 nu nh kho D .... ( d nh, chng trnh no dng kho no, bn nn t tn
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nh sau: LOCKB.PAS, LOCKC.PAS ... UNLOCKB.PAS, UNLOCKC.PAS...). Cui cng, y l bi tp cho bn: hy th nghim LOCKC, UNLOCKC xem chng trnh c thc s kho mi truy nhp ti a cng tht hay khng? 2. a mm tin ch - Sau khi to v hiu c cch hot ng ca cc file LOCKA, LOCKB, UNLOCKA, UNLOCKB ... ti s hng dn cc bn to v s dng a mm tin ch s dng trong cng vic ca mnh. Bn cn c mt a mm cn tt (khng c sector hng), nh dng li n bng lnh Format a: /u/s Sau , copy ln a khi ng mi to c ny mt s phn mm chng virus, tt nhin l cc cc file LOCK?, UNLOCK? m ta to pha trn. Cui cng, ng qun ng protect a. By gi bn c c mt a mm rt hu ch trong cng vic. - Nh vy, trong trng hp phi xem v chy cc chng trnh cha c qut virus cn thn a mm, bn cn thc hin nhng bc sau trnh virus(nu c) ly lan v ph hoi d liu: ng protect tt c cc a cn kim tra (nhm trnh virus ly trn chnh a mm ny) Nht a mm tin ch vo a, gi cc file LOCK?, kho cc a cng tng ng Sau khi chy th cc chng trnh trn a mm, bn s xc nh c nhng a mm no cha thng tin bn cn copy vo a cng. Ri chc n hn na, hy qut virus trn cc a ny trc khi chy UNLOCK? b kho cc a cng. Ti chc rng phng php ny s gip cc bn rt nhiu trong cng vic. Chc cc bn p dng thnh cng. DMA v cc chng trnh qun l b nh Ging nh IRQ, DMA (Direct Memory Access) l mt thnh phn b n m dng nh tt c chng ta u gp nhng ch c mt s rt t ngi c th gii thch mt cch chnh xc. Trong cc my PC hin nay, ngt v IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest) c quan tm n nhiu, nhng c mt kha cnh khc quan trng i vi hot ng ca my li
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khng c ch n, l DMA hay Direct Memory Access (truy nhp b nh trc tip). Ging nh IRQ, DMA l mt thnh phn b n m dng nh tt c chng ta u gp nhng ch c mt s rt t ngi c th gii thch mt cch chnh xc. Khng hon ton l thuyt khi bn tm kim s hiu bit v DMA. lp thm mt card m thanh hoc mt thit b tip hp (gi tt l thit b) vo my tnh, bn c th c yu cu chn mt knh DMA. Lm sao bn bit cn phi chn knh no v hu qu s ra sao khi bn chn sai knh? tr li cu hi , chng ta s tm hiu DMA l g, n lm vic ra sao v ngy nay n c s dng nh th no trn cc my PC. Chng ta cng s tho lun v tc ng qua li gia b phn iu khin DMA v nhng chng trnh qun l b nh 386 v khm ph ngha thc s ca tham s D = c cung cp bi trnh qun l EMM386.EXE ca DOS. 1. DMA l g ? DMA l mt k thut chuyn d liu nhanh t mt card thit b ti b nh, t b nh ra card thit b, hoc trong mt vi trng hp t mt v tr trong b nh ti mt v tr khc. Vic chuyn theo DMA rt quan trng v n khng yu cu n s thc thi ca CPU. Chuyn theo DMA c thc hin bng cch lp trnh mt chip c tn l b iu khin DMA (gi ngn gn l DMAC), chip nm trn bo mch h thng ca mi my PC. Vic lp trnh thng c hon thnh bi mt chng trnh chy trn my tnh ca bn (v d mt chng trnh sao lu a cng) hoc bi mt th tc lu trong ROM, hoc trn mt card thit b tip hp (v d trong ROM ca card iu khin a mm). Mi ln b iu khin c khi ng v qu trnh chuyn d liu bt u, CPU c t do v lm vic khc trong khi DMAC tip tc thc hin chuyn d liu, c hai b vi x l ng thi lm vic phc v bn: mt thc hin m (code), cn mt chuyn d liu. Vic chuyn theo DMAC quan trng cn v mt l do khc, n chuyn d liu trc tip t ngun d liu n ni nhn m khng cn thng qua bt k b phn lu tr trung gian no. Qu trnh a mt byte d liu t mt thit b ti mt v tr trong b nh thng qua CPU l mt qu trnh hai bc. u tin CPU c byte t thit b v lu trong mt trong s cc thanh ghi ca n. Tip theo n c byte t thanh ghi ti a ch cn chuyn n trong b nh. DMAC gim qu trnh trn xung cn mt bc, n vn dng cc tn hiu iu khin trn ng truyn, v th byte c c v ghi ch trong mt hnh ng. Mt cch tt hiu s khc nhau trn l minh ha cc qu trnh trn nh l mt cuc chi bng nm. CPU l ngi chi nm bng vi hai ngi khc c gi l A v B. chuyn bng t A ti B, CPU phi bt qu bng do A nm v tung n
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cho B. DMA, theo mt cch khc, s ni A tung trc tip qu bng cho B. Trong lc y, CPU c th lm cc cng vic khc nh khi ng cu th tip theo. Chuyn d liu t b nh n b nh theo DMA hin nay khng c s dng na v tc CPU vt trn DMAC rt nhiu, nhng chuyn d liu t b nh n thit b v t thit b n b nh l nhng k tch ng k. a d liu t thit b vo b nh, DMAC kch hot ng truyn gy nn lnh c t thit b (mt hot ng c cng I/O) v ng thi to ra lnh ghi vo b nh. Vic kch hot c t cng I/O s lm cho thit b t mt n v - thng thng l mt byte hoc mt Word ln ng truyn d liu ca my PC. V v tuyn c b nh c hot ng ng thi cho nn d liu trn ng truyn c sao ngay vo b nh. Vi mi ln ghi, DMAC dng ng a ch ch nh a ch trong b nh ni d liu s ti. Tng t i vi qu trnh chuyn theo DMA t b nh n thit b. Vi mi n v d liu c chuyn, DMAC ra lnh c i vi b nh v ghi i vi cng I/O. a ch ca b nh c t trn ng a ch. Ging nh qu trnh trn, d liu c chuyn trc tip t ni pht n ni nhn bng cch s dng ng d liu. DMAC c s dng trong phn ln cc my PC l chip c k hiu 8237A hoc tng ng. Cc dng my Micro Channel v EISA sa i k thut DMA to ra mt chip ring c cc chc nng hn hn 8237A, nhng c rt t chng trnh iu khin thit b tn dng c nhng u im m rng . Dng my IBM-XT ch s dng mt chip 8237A lp trnh c cung cp 4 knh DMA ring r, nh s t 0 n 3. Dng my IBM-AT (chim phn ln th trng my PC hin nay) s dng 2 chip 8237A cung cp 8 knh DMA c lp nh s t 0 n 7. Ch c 7 trong s 8 knh DMA s dng c v mt knh (knh 4) c s dng lin kt hai b iu khin vi nhau sao cho chng c th lm vic nh mt n v thng nht. Knh 0 n 3 chuyn 8 bit d liu cng mt lc v c th lu 64KB ch trong mt ln hot ng, trong khi knh 5 n 7 chuyn 16 bit v c th chuyn c 128KB trong mt ln hot ng. Ging nh b iu khin ngt, ni nhn yu cu ngt t cc thit b thng qua ng IRQ, mt DMAC nhn yu cu DMA thng qua ng DMA request (DREQ). Chip 8237A cung cp mt vi phng thc v phng php hnh ng khc nhau, tuy nhin mt qu trnh chuyn in hnh t thit b ti b nh din ra nh sau: DMAC c lp trnh u tin vi a ch ca b nh s ghi d liu v s byte c chuyn. Khi thit b sn sng bt u qu trnh chuyn, n kch hot ng DREQ kt ni vi DMA. Sau khi c CPU cho php iu khin ng truyn, DMAC a ra a ch b nh v to ra tn hiu mt byte (hoc mt t) d liu
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c c t thit b v ghi vo vng c ch nh trong b nh. Sau n cp nht a ch b nh cho byte tip theo v lp li qu trnh trn cho ti khi ton b d liu c chuyn hon tt. Da trn cch b iu khin c lp trnh, mi byte c chuyn c th yu cu mt tn hiu DREQ ring r (phng thc chuyn n) hoc ch mt tn hiu c th khi ng tt c qu trnh truyn (phng thc chuyn khi hoc theo yu cu). C mt thit b DMA c trn tt c cc my PC l b iu khin a mm. D liu trn a mm c c theo tng n v 512 byte (1 sector) v c chuyn bng DMA s dng knh DMA s 2. c mt sector d liu, ngt BIOS 13H lp trnh DMA theo phng thc chuyn n v cung cp mt lnh c cho iu khin a mm. Khi thc hin, iu khin a c byte d liu t a v khi ng qu trnh truyn bng cch kch hot DREQ 2. Sau n c ln lt cc byte khc theo cch nh trn chuyn byte vo a ch vt l trong b nh. Ti khi DMAC chuyn xong 512 byte, iu khin a to ra mt ngt cng bo cho CPU bit c th s dng c sector . 2. Cc knh DMA Khi bn gn mt card thit b c s dng DMA trn my PC, bn thng c yu cu chn knh DMA. t mt DIP-switch hoc nh li jumper vi knh DMA 5 s thit lp mt giao tip vt l gia thit b v DMAC thng qua DREQ 5. Thng thng, phn mm s dng thit b phi c cung cp s hiu knh DMA n nh n c th lp trnh DMAC cho vic chuyn theo DMA. Mc d theo l thuyt c th nhiu thit b chia s mt ng DREQ nu chng khng ng thi s dng, nhng - nh mt lut - tt nht l gii hn mi thit b s dng mt knh. Nh vy bn s chc chn khng gp xung t DMA. Nh bit, chng ta khng s dng c knh DMA 2 v 4 v chng c dnh cho iu khin a mm v lm ng ni 2 chip DMA. Knh 0 cng khng s dng c v trn cc my PC trc y n c s dng phc hi b nh. Vo lc khi ng, BIOS ca my PC nguyn thy lp trnh cho ng h c vi mili giy li a yu cu c DMA gi - nhm to ra vic c b nh nhng khng nht thit c thit b nhn d liu - nh vy trnh mt thng tin trong DRAM. Tt c cc my PC hin nay phc hi DRAM m khng cn s gip ca h thng DMA. Tuy vy bn vn khng th s dng knh DMA s 0 v c mt s my khng thit lp knh . Vy bn s x tr ra sao khi c yu cu chn mt knh DMA? Cu tr li l chn cc knh DMA cn li. Bng di lit k danh sch cc knh DMA c phn b. Trn hu ht cc my PC, knh 1, 3, 5, 6 v 7 c dnh cho vic ghp ni vi thit b. Dng my PS/2
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s dng knh 5 chuyn d liu cho a cng, cn dng XT th dng knh 3. V l do ny, khi s dng 2 dng my trn, bn cn trnh s dng cc knh . Khi bn cn cha n nh mt knh DMA cho mt thit b no th bn c th s dng n bt k khi no bn mun. Nhng bn nn theo di bng phn b knh DMA khng xy ra hin tng hai thit b cng chia s mt knh DMA. Ti vit trn quyn s bn ca mnh danh sch cc IRQ v DMA c s dng. Khi cm thm mt card thit b mi v tm kim mt DMA cha s dng, ti khng phi tho cc card thit b cm trong my v xem cc jumper ca chng. C mt vi trnh tin ch pht hin c knh DMA no c s dng nhng chng khng thc s ng tin cy. Nu bn khng c thng tin v cc knh DMA c phn b v bn cng khng mun lc tm trong ng ti liu ca mnh th c mt lot cc chng trnh chn on phn tch my thng bo cho bn bit danh sch nhng knh DMA s dng. Cc chng trnh trn cha thc s hon ho nn c th kt qu a ra s khng chnh xc. 3. Cc vn qun l b nh Cc trnh qun l b nh theo 86 o nh EMM 386.EXE., QEMM-386 v 386MAX gy ra mt vn c bit i vi DMAC. a ch b nh c lp trnh vo trong DMAC phc v cho vic chuyn theo DMA l cc a ch vt l. Nhng cc trnh qun l trn thng xuyn nh li bn b nh lm cho mt a ch b nh c trc tng ng vi mt a ch b nh vt l khc (thng thng l mt ni khng dng n trong b nh m rng). Khi mt chng trnh truy nhp n phn a ch c nh li, CPU chuyn yu cu n a ch vt l ph hp. Tuy nhin, nu DMAC c gng truy nhp n a ch trn, vic truy nhp s tht bi v khng c cch no DMAC bit bn b nh c nh li. iu kt lun l cc chng trnh lm vic theo DMA c d liu np trong vng b nh cao (UMB) s khng lm vic c nu khng chu s kim sot ca cc chng trnh qun l b nh. Mt DMAC c lp trnh a d liu ra cng I/O v trong ch 86 o mt trnh qun l b nh c th chn tt c d liu c a ra cng I/O. Nh vy n c th d on c cc yu cu DMA sp ti v thm ch bit c c a ch b nh tip theo. Nu cc a ch c sa i, trnh qun l b nh s lp trnh li DMAC theo a ch b nh vt l ph hp. Sau n cho php qu trnh chuyn DMA thc hin nh thng l. Mt tnh hung tai hi tim tng xy ra khi a ch b nh vt l c sa i gi cho qu trnh chuyn theo DMA li nm ngoi vng qun l ca DMAC. Phn ln cc DMAC b gii hn trong 16MB b nh, mt s khc khng th nh a ch ln hn 8MB. Khi mt a ch ngun hoc ch nm ngoi vng DMAC c kh
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nng nh a ch, trnh iu khin b nh a ra mo sau: N nh li qu trnh chuyn DMA ra mt vng m ca n - mt vng nm trong vng c th truy nhp bi DMA - v cho php qu trnh chuyn thc hin. Nu vng m ln cha d liu th sau khi qu trnh chuyn kt thc, trnh qun l b nh chuyn d liu trong vng m ti a ch b nh thch hp. S vic trn lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh DMA nhng b li n lm cho h thng vn c th thc hin c. Mt vn thc s xy ra khi d liu ca qu trnh chuyn DMA ln hn vng m. Bn s nhn c mt thng bo li nhc nh tng kch thc vng m DMA ca trnh qun l b nh, tip theo l vic my b treo cng. l sn phm ca trnh qun l b nh trong khi n ang c gng ngn chn vic tht thot d liu. Theo ngm nh, EMM386.EXE s dng vng m DMA c kch thc 32KB. Kch thc vng m c th c t trong khong t 16KB ti 256KB bng cch s dng tham s D=; kch thc ngm nh thng l ph hp v trong hng lot trng hp n c kh nng cha ht c d liu DMAC. Thm ch mt trng hp phc tp khc ny sinh khi DMAC khng nm trn bo mch h thng m nm trn thit b, ni m trnh qun l b nh khng th iu khin qu trnh DMAC a d liu ra cng I/O. iu xy ra vi mt iu khin a cng ch huy c ng truyn (BMC). B iu khin gy ra rt nhiu iu phin toi khi ngi s dng khi ng SmartDrive ca DOS 5.0 v np n ln vng b nh cao. Gii php c Microsoft a ra nm 1990 l mu chi tit k thut ca cc thit b phc v o (VDS). VDS l mt tp cc phc v cho php trnh qun l b nh cung cp a ch b nh ca h thng cho BMC trc khi c v ghi. Tt nhin, b iu khin cha DMAC phi nhn bit c VDS, nhng gi y dng nh hu ht cc b iu khin u c kh nng . l tt c nhng iu phc tp th v. iu kt lun l ngy nay vic s dng cc thit b DMA vi cc trnh qun l b nh trong mode 86 o thc s an ton. 4. c thm v DMA Nu bn mun hc thm v DMA v c bit l tm hiu cch lp trnh chip DMA, cho php ti gii thiu vi bn 2 cun sch sau : Cun th nht ca Hans-Peter Messmer vi nhan The Indispensable PC Hardware Book (1994, Addition - Wesley). y thc s l mt kit tc v v hnh chung n thay th hn na t sch hng dn s dng phn cng ti thng dng. N khng qu i su vo chi tit khi m t cc thnh phn trong my PC lm vic ra sao, bao gm c chip nm trn bo mch h thng. V mc d cun sch c dch t ting c, ni dung ca n vn gi c nguyn bn.

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Cun sch th hai ca Frank Van Gilluwe c nhan The Undocumented PC (1994, Addition - Wesley). Mc d khng bng cun sch ca Messmer, cun sch ny cng l mt kho tng cc thng tin kh kim v my PC. E-IDE Bc k tip chun IDE Khng ging vi qu trnh pht trin lin tc v mnh m ca cc b vi x l trong my vi tnh nhm p ng yu cu ca cc phn mm hin nay, cc a cng c h thng iu khin theo chun IDE lm hn ch tnh nng ca ton b h thng. Chnh v vy chun E-IDE (Enhanced-IDE) ra i nhm gii quyt vn trn. 1. Gii thiu S pht trin ca cc my vi tnh tng mt cch nhanh chng v u n. Cc nh sn xut c gng tung ra th trng nhng h thng nhanh hn, mnh hn phc v cho nhu cu v Multimedia, video chuyn ng lin tc v thc ti o - nhng mc tiu ca ngi s dng hin nay. Phn ln cc chng trnh v d liu phc v cho cc sn phm c cha trong a cng ca my tnh. Cc sn phm phn mm thng yu cu truy cp mt khi lng d liu ln trong a cng vi tc nhanh. Nh vy, mt my vi tnh vi chun giao tip a cng IDE (Intergrated Drive Electronics) tr nn lc hu v khng p ng c nhu cu. Cng vi vic ra i ca cc b vi x l ngy cng mnh, yu cu ca ngi s dng cng ngy cng tng lm cho h thng a cng v hnh chung tr thnh mt ci c chia lm cn tr qu trnh pht trin. Vic sn xut v s dng chun IDE to ra s cn tr cho ton b h thng. V l do trn, mt chun mi c tn EIDE (IDE tng cng) c xy dng. Cc c tnnh m E-IDE cung cp tha mn yu cu ca cc phn mm hin i v kh nng qun l a cng vi dung lng ln hn v tc truy cp nhanh hn. E-IDE cng cho php qun l cng mt lc n 4 thit b m 2 trong s c th l cc thit b khc a cng. 2. M t v IDE Da trn cu trc ca chun giao tip a WD1003 c pht trin bi IBM v Western Digital Corporation, giao tip IDE vt ln trn c hai chun trc l ST506 v ESDI v tnh nng trong khi h gi thnh bng cch chuyn phn ln cc hm ca b iu khin vo thit b. T khi c gii thiu vo nm 1986, chun giao tip IDE (thng c gi l ghp ni AT hay ATA) thm nhp rng ri nh mt phng thc r nht v tin li nht iu khin a cng trn my vi tnh. Hin nay 97% s my PC mi s dng giao tip IDE qun l a cng. Tuy
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nhin, mc d IDE rt thnh cng, cng cn c mt s hn ch lm cho n khng cn thch hp vi cc my tnh i mi. Bn im hn ch chnh ca chun IDE l: Mi b iu khin ch c mt knh truyn d liu v nhiu nht l hai thit b c th cng s dng knh . Cc thit b ch c th l a cng. Mt partition a cng ln nht khng qu 528 MB. Tc truyn d liu b gii hn trong khong 3MB/Giy. Phn cng ca my tnh PC/AT nguyn bn c thit k h tr cho 2 card iu khin a cng, mi mt card c th iu khin hai a, mi a cng c mt ng giao tip ring. IDE cho php dng mt ng giao tip cho hai a - mt a ch (master) v mt a ph (slave). V khng phi tt c cc nh sn xut my PC u sn xut cc thit b s dng phng php giao tip i ngu, nn h thng thng khng th h tr qu 2 thit b, mc d trn thc t t MS-DOS 5.0, phn mm h iu hnh c kh nng h tr ti 7 thit b. Trong thi gian gn y giao tip IDE ch c th h tr a cng, nh vy cc thit b nh CD-ROM hoc u c bng t (tape) khng th s dng c chun IDE. Tnh hung c ci thin khi a CD-ROM, c kh nng ni trc tip vi giao tip chun IDE ra i. Tuy nhin nhng a loi trn khng c thng dng. Mt trong nhng im hn ch ln nht ca chun IDE l gii hn 528 MB- dung lng a ti a m IDE c th qun l. iu c quyt nh thng qua cch m BIOS v card iu khin nm gi s lng Cylinder, u t v sector (CHS) ca a cng, nhng thng s xy dng nn dng lng a. Bi v h thng phi thc hin vic bin dch hai tp hp thng s , ch c nhng gi tr chung nh nht gia chng c th c s dng quyt nh dung lng a ti a ca a (xem hnh 1). Trn phn ln cc h thng, vn tc chuyn d liu b gii hn bi tc ng d liu IDS - tc l vo khong 2-3 MB/giy. Mt thc t ng bun l rng ca ng d liu ISA l 16 bit, nh vy tht khng d dng lm tng khi lng d liu trn ng truyn. Gn y mc d c s ra i ca cu trc local bus cng khng lm ci thin c tnh hnh trn v giao tip IDE nguyn thy khng c thit k tn dng ng truyn c m rng. Trn phn ln cc my PC, local bus ch c s dng bi h thng video trong khi a cng c gn vi ng d liu ISA c l. 3. Qu trnh pht trin ca E-IDE ETm hi u v h th ng

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Nhn ra gii hn ca chun IDE, nhiu nh sn xut my PC s dng SCSI (giao din cc h thng my tnh nh) nh l mt gii php. SCSI c hng lot cc u im nh: C th qun l c nhiu nht 7 thit b trn mt card. C th iu khin c a CD-ROM, c bng t, a quang v thm ch c scanner (my qut hnh). Loi SCSI mi nht c tn Fast Wide SCSI-2 c kh nng chuyn d liu vi tc 20 MB/giy bng cch s dng mt cache c sn trong card. Mc d c rt nhiu u im nh nu trn, SCSI c xem l mt s la chn t tin v card iu khin ln thit b tun theo chun u t hn so vi cc card v thit b IDE. Nhn thy th trng cn mt th g tt hn IDE, cc nh sn xut a cng chnh quyt nh xy dng nn chun E-IDE, mt chun ha hn s mang li tnh nng cao v nhiu u im nhng c gi c cnh tranh. E-IDE c thit k ci tin cc hn ch ca chun IDE trc y bng cch h tr cc a cng dung lng ln hn, qun l ti 4 thit b trn hai ng giao tip ring bit, h tr CD-ROM, bmng t v c tc truyn nhanh hn. im quan trng c bit v E-IDE: N l mt s m rng ca chun IDE v v vy n hon ton tng thch vi chun IDE trc . iu c ngha l bn c th s dng thit b E-IDE trn mt my PC c cc thnh phn IDE, mc d nh vy cc thit b hot ng khng hiu qu so vi khi chng c ni vi mt card iu khin E-IDE. Chun E-IDE s dng mt tp lnh v thanh ghi iu khin m rng em li 5 im tng cng so vi chun ATA gc. 3.1. Dung lng Vn v gii hn 528 MB ca chun IDE c gii quyt bng cch s dng mt bng tham s iu khin tng cng, ton b 24 Abit c s dng quyt nh tham s iu khin. 24 bit c chia ra thnh cc phn, 10 bit c s dng cha ra s cylinder, 8 bit cho s u t v 6 bit cn li dnh lu tr s sector. Nh vy s lng gii hn s l cylinder, 255 u t v 64 sector trong mt a. EDPT mi to ra mt sa i trong ngt 13H v vy n s dch thng tin v s cylinder, u t, sector c chuyn ti n cho mt a ch khi logic 28 bit (LBA). Sau LBA c np vo trong cc thanh ghi h s tc v ca a. Bit 6 ca thanh ghi DSH ca a c s dng chn phn chng trnh iu khin a (phn sn - firmware) v thng dch cc thng tin trong cc thanh ghi h s tc v thnh khun dng LBA thay cho thng tin v s cylinder, u t v sector. Qu
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trnh chuyn i lm cho s lng u t hp l thay i t 32 n 255 v s cho php dung lng ti a l 8,4 GB. S dng LBA iu khin tham s a c ngha l ton b 28 bit c th c s dng quyt nh dung lng a, em li mt gii hn l thuyt l 136,9 GB. Tht ng tic l DOS ch c kh nng nh a ch trong phm vi 8,4 GB v hin nay l gii hn ca mt a n. Cc h iu hnh x l khng thng qua BIOS nh UNIX c th s dng kh nng nh a ch ca LBA v nh vy chng s h tr cc a c dung lng ln hn 8,4 GB. 3.2 Nhiu thit b Chun E-IDE cung cp (ti thiu) s h tr cho hai cng c lp, mi cng c kh nng qun l hai thit b thng qua hai knh lm vic tch bit. Cc cng c thit k thnh mt cng chnh v mt cng ph. Chng s dng cc ngt cng khc nhau l IRQ14 v IRQ15. Vi mt cng IDE chun n, mi knh lm vic c kh nng h tr hai thit b IDE mt l Master (Ch) v mt lm Slave (T), nhng ch c duy nht mt lnh c php thc hin ti mt thi im i vi mi knh. Cng i ngu ca chun E-IDE c kh nng thc hin ng thi hai lnh cho phng php m phng tng cng tnh nng ca h thng. Nh vy c th nh hnh mt h thng vi hai thit b, mt nm trn cng chnh v mt nm trn cng ph. S phn b s em li tnh nng cao hn so vi cu hnh Master - Slave khi qu trnh vo/ra a ngy cng tng. Tng t nh vy, cc cng i ngu IDE cho php mt thit b c tc cao c ni vo cng chnh v mt thit b chm hn ni vo cng chnh v mt thit b chm hn ni vo cng ph. Nu cu hnh nh trn c hnh thnh, n s cho php pht sinh cho cng chnh (ch cng chnh m thi) mt qu trnh chuyn d liu theo IDE tc cao thng qua vic tnh ton thi gian. C th y l mt gii php ti u ha khng mang li cht li ch nokhi pht sinh vic tnh ton thi gian cho qu trnh truy nhp cc thit b c tc chm nh CD-ROM hoc bng t. Ngc li, mt ngi s dng thng thng him khi yu cu d liu thng thi trn c a cng v CD-ROM, nh vy hon ton c th chia x mt cng cho mt a cng IDE vi mt CD-ROM IDE. Phn ln cc my tnh i mi s dng thit k VL-Bus hoc PCI. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, cng chnh s s dng Local Bus cn cng ph s giao tip thng qua ISA Bus thng thng. V vy, cc thit b c tc cao nh a cng c ghp ni vo cng chnh cn cc thit b chm hn s giao tip thng qua cng

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ph. Trong tng lai, hon ton c th thit lp c hai cng thng qua Local Bus tng cng tnh nng ca ton b h thng. Mt trong nhng c im quan trng nht ca E-IDE l kh nng h tr a gng (mirroring) v a kp (duplexing). Mirroring l mc u tin ca RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive/ Independent Disks). Mt cp thit b c "phn chiu" ngha l mi thit b c v ghi cng mt d liu. Nu mt trong hai thit b hng, thit b cn li vn cho php truy nhp d liu. Duplexing l mc th hai ca RAID. Mt h thng lu tr kp nh s dng cc b iu khin phn cng tch bit giao tip gia cc tit b v h thng. Mirroring c s dng phng trng hp hng hc a cn duplexing c thit k trnh cc trng hp sai hng b iu khin a. Phn ln cc nh sn xut my PC s nh n mt gii php s dng SCSI nhm cung cp hoc l duplexing hoc l Mirroring bng cch s dng 4 a SCSI v hai b iu khin SCSI. Tng t nh vy, cc h thng km sc chu ng s dng k thut RAID, nhng nhng gii php trn thng tn km v l c quyn ca mt s nh sn xut. Gii php chuyn i sang s dng cng i ngu ca E-IDE c th cung cp cc chc nng tng ng vi gi thnh r hn rt nhiu so vi cc b iu khin SCSI v trnh c s c quyn ca cc nh sn xut RAID. 3.3. Tc truyn Bng cch khai thc hiu qu giao tip VL- Bus hoc PCI trong cc my PC i mi, E-IDE c th thnh cng trong vic truyn d liu vi tc cao hn gii hn 2-3 MB/giy ca s hp tc gia IDE v ISA. s dng c phn khe cm m rng m kin trc local bus cung cp, mt tp hp cc ch chuyn d liu mi c ci t trong chun E-IDE. Cc ch cho php my PC c tc truyn d liu bin thin t 8-20 MB/giy, v vy E-IDE c kh nng i snh vi cc SCSI cht lng cao v mt tnh nng. Cc phng thc truyn theo ch nguyn bn 1 v 2 c nh ngha trong chun IDE vn c gi nguyn trong E-IDE. l vo/ra b x l (PIO) v truy nhp b nh trc tip (DMA), mi phng thc cho php thit b chuyn d liu theo ng truyn 16 Bit. Da trn tnh cht vt l ca a cng v chu trnh thi gian, cc ch c th t c tc truyn ln nht l 8.33 MB/giy. Vi ch 3 mi, qu trnh truyn d liu t card E-IDE ti thit b c qun l bi mt b iu khin o s dng cng ngh iu khin trn c dng tn hiu sn sng ca knh vo/ra (IORDY). Ch nh ngha mt thit b vo/ra CPU c tc truyn 120 ns (nano giy) v s dng phng thc truyn PIO. Nh vy tc
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truyn s ph thuc vo tc b nh ca my tnh (xem hnh 3). B nh ca my cng nhanh th tc truyn cng ln v kh nng ln nht c th t c l 11,11 MB/giy. Mt im ng ch l Seagate chn miu t cc a E-IDE ca h nh l cc thit b ATA nhanh. Cc c tnh k thut m Seagate a ra bao gm kh nng c bit c v ghi nhiu khi, nh vy n c th nng tc ca qu trnh truyn d liu ti 4 MB/giy khi ghp ni vi mt giao tip IDE chun. Ngoi cc kh nng b sung thit b do Seagate cung cp c cc tnh nng hon ton tng thch vi chun E-IDE. Vo thi im hin i, ch 3 cung cp kh nng truyn d liu nhanh nht. Tuy nhin ch 4 c pht trin v kim ngihm v n mang li mt tc nhanh hn (khong 16,7 MB/giy). Cc nh sn xut a cng Conner v Seagate tung ra th trng cc sn phm tun theo ch 4 v hy vng n s c s dng rng ri trong qu 2 ca nm nay. Cui cng, l ch 5, ch c kh nng tc truyn d liu ti 20 MB/giy, sch ngang vi Fast Eide SCSI v mt tnh nng (xem hnh 3). Cc thng s k thut ca ch 5 vn cha hon thnh nhng cc sn phm tun theo ch 5 s c a vo s dng trong cui nm nay. Nguyn nhn mang li tc truyn cao l thit k v cht lng ca cp giao tip. Dy cp kiu c to ra gii hn v tc truyn cho ch 5, do trong tng lai cc nh sn xut PC c th s phi s dng mt loi cp mi. 3.4. Ch s v ATAPI Nh vy, E-IDE c th i snh mt cch hiu qu hn so vi SCSI hng mnh, vic h tr cc thit b khc a cng c a vo chun. Giao din gi ATA (ATAPI), hon thnh vo nm 1994, nh ngha mt tp lnh mi trong c yu cu nh a ch cc thit b nh CD-ROM v bng t thng qua giao din ATA. a CD-ROM s dng giao din E-IDE hin nay c bn trn th trng v sau mt thi gian s c cc c bng t tun theo ATAPI. u im ca cc thit b E-IDE l gi c. Phn ln cc my PC trn th trng ang s dng a cng IDE, v vy iu d hiu l nn s dng a cng IDE, v vy iu d hiu l nn s dng cng mt kiu giao tip hn l ci t mt card SCSI t tin hoc mt card iu khin c quyn khc. Cc a CD-ROM tun theo ATAPI c th s dng vi bt k card m thanh no th hin mt cch y mc MPC2 v Multimedia. Mt dy cp ting chun s cung cp ng ting t a ti card m thanh. 3.5 "Cm l chy"
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Cui cng, a E-IDE cung cp cc thng tin b sung BIOS v cc phn mm iu khin cho php pht hin t ng cc c tnh ca E-IDE m khng nh ti ngi s dng. Tnh nng s gip ch rt nhiu cho cc my tnh "Plug -andPlay" trong tng lai. Thc t l mt s my PC c s khng tn dng c ht cc chc nng ca E-IDE v s gng p khi lm vic vi BIOS v Bus h thng. Phn ln cc my PC sn xut trong 2 nm tr li y c kin trc local - bus c th s dng c E-IDE. Trong tng li sp ti, mi a cng IDE c s c thay th bng chun E-IDE mi. iu c ngha l th h my PC tip theo v c gi c cnh tranh. E-IDE mang li cho ngi s dng kh nng lu tr ln hn v g b c cn tr tha k t chun IDE. l chnh l iu m th trng cn khi m cc ng dng hin nay bt u lm cho ngi ta nhn ra gii hn ca h thng a cng. Mainboard c Bus VL b trc trc Trong i my 486 c nhiu mainboard thit k Bus theo chun VL s dng card mn hnh v card I/O 32bit VL. Thit k ny c 1 nhc im l slot qu di nn kh khn trong vic lp rp v d xy ra tnh trng tip xc khng tt gia chn card vi slot sau 1 thi gian s dng hay khi my b rung ng nhiu. Nu sau khi my b rung ng (di chuyn, thay i linh kin...) ri khng ln mn hnh hay khng nhn bit a cng, a mm...th iu u tin bn nn ngh l b lng chn tip xc. Bn th lay card mn hnh hay card I/O, nu khng c bn nn tho hn card ra ri cm tr li tng card (th thay i slot). Theo kinh nghim thc t, bn cn phi kin nhn lm i lm li thao tc ny c khi hng chc ln, thm ch mt c ting ng h khi "tr" bnh ny. Trng hp card h rt t m a s l b lng tip xc. Ch : Khi cm card vo slot, cn phi dng tay Mainboard n khng b cong theo lc nhn (do card qu di) lm chn card khng xung su c. Khi gn card th nh th coi chng lng chn card th nht. Khi lm v sinh hay thay i linh kin cho nhng my loi ny, trnh ng lm rung ng mnh mainboard hay card VL c trong my. By cng ngh PC lm thay i th gii

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Lin lc hng ngoi, mn hnh dt, nhn bit ting ni... Cc cng ngh nu di dy c hoc ang pht trin cc nh ch to tin hc trong vng cha n mi nm ti, cc cng ngh y s c s dng rng ri trong cng chng. Mn hnh rt dt. Montpollier (Php), hng Pix Tech pht trin cc ng n hnh cc m b dy 11 mm. Khong nm 2002 s bn ra hng lot. Nhn dng bng mt. IBM, Intel v nhiu trng i hc M (MIT, Stanford...) ang nghin cu cc phn mm gip cho cc my tnh nhn dng c nhng ngi cng i thoi v gip cho h hiu cc phn ng, cc iu b. Tm bng nhn ra ch vit. Apple, IMB v 3 Com US Robotics bn ra th trng nhng chic my bit nhn ra ch vit tay. Nhng t l sai st cn rt cao. Cn thm nhiu nm nghin cu t n mt sn phm c hiu nng y . Nhn bit ting ni. c nhiu phn mm gip c c vn bn trn PC. t nht cn c 3% cc sai st. Cc k s ang lm vic t n cc phn mm hiu c li ni. Trong 5 nm na, ngi ta c th ra lnh cho chic my tnh ca mnh (th d: cho ti bit ti khon ca ti cn bao nhiu?). Thng nht vo mt trung tm thu nh. Lu n iu kin din tch s dng trong nh c hn, cc th h my tnh tng lai s gn hn. Thm na, trn cc my y, cc b phn thit b c cc a nh s khng cn na (cc hp phiu trao i qua th tn in t). My in "quy v mt mi". Cc my in sau ny s gm my fax v mt my qut. Chng c th in li mt bc nh mu c A4 trong mt pht ng h. Con chut khng dy. Olivetti l hng u tin a ra s dng s lin lc hng ngoi gia bn phm v trung tm thng nht. Cng ngh ny s m rng theo kiu con chut. My khng iu khin c cng do thi gian khi ng qu nhanh C 1 s my mi khi m my u bo khng c cng, phi khi ng li bng cch bm Ctrl+Alt+Delete th cng mi c nhn dng. Li ny c th do my tnh khi ng qu nhanh nn Bios truy xut cng trc khi n hot ng. Bn hy th khc phc li ny nh sau: Vo Bios xc lp cc mc Quick Power on Selft-Test l Disable; Fast Boot Option l Disable; Above 1 Mb l Enable; Hard Disk Initialization time-out l 30 sec. Mc ch cc xc lp l ko di thi gian khi ng, kp cho cng lm vic trc khi Bios d tm n n.
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My tnh khi ng chm Hu ht thi gian trong qu trnh khi ng l kim tra phn cng. Ton b phn cng phi c nhn bit v a vo qun l ri h iu hnh mi c np. Do my c cng nhiu phn cng th khi ng cng chm (so vi my c t phn cng). Tuy nhin nu my khi ng qu chm th bn cn kim tra li cc khai bo thit b trong Bios v: * Qu trnh kim tra s ko di gp nhiu ln nu bn khai bo 1 thit b khng c thc (do bios phi cn thn d i d li vi ln) th d: thng s cng, mm sai. * Trong phn khai bo thit b nh cc a cng trn ng EIDE1 v EIDE2, cc cng COM v LPT...Nu bn chn Auto, my s khi ng chm hn so vi khi khai bo chnh xc hay khi chn Disable/None cho nhng thit b khng c.

My ti chy Windows 95. Sau mt thi gian s dng, do ny my khi ng rt lu v chy cc chng trnh rt chm d cu hnh my ti kh cao: Intel Pentium 233MMX, 32MB RAM, cng 2,1 GB, cc mn hnh S3 2MB. Xin hi cch khc phc ?

My tnh chy chm

My bn chy chm c th do rt nhiu nguyn nhn, di y l mt s bin php. Bn c th p dng 1 hoc tt nht l tt c. Khi ng my bng a mm "sch", trong c chng trnh dit Virus mi nht nh Bkav252, D2-286... tm v dit. M tp Autoexec.bat : trong NC n F4 hoc trong Windows chy Start/Run g Sysedit.Ok. Bn b bt nhng chng trnh c ci trong bng cch thm du (;) vo u dng hoc xa i. Bn m tp Win.ini (ging cch trn). Tm dng Run=, Load=. Nu sau du = c dng lnh no th xo i v nhng chng trnh ny s c kch hot sau khi vo Windows v s lm chm tc my. B bt nhng chong trnh c kch hot mi khi vo Windows trong Start/ Setting/ Taskbar / Start Menu Program/ Remove/ Program/ Startup. Bn cng nn b i cc nh nn sc s, cc Wallpaper trn Desktop. Xo i nhng biu tng khng cn thit, cc biu tng ng trn Desktop v chng cng lm gim ng k tc my. C th my bn ci qu nhiu cc chng trnh ng dng nn my b chm. Nn g b nhng chng trnh khng cn cn thit bng cng c Uninstall

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km theo chng hoc trong My Computer / Control Pannel / Add/remove Programs / Uninstall/install chn chng trnh cn g v n Add/Remove. Cui cng nht thit phi chy cc tin ch Scandisk cha cc li ri chy Disk Defragmenter gim phn mnh a. Ti chc my bn s chy nhanh hn nhiu sau khi thc hin cc bc trn. Nu khng c bn ch c th xo i v ci li Windows 95, thm ch c th bn phi Backup li d liu ri Format li - coi nh ci li t u. CDrom khng c c a S c xy ra c th do hai nguyn nhn: Hoc l a CD ca bn b bn hoc l a bn b hng v hot ng sai. Trc ht, bn nn th xem a ca bn c th c c mt a CD no khng. Th bn ch ra rng nhiu a d liu khng chy c trn a ca bn nhng chng li chy tt trn my khc. Hy chy mt a nhc trn a ca bn th xem. Cch ghi d liu ca a nhc cng tng t nh CD-ROM nhng tc c ch bng 1/4. Nu a nhc khng chy c, a ca bn c th b bn. Bn nn xem hng dn ca nh sn xut a lm th no dng a lau chi lau u c. Nu khng c hng dn th bn c th th dng b lau chi CD (CD cleaner ket), b ny c bn sn cc ca hng. Nu nh vic lau chi gip a c c a nhc th a d liu ca bn chc cng s c c. Nu a ca bn vn khng chi nhc c, c l n cn phi c sa cha. B phn c ca u c c th khng c iu chnh ng, hay m t khng duy tr ng tc . Trong trng hp nh th tt hn bn nn mua mt mi (thm ch c tc 12, 16)vi gi khong 80 la. Thay th bao gi cng n gin hn sa. V li thng khi sa khng g bo m khng ti pht. cng trn 4Gb khng khi ng c C vi cng trn 4Gb khng khi ng c trn mt s mainboard, bn c th Fdisk bnh thng nhng my s b treo khi khi ng li. Theo chng ti th vn do Bios v h iu hnh lm vic khng "khp" vi nhau. C 1 cch s dng tm cc a ny trong khi ch thay th mainboard hay cng. 1/ Vo Bios, chn mc t ng pht hin cng. 2/ Vo mc khai bo cng, iu chnh li s u c (H) t 16 thnh 15.

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3/ Nhn s cylinder vi 16 ri chia cho 15, nu kt qu c s l th b s l (lm trn xung). 4/ iu chnh s cylinder thnh s mi (ln hn s c) ny. 5/ Lu thay i ri thot Bios. 6/ Fdisk v Format nh bnh thng. Th d: Nu thng s do Bios t ng d tm l 9924x16x63 (CHS). Ta iu chnh thnh 10585x15x63 (CHS). Ch : Ghi nh gi tr ny khai bo khi em cng qua my khc hay khi b mt thng tin CMOS. Phi hp cng v CDRom Bn khng nn gn 2 cng c tc truy xut d liu chnh nhau nhiu (th d: 500Mb v 3.2Gb) vo cng 1 ng cp d liu v nh vy s khng tn dng c ht hiu sut ca a c tc cao. iu ny cng ng nh vy khi gn chung cng v CDRom c tc chnh nhau. Tt nht l tch ring cng nhanh v cng chm (hay CDRom) trn 2 ng EIDE khc nhau. Ch : Trn thc t, vic 2 a c tc chnh lch nhiu gn chung vi nhau cn c th lm chng chy khng n nh v hay b bo li truy xut khi chy chng trnh, thm ch c khi lm c h thng chy khng nh lun (my hay b treo bt t). Cc ph kin c knh chn mn hnh, b lu in, my n p. CPU CPU l b no my tnh, gi thay i tu nhn hiu, tc , v l c phn gim gi nhanh nht. CPU tc cng nhanh cng gip cho vic x l thng tin nhanh cc chng trnh ng dng. Tuy nhin tc x l cng cn tu thuc nhiu yu t khc. Mainboard Mainboard l c phn quan trng hng u trong my tnh, c nhiu nhn hiu, mc nht l ASUS. Mainboard cn c th khng nhn hiu. C kin cho rng hng v danh chy khng n nh. C kin khc cho rng hng v danh test chy n nh s hot ng tt, gi li r. C hai loi mainboard, mt loi h tr tc bus 66, mt loi 100 MHz. RAM

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RAM ch c mt vi nhn hiu, chnh lch gi khng ln, khng phi do cht lng m do hng khan hay khng. Dung lng RAM c khuyn khch t nht l 32 megabyte. Tu theo tc bus h thng - 66 hoc 100 MHz - m chn RAM h tr ng tc . Vi dung lng RAM ln, c th chy nhiu ng dng cng lc, tit gim thi gian my tnh phi gi ng dng t trong cng ra. cng a cng c hai nhn hiu thng dng l Seagate v Quantum. Trc Quantum lm ch th trng, nay Seagate. cng Fujitsu sn xut ti Vit Nam nhng khng thng dng. Dung lng a cng ang thng dng v thp nht l 2.1 GB. Mn hnh Mn hnh c ba hng l v danh, trung bnh v mang nhn hiu ni ting. Nn chn mn hnh t c hnh nh tt khi chnh cc nt chc nng v tr trung bnh. Cc loi mn hnh nh Philips, Samsung c ch bo hnh tt hn. Bn phm v chut Bn phm Mitsumi ang thnh hnh c tui th chng mt nm nu s dng theo gi lm vic hng ngy. Chut t 7 USD tr ln xi tm c. Logitech c nhiu loi sn xut ti Trung Quc, c th c bn theo gi hng i Loan, mc du hng Trung Quc ch bng na gi. Ph kin multimedia Loa - card m thanh c nhiu loi, qung co trn tri, nhng ni chung, khng g d hn nghe nhc bng my tnh. My in c ba loi, in kim, in phun v in laser. In kim tc chm, bn. In phun tc nhanh hn, gi r, nhng khng tin dng cho vn phng v khng dng c cho nhiu my, mc mc. In laser cht lng cao, bn, tc cao, gi cao, c th s dng cho nhiu my tnh, u t ban u cao nhng gi thnh in r hn in phun. CD CD-ROM n thi im nhiu ngi mun chuyn sang rp DVD-ROM thay v CDROM. Nhng gi ca DVD-ROM ang mc bng ci my tnh. CD-ROM nay ch c loi tc 32X. Ngha l ngi dng ang b buc phi mua tha ci m h cn. Thc ra tc hiu dng ca CD-ROM ch n 12X, cn tr ln l tc tip th hn l tc thc. Creative c gii thiu l kh, nhng kn a. Acer t kn a hn. Modem/Fax Modem/Fax ng dy in thoi trong nc ch t tc truyn khong 33 Kbps, nhng nhiu ngi li theo khuyn khch ngi bn mua modem 56 Kbps thay v 33.6 Kbps. Ngha l tr tin thm cho ci khng cn. Modem c loi gn trong r hn
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loi ngoi, thng dng l Rockwell, hng hiu l Motorola. Khi c nhu cu gi fax hoc ni kt vo mng hoc Internet, ngi dng mi phi sm Modem/Fax. n p v lu in Chn hng Vit Nam l hp l v thi gian bo hnh ca hng ni ng knh n. b My tnh ca bn b Y2K? Trc ht bn cn phi bit Y2K l g? l s c my tnh s xy ra vo nm 2000 i vi mt s my chy trn h iu hnh c. Y2K khng ch nh hng ln i vi my tnh ni mng m cn c th gy tc hi i vi c my tnh c nhn ca bn na bi n s lm bn nhm ln khng th phn bit c nm no l nm 1900 v nm no l nm 2000. Nhng khng sao, bn c th kim tra my ca bn c b nh hng hay khng bng mt th nghim nh tn khong 3 pht di y: Chuyn my sang mi trng DOS. nh vo lnh "Date". a mt ngy mi vo, v d 31/12/1999 sau thm thi gian, chng hn 23/58 thng qua lnh "Time". Sau , bn tt my, i khong vi pht ri khi ng li cng mi trng DOS v kim tra xem ngy hin th c l 01/01/2000 hay khng? Nu phi th chc mng bn, bn thot khi mt mi lo ca th k ri y. Cn nhc bng, bn thy s 01/01/00 th bn thc s gp rc ri: Y2K "g ca" my tnh ca bn. Nguyn nhn ca s c Y2K l do vn khng th nhn bit c s khc bit gia cc nm 2000 v 1900 bi v chng c lp trnh vi 2 ch s cui cng nhm tit kim chi ph khi m gi c "chip" cn kh t . Khi nhng my ny thm mt con s vo sau 99, BIOS s t li s m thnh 00. Vn ny l do my tnh nhn dng ngy 01/01/00 (ngy 1 thng 1 nm 2000) nh l ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1900. C l chng kh khn g tng tng s c ny s gy ra nhng kh khn nh th no! V d nh mt bn thanh ton, mt h thng t ng cc lnh c t trn c s ngy, thng, nm thc hin mt s nhim v no . Hay nh qu trnh lu tr vn bn, chuyn tin cc ngn hng, nu nh vn ny xy ra, tt c s nh mt "m bng bong" khng th xc nh c. Nu nh bn chc chn rng my tnh ca bn cng chung s phn nh bit bao my khc th cng ng qu lo lng, bn vn c th khc phc c. Hy nhanh chng lin h vi cng ti sn xut ra my tnh , chc chn h s cung cp cho bn chng trnh nng cp BIOS mi. Ram chn l

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K thut v tnh chn l ch yu c dng cho cc my qun l c s d liu ln v nhng my ny an ton d liu l quan trng nht. Tnh chn l l 1 dng kim tra li b nh bng cch b sung thm 1 bit vo tng byte (8 bit) ca b nh. Khi lm vic, bit chn l cho mi byte ang hot ng s c so snh vi bit chn l lu gi trong b nh. Nu c hai tng hp vi nhau, d liu c coi l tt. B nh chn l v khng chn l c th kt hp chung vi nhau nhng bt buc phi hy b vic kim tra chn l trong Bios. nhn din Ram chn l bn da vo s k hiu v s sp xp ca chng: Nu kt thc vi n.byte (td: 8, 32...) l Ram khng chn l. Nu kt thc vi n.byte+n (td: 9, 36...) l Ram chn l. i vi SIMM 30 chn, ta m s lng IC v tnh nh trn. Td: 8 chip l Ram khng chn l, 9 chip l Ram chn l. Ch : Trong k hiu SIMM 2Mx32 hay 1Mx8...con s sau du x ch s lng bit, ta phi chia cho 8 c s lng byte ri nhn cho s trc du x c dung lng ca SIMM. Th d: 2Mx32 l SIMM 8M (2Mx4byte); 1Mx8 l SIMM 1M (1Mx1byte) Ram chn vng v Ram chn bc Trn th trng c bn 2 loi Ram, 1 c chn mu vng v 1 c chn mu bc. Ngi s dng i khi "thc mc" khng bit li no tt hn mua. V nguyn tc, c 2 loi ram c cht lng nh nhau nhng khi mua chng ta cn bit nh sau: Do vn tng hp kim loi khi cm Ram vo slot, nu 2 kim loi khng ng cht vi nhau s phn ng mnh, lm tng nhanh qu trnh oxy ha, in tr tip xc tng theo n khi tn hiu khng th truyn qua c na (gy ra li b nh). Bn cn trnh hiu ng ny bng cch mua Ram c chn tip xc cng loi vi tip im ca mainboard ko di thi gian s dng ti a cho chng.

Ti ang s dng PC Pentium 100 MHz. a cng ca ti c dung lng 1 GB. Cch y khng lu, a cng ca ti b nhim virus, cc tp tin b xa sch. Ti rt lo lng v e s vn ny xy ra mt ln na. Song song bn cnh bin php chng virus, ti mun c thm mt bin php bo v khc. Hin nay gi a cng rt r. Liu ti c th ng thi chp hay sao d liu vo a th hai c khng? Hy cho bit ti c cn mt phn mm c bit hay mt b iu khin a cng mi khng?

DiskTo Disk-mirror

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R rng l bn c mt xut thng minh khi c nh dng mt a th hai sao lu ngay lp tc cho a cng chnh ca bn. iu ny c th thc hin bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Nhng trc tin bn nn xem xt nhng tr ngi v hy nghin cu mt s bin php khc na. T lu, cc thit b disk-mirroring c chc nng bo m an ton cho d liu lu tr. N c s dng phng khi hng hc. Do , n l mt phn quan trng trong thit k mng cc b (LAN).Tuy nhin, mt s thit b cng thch hp khi s dng vi my n. Cch x l ph bin nht l thng qua phn cng: (1) dng mt b iu khin n sao lu d liu vo c hai a; (2) dng hai b iu khin c lp duy tr hai nh song song trn hai i khc nhau. C t nht hn mt cng ty a ra gii php phn mm gii quyt vn . Octopus Technologies c WinStation cho Windows 95 (gi 49 la M). Phn mm ny c thit k to nh ca d liu trn a gia trm lm vic (workstation) v my tnh ch (server) trong mng cc b hoc gia hai workstation. Tuy nhin, bn cng c th dng phn mm ny to gng ca d liu c trong a ca mt my n. Theo li mt i din cng ty, phn mm ny khng lm tng qu nhiu chi ph i vi yu cu h thng x l bnh thng. Bn cng c th c lng hiu qu cng c disk-mirroring bng cch th s dng mt chng trnh truyn tp. Phn ln cc phin bn hin nay ca nhng chng trnh nh vy u c tnh nng ng b ha. N c thit k nhm m bo cho bn c c nhng d liu nh nhau trn hai h thng khc nhau, chng hn nh trong my tnh xch tay v c my tnh bn. Tnh nng ny cng cho php bn chp nhng thay i ni dung t a ny sang mt a khc trong cng h thng. Gii php disk-mirroring v cng tin li. N c th gip bn c cch gii quyt hu hiu trong trng hp a cng b hng hc. Tuy nhin, n vn khng th thay th vic sao lu (back-up) h thng thng xuyn L do ch yu l mt tp trn a ny b hng, d liu hng s c ghi ln c a kia. Ch c mt b sao lu ring mi gi c cho bn mt bn sao hon ho ca d liu khi cha b hng.

My ti trc c ci Windows 95 nay ti nng cp ln Windows 98, nhng by gi cc mn hnh ca ti khng hot ng na, n ch hin 16 mu. Ti cho Windows 98 t ng 'detect' nhng Windows khng nhn bit c chnh xc tn cc ny, n ch bo l Unknown Device. Xin hi cch khc phc ?

driver Thiu driver card mn hnh

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Nh vy l my bn sau khi nng cp lm mt 'driver' ca cc mn hnh m b Windows 98 khng h tr cc ny. Bn phi c 'driver' chun km theo cc ny (thng km trn a mm, a CD-ROM khi bn mua my) hoc lin h ni m bn mua my trc y c cung cp li. Bn cng th dng 'driver' chun ca Windows 98 l Standard Display Adapter (VGA) xem c thch hp vi cc mn hnh ca bn khng. Bn lm theo cc bc sau: 1. Kch Start, chn Settings, Control Panel, kch p Display. 2. Kch mc Settings, chn Advanced. 3. Kch mc Adapter, chn Change. 4. Kch Next, kch "Display a list of all the drivers in a specific location, so you can select the driver you want," kch Next. 5. Kch Show All Devices. 6. Trong hp thoi Manufacturers, kch Standard Display Types. 7. Trong Models, kch Standard Display Adapter (VGA), OK, kch Next. (trong ny cn c 4 loi na ty chn) 8. Kch Next, tip Next, Finish. 9. Kch Close, tip Close, kch Yes khi ng li my tnh. tm kim 'driver' bn cng c th truy cp vo Website: www.driverguide.com, trang ny bao gm rt nhiu 'driver' thit b ca nhiu hng sn xut. User: Driver Password: All T lm cp ni 2 my truyn d liu Cp Cp Link LPT (25 chn) Bng ni dy t chn x ca u 1 n chn x ca u 2 Chn ca u 1 Chn ca u 2 2 15 3 13 4 12 5 10 6 11 7 - 25 B Cp Null Modem (COM - 9 chn)
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Xem phim bng my vi tnh Xem phim trn my PC tr nn mt iu thc t, nu bn c trong tay phn cng v phn mm cn thit Video CD ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin. Nhng cun phim di nay nm va trn 2 a CD thay cho cc a laser 12-inch cng knh. Hng trm u phim v ang c pht hnh. Bn c th xem li Video CD khng ch trn cc h my multimedia mi m c trn cc my c b sung kh nng audio. Tt c cc phn cng v phn mm Video CD u dng chung chun nn d liu ca (Motion Picture Experts Group). y l chun c International Standards Organisation (ISO) thit lp. Nn cc nh video theo MPEG l qu trnh tn thi gian v rt ph thuc vo phn cng. Ti ngc li c lp vi thit b hn. Nh vy, k thut nn MPEG c tnh phi i xng, ngha l n lc nn d liu ln hn nhiu so vi khi bung ra. Khng c g gi l ngc nhin: phn cng nn theo chun MPEG gi hng trm nghn la, trong khi card MPEG dng khi xem phim li ch c vi trm. L th l chun MPEG khng c t chi tit phn cng m ch nh ngha cch nn d liu. Thut ton nn c th do cc nh sn xut a ra v hn nhau chnh khu ny. Video s cho i chng V k thut, video l mt chui tun t cc nh c lin tc a ra mn hnh, to cm gic chuyn ng. Vi phn gii VGA y v tc 30 khung hnh/giy, my tnh c kh nng trnh din video. Cc bit d liu c lu chuyn vi tc 640x480x24 -bit x 30 fps ngha l gn 221 megabit/giy, vt ngoi kh nng ca PC trung bnh hin nay.
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MPEG l chun ca ISO/IEC (International Organisation for Standarddisation/International Electro-technical Commission dng nn d liu video v audio vi tc v cht lng trung bnh. c thit lp t 1992, chun ny cho php truyn vi thng sut 1,5 megabit/giy trong iu kin phn gii 352x240 im, m bo cht lng VHS. Video c nn theo t l 50:1 n 100:1 ty theo dng nh c th. D liu m ha c nh hng truyn vi tc 1,5 Mbit/giy thch hp vi tc truyn bnh thng ca u CD-ROM tc n (153 kb/giy). Vi CD-ROM tc kp, nh vy cng kh tt, tuy MPEG-1 u tin c thit k dng vi CD-ROM loi tc n. Mc nn nh vy m bo c cht lng VHS. Trong cc CD-ROM v trn cc tuyn vin thng T1 (1,5 Mbit/s) hiu nng hon ton t yu cu. Phn ln PC hin nay m bo c thng sut (150 Kb/s) nh vy. Vic thc hin video chuyn ng tht (full motion) mc truyn d liu nh vy c tm quan trng bi n cho php dng cc my PC hin nay, vi mt a CD c th xem trong thi gian khong 1 gi. Hn na, nh sn xut video c iu kin s dng cc mch truyn thng hin c vi gi c chp nhn. Mt chi video bao gm nhiu khung hnh (frame), mi khung l mt hnh nh tnh. u video th hin tun t tng khung hnh mt vi tc khong 30 fps (frame per second). Cc khung hnh c s ha theo dng thc RGB, 24 bit/im (8 bit cho mi mu , xanh l cy v xanh da tri). MPEG-1 c thit k m bo c tc 1,5 Mbit/s hoc thp hn, v c nh hng dng vi cc nh c 352x288 truyn vi tc 24 - 30 fps. tng c bn ca k thut nn MPEG l rt b nhng d tha khng gian (spatial redundancy) trong mi khung video v d tha thi gian (temporal redundancy) tn ti gia cc khung. Nguyn tc chnh l on trc s chuyn ng t khung ny sang khung khc theo hng thi gian. Vic nn trn c s DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) c tc dng gim d tha khng gian. Nn kiu Motion c dng vi d tha thi gian. Cc khung hnh trong chui video thng khng thay i g nhiu trong mt khong thi gian no . Y tng ch l m ha khung video da trn cc khung khc gn vi n v thi gian. MPEG ghi li nhng khc bit gia cc khung. Khi c nhiu chuyn ng, nhiu thng tin phi c x l hn l khi mt ngi ch ngi c, do cht lng pht li s b nh hng..... MPEG-2, chun MPEG mi nht c a ra nhm b sung cho MPEG-1 trong nhng phng din khc ca k thut nn video. MPEG-2 c th biu din cc
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chui video kt hp tun t v xen k. y l k thut qut (scan) nhm m bo cht lng nh cao hn m khng cn phi tng tc . MPEG-1 c chun ha. Kt qu l nhiu hng c th cng chia x kinh nghim ca nhau trong nghin cu vi k thut nn video lin quan ti chun MPEG-1. y l vn quan trong nhm lm cho th trng cc sn phm video tr nn phong ph hn gi thnh gim. Bc ng chun ha Cng nghip chp nhn MPEG nh mt chun video. Cc nh sn xut PC, laptop, video chip u cng b d kin ca mnh. Microsoft cho bit, b gii m cho MPEG s c a vo Windows 95. Nhm nghin cu Berkeley Plateau Multimedia Research Group xut phn mm decoder dng cho MPEG-1 vo thng 11/1992. B gii m ny dng c trn hu nh mi loi my v c gi ti 60.000 ngi s dng qua mng Internet. MPEG-1 c thit k c th gii m t tn km. Nhiu card ha hin nay c bn km theo phn mm tin ch cho php CPU v chip ha phi hp cng vic vi cc tp tin MPEG m khng cn ti b tng tc chuyn dng. Video chuyn ng thc c cht lng trung bnh tng t nh chun VHS v c ngi tiu dng chp nhn. Tuy vy, ngi dng cao cp mun c c cht lng video cao hn na vi phn gii ln hn, di mu rng hn. MPEG-1 khng p ng yu cu ny. MPEG2 c thit k nhm m bo c tc truyn khung v phn gii cao hn. Cht lng c th t ti mc ca TV PAL/NTSC v hn na. Ci gi m MPEG-2 phi tr l cn b nh ln v di thng ln. MPEG-2 khng thay th MPEG-1. N m bo video ton tc mc truyn d liu khc nhau, thng dng l 15 Mbit/s. MPEG-2 nhanh hn MPEG-1 t 3 n 10 ln. Phn mm gii m cho MPEG-1 i hi nhiu kh nng x l ca CPU x l. Tuy nhin, vn quan trng hn c trong vic thc hin cn ph thuc vo ngun vo, c bit trong trng hp pht video thng qua knh t xa. Nhng yu cu v tc ca vic gii m video vn cn b gii hn bi tc thi gian thc c chp nhn l 30 khung/giy. Kt qu l khi pht video nhanh, tc u vo hn ch v tc video u ra s tr nn mi quan tm chnh khi phn gii m video chy nhanh hn thi gian thc. Qu trnh m ha i hi CPU lm vic vi cng cao. t c kh nng m ha thi gian thc (30 fps), phi cn n my tnh vi tc giga (hng t) php tnh/giy, m y l sc mnh ca siu my tnh. Phn cng m ha video phi
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c thit k c bit bao gm nhiu b x l lm vic song song, nh vy l rt tn km (C-Cube thi gian thc cn ti 8 b x l video). Video c nn nh th no? Trong cc on video, s khc bit gia hai khung hnh lin tip nhau thng khng ng k. Trn thc t, mt c ng c to ra ch khi c s thay thay i phn no t mt khung hnh so vi khung hnh trc . iu ny c ngha l t khung hnh ny sang khung hnh khc c nhng thng tin c lp li hay khng thay i, v ch c nhng thay i mi phi ghi li. Trong vic nn, video c coi l i tng cho s phn tch ton hc thng qua x l thut ton. Nhng khc bit gia cc khung hnh c th biu din theo cch ton hc, trong khi phn thng tin khng thay i c th loi tr bi chng c s dng li t khung hnh trc . Video My chi Video CD hay PC trang b Video CD? Video CD ang tr nn thng dng, nhng ny sinh cu hi dng u audio/video CD chuyn dng hay PC xem phim? u chuyn dng d dng, ch vic lp a v bm Play, tuy nhin khi ang son tho vn bn m li quan st c nh video chuyn ng mt gc mn hnh th cn g l th bng. Tt nhin my ca bn phi c CPU rt mnh, nhiu RAM v phn cng MPEG thch hp. Nhiu khi chng lm vic c vi nhau cng kh rc ri v c th phn gii, mu cha t mc cn thit hoc a ch I/O, DMA xung t vi cc thit b khc. Mt cu hi t ra l tng lai ca Video CD theo chun MPEG-1. Khng lu na, ngi dng s c trong tay DVD (digital video disc) dung lng ln v MPEG-2. DVD khng ch c dung lng gp 8 hoc 16 ln so vi trc (ph thuc vo a mt lp hoc hai lp) m cn cho php truyn vi tc hn 3Mb/s trong khi s vng quay ch nh ca CD-ROM tc 4. Gi DVD s khng cao hn nhiu so vi gi video CD hin nay, nhng cht lng cao hn v khng phi lo thay a na. My tnh dng lm g Bi 1: Ti mua my tnh lm g?

Trong bi ny, bn s tm hiu v nhng loi phn mm khc nhau v cch lp mt bng danh sch cc phn mm cn mua
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Phn mm cn thit s dng my tnh bn cn hai loi phn mm: phn mm h iu hnh v phn mm ng dng Phn mm h iu hnh: Mi my tnh u c ci sn mt h iu hnh. Mt chic my tr tri, d c c loi phn mm ng dng cng chng gip c g nu bn khng c h iu hnh. H iu hnh ph trch cc tc v trn my: hin th thng tin ln mn hnh, lu ti liu, tm kim v ti hin th cc ti liu, gi thng tin n my tnh v cn lm nhiu tc v khc. Mt loi my c th c mt h iu hnh ring. Trc y my IBM v cc loi tng hp thng ch s dng h iu hnh DOS. Gn y, phn ln chuyn sang chy Microsoft Windows trn nn DOS nh mt ph tr thn thin cho ngi s dng. Macintosh li l mt loi my tnh khc. Cc my ny dng mt h iu hnh gi l System. Bn c th tm hiu thm v h iu hnh Bi 4. Phn mm ng dng: Ngoi phn mm iu hnh h thng bn cn cn cc phn mm ng dng. Tu mc ch s dng m chn cc phn mm ng dng khc nhau. Cc chng ti s m t cc loi phn mm ng dng bn ty chn. Cc loi phn mm ng dng Chng c cch no lit k c ht cc loi phn mm hin c trn th trng. Trong hu ht mi trng hp, mi phn mm c vit ra phc v cho mt mc ch ring bit. Chng hn, phn mm son tho vn bn, theo di cng thc pha ch thuc, lp bng t vi, r sot d n u t v cn nhiu na. Sau ay l mt s loi phn mm thng dng nht. Cc chng trnh x l vn bn: Nu bn mun to vn bn: th t, bo co, lun vn, bn tho... bn cn mt chng trnh x l vn bn. y l ng dng thng dng nht v c chc nng ng nh tn gi: chng trnh x l cc vn bn. Nu ngh rng chng trnh x l vn bn cng chng khc g mt chic my nh ch k thut cao, bn s hon ton sai lm. Chng trnh ny hiu qu hn nhiu. Chng ta hy th lc qua mt s kh nng ca hu ht cc phn mm x l vn bn. Thay i vn bn d dng Bn c th b sung on vn bn bn qun cha dng. nh vo trc , xa b on khng cn, di chuyn chng n a im mi, sao chp vn bn, ghp vi vn bn khc... Thay i hnh thc vn bn. T vic chnh l trang n thao tc tht vo u dng, bn c th thay i v nh dng li vn bn. Hu ht cc chng trnh x l vn bn hin nay u cung cp rt nhiu c im nh dng khc nhau

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gip bn to c mi th, t mt ghi nh n gin n cc bo co hng nm phc tp. Kim tra chnh xc. Hu ht cc chng trnh x l vn bn u c chng trnh tra li chnh t (spelling). Chc nng ny cho php bn kim tra cc t s dng trong vn bn, i chiu vi cc t c sn trong t in v ch ra nhng t khng tm thy. Bn c th thay i hay r sot li cc t trong ti liu. Mt s chng trnh son tho vn bn cn c thm tin ch t in ng ngha phn ngha cho ting Anh (thesarus), c khi c c phn mm kim tra vn phm ting Anh. Tit kim thi gian. Cc chng trnh x l vn bn cng c nhiu c im gip bn tn thi gian. Bn c r nhanh c ti liu kim mt im c bit v bn cng c th to nhng th mu. Bng Bng tnh (spreadsheet) v cc loi phn mm ti chnh Bng tnh l loi phn mm thng dng th hai, xp sau chng trnh x l vn bn. Nu bn lm vic vi nhng thng tin ti chnh (v d theo di doanh s bn, tnh ton ngn sch, lm bng lng hay s lng tin vay), ng nhin bn s cn mt bng tnh. Bng tnh l mt h thng gm cc ct v dng. Bn nhp d liu, tc l cc con s vo cc do ct v dng to ra. Cc tnh ton d liu c thc hin trong bng tnh. Chng trnh bng tnh ng nhin hiu qu hn nhiu so vi mt my tnh nh (calculator) loi tt. Di y l mt s vic bn lm c di s h tr ca chng trnh bng tnh: Thc hin nhng tnh ton t n gin n phc tp. Trong mt bng tnh bn c th gii t nhng con ton n gin, tnh tng s chng hn cho ti nhng phng trnh phc tp, v d tnh ton kh nng hi vn trong mt d n u t. Thay i hnh thc d liu. Cng ging nh chng trnh x l vn bn, bn c th nh dng d liu: thm k hiu tin t, s dng s thp phn, canh l... To biu hay th. Hu ht cc chng trnh bng tnh (spreadsheet) u c cc kh nng lp th. Nh chc nng ny bn c th thy r ng biu din cc d liu. Qun l cc danh sch d liu. Mc d chng trnh spredsheet khng phi l c s d liu (xem bi k tip) ta vn c th dng loi chng trnh ny theo di cc bng danh sch n gin cha cc thng tin v khch hng hay v sn phm.

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Ngoi cc chng trnh bng tnh, bn cng c th s dng cc loi chng trnh ti chnh khc. C nhng chng trnh dnh ring cho mc ch qun l s sch ti chnh. Bn c th dng chng trnh ny theo di tin tit kim, cn i s sch k ton v to cc bo co thu. Cc chng trnh ny rt a dng c th i t n gin n phc tp. Cc chng trnh c s d liu Nu bn mun theo di nhng s lng thng tin ln, v d danh mc khch hng, kim k, thng tin th vin hay donah s bn, bn rt cn mt chng trnh c s d liu. Loi chng trnh ny rt a dng, cho php bn qun lsy t mt danh sch th tn n gin n nhng h thng thng tin ni kt phc tp (v d nh h s v ton b khch hng ca mt tp on kinh doanh ln, bng theo di cc knh phn phi hng ha ca cng ty). Bn c th ci t cc c s d liu c sn trong cc trng (hoc trng) cho mi loi thng tin bn cn. Sau bn c th nhp v qun l d liu d dng. Vi chng trnh c s d liu, bn c th r nhanh tm thng tin mnh cn. Cng c th sp xp thng tin theo nhiu kiu, chng hn theo th t tn h hay m s trong c s d liu ngha l t nhng cu hi cho my tnh. Bn c th yu cu chng trnh cung cp tt c cc ha n khch hng c tr gi trn 5 triu qu hn 30 ngy. Cc chng trnh ha Nu bn mun lm vic vi hnh nh, v d to mt logo, v bn , thit k trang c ng, x l hnh nh, dng phim video, bn s cn mt chng trnh ha no . Loi ny kh nhiu v a dng. Di y l mt s chng trnh tiu biu: Cc chng trnh trnh by. Nu bn cn to mt slice hnh, hy tm mt trnh chng trnh trnh by. Cc chng trnh ny gip bn to lp, sp xp phim slice v xut kt qu. Chng trnh t mu. Dng chng trnh ny bn c th to c nhng bc tranh n gin. Ch khc l khi v trn giy th bn v bng bt cn trn mn hnh bn v bng dng c my tnh. Mi hnh gm nhiu thnh phn li ti gi l nh im (pixel). Bn c th t sa t c mu n tng pixel khin bc v thay i. Chng trnh v. Chng trnh v cng tng t nh chng trnh t mu, ch khc nhau v phng php to hnh. Mt bc v khng bao gm tng pixel. Thay vo , ngi ta gi l mt i tng (object). C th thay i kch c v hnh th mt i tng bng cch thay i ton th i tng.
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Chng trnh CAD. CAD (vit tt ca Computer Aided Design (thit k nh Chng my tnh tr gip). C th dng chng trnh CAD to s , bn v c kh, in t hoc kin trc. Nhng chng trnh hot hnh hay to hnh phc tp. Bn cng c th dng nhng chng trnh phc tp hn x l hnh nh my tnh. c th qut (scan) nhp vo my v sa i hnh chp hay to mt phim hot hnh. Cc chng trnh thng tin lin lc Mun hiu thm v thng tin lin lc vi cc my tnh khc hay cc dch v trc tuyn, hy c bi 11. Nn nh rng ngoi chuyn cn trang thit b chuyn bit, bn cng cn phi c phn mm ph hp mi c th lin lc c vi cc my tnh khc. Cc phn mm tch hp Nhiu h thng my tnh hin nay dng gom mt chng trnh tch hp. N phi hp tt c cc loi chng trnh khc nhau vo mt ng dng. Nhng chng trnh tch hp thng dng gm x l vn bn n gin, bng tnh, c s d liu, biu v cc chng trnh thng tin lin lc. Mt mnh ca cc chng trnh tch hp l chng rt n gin; bn ch phi hc mt chng trnh. Ci d l chng khng c nhiu tnh nng nh cc b chng trnh n ch. Chng hn nh mt b chn trnh tch hp s ch c vi kh nng nh dng n gin nh in m, in nghing, gch di; trong khi b chng trnh x l vn bn li c rt nhiu tnh nng tin tin. Xut bn bng my tnh (Desktop Publishing Program) Nu mun to cc ti liu phc tp (ngoi kh nng ca chng trnh x l vn bn), bn cn phi c mt chng trnh xut bn bng my tnh. Nh n bn lm vic v trnh by vn bn cng ha thnh trang d dng. Chng hn bn c th to thnh mt trang qung co hay thit k mt cun sch. Cc chng trnh gii tr v gio dc C l mt trong cc lnh vc rng nht ca chng trnh phn mm l lnh vc gio dc v gii tr. Khng c gii hn, mi th loi! Bn c th tm c cc chng trnh dy th: nh my, nu n, sa cha nh ca, chun b m ci, hoch nh trng cy ci quanh nh, sa xe v.v... Bn c th hc ton, hc gii phu, a l, ngoi ng v c cch s dng c nhiu chng trnh my tnh. V tr chi, c th xy c c mt thnh ph ring, chin u vi rng d, li my bay, ua xe, chi golf, bng chy, bng r, chi c, nh bi hay bng. Nu bn c mt th gii tr hay mt s thch, dng nh u c mt chng trnh phn mm thit k sn cho bn.
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Cc chng tnh tin ch Danh mc cui cng ca phn mm l cc chng trnh tin ch. y l cc chng trnh bn c th dng qun l my tnh ca mnh tt hn. V d nh trnh tin ch phc hi cc tp tin tnh c xa lm. Cc tin ch khc gip my bn hot ng vi tnh trng ti u. Xc nh mc ch ca mnh Gi th bn c cht khi nim v tt c cc kh nng my tnh c th thc hin. Hy lit k nhng g bn mun lm c trn my tnh. Nu kh vit, bn hy dng danh sch tm tt trang 5 ca phn 1. gi , hy suy ngh xem hin nay bn ang phi lm nhng loi cng vic g bng tay. Tnh ton th xem liu c th dng my tnh thc hin nhng cng vic y hay khng. Hy a vo danh sch cng nhiu mc cng tt. ng ch ngh n nhng g bn cn lm hm nay m phi tnh c n cng vic ca ngy mai. Nu mua mt my tnh ch p ng c nhu cu ti thi im ny, c th mai mt bn s cm thy hi tic y. Cn nhng ai na s dng chic my tnh bn sp mua? Khi lp danh sch, hy ngh xem ngoi mnh ra cn ai na s s dng my. Ngi bn i mnh chng? Con ci? Nu cn ngi dng, bn cn phi thm vo danh sch phn mm c nhng nhu cu ca h na. By gi bn ang s dng phn mm no? Nu bn c v s dng mt my tnh (c l v cng vic) hy nh ghi ch loi phn mm mnh dng. Chng hn nu bn dng mt chng trnh phn mm bng tnh ni lm vic th c nh bn cng cn phn mm . Chn ly mt phn mm Nu bn cn mt chng trnh x l vn bn m ch c mt th trn th trng th chuyn quyt nh chng c g kh khn. Tuy nhin, i vi hu ht cc loi phn mm, loi no cng chia ra mc, chn cho c mt qu l khng d. Th nht, a s u khng ging nhau hon ton, ch ta ta nh nhau: u c cc c im v gi c tng t. Th nh, chng c cch r rng xc nh sn phm no tt nht. Nu bn yu cu ba ngi hy bnh chn chng trnh x l vn bn tt nht, chc l bn s c n ba cu tr li khc nhau. Chng c cch no khc c. Bn phi t mnh quyt nh la chn loi ph hp nht thi.

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Ebook Team

Trong bi ny bn s hc cch chn b phn mm v n li nhng yu cu h thng i vi cc b chng trnh y.

gip bn d quyt nh, hy th theo nhng chin lc sau: Chn phn mm c cung cp chung vi h thng my tnh Nhiu h tnh. thng my tnh bn gp chung cc chng trnh phn mm. Nu chng hp vi nhu cu, c l khng cn phi tm kim thm th no khc. Hy ci t chnh th phn mm bn s dng ti vn phng. Nu ang dng my tnh ti vn phng v mun lm vic thm ti nh, nn mua v dng chnh phn mm trn my tnh gia nh. Khng nht thit phi chn cng th nhng phi nh vy s d lm vic nh hn. Li khi phi hc hai chng trnh v chng phi lo chuyn chuyn nh dng tp tin t chng trnh ny sang chng trnh khc. Nh ngi bn gp gii thiu cho chng trnh no mun chn mua ng mua. ch nghe h ni sung: hy truy cho ra ci hay ca mt hng. Ti sao th ny li tt hn th khc? Cng c th tham vn bn b, ng nghip v thn nhn. ng thi cng tm hiu xem nhng ngi cng ngnh h dng loi phn mm no. Th nhiu loi khc nhau. Hu ht cc ca hng my tnh u bn chy nhiu th phn mm lm mu. Sau khi th ht cc loi, chn loi mnh ng nht. Hy dng cch ny nht l khi mun s dng mt tnh nng c bit no ca chng trnh. Hu ht chng ta u vn hnh cng mt kiu nh nhau. Tuy nhin khi i su vo nhng tnh nng chuyn bit, nh to biu thc phn s, c th loi phn mm ny li d s dng hn loi kia. Hy mua phn mm no c gi thp nht. ( Vit Nam hin nay, chng ta thch copy phn mm hn l mua. Tuy nhin, hy cn thn, c l tnh trng ny s ko di khng lu na u). Nu bn t gi c ln hng u, c gi phn mm quyt nh gim mnh. Cng nn xem liu chng trnh c y nhng tnh nng mnh cn tht khng. Nu chn phi mt chng trnh lc ny r y nhng v sau li cn phi nng cp cho tnh nng th coi nh chng tit kim tin c cht no m li tn cng. Mt s phn mm thng dng Chng trnh ny lit k mt s phn mm thng dng nht cng loi. Hu ht cc chng trnh tr nn ph bin v c b tnh nng tt m gi li r. V th xt ra mua chng trnh no trong danh sch cng c, chng c vn g ng ku ca phn nn cho lm.
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Word (Cng ty Microsoft). Chy trong Windows, DOS v cc phin bn loi my Macintosh. Hng Microsoft gp phn mm ny vo chung trong b Microsoft Office ca h. WordPerfect (Cng ty Corel). C trong mi trng Windows, DOS v cc phin bn Mac. Hin loi ny cn thng c dng nhiu trong lnh vc lut php. AmiPro (Cng ty Lotus). Ch c trong mt phin bn Windows v nm gp trong Lotus SmartSuite. nh ting Vit trc y chng ta c VNI, ABC, VIETRES... Hin c Windows ting Vit nhng cha c kh nng tra t in v kim tra li chnh t ting Vit.

X l vn bn

Bng tnh

Quicken (Cng ty Intuit). C trong mi trng DOS, Windows v cc phin bn Mac. ClarisWork (Cng ty Claris). C sn trong cc phin bn Windows v Mac. Works (Cng ty Microsoft). C trong mi trng DOS, Windows v cc phin bn Mac. ClarisWork (Cng ty Claris). C sn trong cc phin bn Windows v Mac. Access (Cng ty Microsoft). Ch c duy nht trong mi trng Windows: mt chng trnh c s d liu c y cc tnh nng mnh m. Paradox (Cng ty Borland). C trong cc phin bn Windows v DOS: mt c s d liu y cc tnh nng. Q&A (Cng ty Symantec). Ch c trong mt phin bn Windows, gm mt chng trnh x l vn bn v l mt c s d liu d s dng. CorelDRAW! (Cng ty Corel). C trong phin bn Windows v Mac. y l mt chng trnh c y tnh nng lp biu , v v t mu nhng kh ln. Painbrush (Cng ty Microsoft). C trong mt phin bn Windows: chng trnh v n gin nm gp trong Microsoft Windows.
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Ti chnh

Excel (Cng ty Microsoft). C sn trong Windows v cc phin bn Mac v nm gp trong Microsoft Office 1-2-3 (Cng ty Lotus). C trong DOS, Windows v cc phin bn Mac, nm gp trong Lotus SmartSuite.

Tch hp

C s d liu

ha

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Ebook Team

PowerPoint (Cng ty Microsoft). Bn km vi cc phin bn Mac v Windows: mt chng trnh trnh by nm gp trong Microsoft Office. Freelance Graphics (Cng ty Lotus). C sn trong mt phin bn Windows: mt chng trnh trnh by nm gp trong Lotus SmartSuite. Harvard Graphics (SPC). C trong cc phin bn DOS v Windows: mt chng trnh trnh by. PrintShop (Cng ty Broderbund). C trong cc phin bn DOS, Windows v Mac: mt chng trnh ph bin, d dng tp p phch, card, v.v... Hiu thu o nhng yu cu v phn mm vn hnh, tt c cc phn mm u i hi cc phn cng ti thiu phi t mt chun no . Bn thng thy nhng chun ny c ghi trn hp vi dng cha "System Requirements - Yu cu v h thng". Sau y l mt mu cc yu cu h thng ca mt b phn mm: Yu cu v h thng: 1. Microsoft Windows 95, Windows NT 3.51 hay mi hn. 2. PC c b vi x l 80586 vi tc 100 MHz hay nhanh hn. 3. B nh h thng 16 MB v dung lng a cng cn trng 50 MB. 4. Chut hay cc thit b tr tng hp Windows khc (ty chn). 5. Modem tng hp hon ton vi Hayes theo yu cu gi t ng. Ti sao phi c cc yu cu? Thng th tt nht nn mua mt h thng mnh chy c nhiu chng trnh ng dng nht khi lo lng qu nhiu v nhng yu cu. Tuy vy cng nn kim tra li mt ln trc khi mua v nhng l do sau: Hy c nhng yu cu ca phn mm bn mun dng c mt ci nhn khi qut v h thng ti thiu cn c chy chng. Nu ang chn mt chng trnh phc tp c bit, chng hn nh CAD nn kim tra cn thn cc yu cu. Bi v cc chng trnh kiu ny lun i hi nhiu hn nn rt c kh nng bn li cn phi chn mt h thng mnh hn chy loi chng trnh ny. Khi mua phn mm mi, hy c nhng yu cu bit chc l mnh c trang thit b cn thit, chng hn nh modem hay chut. Cc yu cu mun ni vi ta iu g? Bng sau tm tt nhng thng tin thng co trong mc nhng yu cu v h thng. Mun bit thm thng tin v phn cng, hy m n nhng bi hc sau trong sch. Hu ht nhng yu cu h thng u gm cc im sau:

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Bi ny s gii thch ngn gn cch my tnh lm vic v m t nhng phn to nn my tnh

H iu hnh cn c im ny lit k ra loi h iu hnh bn phi c (nh DOS chng hn) v phin bn (v d phin bn 6.22 hay cao hn). B vi x l im ny cho beiets b vi x l bn cn phi c. Hy ch l i khi yu cu ghi c hai loi chip ti thiu v chip nn dng. Ngha l chng trnh s chy c trn chip yu nht, nhng tt nhin rt chm. Bn nn mua loi b vi x l h thng ngh. (C th c thm v b vi x l bi 5). B nh Tr lng b nh cn thit c tnh bng megabyte (vit tt M hay MB). C th c thm v b nh bi 5. Nn nh rng b nh ch l vng lm vic tm thi. Nu bn c hai chng trnh, mt loi i hi phi c 4 MB v loi kia cn 8 MB, iu d khng c ngha l cn tng cng 12 MB. Bn ch cn dung lng cho chng trnh ln nht (8MB). Dung lng a cng Dung lng a cng bn cn cng c ghi bng megabyte (M hay MB). l ch lu tr thng trc, ngha l nu mt chng trnh cn 5 MB v loi khc cn 10 MB, tng cng c hai chng trnh cn n 15 MB. Cc trang thit b khc Nu bn cn cc trang thit b khc, chng hn nh chut (mouse) hay modem, bn cng c th tm thy cc thng tin v chng. i khi danh sch cng c lit k tn cc loi mn hnh cn thit. Bi 3: Hiu v my tnh

Phn cng l g? Phn cng (hardware) gm nhng thnh phn vt l to nn h thng my: nhng linh kin m bn nhn thy v s c. Tt c cc h thng my u c ba phn chnh: B h thng B phn ging nh ci hp ny cha nhng linh kin in t ca my tnh. Bn trong hp, bn s thy b vi x l,cc chip b nh, ngun in v cc a. Bi 5, 6 v 7 s cp chi tit v cc ch ny. Mn hnh B phn ny ging nh TV, hin th ln mn hnh nhng g bn g Mn ln bn phm. Mn hnh ni vi b h thng bng mt dy cp. C th c thm v mn hnh trong bi 8. Bn phm Thit b ging nh my nh ch ny l ci bn dng g lnh v nhp thng tin. Bi 9 s gii thch chi tit v bn phm. My tnh cng cn c nhng trang thit b khc nhau nh chut, modem, my in. Nhng ph tng ny cng l phn cng. My tnh lm vic nh th no?
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Ebook Team

C th bn s t hi, nhng linh kin phn cunwgs ny s cng nhau lm vic ra sao. Ni n gin, cch thc nh sau: Nhp vo (Input): D liu hay lnh c nhp vo bng thit b nhp nh bn phm hay con chut. X l (Processing): My tnh (nhng phn mm bn trong b h thng) s x l cc thng tin - thc hin nhng g bn ra lnh cho n. Xut ra (Output): Cc thng tin s hin th trn mn hnh hoc c in ra. Nhp v Xut th kh d hiu bi v bn thy c kt qu. Khi bn g (input), bn s thy nhng k t trn mn hnh (output). iu thn k thc s l iu xy ra trong b h thng. bn s thy nhng linh kin in t to nn mt my tnh (bi 5 v 6 trong k ti s m t chi tit cc linh kin b h thng). Thnh phn chnh l b vi x l, l mt chip nh kch c nh khong chic bnh quy. Trn chip ny c hng triu nhng b chuyn i li ti gi l transistor. Bn c th tt ring tng b chuyn mch. My tnh dng h thng s nh phn biu th trng thi bt (1) hay tt (0). V khng th din t thng tin ch bng hai trng thi chuyn i , nn my tnh kt hp mt lot cc chuyn mch bt v tt (1 v 0) ny to thnh mt byte (mt chui gm tm ln chuyn mch). Mt byte c th biu th cho mt k t, chng hn 01000001 biu th ch A; 01000010 biu th ch B, v.v.... Mt ngi x l dy s 01000001 th phi mt mt lc, nhng my tnh c th x l thng tin ny hay hoc nhiu hn na ch mt mt phn giy. l iu k diu ca my tnh. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh c nhn Mt trong nhng nh sng lp cng ty ch to b vi x l u tin ni ting vi nhng nh lut Moore. Lut ny cho bit s lng transistor trn mt chip my tnh s tng hai ln sau mi 18 thng. Ngha l c trn di mt nm ri, mt my tnh mi dng nh s mnh gp i tin nhn ca n. Mi bn nhn qua lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca chic my tnh. Nm 1975: C mt bc s, ch v ham thch ch to ra chic my tnh c nhn u tin. Chic my ny c tn gi l Altair 8800. Nh sng ch sau rao bn thnh qu ny trn tp ch Popular Electronics. My tnh l mt chic hp, bn lp trnh bng cch bt tt b chuyn i trn mt bng nm pha trc. Nhng k say m v nhng ngi u tin ng h my tnh b chic my th s li cun n l lng.

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Ebook Team

Nm 1976: Steve Wozniak v Steve Jobs (bn hy nh n con ngi ny) ch to Apple I, mt loi my tnh c nhn khc. My tnh ny vn cha c bn phm, hp my, m thanh hay ha. (Sau , Apple c ci tin thnh my Macintosh ngy nay). Nm 1981: Cng ty IBM bt u ch to my tnh c nhn. My ny c mt mn hnh, mt bn phm v mt b h thng. My s dng chip 8088 c 29.000 transistor. IBM phc tho sn nhng n phn cng tin cho cc nh lp trnh khc trong vic vit phn mm. Bill Gates, ngi sng lp ra cng ty Microsoft, ln u tin gii thiu h iu hnh MS-DOS. Nm 1982: Cc my tng hp IBM xut hin trn th trng. Cc my c nhn ny lm vic theo mt cch nh nhau v chy cng mt phn mm nh cc my tnh IBM. Nm 1984: Apple gii thiu my Macintosh. IBM tung ra my AT vi b x l 80286 c 130.000 transistor. Nm 1988: Compaq cnh tranh vi IBM trn th trng vi my tnh 80386 u tin cha 257.000 transistor. Nm 1990: Cng ty Microsoft gii thiu Windows. Chip 80486 xut hin c dn 1.200.000 transistor. Nm 1993: Chip Pentium (hay 586) tham gia vo th trng. Chip ny c 3.100.000 transistor. Nm 1994: Chip PowerPC ra i. Chip ny dng mt phng php khc x l d liu v tc cc nhanh. Nm 1997: Hng lot ci tin v tc v chng loi ca h chip Pentium v PowerPC. My tnh chy ngy cng nhanh hn. Nm 1999: Ngi ta d nh s tung ra hng lot th h k tc ca chip Pentium: chip Merced vi t nht 10.000.000 transistor v c kh nng kt hp c nhiu tnh nng ca c Pentium ln PowerPC. By gi, chc bn hiu cch lm vic ca my tnh cng nh tin trnh pht trin cng ngh my tnh trong qu kh v tng lai sp ti. C th bn bit r hn v tng linh kin phn cng trong lng mt chic my tnh. mt Nc hay b mt cu hnh Nc 5 c 1 im k l l i hi Set Temp phi l 1 th mc con (tn g cng c) th mi chu lu cu hnh khi thot. Th d: Set Temp=c:\linhtinh
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Ebook Team

Nu bn thiu Set Temp hay Set Temp l th mc gc (ca bt c a no), khi bn chy ch mnh Nc ri thot th khng sao, nhng nu bn chy Nc, t trong Nc bn khi ng mt chng trnh khc th khi thot Nc ri khi ng li, Nc lp tc b mt cu hnh. L do l sau khi bn thot chng trnh chy trong Nc, file Nc.ini (lu cu hnh ca Nc) b xa mt (khng hiu ti sao ?). Nu bn Set Temp l mt th mc con, trng hp mt cu hnh khng bao gi xy ra. Xin cho NUI! Tm bit GUI! Giao din ngi dng trong mi trng mng (hng-mng: network-centic) ang xm nhp vo th gii ca my tnh c nhn (PC) cng nh my tnh mng (NC) Nu bn ang s dng mt my tnh c mn hnh hin th v n li c kt ni mng th bn nn quan tm n bi bo ny. Ti sao? Trong nm nay, c n c chc kiu giao din c a ra cho my tnh PC v NC t cc cng ty Apple, IBM, Lotus, Microsoft, Netscape, Oracle, Sun ... y l cuc cch mng ln nht trong lnh vc GUI (graphical user interface - giao din ngi dng ha) k t nm 1984, v tin trin ny xy ra nhanh ti mc kh m nm bt kp. t tn cho nhng giao din kiu mi ny, ngi ta a ra nhiu cch gi khc nhau: NC GUI (Network-centric graphical user interface), WUI (Web user interface), giao din o (virtual desktop), giao din tch cc (active desktop), hoc Webtops... Nhng vn cha c mt s thng nht no c. Tp ch Byte xut mt tn chung cho tt c: NUI, vit tt t "network user interface" (giao din ngi dng mng). NUI a ra mt giao din thng nht, ging nh browser (trnh duyt Web) nh hng trong cc h thng tp tin cc b hay xa. Chng c th hin th cc applet Java (cc ng dng Java) v nhng ni dung Web ng khc (dynamic content) m khng cn n browser Web. NUI t ng cp nht ni dung ng bng cch s dng cng ngh truyn thng trn Web nh "push" hay "pull" (xem PC World VN s 7/1997 - Chuyn NET v WEB). Vi NUI, ranh gii gia cc h, ng dng cc b/t xa s tr nn m nht. a s NUI s c ty chn lu tr hay nh x hin trng cc b ca my khch (client) ln server. My khch y c th l NC hay PC thng thng. Bng bc chuyn t s phc tp ca my khch sang my server c qun l mt cch chuyn nghip, cc h thng qun l c th gim chi ph cho vic iu hnh. iu ny cng cho ngi dng kh nng truy cp t xa mt cch thoi mi vo cc ng dng v ngn dnh ring cho h trn server t bt k my tnh ni mng no.

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Ebook Team

Mc d phn ln cc nh pht trin hin ang tp trung vo thit k NUI cho my tnh mng r tin NC, xu hng cho my PC cng c ch . Microsoft ang b sung kh nng nh hng file ging nh browser vo Memphis (Windows 97) v Windows NT, v nhng Internet Explorer 4.0 vo mi trng tch hp vi Windows. IBM a mt s c tnh hng-mng vo HH OS/2 Warp 4 nh Java Virtual Machine (VM). Cng ty cng ang pht trin NUI c tn m "Bluebird", mt giao din s trung ha gia loi "khch nh" - NC (thin-client) v "khch ln" - PC (fat-client). V pha mnh, Apple kt hp kh nng truy cp Internet vo HH Mac OS 8 ca mnh cng vi c tnh bin son Web. Cn Constelation ca Netscape thc cht l mt NUI ph ln GUI hin ti trn cc my PC. i vi NC th cn c nhiu NUI hn na ang c thc hin. NC Desktop ca Oracle chy trn cc my NC tun theo chun Oracle NC. IBM c NUI dnh cho trm Network Station chy trn chip PowerPC. Sun Microsystem a ra HotJava Views cho JavaStation s dng chip SPARC ca mnh hay bt c loi my no c Java VM (my o Java) bi n c vit bng Java. SoftNC ca TriTeal, Kona Desktop ca Lotus, Tarantella WebTop ca Santa Cruz Operation (SCO), Virtual Computer OS (VCOS) ca Ulysses Telemedia cng theo hng tip cn tng t. Ch ch u tin ca tt c NUI k trn u nhm vo vic kt hp nhng ngi dng c nhu cu truy cp trc tip, nhanh n LAN v Internet. Nhng ngi dng di ng, thng xuyn i li, s dng kt ni qua in thoi cng c th tm thy hu ch vi NUI. Ngoi nhng vn c xem xt trong bi ny, cn c nhng loi NUI cho cc thit b mng khc trong lnh vc tiu dng nh WebTV set-top v Sega Saturn. Hy qun i browser S xut hin mt vi NUI c th l do ngu nhin. Nhng khi c n c chc NUI khc nhau th chng t l mt xu hng hin nhin. Nguyn nhn y khng g khc ngoi vn mng. Mng cc b LAN tn ti hn c chc nm nay, nhng ch vi nm gn y, mng d liu mi tr nn ph bin rng ri. Theo nghin cu th trng, trong cc cng ty c ln v trung bnh, c ti 94% s my tnh c nhn c ni vo mng. Thm ch i vi my tnh gia nh v my xch tay, modem gn nh tr thnh mt thit b chun. Bi vy, trn thc t, hu ht ngi dng my tnh u c kh nng ni mng. T , c th d dng nhn thy GUI ang ng trc nguy c sp . Cc nh thit k trc y c gng thay th giao din theo kiu dng lnh t nht bng hnh thc ha sinh ng th hin h thng file v h iu hnh. Mc tiu ca
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h l lm d dng vic qun l trong gii hn vi megabyte ti nguyn. Nhng ngi dng hin nay li ang phi i u vi h thng file o c quy m ti hng terabyte (1 terabyte = 1.000.000 megabyte). Ln sng mng hin nay tr thnh l do chuyn t GUI c nhn (deskcentric) sang cc c tnh hng-mng. Tuy nhin, cn c 6 nguyn nhn khc lm c s cho s thay i ny. Ni dung thc thi. Phn mm hin nay khng ch cn gii hn mc cc b na. Thay v , n c th n vi ngi dng vo thi im cn thit t mt server nm cch xa n hng nghn km. Ngoi ra, "ng dng" c th c cp nht mt cch t ng bi Web server (s thay i c th hin ngay trn my khch khi c s thay i ti server). M tha k. Ngi lp trnh trong mt khong thi gian ngn khng th vit li cc ng dng c sn trn nhng h thng ln. V vy, mt s NUI cho php ni vo nhng CSDL v chng trnh sn c - thng l cc applet Java, chng gi lp nh trm u cui. Ngi dng mi. Nhiu ngi dng ch s dng mt s tc v c bn v khng cn n tt c nhng c tnh y ca GUI. Ci tin li GUI. Cc nh thit k phn mm ang cn nhc li phng thc c v p dng cch tip cn mi. Mt s NUI b qua nhng c tnh c th gy rc ri cho ngi dng thng thng, chng hn nh nhn kp, ca s chng ln nhau, menu phn cp... Truy cp t xa. NUI s gip d dng cho nhng ngi lm vic di ng trong vic trao i e-mail, truy cp vo mng... Thay i cung cch lm vic. NUI c th lm cho vic chia x my tnh (server) gia nhiu ngi dng tr nn d dng bng cch lu gi trng thi cc b ca my khch trn server, bi vy ngi dng c th truy cp vo phn dnh cho h trn server, khng cn quan tm l h ang u. Tt c NUI u c mt im ging nhau: chng th hin ti nguyn mng cng ging nh ti nguyn trn my cc b. Tuy nhin, chng khng th che du c nhng khc bit mang tnh vt l bi hn ch ca ng truyn (gii thng). Truy cp vo Web server xa lun chm hn truy cp vo a cng nm trong my cc b. Nhng iu m NUI c th lm c l xa nha bt ranh gii ny. Mt cch thc hin vn trn l a ra s hin th ha tng th i vi tt c cc ti nguyn. Cch khc l tch hp c tnh mng vo cc thao tc thng thng trn my tnh, m khng buc ngi dng phi chy mt chng trnh ring bit ch thc hin nhng tc v tr thnh cng vic thng xuyn. Tip theo,
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NUI s bao gp lun chc nng ca cc chng trnh dnh ring s dng mng nh Web browser, Newsreader, FTP client, e-mail, son tho HTML... Cc Web browser l mc tiu cho s tch hp trn bi chng l nhng ng dng hng u trong tnh ton hng-mng. Nhng tht ngc nhin l khng mt ai lm g hn loi b browser ngoi hai nh sn xut ln nht: Microsoft v Netscape. Vi Memphis, Microsoft ang e da s tn ti ca Navigator bng cch nhng Internet Explorer vo Windows. Netscape i li bng Constelation, uy hip Windows vi kh nng m rng browser trn ton mn hnh, che khut Windows bn di giao din ca mnh. Microsotf t ra tin xa hn Apple, IBM hay bt k nh sn xut Unix no trong vic ci tin GUI. Memphis v Windows NT s th hin chin lc mi ca Microsoft c tn gi l "Web PC" - s thng nht gia Web v giao din ngi dng. Sp ti, ngi dng Windows s c th nh hng cc a trn my cc b v trn server ca LAN bng ty chn Web View, ging nh mt Web browser. Cng vic c thc hin ch bng thao tc nhn n ln nt Forward v Back. V cng c th truy cp cc Web site bng Windows Explorer quen thuc thay v dng Web browser. Cc folder trn a cc b hay LAN c th c "trang ch" (home page) c thit k vi cc iu khin (control) HTML, Java, JavaScript, VBScript, v ActiveX. Ni dung Web c th hin ra trong ca s trc tip trn mn hnh hay trn thanh tc v m khng cn n browser. Thc t, ton b mn hnh Windows l c mt trang Web, v n c th c cp nht ni dung ng (dynamic) theo nh k bi Web server, ging nh mt tc v nn. Ngi dng vn c th chy Internet Explorer 4.0 nh mt ng dng c lp, nhng h c t l do lm chuyn ny bi IE c tch hp su vo HH. Internet Explorer v Windows Explorer hu nh cng l mt th. thc hin vic ny, trong Internet Explorer c mt iu khin AtiveX, c kh nng hin th HTML, chy Java applet, v lm vic vi cc iu khin ActiveX khc. Trong bn 4.0, iu khin ny c ci trc tip vo HH. Microsoft cng b sung mt iu khin ActiveX khc, cho php Windows Explorer nh hng cc folder cc b vi giao din ging nh browser. Active Desktop ca Microsoft chuyn ton b mn hnh my tnh thnh mt Web browser. Y tng y l thay th mn hnh tnh v v hn bng mt ni dung hu ch hn. Mn hnh my tnh ca bn c th l trang ch ca CNN (tn mt hng thng tn), hoc ni dung do cng ty bn cung cp. Bn c th hin th nhiu

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trang Web trong cc ca s ring. Nu trang Web cha ni dung ng, Windows s cp nht mt cch nh k theo lch biu do bn xc nh. Ngi dng cng c th thao tc vi trang Web nh mt thanh tc v. Ging nh trong Windows 95 hay NT, thanh tc v c th lun hin th hoc n mp mn hnh. C th thay i kch thc v hnh dng ca chng. Microsoft s cung cp mt b cng c (Software Development Kit) gip ngi thit k Web to ra cc trang chuyn bit cho thanh tc v ny. Vi tt c nhng c tnh mi ny, phin bn sp ti ca Windows s c c s tch hp Web cht ch hn bt c HH no khc (xem phn "NUI cho OS/2 v Mac"). C l, y khng cn l "Windows" na (ca s) m phi gi l "Doorway" (ca ra vo), bi bn s tng tc vi c th gii bn ngoi, ch khng ch trn mn hnh. Tt nhin l Microsoft s gi li tt c vi GUI ca Windows hin ti, do , ngi dng vn c c giao din quen thuc. Ngi sao Netscape Netscape, nh cung cp browser hng u, lm g chy ua vi Microsoft? Mc d ngi dng Windows c th ci bt c mt Web browser khc, nhng s khng c ci no c tch hp vo HH nh Internet Explorer 4.0. Netscape cng nhm vo mc tiu tng t nhng vi cch tip cn hon ton khc: thay v du browser di GUI, Netscape li dng browser bao trm ln GUI. Constellation l mt NUI c xy dng trn nn tng m Netscape gi l browser "chromeless" (khng t v...). Giao din l mt ca s browser ton mn hnh, khng c menu, nt, biu tng nh thng gp. Thc cht, browser l mt mn hnh giao din. Ging nh Active Desktop trong Windows, Constelation l ni cha ni dung Web m khng cn n cc chng trnh browser c lp khc. Theo Netscape, v mt k thut, Constelation s khng thay th Windows. N khng phi l mt HH, v khng c nhng chc nng c th ca my tnh. Ngi dng vn cn n Windows cho cc dch v c s ca mt HH. V d, bn s phi chuyn sang Windows khi cn thay i cc thit lp trong Control Panel ca Windows. Mn hnh giao din ca Constelation c gi l Homeport. N c vit bng HTML, Java v JavaScript, bi vy y l chng trnh a h. Netscape cho bit l n c th chy vi 18 HH khc nhau. Mc d Microsoft ni rng Active Desktop s cng a h, nhng n ph thuc vo Windows API v ActiveX, l nhng ci khng c chp nhn cc h khc Windows. Theo Netscape, Constellation c thit k nhm tn dng u th ca s phn chia cc h tnh ton trong tng lai ti.

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c lp vi v tr l mt c tnh quan trng khc ca Constelation. Bng cch lu trng thi ca Homeport trn server SuiteSpot ca Netscape, Constelation cho php ngi dng ng nhp vo mng t bt c v tr no v ti cc thng tin c nhn ca mnh v Homeport. V d, bn c th bt u cng vic ca mnh ti vn phng v sau kt thc n bng my NC u ti phng i sn bay hay khch sn. Ging nh Active Desktop, Homeport l mt ni thch hp cho cc trang Web xut hin trong ca s di chuyn c hoc cc ngn (panel). Nu Microsoft cho php bn gn trang Web vo thanh cng c th Netscape c Infoblocks cng vi chc nng tng t. Ni dung ng c thay i nh k nh c Castanet Tuner v PointCast ca Marimba, l mt cp chng trnh "push" Web (truyn thng trn Web - xem PC World VN s 7.1997, trang 64) c thit k vo bn trong Constelation. Mc d c Active Desktop v Constelation u c ch ng trn th trng, Netscape s chim u th hn nu s phn chia h m cng ty d tnh s xy ra sp ti l hin thc. Cn hin ti, Windows ang nm quyn, v thi quen lu nay c th ngn cn ngi dng chp nhn Constellation, c bit khi c hai NUI u a ra cc c tnh tin dng ln mn hnh giao din. NUI cho NC S thng tr ca Microsoft trong lnh vc my tnh bn l ng c thc y cc nh pht trin khai thc nhng th trng khc t b cnh tranh hn cho NUI ca h. S la chn c nhiu ha hn nht l NC, m theo nh ngha l loi my tnh c thit k dnh cho mi trng lm vic hng-mng. y l c mt th gii mnh mng cha mang du n ca Microsoft, mc d cng ty bt u c s thay i nh a ra NetPC, mua li WebTV Network, v ni bng gi rng bn Windows NT tng lai c th s bao gm kh nng a ngi dng. NC khng ch li cun cc cng ty my ln nh IBM, Lotus, Oracle, SCO, Sun a ra NUI cho NC trong nm nay, m cn cc nh sn xut nh hn nh TriTeal v Ulysses. NUI cho NC c xu hng n gin hn GUI cho PC. Thng thng, chng bao gm mt b cc ng dng nh dnh cho nhng ngi lm vic vi mt s thao tc c bn, ty thuc vo mc ch s dng NC ca cng ty. Cc chng trnh c kh nng hiu Java, cha nhng applet cho php kt ni vo CSDL v chng trnh k tha (CSDL v chng trnh c sn trn cc h thng ln). Tt c c gi gn trong mt giao din n gin m ngi dng mi c th d dng lm quen. Oracle v IBM ang vit NUI bng m ring (native code) cho CPU t c hiu nng ti a trn cc b x l r tin. NC Desktop ca Oracle nhm vo chip x
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l Intel x86, ARM 7500FE v Digital/ARM StrongARM. y l 3 loi chip c h tr bi chun xc nh NC ca Oracle, do cng ty con ca Oracle l NCI (Network Computer Inc.) cp php. NUI cha c tn ca IBM nhm vo chip PowerPC 403 (mt phin bn ca PowerPC khng c FPU) bn trong IBM Network Station. Cc nh sn xut khc vit NUI ca h trn Java, v vy chng s chy trn h bt k no c Java VM. Tuy nhin, kh nng tng thch a h ny phi tr gi bng tc , mc d nhng b bin dch thi gian thc (JIT - just in time) v chip Java tng lai s thu hp cch bit ny. GUI ci tin ca Sun C l Sun l cng ty u t cho GUI nhiu thi gian nht, hn tt c cc cng ty khc. Ti SunSoft (cng ty con ca Sun), cc nh thit k thc hin phn tch nhng GUI ca Windows v Macintosh, tm ra im mnh, im yu ca chng. iu ny gip h lm vic vi n Alto ti Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). NUI ci tin ca h c thit k cho Sun JavaStation, HotJava Views v nhm vo vic loi tr nhng phc tp trong GUI m khng gim i tnh mm do. iu trc tin l cc nh thit k loi b thanh menu. Menu, c bit l cc menu phn cp, thng gy bi ri cho ngi dng mi bt u trong vic tm kim cc ty chn. H thng menu c rt bt li, ch gi nhng thao tc cn thit nht trong mt s nt chn. Mt s thay th khc cho menu l Selector (bng chn) - thanh tc v ln nm bn tri mn hnh. Khng c s cn thit cho menu File vi cc ty chn Open, Close, Sava, Exit v Quit. i vi ngi dng, tt c cc ng dng phi lun lun xut hin trn mn hnh, v h chuyn i gia chng ch bng mt nhn n ln biu tng. Nhng ng dng chun bao gm Mail View (e-mail), Calendar View (lp biu nhm), Web View (browser) v Name View (dch v th mc). Ngi qun tr c th b sung thm ng dng v Java applet vo Selector. Khi ngi dng chuyn i tc v, HH s t ng lu trng thi ca chng trnh trn my server. Khi ngi dng quay tr li chng trnh, ti liu c s xut hin li nh khi chng c ng. HotJava cng loi b kh nng thay i kch thc, chng ca s - c tnh thng thng trong cc GUI hin ti. Thay v , ng dng s luyn chy ch ton mn hnh. iu ny s gip ngi dng khi ln ln, trnh c trng hp mt ca s bin mt di ca s khc. Phin bn tng lai ca HotJava View s c thm nhng c tnh mi: pop-up menu (menu xut hin khi nhn chut) v ngn trt (sliding panel) xut hin
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mp mn hnh. Cc pop-up menu s l loi cm ng cnh, ch xut hin khi ngi dng cn n chng. Panel trt l mt ngn ko dng cha cc applet Java v hin th nhng thng tin ng c ti v t mng. Nh HH lun lu tr trng thi ca NC trn my server, ngi dng c th truy cp vo cc ng dng v mi trng ty bin ca mnh t bt k my tnh ni mng no chy HotJava View. Oracle: Tt hn nhn hiu "X" Cc k s phn mm ca NCI (cng ty thuc Oracle) cng khng i theo quan nim c trc y. NUI ca h c tn NC Desktop, ging nh HotJava View v ang c t c mt giao din n gin. Nn tng ca NC Desktop l Net-BSD (ht nhn da trn Unix) v X11R6 - phin bn cui cng ca X Windows (X Windows hay X - h thng ca s c pht trin bi MIT, chy trn Unix v tt c cc HH co bn khc. X cho php ngi dng chy ng dng nm trn cc my tnh khc trong mng v hin th kt qu trn my cc b). y l chng trnh min ph, d dng kt hp vi nhiu CPU khc nhau. Tuy nhin, NCI ch s dng lp trnh din (presentation layer) ca X, v b qua m hnh ha trong mng (network graphic model). Trong khi cc trm cui X (X terminal) hon ton da vo my ch thc hin kh nng ha trn mng, NC Desktop li t lm iu ny ngay ti NC. iu ny lm gim nhiu ti lu thng trn mng. Mt vn khc na l NC Desktop ch s dng X hin th ca s gc v cc phn t mn hnh c s khc. Bn trong ca s, HH hin th tt c cc ti liu bng HTML. Thc t, HTML l c cu hin th chun, ging nh Display PostScrip trong NexStep. thc hin c iu ny, HH c mt b phn tch v chuyn i cho cc dng file chun nh GIF, JPEG, MPEG, TIFF, AVI, AU, QuickTime, v Read Audio. Ngoi ra cn c Java VM v b bin dch JIT. Ging nh HotJava View, NC Desktop c mt b cc ng dng nh c th hin bng nhng biu tng nm bn tri mn hnh. y l cc ng dng thng dng nh Web browser, e-mail, s a ch, lp biu, son tho vn bn v qun l file. Trong phin bn NC hin ti, cc applet Java lun chy bn trong browser. ng dng Java c lp chy trn mn hnh giao din, ging nh ng dng thng thng. Bn di mn hnh, c ty chn hin th dng thng tin (gi c phiu, tin tc...). y l tng cung cp thng tin ng trc tip cho ngi quan tm khi c s thay i thay v phi t truy cp chng theo cch th cng. Cng ni tha k IBM, cng ging nh Oracle, thc hin NUI cho NC trn c s ht nhn Unix, a vo cc lp b sung bng m ring (native code), cng thm vi Java VM. Trn nn
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tng tnh ton chuyn dng lu nay ca IBM, khng c g ngc nhin khi Big Blue quan tm c bit vo vic thc hin NUI nhm vo cc h thng k tha ca mnh. Nhng b m phng u cui vit bng m ring c th ng thi kt ni Network Station ca IBM vo nhiu my ch. Ngi dng c kh nng thc hin t xa cc chng trnh "green-screen" (chng trnh trn c s Unix ch k t), hay bt k phn mm Windows no. Cc NUI khc cng lm c nhng vic tng t vi Java, chng hn nh Tarantella ca SCO v dbAnywhere ca Symantec. SCO gi gn cc applet Tarantella cng vi mt NUI n gin gi l WebTop. y l mt b cc trang HTML v applet cho php ngi dng d dng truy cp vo nhng h thng ln t Web browser. Lotus ang thit k NUI ca mnh - Kona Desktop, bng Java. Tng t Constelation ca Netscape, Kona l mt browser chy trn ton mn hnh, cho php ngi dng thc hin cc ng dng thng thng v applet Java. Mc d cn trong qu trnh thc hin, c l Kona s c mt thanh tc v tnh nm bn tri mn hnh (ging HotJava Views v NC Desktop), khng c ca s chng ln nhau (ging HotJava Views), c ngn hin th thng tin ng. Mt ca s nh cho php ngi dng gi v nhn nhng thng ip ngn. Nhng ng dng ci sn ca Kona, ging nh trong HotJava Views v NC Desktop, l phin bn c n gin ha ca cc b ng dng mnh chy trn PC. y l chng trnh nhm vo 80% ngi dng ch cn 25% nng lc ca PC, theo kin ca Lotus. Cng ty Ulysses Telemedia ang pht trin NUI trn c s Java, gi l VCOS. Mc d i vi ngi dng PC, n trng ging cc GUI thng dng nh Windows 95 v Motif, nhng c mt s thay i v mn hnh giao din v cch thc hot ng. NUI mang tn SoftNC ca TriTeal c mt bng iu khin cho php ngi dng chn mt trong 3 kiu giao din khc nhau: Windows 95, Unix/Motif, v Unix Common Desktop Environment (CDE). Ton b mn hnh giao din thay i ngay khi bn chn mt trong 3 ty chn trn. SoftNC c mt c cu c bit thc hin vic thay i giao din ny (xem phn "Morphing...). Client mi, ngi dng mi Nhng ngi dng PC thnh tho c th s nhn thy mt s hn ch ca NUI. Tuy nhin, cc nh thit k to ra chng khng phi dnh cho h. Khi NC m rng m hnh client/server ti nhng thit b client mi, NUI trn NC cng s a kh nng tnh ton n cho loi ngi dng mi.

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Trong na th k nay, my tnh tin trin t nhng chic my tnh ton n c thnh cc thit b thng minh hn. Ri phn cng v mng cng kt hp vi nhau. Cn hin ti l thi im ca phn mm, n s lm thay i mi mi mn hnh my tnh ca bn. Phng chng virus Sau mt thp nin s dng my tnh c nhn v ngi dng phi tri qua mi e da ca virus my tnh. Michelangelo v mt s virus khc tn cng vo h thng my tnh ca Adeline Ho v xa sch mt s tp tin trc khi h pht hin ra. Nhn vin bo hnh my phi tm ngng mi hot ng ca my tnh v gi chuyn gia dit virus n. Nhng ngi s dng my tnh Ho u tng tri. It ra h cng bit r virus l g? H l nhng ngi tng pht hin t nht mt virus mt s c im no . Mt k thut vin ca Tech Pacific cho bit: "Mun bt mt virus th khng c vt v g c v theo c tnh ca Hi Bo An My Tnh Hoa K (US National Computer Secutity Association) l s c mt lng ln trn 14.000 virus vo nm 1994. V tip theo nm sau , con s c tnh ny s t n 38.000. Mc d y c th l mt tin tt cho cng ngh phng chng virus nhng n khng phi l chuyn a i vi nhiu ngi s dng my tnh m h thng ca h ang lm mi cho virus. Tht l him c, nhng on m lnh gy ri v ph hoi gp li thnh mt on chng trnh nh nh l virus nhng chng cha hn l virus. Mt virus tht s l t n tn cng vo mt on m lnh no ca chng trnh c kh nng thc hin c (y chnh l c im ca virus File trn cc tp tin .EXE, .COM, .SYS hoc thm ch c .OVL) v can thip vo hot ng ca chng trnh mi khi thc hin chng trnh . Mt khi virus np vo b nh, n c gng ly lan sang nhiu chng trnh khc. Tht l nguy hi, nu my b nhim virus c ni mng, ni virus c th tung honh nh c gp nc vy. Phn ng dy chuyn Mc d mng my tnh l ng nhanh nht pht trin thnh mt dch virus, cng cha phi l ng duy nht virus tung honh. Bn cng c nguy c b virus khi sao chp phn mm t bn b, t ni cng cng. Virus ph hoi rt a dng, cch hot ng ca chng cng a dng khng km. N c th ph hoi sau khi file b nhim c truy xut mt s ln, hay l ph hot
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trong mt thi im nht nh no . Asuza, mt virus thng tr, sau khi nhim vo 32 file s ph hoi cc thit b ngoi vi bng cch khng ch cc cng ni tip v song song. Tri li Michelangelo n mng sinh nht ca mnh bng cch ghi ln 9M u tin ca a cng vo ngy 6 thng 3. Mc du c s ph hoi tim tng ca virus, ng gim c ca Computerware for Micros cm thy hu ht virus u v hi. ng tin rng cc virus ch n thun l cc tr gii tr tm thi. V gim c ca Computerware for Micros ny ch ra rng, chng hn nh virus Oropax ch pht nhc trong lc ngh. Tt nhin cc virus "hin" cng c khi lm mt nhng d liu m bn cha ghi li trn a v b virus a gin. D hin hay d, virus c phn loi theo cch m n nhim vo my. V th c virus Boot v virus File. Boot sector l g? Boot sector l mt vng trn a mm hay a cng dng khi ng my PC. Virus s chn on m ca n vo y, v th mi lc my bt ln th virus ti ln b nh ri (xem hnh 1). N cng c th ly vo partition, nhng him hn. Nhng virus ny thng thng nhim vo my thng qua a mm c cha virus. Michelangelo v Stoned l nhng virus thuc loi ny. Virus boot rt nguy him nhng vic dit n rt d. Virus file t ni n vo cc file thi hnh . N cng c kh nng sa u vo ca chng trnh chnh n c quyn thc hin trc (xem hnh 2). Virus ny phi cn thn khng ghi ln chng trnh b nhim virus ri. Vy chng qua virus l mt chng trnh nh bm vo cc chng trnh khc. V th, hot ng (hay ph hoi) n phi c thi hnh trc . N ch hot ng khi nhim vo cc file .COM, .EXE hay Overlay v boot sector ca a. Cc file d liu khng thi hnh c nn khng b nhim virus. V th cc file d liu ca cc chng trnh x l vn bn, bng tnh v.v. chc chn khng b nhim virus. Mt s virus ch l virus "nht thi". N ch hot ng khi phn chng trnh nhim virus c thc hin. Trong khong thi gian ny, n c gng nhim cng nhiu file cng tt trc khi kt thc chng trnh. Nhng loi virus hiu qu hn l nhng loi virus c kh nng thng tr (TSR). N vn cn hot ng trong b nh ngay c khi chng trnh chnh ngng hot ng. iu ny c ngha l n c kh nng ly lan ra ton b cc chng trnh trn my khi c c hi. c th bm li b nh, virus TSR cp quyn iu khin ca my tnh bng cch sa bng vector ngt. Khi cc phc v ca DOS v BIOS c gi, virus chn c cc ngt ny nn n s thc hin on chng trnh ca n trc khi tr
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quyn iu khin cho cc ngt (xem hnh 3). V n vn cn nm trong b nh, cch duy nht lm n ngng hot ng l tt my. D vy nu n l virus boot th n c mt trn boot sector v virus s li nm quyn iu khin ca my tnh. Stealth Stealth virus Trc y, cc loi virus d l boot hay file u rt n gin. Tt c cc virus xung quanh ta hnh nh c h hng vi nhau. Nhng mi y mt loi virus mi rt nguy him va xut hin, l Stealth virus. Nhng virus trc kia c thit k sao cho c th trnh n s pht hin. Nhng n vn li mt t du hiu. Nhng k vit virus c gng vit thm mt s loi virus mi tinh khn hn. in hnh l virus 4096. N ha nhp thc s vo mi trng xung quanh. N thng qua ngt DOS t ci t cng nh g nhng on m ca mnh ra khi file b nhim khi cc chng trnh ny c qut virus. Gn y cng c nhng virus "t t bin" (Mutation engine). N c c ch t m ha khi ly vo file. S phc tp ca gii thut m ha ny s pht sinh hng t dng khc nhau ca virus. Khi ly n ch ly mt trong cc dng lm pht sinh mt dng virus mi (Xem hnh 4). Pogue l mt th d cho loi virus ny. Cc chng trnh qut rt kh khn trong vic tm cc virus a hnh ny. C mt vi cch phng nga s tn cng ca virus hay t ra cng gim thiu s ph hoi ca chng. Nhng sn phm chng virus c nhiu phng php pht hin virus nhng chng ta c th chia lm 3 loi. 1. Qut (scanner) y l phng php sm nht m cc chng trnh chng virus thng dng. Hu ht cc virus u c nhng du hiu chng khng t nhim tr li cc file nhim, v th scanner tm thy nhng "nhn hiu" ny khi chng qut qua file. Virus s c pht hin nh s so snh vi cc du hiu ca nhng virus bit. Tuy nhin, chng trnh dng phng php ny cn phi cp nht thng xuyn. Nu khng n s khng pht hin c cc loi virus mi. Thng thng cc virus tung honh khong na nm mi bt c n. Mt phn mm chng virus c cp nht thng xuyn l Scan ca McAfee. C 2 n 4 tun, chng trnh c cp nht mt ln v c thng bo v phn pht rng ri trong qun chng. Tuy nhin , phng php ny khng tr c virus a hnh v nhng virus ny khng c du hiu nhn dng c nh. 2. Checksum
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Nguyn thy Checksum dng kim tra tnh ton vn ca d liu, nguyn tc ca k thut ny l pht hin s thay i trong file hoc boot sector. Chng trnh s pht sinh ra mt tr s gi l checksum v s c kim tra nh k vi file hin hnh. Nu virus thm nhp file ny, chng trnh s bo ng. Tuy s kim tra thng xuyn s tn thi gian nhng phng php ny ch lm vic tt khi c s kim tra u n. Virus c th la mt chng trnh chng virus no bng cch cho to mt checksum gi. trnh vic ny, vi chng trnh chng virus dng nhiu checksum khc nhau v cc k thut m ha to checksum rt phc tp hng khng th gi mo c. V li c rt nhiu k thut checksum khc nhau c cc chng trnh khc nhau s dng nn vic virus c tnh chng li mt chng trnh no cng bng tha. im yu ca phng php ny l n khng c kh nng phn bit gia s thay i tht s v thay i do virus tn cng. T ngi dng phi lun lo lng vi cc thng bo sai. Phng php ny s gip "nui" virus nu checksum ban u khng sch s. Stealth virus c th ln trn checksum. N chn lc kim tra checksum v trnh c s pht hin bng cch loi b tm thi chnh n ra khi file ang checksum. V th ch c kim tra bng phn cng mi pht hin c chng. Mt s ROM BIOS mi c th pht hin c virus trn boot sector trc khi n c np vo my. 3. Disk Access Monitor Mt s trnh tin ch chn mi thao tc v a, thng bo cho ngi dng bit mi iu kh nghi, chng hn nh vic ghi ln file EXE, COM hoc ghi trc tip ln cc sector ca a. Tuy nhin, cch ny khng pht hin c virus boot dng BIOS truy xut a. Nhng virus ny c np trc c khi cc TSR chy. Chng sa cc u vo ca BIOS vo chng trnh chng lm cho chng trnh Access Monitor gi chng trnh virus ch khng phi gi BIOS (xem hnh 5) Disk Access Monitor thng bo sai khi cc ng dng c ghi ln file EXE hay COM, chng hn nh trong qu trnh ci t phn mm. Hy vng sau ny s c nhng ci tin lm cho cc chng trnh ny thng minh hn, n s phn bit u l thng bo sai v u l thng bo ng. PCSafe Data Guardian p dng nguyn tc ny theo hng khc. N nm trong phn cng nn c ti vo b nh trc khi boot my. K t , n s bo ng mi thao tc c tnh ghi ln boot sector hoc file c kh nng thc thi.
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Phi nhn nhn rng khng c phng php no ngn chn c virus. Cc sn phm phng chng virus gia tng v mi sn phm u kt hp nhiu hn hai phng php trn phng chng. Cc sn phm chng virus nh PC-cillin. Armour v Thunderbyte tp trung sc mnh vo phng php Access Monitor. McAfee li dng phng php scan v c cp nht lin tc. Tuy nhin s gia tng ca virus s lm cho tc qut gim xung ng k. Vic dit virus cng l mt vn khng km quan trng. N thng xy ra song song vi vic pht hin virus. Sau y l mt s phng php dit virus. 1. Loi b on m virus y l cch truyn thng lm t lit virus trc tip. Tuy nhin nu c nhiu virus ly vo mt file, chng s "an" chng cho ln nhau v phng php ny c th lm hng file nguyn thy. Vi virus boot th dit chng bng phng php ny rt hu hiu v on boot sector rt ngn. dng" 2. Ghi v "xy dng" li file Vi virus boot, phng php ny s thay th boot sector c bng mt boot sector mi, sch. Khi checksum nghi ng boot sector c vn , n s ghi ln boot sector mt boot sector mi khc. Kt qu l virus b xa sch trc khi n nhim qua a khc. C th xy dng li file t cc chc nng phc hi d liu ca mt chng trnh chng virus no . Nhng sn phm "xn" thng dng k thut nn d liu chng c th xy dng li a t mt on d liu rt nh. Central Point Anti Virus v Untouchable thuc nhng sn phm lm c cng vic ny. Cch xy dng li ny rt d dng nhng c kh nng b hng. Phng php ny rt cn thit cho nhng ngi dng km yu v h thng. 3. Backup ton b a cng Backup a cng l phng php tt nht phc hi h hng v dit virus trong my. Nu bn ang phc hi ton b d liu, hy format a cng trc. Mt s virus vn tr li c nh c kh nng chng li format ca DOS, v th bn nn format a cng cp thp trc khi backup d liu. C mt chng trnh chng virus no thc s d dng khng? Cu tr li l c v l Write Guard ca Uc. N bo v a cng, gip ngi dng bo v cc file c th b virus tn cng (EXE, COM, OVL). Vic phng chng virus ht sc kh khn, nhng k vit virus lun tm mi khe h ca cc chng trnh chng virus d l chng trnh mnh nht. Tr chi rt bt ny r rng khng bao gi kt thc. Nhng dng virus mi s gi by chng

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trnh chng virus bng cch chng s gi dng nhng virus n gin khc. Cui cng khi "virus gi" b dit th th phm tht s mi nhy ra ph phch... Virus no d xo quyt n u ri cng s b tiu dit. Nu khng tin, hn hy quan st cc virus mi xem sao. SN LNG VIRUS Ngoi vic ph hoi thc s, cc virus cn nu li ch thi c, khng phi lc no cng c th d dng pht hin my tnh ca bn ang b nhim virus. Tuy nhin, ngay c nhng manh mi m h nht vn c th b pht gic, th virus cng vy. Mt triu chng bn c th pht hin l kch thc cc file EXE ca bn tng ln. Tng t, khong trng trn a b gim t ngt cng c th l do s c mt ca virus. Virus TSR l s tn ti ca chng bng cch chim ch trong RAM, v b nh b gim l tn hiu c mt ca n. Tuy nhin bn phi c cht hiu bit v phn phi b nh h thng th mi c th ni chc chn c. Mt s loi virus gy ra tnh trng bt thng ca h thng. Cc virus trong b nh c th thay i cc yu cu dch v h thng mt cch c tnh hoc v , lm mt hoc ct xn thng tin ra mn hnh hay my in, v lm chm tc truy cp h thng. Hy ch khi cc chng trnh ca bn ti chm hn. V virus cn t sao n tip tc ly lan, n s to ra nhiu qu trnh truy cp a, v chnh l mt manh mi r rt. Cc virus mi hn thng lm cho cc truy cp ca chng trng vi cc truy cp chnh thc. Triu chng r rt nht l chng trnh ca bn lm vic bt bnh thng hoc a cng b mt d liu. l mi nguy hi ln lm cho ta phi u tranh tch cc chng virus. RING CH K RING Khi virus lan truyn, chng cng phi thn trng khi nhim li cc file chng nh hng. Nu khng chng s lm cho file tip tc ln ln, chim ch trn a v l s c mt ca chng. V d virus Israeli hot ng theo phng thc nh vy. trnh iu ny, nhiu loi virus nh du cc file hoc cc sector khi ng m n nhim bng ch k ring (m xc nh thm quyn c bit). Ch k c trng l mt th t cc byte ti v tr c bit. Cc chng trnh qut virus tm vo cc m ny pht hin virus. Cc chng trnh phng nga cho file cng ging nh virus: chng a ch k gi, virus b qua file ny. Cc virus thng tr b nh thng ci t cc chc nng DOS c bit chng t s hin din ca virus.
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CHO PHP XO Khng phi tt c cc "m xa", u l virus. Tuy nhin cc phn mm nh Trojan Horses, Worms c mt im chung vi virus: chng u l nhng mi nguy him c chng trnh ha. Trojan l cc chng trnh hon thin, c lp v khng t lan truyn. Ging nh Greek, Trojan Horses d nh lm nhng vic hu ch nh sp xp file ca bn theo vn ch ci, chy cc tr chi, nhng thc t th n c th xa file hoc format li a cng ca bn. Worm, cng nh Trojan, l nhng chng trnh c lp, hot ng khng cn chng trnh ch. Chng thng b nhm l virus v c th t to (lan truyn). Tuy nhin chng ch hot ng trong mi trng mng v khng lm thay i cc chng trnh khc, nhng chng c th mang virus lm vic . Worms tng i him v kh vit v i hi tc gi phi quen thuc vi cc dch v v kh nng ca mng. Bacteria v Rabbits l nhng chng trnh khng ph hng r rt cc file. Chng ch lan trn nhanh chng theo cp s m cho n khi chim trn kh nng x l, b nh v a. Cc my tnh khng c gii hn thnh phn v ti nguyn th rt d b tn cng. S cn thit ca kin thc h thng Nhn vo cng vic th ngi ta thng cho rng khng cn thit, thm ch c ngi ch cn quan tm ti Config.sys hay Autoexec.bat l g, ch thm quan tm ti s hin din ca Dos. H ch cn my tnh khi ng c l ri. H c th vit ra 1 ng dng m khng cn bit g v h thng c, do cc ng dng h vit u c lin quan g n h thng. Vn pht sinh khng phi khu lp trnh m l khu s dng my tnh vit ng dng hay chy ng dng. Nu bn khng c kin thc v h thng th khi my ca bn b trc trc lm sao bn bit cch sa cha tip tc dng n cho cng vic ca bn. Hn chng ta cng bit: Ngoi tr h iu hnh ra (khng k BIOS) , tt c cc chng trnh khc khi chy u phi da vo h iu hnh hay mt chng trnh khc, th d nh Windows chng hn. l ni v phn mm, cn nu i su hn na th mi phn mm khi chy u phi da trn nn phn cng tc l cu hnh my tnh. Kin thc v nhng ci ny ta gi chung l kin thc h thng. Nh vy ng nhin ng dng do ta vit ra khi chy cng phi l thuc vo h thng c th

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no , th d: chy trn PC hay Macintos, chy trn Dos hay Windows. l cha ni cc cng c chng ta dng vit ng dng cng phi tun theo quy lut ny. Trn i ny khng bao gi c 2 my tnh hon ton ging nhau v phn cng hay phn mm. Do khng c g bo m chng trnh chy nh th no trn my ny th cng chy nh th trn my khc. Chnh v l do ny, nu chng ta test v kt lun v chng trnh ch cn c trn mt hay hai my th xc xut sai rt ln. Chng ti xin n c 1 trng hp n gin cho cc bn d hiu: Bn ci chng trnh for Windows tn l A do bn vit trn my no , khi chy c trc trc. Bn ng vi kt lun chng trnh A ny c li (v khi bn chy trn my bn n u c li) m cn phi bit suy lun nh sau: Mun chng trnh A chy tt th Windows phi chy tt, mun Windows chy tt th Dos phi chy tt, mun Dos chy tt th my ny phi chy tt. Nu bn ch bit vit ng dng m khng bit v h thng th lm sao bn tm c nguyn nhn pht sinh trc trc trong ci mc xch ny. i vi ngi s dng chng trnh ca bn khi gp trc trc d nhin l h cu cu bn (vi h nhng ngi lp trnh ng nhin l phi bit khc phc li), gp trng hp n gin nh h file config.sys dn n vic qun l b nh b trc trc m bn li khng nh t g v cch vit lnh trong file ny ch th cho Dos qun l b nh theo ng yu cu. Bn hy th tng tng ngi s dng ngh sao v bn. t trng hp bn khng bit trc trc pht sinh do Dos hay Windows h th bn gii quyt bng cch no v sau liu ngi ta c cn tin tng bn na khng. Kin thc h thng khng phi n thun l cu trc my hay h iu hnh, n l chui xch c mc xch u tin l cu trc my ri n cu trc cy lp trnh v cui cng l ng dng do bn vit. Ni nh vy khng phi bt cc bn phi bit qu nhiu m ch cn cc bn nm c cc nguyn l chung suy lun, cn phn chi tit hay hnh thc ta c th hi my tnh khi cn thit bng nhiu cch nh: nh lnh c ?, xem help, c trc tip trong file.v..v... Tm li, hiu bit v h thng gip bn iu khin my tnh phc v cho cng vic lp trnh ca chnh bn, n cn gip bn suy lun v gii quyt c cc trc trc pht sinh trong qu trnh s dng chng trnh do bn vit. iu ny khng cn thit sao ? ca Nguyn tc sa cha cc thng bo ca DOS Thng bo ca cc chng trnh u c th chuyn qua ting Vit d dng nu bn tun theo mt s nguyn tc sau: * Ch sa thng bo no bn bit r ngha.
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* Khi sa cha phi gi nguyn tng s byte ca thng bo, tuyt i khng c thm hay bt byte no c. * Phi c kin thc v m Hexa (thp lc), Decimal (thp phn). Bit r bng m ACSii, ANSI...Nu mun chuyn qua ting Vit c du th phi bit cch lm bng m ting Vit, cch np bng m vo b nh. * Bit s dng chng trnh DISKEDIT ca Norton. Chng ti xin hng dn mt cch lm n gin minh ha: Dng NC sa cha cu thng bo sau ca MEM.EXE. Press any key to continue . . . Trong cu ny t ch P n du (.) cui cng c 31 k t (khong trng cng l 1 k t). Do chng ta sa thnh: Nhan 1 phim bat ky de tiep tuc T ch N n ch c l 30 k t nn chng ta thm 1 khong trng vo cui dng cho 31).

Ch : Bn phi dng NC 4.5 tr ln khi sa cha v NC ch sa c file di 64Kb.

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y ch l v d n gin bng NCEDIT. Nhng khong trng bn thy trn hnh thc ra c th l khong trng, c th l m lnh m NC khng hin th c. Ch trong ch hin th hexa, bn mi thy chnh xc m ca khong trng. Trong khi x l khong trng phi ht sc ch n iu ny v bn khng c php sa cha m lnh m ch c sa khong trng k t (m Hexa l 20).

a logo, hnh nh vo hp thoi WINDOWS SYSTEM PROPERTIES

Phm Hng Phc phphuoc@hcm.vnn.vn

Vo Control Panel, click vo biu tng System, bn s m ra hp thoi System Properties cung cp cho bn cc c tnh h thng ca mnh. Ngay trn trang u tin : General, bn c c cc thng s v h thng-system (h iu hnh m my bn ang xi km theo version ca n), cc chi tit v ng k bn quyn -register (tn, ngh nghip,s ID ca ngi s dng) v cc thng s v con CPU v RAM hin hu trong my bn. cc my hng hiu (nh Compaq,Dell,...) c ci sn h iu hnh OEM m Microsoft bn bn quyn thng cho nh sn xut my vi tnh, bn thng thy xut hin trn trang ny biu tng-logo v tn, a ch bo hnh (h tr k thut) ca nh sn xut .Tht ra, ngay trong cc bn Windows bn l cho ngi tiu dng u cui cng c sn phn c tiu l "Manufactured and supported by" (c sn xut v h tr bi) ny, nhng mc nh l "trng vn trn" - hng c g ht. h ! Th th bn c mun a logo cng ty mnh hay nh chn dung ca mnh vo trang General ny khng ? Th no l snh iu ? Th th mi l dn snh iu ch ! 1. Bn dng mt chng trnh ha no (Photoshop, Corel, Photopaint,...) to mt nh c format l BMP vi kch thc chnh xc 115 pixels (Height) x 182 pixels (Width). Save hnh nh ny vi tn oemlogo.bmp. 2. Dng trnh bin tp text (nh NotePad) nh ni dung nh sau : [general] Manufacturer=Tn ban hay cng ty ty Model= a ch cng ty hay a ch nh bn, hay ngh nghip ca bn

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[Support Information] Line1= S in thoi h tr k thut Line2= Line3= Thi gian lm vic Line4= Th 2-6: 8:00-16:00 Line5= Line6= Cc dng ch in nghing l bn ty in vo nhng g mnh mun th hin trn trang General. Ring ni dung ca phn Support Information s ch xut hin khi bn click vo nt Support Information. phn ny, bn mun cho bao nhiu line cng c, nhng nh l phi ln lt theo ng s th t,t Line1 tr i, v cc tn Line km s th t ca chng phi vit dnh lin nhau. Nu khng, mc Support Information s hng c chu xut hin u. Save ni dung ny thnh file oeminfo.ini 3. Copy hai file oemlogo.bmp v oeminfo.ini mi to vo th mc C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\ By gi, bn vo Control Panel, m System Properties ra xem, s thy "i tc phm" ca mnh. Qu . Qu . Coca-Cola nh ? h !

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Qu trnh khi ng ca Win 95

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phc v cho giao din dng lnh, Windows 95 cung cp cho bn Dos 7 hon ton tng thch vi tt c Dos c. N c y cc file lnh ngoi tr ca Dos c, nhng thiu cc tin ch nh: Memmaker, Anti virus, Backup...bn phi dng li ca Dos 6.22. Ton b phn Dos 7 c cha trong th mc con Command ca th mc Windows 95. 1- Cc phm iu khin: Tt c cc phm lit k di y c s dng bng cch bm khi my pht ting bip hay khi xut hin dng ch "Starting Windows 95" lc khi ng. - Phm F4: Nu my ca bn l DualBoot t u hay sau ny bn mun n tr thnh DualBoot th bn phi chc chn trong file MSdos.sys phn [option] phi c dng lnh sau: [option] BootMulti=1 (dng lnh ny cho php s dng phm F4) - Phm F5: Dng khi ng trong tnh trng bo v (Safe mode) ngha l khi ng khng c Config.sys, Autoexec.bat, system.ini, win.ini, system.dat, user.dat. - Phm F8: Dng hin menu boot nh sau: -Normal (Bnh thng) -Logged (To file Bootlog.txt trong th mc Windows) file ny ghi thng tin v qu trnh khi ng -Safe mode (Ch bo v v vo thng Gui) tng ng vi phm F5 -Safe mode Command prompt only(Ch bo v khng vo Gui) tng ng vi phm Shift+F5 -Step-by-step Confirmation (Ch xc nhn tng dng lnh v vo Gui) tng ng vi phm Shift+F8 -Command prompt only (Khi ng khng vo Gui) Tng ng vi dng BootGui=0 trong phn [option] trong file msdos.sys -Previous version of Ms-Dos (Khi ng vi h iu hnh Dos c) Tng ng vi phm F4, v dng ny ch xut hin khi c dng BootMulti=1 trong file Msdos.sys 2- Cc file khi ng: Sau khi ci t, Setup s i tn cc file h thng c theo bng di y (trong trng hp bn khi ng bng h iu hnh c, Windows 95 s i tn cc file h thng ca mnh thnh fiel c ui l .W40). Tn c trong MS-DOS Tn mi vi Windows 95
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autoexec.bat autoexec.dos command.com command.dos config.sys config.dos io.sys (hay ibmbio.com) io.dos mode.com mode_dos.com msdos.sys (hay ibmdos.com) msdos.dos Khi Windows 95 khi ng s ln lt np cc file nh sau: A/ IO.SYS: Windows 95 dng 1 file h thng mi, tn l IO.SYS, thay th cho cc file h thng ca MS-DOS (IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS). y l 1 file chy ch thc, cha ng cc thng tin cn thit khi ng h thng. My ca bn khng cn n CONFIG.SYS v AUTOEXEC.BAT khi ng Windows 95 (cc file ny thc cht dng tng thch vi cc ng dng hay cc driver c). Do c vi mc c ch nh ring trong IO.SYS m khng cn ch nh trong CONFIG.SYS. dos=high: Ch nh MS-DOS phi c np vo b nh cao (HMA). Ngoi ra umb s c bao gm trong ch nh ny nu EMM386 c ch nh np trong CONFIG.SYS. (IO.SYS khng t ng np EMM386). himem.sys: y l 1 trnh qun l b nh ch thc. HIMEM.SYS mc nhin c np t ng trong Windows 95. ifshlp.sys: y l 1 driver thit b h thng (File System Helper). Nu khng c np, ch 1 phn ti thiu file h thng trong IO.SYS c s dng. Nu np, tt c u kh dng (y l l do ti sao Windows 3.11 i hi phi c driver ny nu mun chy 32BitFileAccess). setver.exe: y l 1 trnh thng tr (TSR). N dng tng thch vi cc version khc ca MS-DOS. Ngoi ra trong IO.SYS cn c cc ch nh mc nhin sau: files=60 . lastdrive= Z . buffers=30 . stacks= 9,256 . shell= command.com (mc nhin thng s /p s bao gm trong lnh ny). fcbs= 4 . Ch :

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* Bn khng th sa cha cc gi tr trong IO.SYS. Nu mun thay i bn ch c cch l ch nh li trong CONFIG.SYS, v cc ch nh trong CONFIG.SYS s chng (u tin) ln cc xc lp trong IO.SYS. * IO.SYS khng t ng np EMM386.EXE. Nu mun s dng EMM386, bn phi np n trong CONFIG.SYS. * IO.SYS c t ng i tn thnh WINBOOT.SYS nu nh bn khi ng my bng h iu hnh c. * IO.SYS s t ng np cc file sau nu khng c ch nh khc: HIMEM.SYS . IFSHLP.SYS . SETVER.EXE . DBLSPACE.BIN . DRVSPACE.BIN B/ MSDOS.SYS: [Paths] HostWinBootDrv=<th mc gc ca a khi ng>. Mc nhin l C WinBootDir=<th mc Windows>. Mc nhin l th mc khai bo khi Setup (th d: C:\WINDOWS). Mc ny c tc dng bo cho Windows bit ni cha cc file khi ng. WinDir=<th mc Window>. Mc nhin l th mc khai bo khi Setup (th d: C:\WINDOWS). Setup. [Options] BootDelay=<Seconds>. Ch nh thi gian Windows ngng li ch bn bm phm tt sau khi cho hin dng "Starting Windows". Mc nhin l 2. BootFailSafe=<0/1>. Nu 1 l cho chy ch Safe Mode. Mc nhin l 0 BootGUI=<0/1>. 1 l vo thng GUI, 0 l ngng li du nhc Dos sau khi khi ng. Mc nhin l 1. BootKeys=<0/1>. 1 Cho hiu lc cc fm tt nh: F4, F5, F6 v F8. 0 l v hiu ha cc fm tt (ch : xc lp 0 s ng thi lm mt hiu lc lnh BootDelay). Mc nhin l 1. BootMenu=<0/1>. 1 l lun lun cho hin Startup Menu. 0 th bn phi bm fm F8 khi c dng "Starting Windows", nu mun cho hin. Mc nhin l 0. BootMenuDefault=<Number>. Ch nh la chn mc nhin. BootMenuDelay=<Number>. Ch nh thi gian ch khi hin Menu. Mc nhin l 30. BootMulti=<0/1>. 0 l v hiu multi-boot, 1 l cho hiu lc (xc lp 1 cng ng thi cho hiu lc fm F4). Mc nhin l 0. BootWarn=<0/1>. 0 l khng cho hin dng chn ch Safe Mode trong startup menu. Mc nhin l 1.

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BootWin=<0/1>. 1 l np Windows 95 khi khi ng, 0 l dng h iu hnh khc (ging nh khi bm F4). Mc nhin l 1. DoubleBuffer=<0/1>. 1 l cho hiu lc. Mc nhin l 0. DBLSpace=<0/1>. 1 l cho t ng np DBLSPACE.BIN. Mc nhin l 1. DRVSpace=<0/1>. 1 l cho t ng np DRVSPACE.BIN. Mc nhin l 1. LoadTop=<0/1>. 0 l khng cho php Windows 95 np COMMAND.COM hay DRVSPACE.BIN/DBLSPACE.BIN vo vng nh ca 640K. Mc nhin l 1. Logo=<0/1>. 1 l cho hin Logo mc nh trong file IO.SYS. Mc nhin l 1. Network=<0/1>. 1 l cho np mng v cng thm dng "Start Windows, bypassing startup files, with network support" trong startup menu. Mc nhin l 0. Scandisk=<0/1>. 1 l cho chy Scandisk t ng mi khi khi ng li v b ngt t xut. (Win 97, 98) Ch : File MSDOS.SYS phi c kch thc ln hn 1024 bytes ( cc chng trnh chng virus khi nhn lm). Nu bn xa file ny, Windows 95 s khng khi ng c. C/ CONFIG.SYS: * Windows 95 s tho g cc dng lnh trong CONFIG.SYS c xc lp mc nhin trong IO.SYS (th d: buffers, files...). * Bn khng c dng lnh np smartdrv v Windows 95 s dng cc driver ni b. Ch khi no mun dng smartdrv khi khi ng vi du nhc DOS, bn mi phi ci lnh ny. * Tho g dng lnh device=mouse.sys. Windows 95 s dng driver mouse ni b. Ch khi no mun dng mouse khi khi ng vi du nhc DOS, bn mi phi ci lnh ny. Cng dng ca file ny vn nh trong Dos c v cn thit cho cc ng dng Dos 16bit, cc kin thc v xy dng ni dung ging nh trc (k c phng php to a cu hnh). Windows 95 v cc ng dng 32bit khng cn file ny nhng tng thch vi Dos c, n vn duy tr v nng cp bng version Dos 7 ring cho n. By gi bn c th thoi mi nhp cc lnh trong Autoexec.bat vo Config.sys (ri xo lun Autoexec.bat) vi vi thay i nh nh sau: Autoexec.bat Config.sys Path i thnh Set path Set Set Tn trnh thng tr Install tn trnh thng tr Loadhigh Installhigh

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- C 3 driver lun lun c Windows 95 np khi khi ng (trong bt k kiu Boot no) mc cho cc lnh ci 3 driver ny c hay khng trong Config.sys l: Himem.sys, Ilshlp.sys, Setver.exe. - C 3 driver lun lun c Windows 95 np khi khi ng (trong bt k kiu Boot no) khi bn nn a bng Drvspace l: Dblspace.sys, Dblspace.bin, Dblbuff.sys. 6 driver ny bt buc phi c mt trong th mc khai bo phn [Paths] ca file Msdos.sys. Sau y l mt file Config.sys lm th d, ch lnh Shell khng c /P (/P: np Autoexec.bat) v cc lnh cu Autoexec.bat nm trong Config.sys. device=C:\WINDOWS\himem.sys /testmem:off device=c:\windows\emm386.exe noems dos=high dos=umb files=60 buffers=30 set path=C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND;e:\dos;d:\wfw;e:\nc; set nc=e:\nc set nu=e:\ndw set temp=d:\temp set tmp=d:\temp country=061,,c:\windows\command\country.sys shell=c:\windows\command.com c:\windows devicehigh=c:\windows\command\dblspace.sys /move devicehigh=c:\windows\command\dol112.sys /d:optics /p:320 /x:s /s:2 installhigh c:\windows\command\mscdex.exe /d:optics /l:e installhigh c:\windows\smartdrv.exe 2048 128 D/ Command.com: Ging nh Dos c nhng c tng cng thm v c np ln UMB. C thm 2 lnh mi l: LOCK [ da :] cho php cc chng trnh c quyn truy cp a trc tip. v UNLOCK [ a :] hy b lnh LOCK. V h iu hnh Windows 95 qun l a khc Dos c (cho php bn t tn file di) nn n khng cho php bt c chng trnh no truy cp a trc tip, khi c thao tc xy ra Windows 95 s lp tc ngn chn v thng bo cho bn bit.
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Mun s dng cc chng trnh loi trn a no (td: Diskedit, undelete, defrag, ndd...) bn phi dng lnh LOCK km tn a bo cho Windows 95 bit l bn c tnh chy chng trnh ny. Khi no chm dt th bn nh UNLOCK km tn a c. c tnh ny cng c im li l n ngn chn c mt s Virus file khng cho ly ln da cng ca bn. Windows 95 ch cho php cc chng trnh chng virus d tm ch khng cho php dit cng v l do trn. ngoi Gui bn khng th t tn file di cng nh khng th dng lnh DIR xem tn file di. Ch quan trng: Tt c file c tn file di, khng c dng cc chng trnh Dos hay cc chng trnh Win 16bit di chuyn, i tn, copy v chng s b ct cn 8 k t. Bn phi vo Gui lm cc thao tc ny. E/ AUTOEXEC.BAT: File ny khng cn cn thit v c th nhp vo trong Config.sys nh ni trn. Windows 95 s thay i ni dung AUTOEXEC.BAT nh sau: * Cp nht dng lnh path=. * Rem cc lnh np trnh thng tr khng tng thch (lit k di y). * Xo dng lnh np SHARE.EXE. * To bn sao cho AUTOEXEC.BAT l AUTOEXEC.DOS. * Xc lp th mc cho bin TEMP. Nu bin TEMP v TMP cha xc lp, Windows 95 s to th mc TEMP trong th mc Windows, ri cng thm dng lnh set tmp= v set temp= trong AUTOEXEC.BAT. Ch : * Khng nn ci Smartdrv v Mouse trong Autoexec.bat do Windows 95 dng cc driver ni b. Tr khi bn mun s dng chng khi khi ng vi du nhc DOS. * Nu bn cn u ni n Network server khi bn khi ng Windows 95, bn nn to 1 file bat, ri a vo th mc STARTUP. im c bit cn ch trong phn ny l cc chng trnh : Emm386, Smartdrv, Mouse mc d khng c ci trong Config.sys v Autoexec.bat nhng khi bn vo Gui ca Windows 95 th chng s c y bn s dng, k c trong ca s Dos. Ch khi no bn ngoi Gui m chy cc ng dng Dos th mi cn ci cc trnh ny. Ring v Emm386 th bn cn a vo Config.sys nu bn mun ch nh cch thc s dng b nh (th d: Ram, Noems, X=, I=...). V mc nhin Windows 95 h tr cho EMS ln XMS v ch s dng vng a ch trn C800 lm UMB
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F/ System.dat: File ny xc lp ton b cu hnh ca Windows 95 32bit, bao gm: h thng, mn hnh, bn fm, mouse, mu sc, giao din ngi s dng, v..vv...N lun lun i km vi file tn System.da0 l file backup ca n (khi file System.dat b h, Windows 95 s ly thng tin trong file System.da0 phc hi li) Mi khi bn thot Windows 95, n s cp nht file System.dat theo xc lp cui cng ca bn. Mi khi bn vo Gui, Windows 95 s np System.dat nu thnh cng n s backup thnh System.da0, nu khng np c n s chuyn qua khi ng phng thc bo v (Safe mode) sa cha cu hnh. Nu bn mun phc hi bng tay v cu hnh trc th bn khi ng vi du nhc Dos, copy file System.da0 chng ln System.dat, ri cho khi ng li ln na. Bn c th sa cha trc tip hay chuyn file ny qua dng Text xem v sa cha, sau chuyn tr li dng c. Cch lm nh sau: Ch : Trc khi sa bn nn lu 2 file System.dat v System.da0 vo mt th mc khc, phng h trng hp bn thao tc sai. - Sa trc tip: - Bn dng Explorer lit k th mc Windows 95, bn tm file Regedit.exe ri dng phm phi chut li n ra desktop to biu tng. - Bn kch kp vo biu tng Regedit, sau khi chng trnh chy, bn s thy n lit k cc mc chnh ca file System.dat phn bn tri ca s. Du cng trc mi mc mang ngha mc c cc mc con (1 nhnh) cha bung, khi kch chut vo s lm bung nhnh ra v du cng tr thnh du tr, kch vo du tr l thu gn nhnh li. - Bn kch vo biu tng mc bn mun xem, ni dung ca mc s hin ln bn phi ca s. Bn kch kp vo tiu trong ni dung bn mun sa cha, mt hp thoi mi xut hin bn nhp d liu, sau khi xong bn bm OK. - Sa vi dng TEXT: - Sau khi Regedit chy, bn m menu registry, chn mc Export registry file , mt hp thoi xut hin cho bn chn tn file, th mc ch v chn la ni dung xut, sau bn bm Save. - Bn dng chng trnh Edit.com km theo Windows 95 (nm trong th mc command) hay dng Wordpad cng ca Windows 95 sa file ny (kch thc ton b khong > 500Kb). Khi lu bn cng lu vi dng text thun tu.

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- Sau khi sa xong, bn khi ng Regedit ri m menu registry, chn mc Import registry file, trong hp thoi bn khai bo tn file ri bm Open. Ni dung ca System.dat quan trng nht l 3 mc sau: * Root: Cha cc xc lp ca cc chng trnh ci vo Windows 95 v cc thng tin v OLE, DDE (Lin kt d liu). Nu nm vng v mc ny, bn c th di chuyn cc th mc ca cc ng dng chy di Windows 95 (TD: Winword, Corel, Excel,...) n bt c ni no mt cch tu thch, ri vo y sa li ng dn cho ng l bn c th s dng tip m khng cn ci li ng dng. Thm ch bn c th di chuyn Windows 95 qua 1 a khc cng c. * User: Cha cc xc lp v Gui, v Control Panel, v cc ng dng ni b ca Windows 95 (TD: Wordpad, CDPlay, Defrag, Mspaint,...). * Machine: Gm cc xc lp v phn cng, v h thng, monitor, mng, my in, Scaner...,v cc driver cho cc thit b v qun l h thng... Thng th cc chng trnh h tr OLE u cung cp sn file .reg km theo chng trnh v c tn ging tn chng trnh (td: winword.reg, coreldrw.reg...) khi cn bn c th sa cha v t nhp vo Windows. Di y l mt on ca file equation.reg lm th d: REGEDIT HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equations = Microsoft Equation HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equations\CurVer = Equation.2 HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equations\CLSID = {00021700-0000-0000-C000000000000046} HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equation.2 = Microsoft Equation 2.0 HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equation.2\protocol\StdFileEditing\server = <Windows Dir>\MSAPPS\EQUATION\eqnedit.exe HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equation.2\protocol\StdFileEditing\verb\0 = Edit HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equation.2\Insertable HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Equation.2\CLSID = {00021700-0000-0000-C000000000000046} Theo nh file ny, trc khi bn dng Import nhp vo Windows 95, bn cn sa dng <Windows Dir>\MSAPPS\ thnh d:\msoffice\msapps nu th mc msapps bn cho cha trong th mc msoffice trn a D (thay v bnh thng nm trong th mc windows). G/ User.dat: Ging nh System.dat, file ny i km vi file backup l User.da0. N cha cc xc lp v Gui ca ngi s dng my (cc xc lp v mu sc, cc mc, cc biu
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tng chng trnh, cc biu tng Shortcut trn desktop...). Nu c nhiu ngi cng s dng 1 my th mi ngi c th to cho mnh 1 Gui ring v c lp vi nhau. Khi mi ngi s c mt file User.dat ring. Cch to nhiu Gui trn mt my nh sau: - M Control Panel, chn biu tng Passwords, chn mc di trong hp thoi (cho php xc lp nhiu Gui). Phn User profiles setting s sng ln cho bn chn tip hai mc: mc trn l cho bao gm cc biu tng trn desktop, mc di l cho bao gm Start menu v nhm chng trnh. Sau bm OK. Windows 95 s ku bn khi ng li, bn chn OK khi ng li. - T gi tr i bt c ngi no vo Gui u b hi mt khu, nu l ln u tin ngi s dng phi nh cho mnh mt mt khu (phi nh k sau ny vo li ng Gui ca mnh). Windows 95 s to ra mt th mc con trong th mc Windows 95 ring cho ngi s dng , (c c file User.dat v User.da0 ring). ln sau vo Gui, ngi s dng ch cn nh ng mt khu l vo ng Gui ca mnh. Nu mun b nhiu Gui, bn ch cn vo li biu tng passwords, chn li mc pha trn (cho php nhiu ngi s dng cng mt Gui). Th tc hi mt khu cng t ng chm dt. H/ ShellIconCache: File ny cha tt c thng tin v cc biu tng trong Windows 95, bao gm cc biu tng trong Start menu, nhm chng trnh, desktop..., nu file ny b h hay v tnh b xo th khi khi ng Windows 95 s da vo 2 file System.dat v User.dat xc nh s lng v a ch ca cc chng trnh, sau ly biu tng cha trong file chng trnh (nu chng trnh Dos th dng biu tng mc nh) ti to li file ny. Nu bn v tnh lm h hng cc biu tng hay khi bn thy hnh cc biu tng thay i ln xn khng nh trc th bn c th xo file ny Windows 95 t ng to li mi cho bn. Khi bn ci t chng trnh hay khi bn to Shortcut, Windows 95 s ly biu tng trong file chng trnh lm biu tng mc nhin, nu bn mun thay biu tng khc th bn bm phm phi mouse trn biu tng mun i m menu rt gn, chn mc properties, chn bng Shortcut, bm phm changer icon hin hp thoi Changer icon. Chn biu tng ang c lit k, hay bm phm Browse hin hp lit k file cho bn la. Cc file m ni dung c th cha biu tng c phn m rng l: .exe, .dll, .cpl, .vbx..., bn c th tm trong th mc System, Windows 95 v trong cc th mc ca chng trnh.
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I/ TtfCache: File ny cha thng tin v font ci trong Windows 95, nu file ny h hay b xo, bn phi ci li font cho Windows 95 bng cch vo biu tng font trong Control Panel, chn mc Install new font. Windows 95 khng lu tr thng tin v font trong Win.ini nh Windows 3.x, hay Windows for Workgroup 3.x. Mi khi bn ci t cc chng trnh for win 16bit nh Winword, Corel, Ventura...l cc chng trnh c ci font vo Win v sa file Win.ini. Windows 95 s t ng xo cc dng Font trong Win.ini, xo cc file .fot v di chuyn cc file .ttf vo th mc con FONT trong th mc Windows 95. Nhng vi iu kin bn phi ci chng trnh bng biu tng Add&Remove programs trong Control Panel ca Windows 95. Ch : Mi khi bn thay i bt c ci g trong phn Gui ca Windows 95, Th d nh: biu tng, font, mu sc...th Windows 95 s cp nht vo file System.dat trc. Ln khi ng k tip Windows 95 mi da vo System.dat cp nht cc file User.dat, Shelliconcache, Ttfcache. Chnh v l do ny m a khi ng ca bn b phn mnh rt nhanh, chng ti khuyn bn nn thng xuyn chy chng trnh Defrag do Windows 95 cung cp sn dn a, chng trnh Defrag ny chng ti nhn thy n chy nhanh hn cc chng trnh ca NU v Dos 6.2, nn cng khng mt bao nhiu thi g. Tin nht l bn to biu tng Shortcut cho n, gn phm tt (td: Ctrl+Alt+D) v thm thng s sau: <Tn a> /noprompt vo dng lnh. TD: C:\WINDOWS\DEFRAG C: /NOPROMPT. ngha dng lnh l: Dn a C ngay lp tc, khi no xong t ng thot, khi hi han li thi. J/ System.ini v Win.ini: Thc cht ca vic np 2 file ny l tng thch vi cc chng trnh for Win 16bit. Ni dung ca chng cng ging nh trong Windows 3.x, hay Windows for Workgroup 3.x. V Windows 95 thng t ng sa cha 2 file ny sau khi ci t mt chng trnh mi, cho ph hp vi cch qun l ca Windows 95. SYSTEM.INI: a s xc lp cu hnh ca Windows 95 c cha trong cc file Registry v chng khng i hi phi c trong SYSTEM.INI. Trong trng hp nng cp Windows c, cc xc lp s c t ng di chuyn vo Registry: Windows 95 s thay i cc mc sau trong SYSTEM.INI: * Cng thm vo mc [Boot] comm.drv=comm.drv, dibeng.drv=dibeng.dll, gdi.exe=gdi.exe, sound.drv=sound.drv, user.exe=user.exe * Cng thm vo mc [386Enh]
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device=*vshare, device=*vcd, device=*int13, device=*dynapage * Xo khi mc [386Enh] device=*vfd, device=*configmg, device=serial.386, device=lpt.386, device=pagefile.386, timercriticalsection= device=isapnp.386, device=wshell.386 * Di chuyn t [386Enh] vo Registry Network=, Network3=, SecondNet=, Transport=, V86ModeLANAs= * Di chuyn t mc [Network] vo Registry AuditEnabled=, AuditEvents=, AuditLogSize=, AutoLogon=, Comment=, ComputerName=, DirectHost=, EnableSharing=, FileSharing=, LANAs=, LMAnnounce=, LMLogon=, LogonDisconnected=, LogonDomain=, LogonValidated=, Multinet=, PasswordCaching=, PrintSharing=, Reshare=, SlowLanas=, Winnet=, Workgroup= Cc thng s sau trong SYSTEM.INI s c xc lp bng cc tin ch ca Windows 95: Set tt c cc thng s v b nh bng System option trong Control Panel. Set tt c cc thng s v phn cng bng Device Manager ca System option trong Control Panel. Set tt c cc thng s v network v cc thng s v chia s (share) ti nguyn trn mng bng Network option trong Control Panel. WIN.INI: * Font v cc thng tin v desktop trong WIN.INI s c di chuyn vo Registry. * Di chuyn t mc [Windows] vo Registry Beep, BorderWidth, CursorBlinkRate, DoubleClickSpeed, KeyboardDelay, KeyboardSpeed, MouseThreshold1, MouseThreshold2, MouseSpeed, ScreenSaveActive, ScreenSaveTimeOut, SwapMouseButtons * Di chuyn t mc [WindowMetrics] vo Registry BorderWidth, CaptionHeight, CaptionWidth, MenuHeight, MenuWidth, MinArrange, MinHorzGap, MinVertGap, MinWidth, ScrollHeight, ScrollWidth, SmCaptionHeight, SmCaptionWidth Cng thm dng ATMWorkaround=1 vo mc [Pscript.Drv] Cc thng s sau trong WIN.INI s c xc lp bng cc tin ch ca Windows 95: Set cc thng s v Mouse bng Mouse option trong Control Panel. Set cc thng s v keyboard bng Keyboard option trong Control Panel. Set tt c cc thng s v mn hnh v cch hin th ca s bng Display option trong Control Panel.
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K/ Win.com : File ny c nhim v np cc file : Dosstart.bat (nu c), Command.com (cho ca s Dos), Wininit.exe, Vmm32.vxd, logo (khi thot Windows 95).v..vv... L/ Wininit.exe: Mi khi khi ng Windows 95, wininit.exe lun lun i tm v thc hin cc ch th ghi trong wininit.ini nu c sa cha file vmm32.vxd. Khi ci t ln u Windows 95, Trnh Setup cn c vo cu hnh h thng, to ra file wininit.ini, trong lit k cc driver .VXD 32bit cn thit phi ci t (Cc driver ny khng nm c lp m c trn (combine) vo file vmm32.vxd (file ct li)). Trong ln khi ng u tin, file wininit.exe c file wininit.ini v thc hin cc lnh trong to ra file vmm32.vxd. Sau khi Setup hon tt, file wininit c i tn thnh wininit.bak. Sau ny mi khi bn thay i cu hnh h thng, Windows 95 li to ra file wininit.ini wininit.exe cn c vo sa cha vmm32.vxd (thm hay bt driver) khi khi ng li. M/ Vmm32.vxd : Thc cht y l file chng trnh chnh ca Gui. Trong bn thn n cha tt c cc driver 32bit cn thit cho Windows 95. Trong System.ini bn thy cc dng ghi device=*xxxx c ngha l driver ny nm sn trong file Vmm32.vxd, ch c cc driver c ci ri mi khng c du (*) trong tn v thng c ui m rng l .386. File ny c Wininit.exe cp nht mi khi bn thay i cu hnh h thng hay thay i driver trong phn xc lp System ca Control Panel. 3- DualBoot (s dng 2 h iu hnh) : Chng ta bit, khi ci t Windows 95 th ty theo la chn m Windows 95 s t ng lm cho h thng tr thnh DualBoot hay ch s dng Windows 95 lm h iu hnh duy nht. Trong phn ny chng ti s hng dn bn thay i m khng cn phi ci t li Dos c hay Windows 95. A/ Chuyn t 1 h iu hnh thnh 2 h iu hnh: Bn thc hin cc bc sau : * Bc th nht: Copy cc file h thng ca Dos c xung a cng v ng thi i tn chng thnh ui .DOS Th d: io.sys, msdos.sys, command.com thnh io.dos, msdos.dos, command.dos. To mi 2 file config.dos, Autoexec.dos. * Bc th hai: Thm vo file Msdos.sys trong mc [option] dng BootMulti=1 (cho hiu lc DualBoot).

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Cui cng bn cho khi ng li, nu khng c bn cn kim tra li c cc cp file io, msdos, command, Config, Autoexec khng? B/ Chuyn t 2 h iu hnh thnh 1 h iu hnh: * B Dos c: Xo th mc Dos, xo cc file th mc gc c ui l .dos. * B Windows 95: Khi ng li bng Dos c (bm phm F4) sau xo th mc Windows 95, xo cc file thu mc gc c ui l .w40. 4- Logo: - Khi Io.sys chy n s tm trong th mc gc file Logo.sys (l file BMP c dng nn , c th xem bng Mspaint ca Windows 95 hay PhotoStyler 2.0) np, nu khng th n dng Logo cha trong n. Do nu chng ta mun khi khi ng Windows 95 hin th hnh ca mnh th ch cn to ra file Logo.sys ri t trong th mc gc. - Khi thot Gui, Win.com s tm trong th mc Windows 95 file Logo hin th (nu khng c th n thot ra du nhc Dos) thng bo cho php bn tt my hay khi ng li (file logo ny tn l logos.sys v logow.sys). Bn cng c th thay i hnh nhng bt buc phi gi ng tn v dng thc ca file (khng th dng mt file hnh khc nh .bmp, .cgm, .gif...ri i tn). S dng cc chng trnh Cache Phan T Lp DOS Resource Guide 11/1993 Pcword VN SMARTDRV ca MS-DOS 6.0 v cc phn mm cache (disk cache) c th tng tc thc hin ca PC mt cch ng ngc nhin *. Nu bn c th tng tc my tnh ca bn ln mt vi trm phn trm - thm ch hng nghn phn trm, m khng mt tin hoc ch mt cht t, chc l bn s chp ngay ly c hi. Hn l nh vy ? Khng, iu ny khng phi l gi nh, "n c ni m", m l thc s lm c. Cc chng trnh tin ch cache v ngay c chng trnh SMARTDRV ca MSDOS (SMARTDRIVE) c th ci thin ng k tc my ca bn. Phn mm cache lm "o thut" nh dng mt phn RAM h thng ca my tnh lu tr cc d liu thng c truy cp. Bnh thng mi ln gi mt chng trnh hoc mt ti liu, my phi tm ti a cng ly nhng file bn cn. Cho d l nhanh th a cng ca bn vn l thit b c kh trong , u c phi dch chuyn n v tr ca d liu trc khi c n. Cn nu d liu ca bn trong RAM th s truy cp s gn nh tc thi.

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Xem chng qu n gin. Nhng tt nhin khng phi vy. Ton b trng m c th gy nhm ln cho ngi mi hc (trong khun bi "B m RAM v a RAM" phn lut 2 thut ng d nhm ln vi nhau ny). Trong khi MS-DOS c vng m SMARTDRV ca mnh, th nhiu tin ch nh Norton Utilities v PC Tools cng c km nhng phin bn ca ring mnh. V khuy ng "c nc bo c" cn c c cc b m ring l nh Norton Speedcache +, Super PC-Kwik v Hype-Disk. S cnh tranh gay gt gia cc nh bn phn mm cache to nn nhng kin tng thng xuyn, tt c u nhn mnh sn phm ca h tt hn SMARTDRV. Ngoi cc phn mm cache, bn s tm thy cache phn cng (Xem bi "Gii php Cache phn cng"). Xin ng lo lng, sau khi c bi ny, bn s hiu cch thc cc b m hot ng, ti sao chng tr thnh "tm v" t gi n nh vy (c bit cho ngi dng Windows v cc thit b CD-ROM) v thm na: tin ch cache no thch hp nht vi nhu cu ca bn? v trong khun bi "Lm th no tn dng tt SMARTDRV?" bn s thy mt vi tiu xo s dng b t m i km vi DOS. tr ca b nh B nh cache khng phi l cng ngh mi. Trong thc t, u tin n c trin khai cho my ln hng chc nm trc y. Trong th gii PC ngy nay, cc loi cache ph bin nhiu hn bn tng. V d b x l 486 c mt vng m bn trong nh tng tc tnh ton. Cng nh vy c nhiu bo mch ch ngy nay dng loi RAM tnh (SRAM) lm vng m c tc di chuyn d liu bng tc nh sng. V c rt nhiu a cng c b m ci bn trong phn in t ca chng. Mi loi cache u ci thin tc ca PC, nhng cn cha ng k so vi mt cache "mm". Mi y, cache mi tr thnh hng ha c gi. Bi v cc chng trnh ln ngy nay thng i hi nhiu ti khng gian a cng, v RAM tr nn tng i r. Thc t, cc h thng c RAM 4MB, 8MB thm ch 16MB khng cn l him na. V tt c phn RAM tha l vng l tng cho cache (ng m tng nu h thng ca bn c RAM nh hn 1MB, nhng bn vn c th s dng cache d khng c li lc trong vic tng tc a cng, nng cao hiu qu bng m rng vng m). Nhng chng trnh cache nh SMARTDRV tn dng phn b nh m rng ca PC lu gi cc d liu c truy cp thng xuyn. (Mt PC c trng c 640K b nh qui c v 6 khi phn nh cao v tng cng khong 1MB. Phn nh m rng l lp trn ca 1MB ny).

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Nu bn dng mt driver thit b trong CONFIG.SYS s dng phn nh cao hn 1MB nh l phn nh bnh trng (bi v thng thng bn c nhng ng dng i hi n), m cache c th s dng n. Cn lu : SMARTDRV ca MS-DOS 5 v 6 khng chy trong RAM c t cu hnh l b nh bnh trng. Tt nhin, bn thn chng trnh to v qun l cache cng chim mt s ch, thng thng mt t 40 n 60K. Mt s chng trnh tin ch cache ph bin, gm Norton Speedcache+ v Super PC-Kwik t np vo lp UMB gia 640K v 1MB, nu cn ch, nh vy gii phng nhiu ch hn cho vng nh qui c ca bn. Nhng mt ln na, SMARTDRV l mt ngoi l: n np vo vng nh qui c, nu bn khng s dng EMM386 ca MS-DOS v LOADHIGH hoc chng trnh qun tr b nh khc nh Qualitas' 386 MAX hoc Quarterdeeks QEMM, a n vo lp nh UMB. Bn c th m rng ti c no? Nh bn trng i, vng m cng ln th cng ci thin c hiu qu. a s cc chng trnh tin ch t cache mc nh (default) l mt na phn nh m rng ca bn (nu bn khng ch nh khc i). V d, h thng c tng s RAM l 4MB (1MB l phn nh chun) s mc nh dnh 1,5MB cho cache, l mt na ca vng m rng 3MB. Nu bn c nhiu phn nh m rng trong my, th n s c s dng phn m ln hn. Nhng vn gim hiu qu bt u xut hin khi bn s dng vng m ln hn 2MB. L do ca n rt phc tp. Gii hn ny mt phn l do cch DOS lm vic vi b x l v RAM; mt phn do bn thn s thit k ca chng trnh cache. (iu ny khng ng cho cc my tnh gn CD-ROM). Khng c vn v kch thc vng m ca bn. R rng l vng m ch c th cha mt phn rt nh d liu trn a ca bn. Vy vn l: cch mt chng trnh cache quyt nh d liu no lu trong vng m v khi no thay chng ci g s to nhng r nhnh... Mi mt chng trnh t vng m c mt phng php ring qun l ni dung ca vng m, cng vi cc k thut tn tin thc hin mt khi lng cng vic khng l bn trong. Khi mt vng m lm vic, bt c ci g bn c t a, c lu gi vo vng m theo cch ca n nh a ra mn hnh ca bn. Nhng sm mun g th vng m cng b y v lc vn tr nn phc tp. a s vng m s dng mt phng php gi l LRU (Least Rerently Used - lu khng c s dng nht) lm phng php c s cho qun l vng m. D liu no nm lu nht m khng c s dng s b y ra gii phng ch cho d liu khc va c s dng m cha trong vng m.
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Cng nhiu file c trao i vi vng m th chng trnh phi quyt nh cng nhiu cch thc s dng tt nht khng gian nh cho php. V cng s dng n vng m th cng chng t hiu qu. Nhng chng trnh cache n gin nht nh SMARTDRV ch n thun l lp cc ch va mi gii phng bng d liu k tip trn a. Nhng vi nhng b chng trnh tn tin hn nh Norton Speedcache+ v Super PC-Kwik thc s cn gn "tr tu nhn to" thng thi, chun on trc v nhng d liu bn s cn trong ln gi k tip. Tt c iu xy ra t ng, bn trong m khng cn bn phi lm g c. Cc chng trnh tin ch cache thc hin cc cng vic ca mnh khi b x l rnh ri, v d gia cc ln nhn phm, hoc khi bn ang vit mt vn bn. Mi mt nh sn xut chng trnh cache ct gi cn thn phng php ca ring mnh v qun l b m nh ca hng bn n nhanh th b quyt pha ch gia v. c nhanh, ghi nhanh n y, chng ta thy r cc li im ca b m c d liu t a cng. Nhng iu gp phi hin thi ca cc chng trnh tin ch cache cn theo c mt cch khc. Cch ghi c vng m c bit n nh cc tn khc nh Lazy writes (ghi li), ghi sau... Bnh thng, khi ct mt file hoc ng mt ng dng, bn nhn thy c mt s chm tr trong khi a cng lm cng vic khc. Vi ghi c b m, d liu c lu trong RAM thay v ghi lun vo a cng. iu ny c ngha l bn c th tr li ngay tc khc vi cng vic ca mnh. Chng trnh cache sau s ghi d liu ln a khi b x l rnh ri v thc hin trong mt vi giy. Ghi c vng m ci thin ng k cng sut ca PC, nhng c im yu l: d liu ca bn cha an ton khi cha c thc s ghi vo a. Nu nh cp in xy ra hoc nu bn lm xong v tt my gia lc ang ct h s v khi chng ang c ghi vo a, d liu s b mt. iu ny khng phi l vn ln nh n th hin. Bi v thng thng ch tn c vi ba giy l d liu an ton ghi xong vo a. Ngoi ra, cc chng trnh tin ch c thng minh xa vng m khi bn dng Ctrl-Alt-Del khi ng li my. V tt c cc chng trnh cache xut cch ghi hoc cho php tt my (khi ghi xong) hoc ko di tr cho tt c d liu ghi vo a. CDMt c n cho ngi dng Windows v CD-ROM Nu bn l ngi dng Windows, chng trnh tin ch cache s cn quan trng hn. S tht, nhu cu cao ca Windows t ra cho PC lm cho vic "t vng m" tr nn rt c ngha. Windows lm c rt nhiu vic cng mt lc (multitask)
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ngha l: nhiu file c c v ghi lin tc ln a. Cc ng dng ca Windows c xu hng tr nn "b", phn ln chng chim 10-15 MB trn a cng. Khi bn ci t Windows, SMARTDRV t ng c ci t. (Nu bn mun nhn thy ngay Windows c th chm nh th no? Hy t REM trc dng cha SMARTDRV trong file AUTOEXEC.BAT v khi ng li my). Th h sau cht cc chng trnh cache cha rt nhiu tham s ring. C chng trnh cho php t vng m nh l mt tc v ring ca Windows. iu ny lm tng hiu sut hn na. Do Windows s dng lng b nh m rng thay i, nn cc chng trnh tin ch cache ring cho Windows hot ng tt nht khi chng c kh nng iu chnh kch thc b m mt cch t ng khi Windows cn ti v tr li RAM. Mt khuynh hng khc l h tr cho t vng m cho thit b CD-ROM. CDROM c thi gian truy cp rt chm so vi a cng v chng c xu hng c nhng file rt ln. Cc b m nh Norton Speedcache+ v SuperPC-Kwik, bt u h tr cho CD-ROM. iu c ngha l nu bn ang dng CD-ROM, qui tc "B m ln hn 2MB s khng hiu qu" khng cn p dng c. B m ln ca CD-ROM m ti thiu l 4MB s lm cc file ca CD-ROM nh c "chp cnh bay". Lm sao nh gi Xc nh tc thi mt trnh tin ch cache lm tng tc h thng ca bn qu khng n gin. Ni rng "kt qu ty thuc vo thc o" l s ngy bin thng thy. V d, nu bn s dng rt nhiu file nh v b m nh th c th ci thin hiu qu cn ln hn mt cch ng k nu bn s dng cc file ln v b m ln. Nhiu chng trnh tin ch cache i km vi chng trnh o hiu sut ca b m, thng thng dng cc kch thc file ty sao cho sn phm ph bin c li th (Khng c g ngc nhin c). Hy th chng vi cc trng hp km thun li hn. nh gi cng qui v l b m s lun lun ci thin hiu sut ca h thng v nu phn loi nh kiu "th vn" cc ng dng DOS nh l son tho vn bn v bng tnh, th bn cng s nhn c t nht mc ci thin khong 200 phn trm trong cng sut my. Thng thng cn ln hn. Vy th, bn nn li cng vi SMARTDRV hoc l nhy sang dng mt chng trnh cache b sung? SMARTDRV "cho" rt nhiu v gi c th khng ai nh c (min ph cho DOS v Windows). Mc d c s n i v s chm chp, nhng chng trnh c kim tra v nhanh nh cc i th ca n. Tuy vy SMARTDRV thiu nhiu c tnh tn tin nh h tr cho CD-ROM v nhiu la chn iu chnh c m bn tm c trong cc i th cnh tranh.

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Nhng, nu bn t sang mt bn chuyn tin nong m mun th vi cc cu hnh cache th cc chng trnh b sung c th cho thy nhiu li im ng k. CACHE RAM V A RAM iu quan trng l khng nhm ln khi nim b m RAM vi khi nim a RAM. a RAM chc chn cho mi s truy cp nhanh chng, nhng vi gi ca s nng ng. Bn to mt a RAM dng RAMDRIVE.SYS ca MS-DOS i hi bn phi t tay sao chp d liu bn mun vo lu trong a RAM. Li im c bn ca b m a chnh l s uyn chuyn. Phn mm t b m lin tc lm bin i ni dung ca vng m nh theo di cng vic ca bn? Gim st cc file bn hay dng nht v c bn l: suy on nhng file no bn s cn tip theo. T YU T TNG TC: CC CHNG TRNH CACHE Chng trnh tin ch t b m nh MARTORV ca MS-DOS, dnh mt phn RAM ca PC nh l vng lu tr tm thi cho d liu m phi i vo i ra khi a cng. N s lm cho h thng ca bn chy nhanh hn, bi v Ram theo bn tnh t nhin in t s nhanh hn tc ca thit b c kh nh a cng. C 2 kiu t b m: dnh cho c v dnh cho ghi. i vi b m dnh cho c, mi mt ln my ca bn i hi d liu t a cng, mt bn sao ca n c ct vo RAM. Ngoi ra, b m "c trc" suy on d liu no bn cn tip theo v ct chng trong RAM. Ln k tip my ca bn gi mt d liu, n s kim tra trc tin trong RAM. Nu c th truy cp s gn nh l tc thi; nu khng th h thng tm n a cng. B m dnh cho ghi tng tc PC ca bn; bi v d liu cn vit vo a c lu tm thi trong RAM; bn gi c cng vic lin tc thay v phi i vic vit ln a hon tt. GII PHP CACHE CNG Khng ging nh b m "mm", b m a cng l mt thit b iu khin a cng (mt tm card b sung kt ni gia a cng ca bn v card m) c RAM ring c ch nh lm vng m. Nu PC ca bn khng c b nh m rng d ra lm b m hoc l bn cn phn nh m rng ny chy cc ng dng th mua b m cng l s la chn khn ngoan. Khng cn thit phi mt th gi vi vic n nh cc tham s nh trong phn mm, b m phn cng lun hot ng ti u. V khng ging nh b m mm, khi kch thc ln 2MB th hiu sut khng tng nhiu na, b m cng cng lm vic nhanh hn khi cng nhiu RAM trn tm "bo". Thc t, 4 - 8MB l kch thc thng dng nht ca b m cng.
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B m cng c mt s nhc im. Chng t hn ng k so vi cc b iu khin khng c b m v khng c c s linh ng ca b m mm. Thng thng chng c gi t 300 - 500 USD v bn khng th tt hoc iu chnh b m cng. ng trn quan im hiu sut th b m cng v mm ni chung l nh nhau. Bn mua my tnh, thng thng khng c trang b b m cng. Nhng khi bn mun thay b iu khin a cng, bn c th mua b c m cng t cc hng thng dng qua th t hng. B m cng rt thng dng, chng lm vic thch hp nht cho cc my ch ca mng, v c nhiu ngi s dng truy cp d liu ng thi. NO LM TH NO TINH CHINH SMARTDRV SMARTDRV l chng trnh tin ch t b m ca ring hng Microsoft i km theo MS-DOS. Tuy cha c cc c tnh ca cc sn phm cnh tranh, nhng gi th kh c th ch ni. V phi cn chnh cht t, bn c th ti a ha hiu sut ca n. Th nht, bn hy dm chc l c vi bn mi nht ca chng trnh tin ch ny. Mi ln chnh l, SMARTDRV li c nhng ci tin mi nht v nhiu nht l DOS 6. Phin bn SMARTDRV DOS-6 l 4.1, c ci t trong qu trnh Setup v ci lm mt d liu do n cha bit "by" d liu t ng ra khi vng m. Cc phin bn sau k t 4.2 xut "by" d liu t ng khi pht ra mt lnh DOS hoc ra khi mt ng dng. N cn c cho thm 2 tham s mi. SMARTDRV ca DOS 5 cng tt, song nu bn c Windows th SMARTDRV ny cn mi hn mt nm so vi DOS 5. Kim tra file AUTOEXEC.BAT ca bn. Nu bn chy Windows 3.1, th bn s thy dng C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV.EXE thay v C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE. Khi bn ci t DOS hoc Windows, SMARTDRV c b sung vo file AUTOEXEC.BAT, nhng khng c tham s hoc ch nh g c. Khi SMARTDRV khi ng t AUTOEXEC.BAT theo cch thc , th n s dng kch thc mc nh cho b m ca mnh nh sau: SMARTDRV s khng ch nh t ng b m ln hn 2MB, bi l s nhn c hiu sut thp. C 2MB l ti u, nhng mt pha khc, nh hn 250K b m khng cho nhiu ci thun lm so vi khng c b m no c. SMARTDRV lun lun b li mt phn ca b nh m rng bi v c mt s ng dng ln nh h qun tr d liu Paradox ca Borland International cn b nh m rng chy. Tuy nhin, khi bn dm chc l cc ng dng khng yu cu b nh m rng, bn c th bt SMARTDRV s dng b m ln hn. iu ny ch l vn
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ch nh kch thc b m trong dy lnh. V d, theo nh bng di y, nu bn c 2MB l b nh m rng, th di ch DOS, SMARTDRV xc lp 1MB b m. bt n s dng ht 2MB lm b m, hy bin tp li AUTOEXEC.BAT nh sau: C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE 2048 Nu bn khng mun dng SMARTDRV vi kch thc mc nh, hy ch nh kch thc khc (Tt nhin cho n tn gii hn ca b nh m rng). Bn cng c th ch nh mt kch thc ti thiu nh b sung tham s th hai cho dng lnh. Ti sao bn mun lm nh vy? C mt s ng dng ca DOS c hnh vi "xu chi" c th tc ot iu khin ca b nh m rng v gim kch thc ca b m ti mc khng c ch li g. Dng lnh mu l: C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE 2048 512 Lnh ny ch nh kch thc b m l 2048KB v n khng bao gi nh hn 512KB. TO LP MT S THO VT SMARTDRV cn xut nhng tham s v cc la chn khc nh trong bng di. Cho d bn c th s dng ton b cc la chn ny bn trong AUTOEXEC.BAT, nhng /C, ?R v ?S thch hp nht l vo ti du mi gi ca DOS. NNG LA CHN CHC NNG Drive letter: Ch nh ch ci ca a t b m. SMARTDRV t ng t b m cho tt c a cng DOS chun. N s khng t b m cho CD-ROM, RAM disk v a c nn (chng hn to t chng trnh Stacker hoc DBLSPACE) hoc l cc a ca mng. "Bt" c hai b m c v ghi cho a c ch nh. "Bt" l gi tr mc nh, cho d cc mm khng c t b m ghi. "Tt" tt c b m cho a c ch nh. Bn c th s dng s la chn ny chy "chun on" a m i hi "tt" b m. /E: Kch thc phn t. S byte m SMARTDRV di chuyn mi ln. Mc nh l 8192. Bnh thng bn khng cn thay i iu ny. /B: Kch thc m lt. L s byte m SMARTDRV c trc t d liu c yu cu. Mc nh l 16K. /C: Ghi lp tc ton b d liu c lu vo a cng. /R: Xa b m v khi ng li SMARTDRV.
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/L: Buc SMARTDRV phi np vo vng nh thp. /N: "Tt" kh nng "by" d liu ln a t ng (ch i vi SMARTDRV 4.2). /Q: Giu, khng cho th hin trng thi khi SMARTDRV c np. /S: Th hin cc thng tin trng thi chi tit ca b m. /X: "Tt" b m ghi (ch i vi 4.2) NHN XT CUI CNG : Cho d SMARTDRV.EXE np t AUTOEXEC.BAT, nhng bn c th chy nh mt dng lnh thm nh sau trong CONFIG.SYS: DEVICE: C:\DOS\SMARTDRV.EXE /DOUBLE-BUFFER Dng ny ch ra rng, trong lc ci t, DOS thy c a SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ni vo h thng ca bn. DOS i hi n, bi v a SCSI s dng lnh BUFFERS trong CONFIG.SYS ( khng phi SCSI s b qua khi bn dng SMARTDRV). Gch b lnh "double-buffering" khi CONFIG.SYS s lm a SCSI chy chm cc k.

SA CHA SETUP Trong qu trnh s dng my tnh, c l thao tc chng ta thng lm nht l ci t chng trnh. Do iu kin my mc, chc c lc cc bn cng mun thay i cch setup, th d nh: ci bng a 1.4Mb thay v 1.2Mb hay ngc li, ci trn a cng cho nhanh hay l sau khi sa cha giao din, bn mun a n vo b a gc... a s ngi s dng my tnh rt s c cc file .EXE v h thy n ton l k hiu k l, qui d. Nhng nu cc bn c kinh nghim th cc k hiu ny s ni chuyn c vi cc bn. Chng s t gii thiu tn tui, cng dng, chc nng cho
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cc bn bit. Vic i thoi ny rt c ch nu cc bn mun sa cha cc chng trnh. Mc ch ca bi vit l cung cp cho cc bn nhng kin thc cn bn sa cha chng trnh SETUP cho nhng yu cu n gin, ch khng phi ch cho cc bn sa cha file chng trnh. d truyn t, chng ti dng b a WinWord 6.1 cho cc th d. Nhng cc hng dn vn c gi tr cho cc b a khc. Ch : Ty theo hng sn xut m c nhiu chng trnh SETUP hay INSTALL khc nhau v khng phi chng trnh no cng sa cha c. y chng ti dng chng trnh SETUP ca Microsoft v n thng dng. C IM CA CHNG TRNH SETUP: Do chng trnh c vit vi mc ch ph bin rng ri cho nhng ngi lp trnh s dng nn v nguyn l hot ng n gm c 2 phn:

CHUNG:

RING:

Phn ny gm mt s file dng cho tt c cc b a ci t ca bt c chng trnh no. Mc ch ca phn ny l gip cho ngi lp trnh khng vit lp li nhng ci ging nhau cho tng b a. Phn ny chng ta khng cn quan tm.

Khi bn nh Setup, chng trnh khi ng v nhim v ca file Setup l tm c file Setup.lst v thc hin cc ch th trong . d: Th d Ni dung ca Setup.lst [Params] WndTitle = Microsoft Word 6.1 Setup WndMess = Starting Word Setup, please wait... TmpDirSize = 900 TmpDirName = ~msstfqf.t CmdLine = acmsetup /T setup.stf /S %s %s
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KHI NG:

Gm vi file cha thng tin ring cho tng b a, th hin ci ring ca tng chng trnh. Khi lm b a Setup, ngi lp trnh ch cn vit li phn ny cho mi b a khc nhau. y chnh l phn chng ta cn nghin cu khi mun sa cha. HOT NG CA CHNG TRNH SETUP: D nhin l mun nghin cu chng trnh setup th vic u tin l cc bn phi ci t 1 ln quan st qu trnh ci t . y chng trnh t gi thuyt l bn tng ci t cc chng trnh ca Microsoft.

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DrvModName = ACMSETUP Require31 = This program requires Windows (R) 3.1 or higher. [Files] _mssetup.ex_ = _mssetup.exe acmsetup.ex_ = acmsetup.exe mscpydis.dl_ = mscpydis.dll mssetup.dl_ = mssetup.dll word_bb.dl_ = word_bb.dll wwsetup.tt_ = wwsetup.ttf winword6.in_ = winword6.inf setup.st_ = setup.stf odbcinst.dl_ = odbcinst.dll acmsetup.hl_ = acmsetup.hlp Gii thch: [Params] Wndtitle: Dng tiu ca hp thoi. Wndmess: Dng ni dung trong hp thoi. TmpdirName: Tn th mc tm do Setup to ra. Cmdline: Dng lnh v thng s khi ng chng trnh setup chnh. [Files] Ch nh cc file cho trnh Setup bung nn v copy vo th mc tm. Ch : * Nh vy v thc cht, trnh Setup ch l trnh "mi", trnh AcmSetup mi l trnh Setup thc s. File iu khin l Setup.stf (v n c ch nh trong dng CmdLine v file thng tin l Winword6.inf (v c ui l .inf). Tt c u nm di dng nn trn a ci t. * File Setup.stf c nhim v iu khin qu trnh ci t. Th d nh: Cn c vo chn la ca bn, xc nh cc file cn thit trn b a gc sau ch nh cho trnh Acmsetup a vo th mc no trn a cng, ng k d liu vo Windows, to nhm v to biu tng. Khi ci t xong file ny lu thng tin v qu trnh ci t v ngi s hu bn quyn dng n khi cn Add/Remove, Reinstall, Uninstall... * File Winword.inf cha cc thng tin chi tit v b a ci t v a ch cc file cho tng a trnh Acmsetup bit ng m tm. Do mc ch ca chng ta l sp xp li b a nn chng ta ch cn x l file Winword.inf. Winword.inf
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BUNG V NN FILE:

Ch : Tt c cc dng trong file INF u c th b v hiu ha bng cch t du (;) ngay u dng . Ni dung sau du (;) s c coi nh ghi ch, khng phi lnh. CHA TIN HNH SA CHA : gim s lng a mm, cc file trn b a c lu di dng nn. Trnh nn dng cho cc file ny khng c cng b chnh thc nhng chng ta dng trnh nn Compress.exe i km theo b Visual Basic cng c tuy trnh ny nn khng mnh bng trnh nn gc (file nn gc c kch thc nh hn). bung file, chng ta dng trnh expand.exe (km theo MSDOS, Windows) hay Decomp.exe (km theo Office).

NI DUNG FILE INF:

Ni dung file ny gm nhiu mc, chng ti ch bn v nhng mc cn sa cha. Phn thng tin a: "1","Microsoft Word: Disk 1 - Setup","ACMSETUP.EX_","." "2","Microsoft Word: Disk 2","WINWORD.E1_","..\disk2" "3","Microsoft Word: Disk 3","WINWORD.E2_","..\disk3" "4","Microsoft Word: Disk 4","WINWORD.E3_","..\disk4" "5","Microsoft Word: Disk 5","WINWORD.HL_","..\disk5" "6","Microsoft Word: Disk 6","GR_AM.LE_","..\disk6" "7","Microsoft Word: Disk 7","MSTH_AM.LE_","..\disk7" "8","Microsoft Word: Disk 8","MAPIVIM.DL_","..\disk8" "9","Microsoft Word: Disk 9","WORDCBT.LE_","..\disk9" y l phn thng tin v a ngun, tn file dng nhn dng a ng hay sai v tn a. Mi dng gm 4 phn, nm trong 2 du (") v cch nhau bng 1 du (,). Phn 1: S a, phn ny c lin quan vi mc lu thng tin v file. Phn 2: Tn a, phn ny s l ni dung hp thoi yu cu thay a trong qu trnh ci t. Phn 3: File nhn dng a, y l file trnh setup dng xc nh ngi dng c np ng a yu cu khng. Phn 4: a ch a ngun: nu (.) l th mc mc nhin ni trnh setup chy. Nu (..\Diskn) l th mc con tn Diskn (bn thay n bng s). Ch : y l trng hp ci t trn a cng, mi a mm l mt th mc con tn Diskn cha trong cng 1 th mc tm. Nu ci trc tip trn a mm cc bn sa li nh sau:

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"1","Microsoft Word: Disk 1 - Setup","ACMSETUP.EX_","Disk1" "2","Microsoft Word: Disk 2","WINWORD.E1_","disk2" Nu khng phn ra tng th mc con trn a cng, bn sa nh sau: "1","Microsoft Word Setup","ACMSETUP.EX_","." Khng cn cc dng tip theo. Phn thng tin file: "dialogfon" = 1,DIALOG.FON,,,,1994-08-20,,,,,,,,,,48624,SYSTEM,,,, "sdm"= 1,SDM.DLL,,,,1994-0820,,1033,,,,,,,,103904,SYSTEM,,,3.0.0.2201,VITAL "ttembed" = 1,TTEMBED.DLL,,,,1994-08-20,,,,,,,,,,102912,SYSTEM,,,0.9.1.6, Gii thch: Sau du (=) gm c 22 phn cch nhau bng 1 du (,). Phn no khng c ch nh th b trng. y ch ta ch quan tm ti cc phn sau: Phn 1: S ca a cha file. Khi bn thay i file qua a khc, bn phi thay i s ny cho chnh xc. Phn 2: Tn file. y l tn file sau khi bung nn ch khng phi tn file ang nn trn a mm. Phn 6: ngy thng ca file. Phn 16: Kch thc file sau khi bung nn. Dng tnh ton dung lng a khi ci t. Nu sai cng khng sao. Ch : Ni dung cc file INF c th khc nhau ty theo b a, nhng phn cn bn v thng tin a, thng tin file bt buc phi c v ging nhau v cch xc lp. Th d v file INF ca b Windows for Workgroup 3.11 Song ng. [disks] 1 =. ,"Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Disk 1",disk1 2 =. ,"Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Disk 2",disk2 [win.apps] 5:CALC.EXE, "Calculator" , 43072, calc 4:CARDFILE.EXE, "Cardfile" , 93184, cardfile [progman.groups] group3=Main,1 group4=Accessories [group4] "Write", WRITE.EXE "Paintbrush", PBRUSH.EXE,,, pbrush "Terminal", TERMINAL.EXE,,, terminal
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Thng tin trong file ny phong ph v phc tp hn Winword.inf v n m trch lun vic ci t Driver theo cu hnh my, cp nht System.ini v Win.ini. lm b Windows song ng, chng ti sa trong file ny rt nhiu. Nu cc bn thch nghin cu, cc bn c th so snh file INF ca b song ng v ca b gc tm ra s khc nhau v tp tr li cho cu hi: "Ti sao chng khc nhau". Ch : Cc bn nn ch tm hiu file Winsetup.exe trong b Windows song ng. Cc hp thoi ca chng c c im l : Nhiu mc nm chng ln nhau v ty theo yu cu, khi hin th chng s cho ra ni dung khc nhau trong cng 1 hp thoi. Nu cc bn nm vng cch chng ti sa cha trong b Windows song ng, bo m vic sa cha cc chng trnh ci t khc ch l tr tr con. V Windows l ci nn cho cc chng trnh khc chy nn vic sa cha rt l phc tp so vi cc chng trnh thng. bit Gii php m chui t 7 bit cho ting Vit

Trong nhng ngy cui ca th k ny, mt li lm nghim trng ca lch s pht trin CNTT th gii c nhc n mi ni: s m ho ngy thng nm vi 2 con s ch nm hay cn gi l s c Y2K. Nhng c mt thiu st nghim trng khng km phn kh khn v kh nng khc phc: l vic chun ho m k t trong trao i thng tin da trn nn tng lch s xut pht l di m k t 7 bit. Trong bng m xut pht (thng c gi l ASCII) khng c ch d tr dnh cho nhng ch ci nm ngoi 26 ch ci La tinh. Vi s m rng bng m vi di k t l 8 bit hay nhiu hn, cc k t ca cc ngn ng khc c thm vo phn trn ca bng k t v vic x l thng tin ca cc ngn ng tr thnh khng phi "t nhin" i vi my tnh: c c kh nng nhp liu qua bn phm, hin th, tm kim hoc sp xp alpha-beta trong c s d liu ngi ta phi dng cc phn mm ph tr, cn c gi l language driver. Vic m t, lu tr, hin th thng tin ting Vit c t ra ngay t ngy u ca CNTT Vit Nam. Sut nhiu nm qua, vn ny mi ch c nhng li gii mang tnh tnh th. n nay, vic a ra mt gii php hon ho cng tr nn quan trng v cp bch do CNTT ngy cng thng dng trong mi lnh vc kinh t - x hi. c bit vi cc i hi ca x l t ng thng tin trong cc c s d liu, bng m thng tin ting Vit hin cn nhiu thiu st nghim trng...
VitCh Vit thuc h Latinh, c thm t vn ca bi ton m thng tin ting Vit 1 ph m () 6 nguyn m (, , , , , ), (sau y gi l ch ci thun Vit) v 5
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du thanh (huyn, hi, ng, sc, nng). Cho n nay, cc h tr cho ting Vit trn my tnh, vi ch c rt nh "phn thm" nh k trn, c bn lun, x l bi rt nhiu chuyn gia, cng ty phn mm nh nc cng nh t nhn, ti khoa hc, c cc hng phn mm h iu hnh my tnh Microsoft... Kt qu hin c: rt nhiu bng m, phn mm gii php ph tr. Ch ring Tiu chun Vit Nam v k t ting Vit trong CNTT TCVN 5712 do Nh nc ban b c n 3 bng m nm trong! Mi bng m, ngay c ca Microsoft hay ca Nh nc u mi xoay quanh hai mc tiu thp nht trong x l Vit ng: nhn thy (hin th trn mn hnh v my in) v a vo c qua bn phm. Hin nhin l mi gii php hin c u cha p ng c thc s yu cu ch thc ca vic x l thng tin ting Vit nn vic a ra cc gii php mi vn c nhiu ngi quan tm, v chng ta vn nm trong tnh trng "a bng m". Bi vit ny trnh by mt gii php c nhiu khc bit vi cc tip cn trc y n bi ton. Gii php do CadPro xut, c h tr nghin cu bi Cc Khoa hc Cng ngh B Quc phng, vi h thng k thut hon chnh a vo s dng trong mt s phn mm c s d liu khch ch v c duyt v chp nhn nh gii php ting Vit trong d n xy dng c s d liu ting Vit ca Thng tn x Vit Nam. hoTrc tin chng ta phn tch nhng tiu ch c th i hi ca li gii hon ho ca mt gii php "hon ho" cho x l thng tin Vit ng:TC1. Nhp liu c TC1. liu qua bn phm (chun ASCII) cc k t c th ting Vit theo ng quy tc t duy du thanh cui (QTDTC). Quy tc ny cha c nhc n tng minh bt k ti liu no, nhng th hin rt r nt trong phng php nhp liu bn phm hin ang c chp nhn ngy cng rng ri v ln t cc phng php trc : bn phm TELEX ln VNI ph cp hin nay. Chng ti xin c thu tm QTDTC l: du thanh ting Vit tuy c t trn ch ci ny hay ch ci khc trong m tit ting Vit nhng c t duy nh mt m v ca c m tit v c "tnh n" trong thi gian cui cng ca suy ngh v m tit. Bn cht hay nguyn do ca ca hin tng ny xin dnh cho cc nh ngn ng hc nhng quy tc trn c th hin trong sp xp t ting Vit trong t in, lm ngi ta qun i cc dng g ting Vit "bn phm cht" (tc l du thanh g ngay sau con ch mang du). N lm cho mt h iu hnh c tr nn chp nhn c khng trong ngi dng Vit Nam (Windows 95 ting Vit?). TC2. Hin th y thng tin ting Vit p theo tiu chun k m thng thng ca ting Vit. Vn hon ton k thut, nhng t trc n ny c ng nhn thnh tiu ch c bn xc nh bng m t. Cho n nay vn rt nhiu gio s trong ngnh khng phn bit c bng m khc vi bng phng nh th no. Mt
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trong cc gii php phn tch bng m v bng phng l k thut t hp hin c p dng trong m ting Vit ca Microsoft hay bn phm Vit ng FreeCode ca cng ty Ban Mai. Vi Microsoft, cc hnh t ting Vit (t hp con ch mang c du thanh v du ph) c t trn phn bng phng UNICODE, tc l mi k t c 16 bit di a ch v ln ca bng phng ln n hn 64000 ch, trong khi cc k t thun Vit v du thanh c t trong phn sau 128 ca bng m 8 bit. alphaTC3. Sp xp c theo ng th t alpha-beta mt cch t nhin vi my tnh. Mt tiu ch t c ch khi lm bng m v do vy gy vn khi lm vic vi c s d liu v cc yu cu x l thng tin ting Vit cao cp hn. Ni gin lc l vi lnh so snh ca my tnh cp thp nht th ch phi nm sau ch v trn ch b. Quy tc sp xp ting Vit vi c th l QTDTC khng th tr thnh t nhin vi cc phng php m thng gp hin nay. TC4. Tng thch vi tiu chun quy nh quc t v cu trc bng m ch ci trong CNTT. y khng mun ni cc tiu chun sinh ra sau ny vi di k t 8-bit, 16-bit v cc tiu chun ny b ngay cc nh lp trnh h thng phn mm ph dng khng ch , nhiu ch c coi l dnh cho ch ci cng b s dng lm m iu khin, cc x l nh th t, tm kim, nn tp t ng, chuyn i u coi vng trn 128 l khng chun, mi hng lm 1 kiu. c bit thu nhp t th trng phn mm Vit nam l rt b nn kh nng cc cng ty ln u t nghin cu vn m t ting Vit mt cch nghim tc v dnh cho cc v tr ca cc ch ci ring ca ting Vit mt s "tn trng" cn thit l kh c th ch i. Mt gii php t ra l a m t ting Vit v vng k t tiu chun 7-bit. Gii php ny c t u ca cng cuc "Vit ho CNTT" l m VISCII vi cc m du ting Vit l cc k t gn ging trong cc k hiu sn c. Ngi ta khng ch trng lm n vic hin th p thng tin ting Vit m t nng vo vic bo tn thng tin trong truyn tin trn mng, c bit l cc my khng trong h PC.Nu a ra c mt m t thng tin ting Vit tho mn c 4 tiu ch trn th chng ta c mt gii php hon ho vi y tnh thun tin, m thut, chnh xc v tng hp. Hin nay bt u xut hin kh nng cho vic nh du chm than vo "trng bnh" au u ny ca CNTT Vit Nam. Nu u t cho cha tr bnh kinh nin mn tnh ny c bng mt phn ca chin dch phng nga "s c" au bng cp tnh "Oai Thu Cy" (Y2K) th c l vo u thin nin k ti (gn lm ri so vi t dng) chng ta, nhng ngi Vit s dng my tnh, s suy ngh minh mn hn v trnh c cc bin chng thn kinh?

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7Vit M chui t 7-bit thng tin ting Vit t c c 4 tiu ch trn, CadPro quan nim m t ting Vit l mt phng n x l chui vi n v l m tit. Cc du ph cho ch ci nm ngay sau con ch gc La tinh. Du thanh nm cui m tit. M ca cc du phi nm di v tr 128 t TC4. T iu kin TC3 m ca du ph ca ch ci thun Vit phi nm v tr trn ch "z", cn m ca ca du thanh th nm di v tr ca ch "A". Khi vic sp xp ting Vit vi cc lnh cp thp nht ca my tnh tr thnh t nhin. Vic so snh, tm kim, ngay c trng hp nonsentitive (khng phn bit hoa thng) s hon ton c my tnh thc hin ng cho vn bn ting Vit nh ht ting Anh. Bng m chui t ting Vit 7 bit(7-bit code charactor set for Vietnamese string) M chui t t Ch ci M chui t Du thanh cui m tit - a{-A{ huyn - a}-A} hi - e{-E{ ng - o{-O{ sc - o}-O} nng - u{-U{ - d~-D~ Vic t trong mt ch ca bng m hai k t thng tin khng phi l b cm v chng ta c th tm thy ngay trong bng m tiu chun quc t cho ch ci vi cc trang ch rp cc du c t cng vi ch s. Vn l trn phng din x l ng cnh ca chui t, kh nng xy ra t hp gy nhm ln ca vn bn thng tin l gn nh khng c. Hn th na, nu chng ta quy c t nay v sau ch s HA1 trn bn hay vit tt, k hiu ca mt ci g s c vit l HA-1 th chng ta s khng c nhm ln khi x l thng tin ting Vit 7-bit.Vic hin th v nhp liu cc thng tin ny th theo nhng k thut nay tr thnh thng thng vi chng ta: k thut x l t hp bn phm v hin th. Vi bn phm th mi chuyn rt n gin, mi quy nh bn phm g kho ny chuyn thnh k t khc trong d liu my tnh tr nn t nhin vi ngi Vit Nam, khi ta g TELEX hay VNI hoc mt quy nh no khc, chng trnh h tr bn phm ting Vit trc y dch chui nhp liu thnh m TCVN 5712 hay VNI hay VietWare... th nay dch ra chui t 7 bit.Vic hin th nh chng ta mong mun th c nhiu phng php. Hin nay, trong bi cnh cc bng m khc l ph cp hn m chui t 7 bit, thc hin kh nng tch hp bng m ny vi cc bng m hin dng, CadPro thc hin vic phn tch c lp bng m hin th (c coi nh bng m
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phng ch - c th dng bt k bng m thng thng no, c bit l TCVN 5712) v bng m lu tr (chui t 7-bit). tng ca vic phn tch ny cng nm trong s chung v thit k d liu Khch - Ch (Client-Server) hin nay ca CNTT. Thng tin ting Vit s c m ho trong c s d liu bng bng m t nhin nht vi suy ngh ca my tnh: cc chng trnh iu hnh h CSDL ln nhp ngoi s trng thy d liu vn bn ting Vit nh cc d liu tiu chun ASCII, sp xp n, tm kim n, nn v gii nn... t ng theo quy trnh thng thng mc nh m khng cn mt language driver ph tr. Ngi s dng thng tin s trng thy trn giao tip mn hnh v nhp liu bn phm mt vn bn thng tin ting Vit theo tiu chun thng thng c chp nhn trc y. S c mt chng trnh h tr t ng ti Desktop ca ngi dng chuyn m 2 chiu gia thng tin ca my tnh v hin th ca ngi dng. Vi cc my tnh hin nay, vi lng thng tin hin th mn hnh hoc ra my in vi tc hin thi th vic chuyn m ny c nh hng khng nhn thy vi ton b h thng (c ai xem c trn 10000 k t/ giy). Mi vic lu tr, truyn tin hin nay u c my tnh nn li t ng thng tin vn bn v khi lng nn ca mt vn bn m 7-bit ting Vit hon ton bng khi lng nn ca vn bn di m khc do tn xut lp ca cc t hp mang du. Quy trnh chuyn nhiu m ca cng mt dng thng tin hin nay vn ang c s dng thng thng nh phm S l du sc trn bn phm, vo m ca Microsoft n l m vng trn trong bng 1 byte, khi ra mn hnh n s l mt phng t hp vi ch ci mang du v trong bng m Unicode 16 bit vi v tr s nghn hay vn. Phng php m t 7-bit ch thm vo quy tc tuy duy du thanh cui, chuyn du thanh t ng t v tr cui m tit ln con ch mang du thch hp vi hin th mt cch t ng trc khi a thng tin ra cho ngi dng. Quy trnh dng thng tin CadPro to ra mt chng trnh cha trong th vin ng (DLL) cho php ngi dng c s d liu ni kt vo mt ng dng truy xut c s d liu khch ch bt k trong h iu hnh Windows. Chng trnh ny s c mt hm t ng chuyn i thng tin d liu vn bn i qua giao tip ODBC c chuyn m 2 chiu d liu: bng m chui t 7-bit v mt bng m phng hin th bt k ang dng hin nay ti Vit Nam. Ngi dng hon ton khng cm nhn c s chuyn i phin dch ngi - my ny v cc h iu hnh c s d liu ln nhp ngoi tr thnh a phng ho hon ton vi ting Vit m khng cn mt s can thip no khc. Nh vy, vi gii php ny, chng ta c th khc phc c hu ht nhng g ang tn ti vi m ting Vit hin nay. Mt khc v tr du thanh trong m tit s
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Trn y l nhng nghin cu v mt vn ang tn ti v gy nhiu tranh ci. tm hiu mt cch chi tit, bn c c th lin h trc tip vi tc gi: Phm Hng Quang - Cng ty Phn mm T ng ho Thit k (CadPro), a ch: 95A L Nam - H Ni, Tel: 8469786, E-mail: phquang@hn.vnn.vn.
Cng tr chi

tr thnh t ng tiu chun ho do vic t n nm u hon ton do my tnh m nhn v s khng c s nhm ln khi tm kim thng tin do thch hay thi quen khc nhau ca ngi dng vi v tr b du. My tnh tra cu v tr li ngi dng trn mng t nay cng s khng ph thuc vo bng m giao tip ti my tnh c nhn ca ngi truy xut thng tin v vic chuyn m v chun 7-bit c thc hin ngay ti destop ca ngi tra vn h thng. Chng ta s c mt tiu ch th 5 m khng c coi l chun nhng rt tin dng cho ngi dng: l t do cho thi quen v s thch. Phi chun i vi ngi dng v mt chun cho h thng.

Chng ti thy kh nng h hng ngoi phm vi card m rng cha cng tr chi l rt t. Kh c trng hp i joystick m lm hng card giao tip. Chng ti on y ch l vn v trnh iu khin hay cu hnh. C th l hai cng ang b xung t. Nu c cng gc c thit k sn trong bo mch chnh ca bn hy chc chn rng bn tt n (disable) trc khi c ci t mt card m rng cha cng tr chi ring. Xem Device Manager trong tin ch Control Panel/System bit chc rng mc Gameport Joystick ang hot ng tt v khng c xung t no. Nu tt c trng c v ng th hy xa b trnh iu khin ca joystick v dng kh nng t ng d tm Add New Hardware ca Windows 95 tm li cng v ti lp cu hnh ca trnh iu khin. Nu vn cha c th hy th chp li cc trnh iu khin cng t b a gc Windows 95 v c th cc tp ny b hng. Chng ti khng cho rng cng tr chi hay joystick b hng da trn nguyn l hot ng ca chng. Cng tr chi hot ng bng cch o in tr hai trc ca joystck, sau chuyn ton b cc thng s ny thnh d liu dng s c th
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Con trai ti thiu thn trng khi i cn iu khin tr chi (joystick) m khng tt my tnh. By gi dng joystick no, d cm vo bt c card c cng tr chi no th joystick cng khng n nh. Khi ti dng tin ch joystick trong Windows 95/Control Panel th th lun thy c mt gi tr + trn hai trc v khng th dng con tr c. Xin cho ti bit c phi bo mch chnh, hay mt b phn no hng v phi thay?

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truyn i theo bus d liu ca my tnh. Cng tr chi cng c kh nng nhn bit c cht no ca joystick b nhn do lc mch b hng. Nu bn c vn k, bn c th t kim tra tn hiu t cng tr chi. Chuyn vn k sang ch o in mt chiu mc nhn bit in th 5 vn (hy chn mc in th cao hn gn nht, v d 15 vn). Lc my tnh ang bt, tt c nhng cp chn sau ca cng tr chi phi c hiu in th +5 vn DC. y l bng cc u mi ca cng: Chn Tn hiu 1. +5 vn DC 9. +5 vn DC 2. Joystick A, nt 1 10. Joystick B, nt 1 3. Joystick A, trc x 11. Joystick B, trc x 4. Ni t 12. Ni t 5. Ni t 13. Joystick B, trc y 6. Joystick A, trc y 14. Joystick B, nt 2 7. Joystick A, nt 2 15. +5 vn DC 8. +5 vn DC Bn cng c th dng m k kim tra xem tn hiu ni t c c ni ng khng. m k dng o in tr v phi khng c in tr gia chn ni t ca cng v tr chi (chn s 4,5 v 12) v v my. Chnh m k mc thp nht v chm hai que o ca m k vi nhau. m k phi ch s 0. Sau , tt my tnh nhng dy ngun vn cm vo ngun in, chm mt que o vo v my v que cn li vo chn 4,5 v 12. Bn phi c thy mt tr s gn bng 0. Bn cng c th dng m k kim tra xem cc nt ca joystick c lm vic tt hay khng v cc trc ca joystick c thay i in tr khi bn di chuyn cn iu khin khng. Mc du vic cm hay g cc thit b sau khi tt my tnh l hnh ng thn trng ng n, kh m ngh rng vic i joystick li gy ra vn nghim trng c. Ngoi ra, nu gi s vic thay joystick lm hng cng tr chi th ng lo, cc phn cn li ca my bn vn cha h suy suyn. H hng ch c th lan qua ng bus d liu ca card ny v khi cc b phn khc v hot ng ca my b nh hng. iu chnh m thanh Modem Hu ht cc modem c b ci t chun th u c th tng, gim hoc tt hn ting khi quay s vo mng. Cn nu khng bn cng c th t lm c vi vi sa i nho nh. Bn hy vo Control Panel, nhy p chut vo biu tng Modem bn s thy hin ln ca s Modem Properties vi mt bng danh sch cc driver modem
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ang c ci trong my ca bn. Chn loi modem ang kt ni vo my sau chn phm nhn Properties vo ca s ci t cc thng s ca modem . Trong trang General bn s thy phn Speaker Volume. Bn c th dng chut nm ly thanh chy chnh ting cho modem tng gim hay tt i. Nu phn ny m khng la chn c ngha l driver bn ci t cho modem ch l tng thch bn khng th dng n tt ting modem c. lm c iu bn hy vo trang Connection chn phm nhn Advanced. Bn s thy hin ra ca s Advanced Connection Setting, hy g vo mc Extra Settings dng ATM0 sau chn cc phm OK cho ra n ngoi cng. Modem ca bn s im nh thc khi quay s. * Bn c th cn c vo thng bo v b nh ca card mn hnh khi boot my. * Th kim tra bng cch chn cc mode mn hnh khc nhau cho Windows (sau khi ci driver i km display card) nh sau: 256 color 800x600 i hi phi c khng t hn 512KB Ram. 256 color 1024x768 i hi phi c khng t hn 1024KB Ram. * Dng cc chng trnh Test my PC mi nht chy vi Dos c chc nng kim tra Ram card mn hnh nh Pc Doctor, SysCheck, HWInfo HWInfo...(bn phi dng nhiu chng trnh trnh tnh trng khng tng thch vi card). * Ring vi card Voodoo bn dng chng trnh DirectX Diagnostic Tool trong Voodoo, Windows test (file dxdiag.exe i km theo b DirectX 6.x tr ln ca Microsoft). Chng trnh ny cng test c card mn hnh v c card sound rt tt.

Cch kim tra b nh ca card mn hnh

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Lm sao c c nhng g bn mun D ang cn nhc mt h my mi c sn hay mt my PC theo ring, chic my mong c ca bn c th mnh hn bn ngh. Trong k thut tnh ton, mi ngy mang li mt s i mi; mi s i mi mang li mt sn phm mi; v mi sn phm mi mang li mt tiu chun mi. Nu bn ang tm kim trn th trng mt h PC mi, qu trnh ra quyt nh c th l qu sc. Cc cu hi quan trng i hi phi tr li bao gm "Lm sao ti c th tn dng kh nng nhiu nht vi s tin t nht?" v "Lm sao ti bit c th no th tt, c ngha l tt cho yu cu ca ti?". Cu tr li cho nhng cu hi v nhiu cu hi quan trng khc s tr nn r rng nu bn tun theo mt nguyn tc mua my tnh c bn sau: D bn mun mua mt h thng c chun b sn hay bn mun lp rp my PC mi ca ring mnh, hy nn a ra quyt nh mua my tng bc mt. Trong bi bo ny, bn s kho st nhng thnh phn chnh ca PC v nhng ch dn v tnh nng i

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vi cc h thc hin mc cao v c kh nng mua c nht. (Xem "Mt h thng hp vi ti tin" i km bi). CHN MT H THNG Kh nng ng vng c ca mt h thng my tnh tt ph thuc vo ba thnh phn: kiu loi CPU, tc CPU v cu trc bus ca h thng. CPU - tr tu trung tm B x l trung tm CPU (Central processing unit) l mt chip nh bng khong mt con tem bu in, kim sot hot ng ca my tnh. B x l 386 CPU ng knh - khi u cho qun l b nh o v ch a nhim ca Windows v OS/2 c thay th bi 486 v Pentium (586) mc cao. Nh th, bn s hi, ch vi hai loi CPU, lm sao c th c nhiu loi my tnh n nh vy? Cu tr li tr nn r rng hn khi bn hiu rng mi chip li c cc tc (clock speed) khc nhau, tc ny xc nh mc my tnh c th thc hin cc cng vic a nhim nhanh ti mc no. Chng hn, 486 c cc bn 66, 80 v 100MHz, trong khi Pentium c 60, 66, 75, 90, 100, 120 v 133MHz. Tm li, nu bn s dng mt lot cc ng dng nh hng chuyn nghip v ha, tc xung nhp cng ln cng tt. Cn nu bn ch yu thc hin cc cng vic son tho vn bn th khng cn u t vo chp loi 100MHz t tin, m ch cn loi 60 hoc 66MHz. CPU l phn t chnh trong bo mch h thng (cng gi l bo mch chnh), cha ton b mch in, khe cm, cng tc v b nh cn cho my tnh c th hot ng. Ngoi vic chn CPU thch hp, bn cng nn xem xt lng b nh RAM, kch c cache v cu trc bus. Bo mch h thng IBM PC ban u c th ch c 64K RAM, cu hnh thnh 4 bank vi 9 chip DIP (dual in-line package) ring r. Cc h thng hin nay da trn cc SIMM (single in-line modun memory); l tm card cm vo cc khe ca bo mch. Cc SIMM c hai kiu: 30-pin v 72-pin (s chn). Mc d khng c bn no tt hn, iu quan trng l bn phi lm sao kiu loi v tc ca cc SIMM ph hp vi cc yu cu my PC nu bn mua mt my tnh theo kiu tng phn mt. Bt k mt h thng mi no u c th chp nhn lng b nh RAM ti thiu l 32MB. Chng hn, i vi mt h thng s dng loi SIMM 30-pin, 8 khe cm c sp xp thnh 2 bank, mi bank gm 4 khe. Tt c cc chip trong cng mt bank phi cng mt kiu loi, iu ny c ngha l nu bn nh nng cp thnh mt PC vi 8MB RAM, bn s c 8 SIMM loi 1MB.
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Nu ti tin cho php, hy tm mua loi 16MB (c sp xp thnh cc chip 4MB); n s cho bn tc thc hin tt hn v ng thi dnh ch nng cp sau ny. trnh vic lm gim tc b x ly v ci thin tc thc hin ca ton h thng, mt lng nh b nh truy cp nhanh - gi l cache - c thm vo bo mch h thng. Mt vi hng sn xut bo mch h thng kit kim tin cho bn bng cch thm vo mt cache ch 64K hoc 128K. Nhng nh vy l qu nh. It nht cache phi c kch c l 256K. Cng ng lm ri cache bo mch h thng bng mt cache t gn vo CPU. C 486 v Pentium u cha cache internal (cache bn trong) tng tc cc hot ng ring bn trong chip. Cache internal khng phi l mt thay th cho cache external (cache ngoi) ca bo mch h thng. BUS - knh trao i thng tin Mt tnh nng c bn khc cn tnh n khi mua my PC mi l bus h thng ca n. V bn cht, bus h thng cho php bn b sung m thanh, fax, hoc mt scanner, ch bng cch m my ra v gn thm bo mch m rng. Mt vi kiu loi system-bus ang tr nn c a chung, ba loi quan trng nht l VL (VESA local), PCI v ISA. Trong s , PCI c l l la chn ca bn cho hin ti v tng lai. Dc thit k cho Pentium chip, PCI cng c tip nhn nhanh chng cho cc h 486, PowerPC v cc h khc. N em li tc thc hin gn nh VL bus - bus ny c thit k cho cc my 486, nhng c l PCI s thng tr th trng, thay th c VL v cc h da trn ISA. Tuy nhin, cho ti khi iu ny xy ra, hy yn ch rng tt c cc h VL v PCI hin nay trn th trng u tr gip ISA: l iu tt, v gn nh mi mt bo mch bnh trng c bn vn tng thch vi ISA. Tm tt ch dn cho ngi mua Cc tnh nng k thut ca h thng: - Ti thiu 486DX2-66 - B nh cache 256K hoc hn - Ti thiu 4MB RAM, nn l 8MB hoc hn - Tt hn nn l PCI bus; VL bus chp nhn c CHN MN HNH Mt trong nhng thch thc kh khn m bn s phi i mt khi mua my PC mi l chn mn hnh. lm ch mt lot cc c im k thut, cc thut ng thng dng v ton hc cao cp hn, bn s phi thc rng mc d mt vi my c bn km mn hnh nhng nhiu model ca IBM, Compaq v NEC, chng hn, i hi
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bn phi chn mt mn hnh ring. May thay, bn ch cn phi bit 4 c im k thut - l dot pitch (kch thc ca chm mn hnh), phn gii, tc phc hi mn hnh v kch c - xc nh bt k mt mn hnh no s thc hin tt ti mc no. im cn ch nht Mt dot pitch l khong cch ti thiu gia hai im sng khc nhau to ra trn mn hnh v c o bng milimeter. Dot pitch cng nh th hnh nh xut hin cng sc nt - s l l tng i vi cc ha phc tp nh cc bn v CAD (thit k bng my tnh). i vi phn ln cc ng dng, hy tm mua mt mn hnh vi dotch pitch ti thiu l 0,28mm. Bn c th tm thy mn hnh c dot pitch 0,39mm vi gi r hn. Nhng ng b la v gi c - mc d ln hn ch c 0,11mm, nhng thm ch text ln trng cng rt m, c nh l n sau mt ming giy sp. Phn ln cc hng sn xut mn hnh th hin " phn gii" trong mt ch thch ngn gn gm "s-lng-im x s-lng-dng" (ngha l: s lng im c th trn mt dng v s lng dng trn ton mn hnh). Chng hn, phn gii ha VGA l 640x480. Cc phn gii Super VEGA c th bao gm c 800x800, 1024x768, 1280x1024 v 600x1280. iu quan trng cn nh l "nhuyn hn" (nh trong loi 1600x1280) khng nht thit l tt hn. Chng hn, phn ln cc mn hnh mi u h tr phn gii 1280x1024 dnh cho cc ng dng nh hng ha v a phng tin ngy nay. iu ny nghe c v rt tuyt, cho ti khi bn tm cch a mt ci g vo Windows v t thy mnh lc c mt trc nhng ch li ti trn mn hnh rt nh. Khng c g ng ngc nhin c, kch c mn hnh ca bn s xc nh bn c th s dng mt cch hiu qu phn gii ca bn mc no. Chng hn, nu bn ang xem xt mn hnh vi phn gii l 1024x768, n c th nh mt cch bt tin trn mn hnh 14-inch vi gi tit kim (khong 250 USD). Tuy nhin, cng phn gii nh vy c th rt thch hp cho mt mn hnh 17-inch t tin hn (khong 650 USD). Nu bn khng th tr nhiu tin nh th, mn hnh tin dng nh nht cho phn gii 1024x768 l mn hnh 15-inch (khong 325 USD). Nhng d sao phn gii bn mun th no i na, nguyn tc c bn l: ng tn thm tin cho phn gii bn s khng bao gi cn n. Xt ton b mn hnh Mt khi bn bit s lng dot pitch v phn gii ca mt mn hnh, cu hi tip theo l: Tc phc hi (refresh rate) mn hnh ra sao?

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Tc phc hi mn hnh xc nh tc my ti to cng ca cc im nhanh th no khi chng xut hin v m i trn mn hnh. Nu tc phc hi mn hnh nhanh, vic m dn ca tng im rt kh nhn thy. Nhng nu n khng nhanh, khi dng cui cng ca hnh nh hin trn mn hnh, rt d nhn thy l dng u s m dn. i ph vi vn ny, mt vi hng sn xut mn hnh s dng k thut thut c bit n vi tn interlacing (an). Thay v vch mi dng ca hnh nh trong mi ln qut dc (ch non-interlaced), mn hnh interlaced cch 1 dng mi vch, bng cch ly hai ln qut v mt hnh nh n. Hai b ng k nm chng nhau, c 2 ln qut to ra mt hnh nh. Cc mn hnh interlaced thng r hn mt cht so vi mn hnh non-interlaced, nhng sng nhp nhy ca cc dng xen k vn gy ra mt s nhp nhy kh chu. Khng phi mi ngi u nhy cm vi s nhp nhy ny, m cng khng phi n lun c nhn thy, nhng tt hn bn nn trnh iu bng cch chn cho mnh mt mn hnh mang li cho bn phn gii bn mun tc noninterlaced 60Hz hoc hn. Gi y, tt c nhng g bn cn lm l chn mt video card kim sot c su mu (color depth) ca mn hnh (l s lng mu bn c th hin ln ng thi). Bng i km bi ny ch ra su mu ca mn hnh c th h tr bi card 1MB v 2MB video RAM 4 phn gii thng dng. iu ch quan trng nht khi chn video card l phi chc chn rng n khp vi cc c tnh k thut mn hnh ca bn. Chng hn, nu mn hnh ca bn h tr loi 1024x768, bn s phi chc chn rng video card cng nh vy, Trnh mua qu mc: tr mt khon tin cho mt card thc hin cao s l ph phm nu mn hnh ca bn khng th h tr cc ch phn gii cao. Tm tt ch dn cho ngi mua mn hnh: - 0,28mm dot pitch (hoc nh hn) - 1024x768 hay tt hn l phn gii non-interlaced - Ti thiu mn hnh 15-inch phng hoc full-view - Ti thiu 1MB video card; 2MB cho phn gii cao hn CHN A CNG a cng tri qua mt qung ng di. Mt d mt vi iu khng i hng nm nay ("ln hn" vn l tt hn) - ngy nay bn s ngc nhin mt cch hi lng khi bit rng ln hn cng r hn. Gi thng thng ca a l 34 cent/1MB, v gim xung hng ngy.

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Tuy nhin, c iu thay i qua my nm nay, l chun a cng. Trong khi mt vi chun xut hin ri bin mt, ngy nay bn ch cn xem xt 2 h - IDE v SCSI, khi mua cho mt my mi. Khng cn cm na Nhng a cng trc y "b cm". Ton b tr tu cn thao tc chng nm card iu khin a. Tt nhin, kiu thit k ny lm a cng r hn, nhng cng to ra mt vn nghim trng: Nu card iu khin khng h tr a cng ca bn th bn khng th s dng no. V cc hng sn xut a cng nhanh chng nhn ra rng nhng a cng khng th s dng s khng th bn c, h thit k ci gi l h thng IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics), trong hu ht cc phn in t iu khin u c gn vo chnh a cng. C mt thi, IDE c a chung, tin dng khp mi ni. Nhng v n ch h tr cho a vi ti a 504MB, mt chun mi l SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) nhp cuc cho nhng a ln hn. V SCSI bus ging nh mt mng nh, vic thm tr tu nh vy vo cc thit b ngoi vi gy tn km hn cho hng sn xut. V th, cc thit b SCSI thng l t hn loi IDE "cm". Tuy nhin, vi cc phn m rng da trn ROM c t trong cc SCSI adapter card, h thng DOS c th vt qua gii hn 504MB ca IDE v truy nhp cc a cng ti 8GB. Hn na, mt SCSI bus c tc truyn d liu t 5MB n 40MB 1 giy, trong khi gii hn trn ca tc truyn d liu ca IDE l 4MB/giy. Hy ch , vn cn na! V i hi v ch trn a cng cn tip tc tng, SCSI tr nn giao tip c la chn. Tuy nhin, mi y, hai phn m rng c lp (v thc t l ging nhau) do chun IDE c thng bo s ra mt. Mt phn m rng l AT Attachment 2 (ATA-2) v m rng khc l Enhanced IDE (EIDE). C hai u h tr a IDE ti 8GB, v c tc truyn ti 16MB/1 giy. Ngi s dng kh nng ca IDE no mun tn dng li th ca EIDE s phi mua mt b iu khin EIDE-tng thch (thm 30 n 50 USD). Bn s c c tc truyn d liu, kh nng truy nhp a EIDE trn 504MB nh mt khi, v truy nhp a v file 32-bit trong Windows tt hn. Khi cu hi thc s s l: bn cn c a cng n c no? c ci nhn ton din hy xem di y: Nu bn mun ci t b Microsoft Office hy d kin ti 110MB. Nu bn s dng thm Windows, hy d kin t 30 n 50MB dnh cho file trao i thng trc.

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V nu bn s dng Windows 95 hay OS/2 trong tng lai, hy tnh n thm 50MB. Nn nh rng: khng h mi no chp nhn a cng nh hn 400MB. Tm tt ch dn ngi mua a cng - Hy ly kch c a thc so snh - a t 500 n 800MB cho gi tr tt nht - a hn 504MB i hi mt b iu khin c bit CHN THIT B NGOI VI Sau khi bn chn kiu loi CPU, a cng v h thng video cho my PC mi ca bn, c l bn s cho rng cng vic kh khn qua. Sc mnh l rt tuyt, nhng chnh cc phn ph tr v thit b ngoi vi mi lm cho my tnh ca bn tr nn a nng nh mong mun. Nhng thit b gn thm c a chung v ch li nht l modem, a CD-ROM, card m thanh, v cc bng t backup. Di y l mt vi ch dn ngn gn nn xem xt trc khi bn phung ph tin. Hy quan st tc Cc modem hng u ngy nay tun theo c im k thut V.34, iu ny c ngha l chng nhanh hn trc - c tc truyn khng nn ti 28,8 kbps (kilobit/giy) v tc truyn nn ti 115 kbps. iu ng ch hn l bn c th c c mt modem vi kh nng fax vi gi khong 200 USD. Bn c th tm mua cc loi modem r hn, nhng chng thng thiu mch in c bit, cn m bo s truyn thng tin cy. Nu khng v ti tin hn ch, th khng v l do g bn li t mt modem chm hn 14,4kbps. CDCD-ROM tc kp hay 4? Vi nm va qua chng kin mt s gim t t v u n trong gi c cc a CD-ROM, trong khi kh nng thc hin tng vi cc model kp, gp 3, gp 4 v gi y l 6. Kh nng thc hin tt hn cng i hi mt card iu khin ring, gy kh khn trong ci t. Tuy nhin, mi y, Mitsumi Electronics Corporation tung ra a CD-ROM FX400 tc 4 vi giao in IDE c gi tr di 200 USD. Vi mt cht c gng bn c th ci t n trong h thng ca bn: ni n vo cng dy cp gn vo a cng IDE trong my, ri np cc driver v th l xong. Nhng trc khi bn vi vng i mua a "mang tnh cch mng" ny, bn s cn mt dy cp ni i v mt bo mch IDE dual-channel (khong 30 USD). Khng c dy cp v bo mch thch hp, bn khng th s dng kh nng truy nhp a 32-bit trong Windows v to cc kt ni vi a CD-ROM trong cng mt h thng.

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D c nhc im , mt a IDE CD-ROM cho bn kh nng thc hin tuyt vi vi gi thp. Nhng nu ti tin ca bn c bit hp, bn vn c th tham gia vo cuc cch mng multimedia bng cch mua mt a tc kp vi gi thnh 100 USD. u t v m thanh D bn quan tm n s dng ting ni hay chuyn ti m nhc, vicb sung m thanh vo my PC c th l mt s u t ln - chng no bn bit kiu loi card m thanh no l tt nht cho mi ng dng. Nu bn c nh ch lm vic vi ting ni v bn ang mun chp nhn cht lng gii hn, mt card 8-bit gi tng i r vi tc 11KHz s l thch hp. Nhng nu bn mun thng thc phn mm multimedia hay mun ti to audio cht lng CD t cc file WAV v MIDI, card ca bn phi l 16-bit vi tc 44KHz. Mt li im khc l card 16-bit cng c th m s ha v ti to m thanh 8-bit, nh th n l hon ho cho c ting ni ln m nhc. Card m thanh 16-bit gi r hin nay (khong di 100 USD, k c loa) c th ti to m thanh ca cc nhc c khc nhau bng cng ngh c tn l FM Synthsis. Nhng xu hng c a chung nht trong m nhc PC l card m thanh 32-bit wave-table, card ny cha cc mu digital ca cc nhc c hin thi cha trong ROM. R rng l cht lng tng ln, vn ch cn l bn s quyt nh liu c ng tiu thm 200 hay 250 USD hay khng. Sao chp d phng D bn mua tng phn hay nguyn cm, my PC mi ca bn c l s c ci DOS 6.0 hay 6.2, Windows 3.1 hay Windows for Groups, v rt nhiu chng trnh tin ch trn a cng. tit kim tin, nhiu hng bn my khng cn bn km cc a sao cho mi chng trnh, nh th cng vic u tin bn s phi lm l sao lu h thng. Tuy nhin, v a cng v cc ng dng ngy cng ln hn, vic sao lu bng a mm khng cn tin li na. Thay v th hy xem xt a bng t (khong 150 USD). ny s dng cc cartridge nh v cha c 120MB. Vi ch nn, mt bng t c th thng nn c 250MB cc file trn mt bng. Vic ci t l rt nhanh v bng gn vo b iu khin a mm hin thi ca bn. Bn phm v chut V bn hoc s phi s phi s dng nhiu thi gian g vo bn phm hoc l dng chut nu bn chy cc chng trnh Windows, nn khng c nh gi thp gi tr ca mt bn phm v chut cht lng.
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Tuy nhin, phn ln cc h thng my tnh bn u c i km nhng bn phm r tin, vi cc phm dnh cht c th lm cho ngi nh kh chu trong nhiu gi. IBM t lu ni ting vi cc bn phm tt nht trong kinh doanh, v ng l ng c khen nh th. Focus v Northgate cng lm nhng bn phm cht lng nh vy. nh hng ca chut cht lng qu km th hin m hn. Chut c th rt linh hot nhng khng ging nh mt bn tay ngi. Cc gc th nhn, v lm kh chu. Vic nhn cc phm rt bt tin. Nh vy, s tin li thoi mi l yu t u tin khi chn chut. Chut ca Microsoft (khong 60 USD) thng c khoe l cht lng, v cc loi t ni ting hn nhng chp nhn c c th mua t cc cc hng sn xut khc vi gi di 20 USD. Khn ngoan nht l gn vi mt thit b tng thch Microsoft d ci t nht v tng thch vi phn ln cc ng dng. Tm tt ch dn cho ngi mua thit b ngoi vi: - Modem : V.34 28,8 kbps vi fax - a CD-ROM: tc 4, IDE - Card m thanh: tng hp FM, 16-bit - bng backup: 250MB - Bn phm: 101 phm, IBM - Chut: tng thch Microsoft, serial. Mn hnh my tnh Khng ch l hp mt. PC World c vi li khuyn cho ngi mua mn hnh C phi mn hnh thc cht ch l mt Tivi gn vo CPU? ng tic l khng n gin nh vy. Cc tro lu t ca multimedia, h iu hnh v cc ng dng ha ngy cng i hi phi c sn phm ln hn v tt hn l mn hnh 14 inch chun. Dng mt mn hnh thng thng cho bng tnh hay ch bn, bn s tn gn ht thi gian cho vic xoay chuyn trn mn hnh. Xt v kch c, ngay c mt mn hnh 15 inch cng l nh khi phi xoay s vi cc ca s hay khi chi mt tr chi nh Myst. Li khuyn khi mua hng Nhng ngi ang nh mua mn hnh mi phi i mt vi nhiu quyt nh. Bt u ch no khi mn hnh c trng by trn ngp khp ni, vi s lng ng s cc tnh nng, nhng bit ng k thut thng thy nh kch thc chm (dotpitch), phn gii, SVGA, VGA, tc phc hi, qut kt hp v khng kt hp,

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hi t, m ng hnh, s gim chi, Tuy kh tht nhng cn phi hiu mt s thut ng mua c mt mn hnh hp nhu cu. Xem xt s tng thch C cu trnh by hnh nh ca mt my tnh gm hai phn c bn: card video (hay adapter) v mn hnh. Card video phin dch cc d liu video do CPU to ra hin th ch v hnh nh trn mn hnh. Mt s card video c ci sn trn mch logic chnh ca my, mt s phi ci vo cc khe d phng. Card video n gin ch l chic cu ni gia my tnh v mn hnh. Khi chn mn hnh, ng thi bn phi chn card video tng thch. Thu nh kch thc chm Mn hnh v card video phi tun th cc chun quc t. Hai chun thng dng nht l VGA (Video Graphics Array) v SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array). Cht lng hnh do phn gii ca card video quyt nh. phn gii l thc o sc nt ca hnh nh, v cn bn, phn gii cng cao th cht lng hnh cng tt. phn gii th hin bng s im (pixel) ngang v dc trn mn hnh. Pixel l phn t nh nht ca hnh nh. Card VGA chun c phn gii 640x480 pixel, trong khi card SVGA l 800x600. Pixel c o bng milimt, kch thc pixel c gi l dot pitch. Ngoi vic xt phn gii ti u, kch thc chm cng rt quan trng. Dot pitch cng nh hnh nh cng sc nt. Mn hnh tt phi c dot pitch 0,28mm hay nh hn. Cht lng hnh nh t c qua multimedia, c th l qua CD-ROM, thc y nhu cu phi c video adapter phn gii cao. Cc card video 24-bit "mu thc" c kh nng hin th 16 triu mu phn gii 640x480 ang nhanh chng tr thnh tiu chun. phn gii cao gim nhc mt Mn hnh phn gii cao i hi tc phc hi (refresh rate) tng xng cho cc hnh nh x l trn mn hnh. Tc phc hi l s ln trong mt giy (o bng Hz) mn hnh qut v v li tng hng chm ca hnh nh. Nu tn s thp s to ra hnh nhp nhy v gy nhc u, nhc mt, ngay c cho nhng ngi khng lm vic lu trc mn hnh. Tc phc hi ti thiu 72Hz l va cho mn hnh 1024x768. C l cng nn trnh cc mn hnh qut kt hp (interlaced). Nhng mn hnh loi ny ch v li hay phc hi cc ng cch nhau mi ln qut, v vy hnh km linh ng, tc phc hi cao nhng hnh vn nhp nhy. Nhng mn hnh th h mi nht c kh nng th hin phn gii cao hn, thm ch ti 1600x1280 ty thuc kch c mn hnh. Tuy nhin ngi mua cn lu :
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nhiu mn hnh c cng b phn gii ti a ( phn gii cao nht c th t ti) v phn gii ti u (th hin hnh nh tt nht). ng ln ln hai khi nim v cng ng ngc nhin khi thy phn gii ti u thng thp hn ng k so vi mc ti a. Mn hnh VGA qut v phc hi chm hn SVGA. Nhng hin ti hu ht cc mn hnh mi u c kh nng th hin c hai chun trn. Gii php tt nht: qut ng b Hin trn th trng c nhiu loi card video nn ny sinh vn tng thch. Cch gii quyt vn ny l mua mt mn hnh a ng b hay nhiu tc qut (cn gi l a tn s). l mn hnh mu c th iu chnh theo nhiu phn gii khc nhau. Mn hnh s t pht hin my tnh bn thit lp theo phn gii no v t chnh theo tc qut thch hp. Li th chnh ca mn hnh a tn s l bn trnh c vic t li ch khi chuyn i gia cc phn gii khc nhau. Cng nh kh nng ca n, gi tin loi mn hnh ny thng cao. Tuy nhin gi s gim do nhu cu ngy cng tng v cng c nhiu nh sn xut tham gia cnh tranh trn th trng m rng ny. Xem xt kch c Cng nh nhng ngi dng khc nhau i hi cc phn mm khc nhau, nhng cng vic khc nhau cng i hi kch c mn hnh khc nhau. Chng nn trng ch mt k ton tnh tng ch s li cn mn hnh 21 inch cho bng tnh, ch mn hnh 16-17 inch l qu . i vi ch bn hay ha, mn hnh 21 inch hay ln hn l thc s cn thit. C mn hnh bn cn ty thuc mt s yu t, khng ch ch bn c bao nhiu tin. ng nhin c v loi mn hnh trc tin ty thuc loi cng vic bn lm. Nhu cu ca mt nh thit k dng chng trnh CAD cn phn gii cao hon ton khc vi nhu cu ca mt th k son tho cc bo co. Mt ngi dng chuyn nghip c trung mun m rng mn hnh t 14 inch ln 15 hay 17 inch l chp nhn c. i vi ha, trnh by hay ch bn, mn hnh 21 inch hay ln hn l gii php tt nht. Cn nh khi mua hng, kch c cng b ca mn hnh khng phi l kch c thc ca khung hnh. Thng thng mt mn hnh cng b kch c 17 inch thng cho khung hnh thc (xem c) ch 15,5 n 16 inch (17 inch l ng cho ca ton b ng hnh). Tm kim di mu cao

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Ngoi kch c ra, mt chng trnh tr gip thit k (CAD - Computer Aided Design) cn tng phn tt, v cc chuyn gia CAD thng xuyn phi lm vic vi cc hnh nh ng khung trn nn thm. Cc ng dng multimedia, cc chng trnh ch bn v ha lun i hi phn gii cao, s mu ti a v di mu tt ( chnh xc m mn hnh th hin cc mu lin tip trong ph mu). xc nh cht lng mu, hy xem xt di mu, sng ti a v s ng nht ca sng trn ton b mn hnh. Bo m kh nng iu chnh cao nht Ngoi tng thch v cht lng hnh, bt c mn hnh tt no cng phi km mt tp hp iu chnh u . iu ny bo m khng ch hnh nh tt nht m cn bo v c sc khe ca bn. chnh - iu chnh hi t (convergence) ng l y phi l tiu chun cho mi mn hnh, tic l n nay vn cha t c. Km hi t l do s khng thng hng gia cc ng phng in t dng chiu cc chm ln mn hnh, th hin cc vin hoc xanh xung quanh hnh nh. Trng hp t hn l hnh b m, lem nhem. - iu chnh nhit mu L mt tnh nng cn c bit xem xt khi bn lm vic vi nh qut hay ha i hi chnh xc mu cao. B chnh nhit mu cho php bn thay i mn hnh theo mi trng: s th hin ca mn hnh di nh sng n ng v nh sng t nhin c th khc nhau mt cch k l. Mt s b iu chnh tinh xo chnh chnh xc gam mu v m nht ca mu ging nh trn TV. - iu chnh hnh dng khung hnh C nhiu cch chnh hnh dng: theo chiu cao, chiu ngang, x dch cnh. B m (pin-cushioning) t trn hay bn cnh ca mn hnh cho php chnh cong ca hai cnh khung hnh theo mun. B chnh dng thng (barrelling), theo ng tn ca n, chnh khung hnh v hnh nh khng phnh ra nh mt ci thng. B chnh hnh thang hiu chnh khi cnh trn v cnh di ca khung hnh khng bng nhau. C th nhng hiu chnh ny ch c gi tr khi mn hnh c hin tng mo. V d, mn hnh nhy cm vi t trng gy ra bi cc ngun nh loa stereo hay t trng ca bn thn my, khi khung hnh c th b mo. Nt kh t c th lm cho hnh tr li bnh thng nh gim t trng. Nhiu mn hnh c nt kh t, mt s khc t ng kh t khi m my. Nn kim tra tnh nng ny khi mua. Cng nn ch n cc ci tin lm mn hnh dng thun tin hn. Bng iu khin phi t pha trc mn hnh khng mi c v d quan st khi chnh cc
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chc nng thng dng nht nh tng phn, sng, v tr thng ng v nm ngang ca khung hnh, kh t, chn ch , v c cng tc tt m. Chm sc sc khe Thun tin v an ton l nhng yu t quan trng nht khi bn lm vic nhiu gi trc mn hnh. Tt c cc mn hnh phi c x l chng chi mt, iu quan trng chng nhc mt v nhc u. Cht OCLI t tin ph mn hnh lm tng gi mn hnh, nhng dng nh ng gi. Ph bng silic hay x l c kh bng axit cng c hiu qu nhng c th gim sng v sc nt ca mn hnh. Nn th mn hnh bng cch nhn di nhiu gc khc nhau v nhiu loi nh sng mi trng khc nhau. Nu mn hnh cha c x l chng chi, cn mua mt mn lc gn thm, chnh l tin u t cho s an ton ca mt bn. Mn hnh cng nn km theo xoay thun tin chnh gc nhn v chng cng thng do t th nhn. S pht x cng l mt ti quan trng khi xt an ton. Tt c cc mn hnh u phng bc x in t. Mc d cha c bng chng l bc x mn hnh c hi, hu ht cc hng u ang sn xut cc mn hnh c bc x thp. Nu bn cn lo ngi, tt hn ht nn mua cc mn hnh tun theo cc tiu chun an ton c cng nhn. Phn c tnh mn hnh phi ghi r sn phm tun theo chun MPRII hay TCO. Tit kim nng lng y c l l im sau cng khi chn mua hng. Mn hnh c b qun l nng lng s t ng ti en sau mt lc khng hot ng, nhm tit kim nng lng v ko di tui th. Khi tc ng ln mt phm bt k, ch ngt mn hnh s hi phc t t theo tc t nng ng hnh, trong khi ch sn sng s hin hnh ngay tc khc. C hai chun nh gi tnh nng ny: EPA (Environment Protection Agency C quan bo v mi trng ca chnh ph M) v Nutek. Hai chun u qui nh mc tiu th di 30W cho ch sn sng v di 5W cho ch ngt gn nh ton b. Hai chun ny ch n thun ni n mc tiu th ca mn hnh, hon ton khng quan tm n phng php thc hin. p ng nhu cu Mc d s liu t cc nh sn xut cho thy mn hnh 14 inch vn ang dn u v s lng, cc nh phn tch d kin s lng ny s gim nhanh trong vi nm ti v mn hnh 15 - 16 inch s tr thnh ph bin. Thnh cng phi thng ca Microsoft Windows c l l mt trong cc l do chuyn sang mn hnh ln. Mt ngi dng Windows khng nh nhu cu i vi
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mn hnh ln hn v tht bt tin khi phi lin tc thay i c v di chuyn cc ca s. Anh ta n gin ch mun chuyn t ca s bng tnh sang ca s son tho vn bn m khng phi cng mt ra nhn. Nhu cu mn hnh ln tng cng phn no do s pht trin nhanh chng ca th trng multimedia, vi cc hnh nh chuyn ng thc ca video trn mn hnh, v s kin CD-ROM ang ngy cng tr nn khng th thiu cho mi my bn. Nu bn b mt s tin ng k vo CD-ROM, card video, card m thanh v phn mm, cui cng ng nhin bn cng mun c mt hnh nh tt nht c th c: hnh ln hn v phn gii cao hn. S ln mnh ca PC trong gia nh cng c xem l mt nguyn nhn chuyn sang mn hnh ln hn. Yu t ny kt hp vi multimedia ang lm cho nhng ngy cn li ca mn hnh 14 inch tr nn thc s ngn ngi. Ngoi tm nhn rng hn, mn hnh ln cn c phn gii cao hn, ngha l hnh nh r hn, sinh ng hn v gim nhc mt cho ngi xem. Vn bc x Cc mn hnh thng theo mt trong hai chun bc x: MPRII hoc TCO. C hai chun u do Thy in t ra v nhanh chng c cng nhn l chun cng nghip cho cc nh sn xut ton th gii. C hai chun qui nh mc phng x cho php v mc thp nht. TCO nghim ngt hn i hi o t khong cch 11,8 inch hay 30cm, MPRII o t khong cch 19,7 inch hay 50cm. Tun theo tiu chun no l do nh sn xut t chn. D tun theo chun no, mn hnh cng phi c li lc bn trong gim bc x in t gy nn bi in t bn trong mn hnh. Do cha c bng chng xc ng l bc x mn hnh gy hi cho sc khe nn chun an ton sc khe cha b lut php bt buc. Tuy nhin trc sc p ca th trng v mi lo ca ngi dng, cc nh sn xut vn p ng bng cch gn ln sn phm cc chng ch tun theo chun TCO hay MPRII. Cng v th khng kh khn g kim tra xem mn hnh tun theo chun an ton no. Ngoi ra, cc c tnh sn phm cng cho bit mn hnh tun theo chun no, c tnh nng tit kim nng lng hay khng v loi h thng chng chi no c p dng, nu c. Mn hnh phng ct cnh Mn hnh tinh th lng TFT LCD ngy cng rng hn, mng hn v cng r hn

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Cho n nay, cc loi mn hnh phng (flat panel hay cn gi l LCD - mn hnh tinh th lng) da trn nhng cng ngh khc nhau thng t tin v cn c nhiu hn ch v phn gii cng nh kch c so vi loi mn hnh CRT thng dng (CRT - cathode ray tube - ng phng in t). Tuy nhin, tnh hnh trong nm nay ha hn s thay i. Hai nm trc y, ch nhng my tnh xch tay (notebook) cao cp nht mi c trang b mn hnh LCD c phn gii 800 x 600. Phn ln cn li dng mc 640 x 460. Gi y, nhiu mn hnh c 13,3 v 14,1 inch loi TFT (thin-film transistor hay cn gi l active matrix - mn hnh LCD ma trn tch cc) c phn gii chun 1024 x 728. Thm ch, phn gii s cn t mc cao hn trong nm nay, km theo l cht lng hnh nh tt hn, mn hnh mng hn na v tiu th nng lng t hn. Cc nh sn xut LCD hng u nh Samsung, NEC, IBM/Toshiba, LG, Mitsubishi, Fujitsu v Philips cho bit l mn hnh 12,1 inch vi phn gii 800 x 600 vn l loi thng dng cho phn ln cc my xch tay hin nay. Mn hnh 13,3 inch XGA (1024 x 768) trong thi gian ti s tr nn ph bin hn. Nhng kch c khc m ta c th ch i l 14,1 v 15 inch vi phn gii mc XGA, cng nh 13,6 v 15,1 inch vi phn gii SXGA (1280 x 1024). Hin ti, vn duy nht i vi mn hnh phng l cha c b tng tc ha c th hin th mu thc phn gii 1280 x 1024. Theo kin ca cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny th kch thc 15 inch s l gii hn ca mn hnh cho cc my xch tay trong tng lai gn, ch n gin bi vic tng kch thc mn hnh s lm cho my tnh xch tay tr nn to v cng knh. Mn hnh LCD cng ang tr nn mng hn. V d Samsung gim chiu dy mn hnh ca h xung cn 5,5 mm cho loi 12,1 inch v 6 mm cho loi 13,3 inch. Vi kch thc mn hnh nh vy, cc my xch tay s rt mng. Nhng ci tin quan trng trong nm nay vi mn hnh LCD cho my xch tay s l tiu th t nng lng, cng nh tng gp i tng phn v sng t t l 100 - 1 ( tng phn) v 70 Cd/m2 ( sng) ln 200 - 1 v 150 Cd/m2. Gi thnh cho mn hnh 13,1 inch cng s gim nh sn xut i tr do mc tiu th tng. Cho n cui nm nay, Samsung, Toshiba v Mitsubishi s a vo s dng nhng cng ngh mi nhm ci thin sng v kch thc ca LCD. Mn hnh cho notebook 12,1 inch ca Toshiba s s dng quy trnh LTPS (lowtemperature polysilicon), c u im l mch in nh hn cho phn gii ln so vi silicon amorphous chun hin nay. Mn hnh LTPS t c sng v gn

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hn nh thit k gi l system-on-glass: mch iu khin hin th nm gia tm knh v tm plastic. Quy trnh LTPS cho php loi b kt ni gia tm knh TFT v mch IC iu khin (gi tt l TAB). TAB l thnh phn t gi nht trong n th TFT. Bng cch b qua TAB, gi mn hnh LCD s gim hn v tin cy c nng cao. Loi b TAB cng c ngha l gim chiu dy v trong lng ca mn hnh, ng thi tng phn gii. Samsung ang pht trin LCD TFT trn c s LTPS vi phn gii cc ln: 430.000 im trn mi inch vung, cho php mn hnh 14 inch c kh nng hin th 2048 x 1536 im. Cc mn hnh ca my xch tay c ln trong nm nay s c kh nng hin th 16,8 triu mu. Toshiba, Samsung v cc nh sn xut LCD khc cng ang y mnh pht trin chip ha vi giao tip s cho LCD. Nhng giao tip loi ny s cho trung thc cao hn v gi thnh h so vi giao tip tng t ang c s dng trong phn ln cc b iu khin ha hin nay. Trong tng lai, nng lng tiu th ca LCD s gim mnh nh s dng CLC (cholesteric liquid crystal). So vi loi TNC (twisted-nematic crystal) thng thng th CLC n nh hn trng thi tt v bt, gi hnh nh hin th m khng cn phi hi phc (refresh). LCD ln sang my bn Trong khi phn ln mn hnh LCD TFT c s dng cho my tnh xch tay th ngy cng c nhiu LCD thay th cho mn hnh CRT. Nhiu nh sn xut my tnh a LCD vo cc h thng PC bn vi kch thc t 13 n 21 inch. Mt s nh sn xut LCD nh Samsung tin ti kch c 30 inch. mc hin th ny, phn gii 2048 x 1536 tr nn hin thc. Mn hnh Samsung 21 inch hin ti cho phn gii UXGA (1600 x 1200) ch mu thc.

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Trong khi mn hnh LCD TFT cho my xch tay s ch t ti mc sng 150 cd/m2 v t l tng phn 200 - 1 trong nm nay th LCD cho my bn c sng 300 Cd/m2 v t l tng phn 300 - 1, vi gc nhn cng rng hn. Mc tiu th nng lng khng l vn quan trng i vi LCD cho my bn. Cc nh sn xut ang s dng nhng cng ngh lm cho mn hnh LCD c th snh vi CRT c v phn gii ln cht lng hnh nh. V d, cng ngh Multi-domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) ca Fujitsu ci thin ng k cht lng hnh nh v n gin quy trnh sn xut loi LCD kch thc ln. MVA LCD c gc nhn ln hn 160o theo c hai chiu ng v ngang, tng phn 300 - 1. Thi gian phn hi ca loi mn hnh mi ny ch c 25 ms (mili giy). Thng 7/1997, Fujitsu cng b loi mn hnh TFT LCD 15 inch s dng cng ngh MVA cho my bn. Mn hnh c phn gii XGA vi 16 triu mu, sng 200 Cd/m2 v t l tng phn 300 - 1. Mn hnh nng 6Kg, tiu th ti a 40W. Gi hn 3000 USD. Mitsubishi cng ang s dng cng ngh mi m rng gc nhn cho mn hnh LCD. IPS (In-plane switching) l cng ngh cho php m rng gc nhn trong khi vn duy tr thi gian phn hi. Trong tng lai, LCD loi antiferroelectric (AFLCD) vi thi gian phn hi rt nhanh (di 1ms), cho php hin th ti 100 khung hnh trong mt giy v gc nhn rt rng. Tuy nhin AFLCD l cng ngh phc tp, kh thc hin. S chnh lch v gi gia LCD v CRT mc d gim nhiu nhng vn cn cao. V d mn hnh phng ca NEC loi 14,1 inch vi phn gii XGA c gi l 1599 USD. Cn loi 15 inch ca Mitsubishi c bn vi gi 2000 USD, gp 4 ln mn hnh CRT c phn gii tng ng. Mn hnh CRT phng
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ng thi vi s pht trin ca LCD, mn hnh CRT cng c tip tc ci tin. Mt s nh sn xut, trong c Sony v Samsung, a ra mn hnh CRT vi chiu dy v trng lng nh cc mn hnh thng thng, nhng mt trc phng hon ton, cho php trnh c s phn chiu ca mi trng. Khi xem, mn hnh CRT loi ny trng ging nh mn hnh LCD hay plasma. Mn hnh CRT phng s tr nn ph bin trong vng 3 nm ti. Khi nhng vn v cng ngh c khc phc, gi ca chng s tng ng vi loi mn hnh c b mt "cong" nh hin nay. Mt s nh chuyn mn d on rng mn hnh LCD ch c th cnh tranh c vi CRT trong vng t 1 n 3 nm ti. Nht Thanh Byte 6/1998 Hiu bit c bn v LCD Mn hnh tinh th lng (liquid crystal display - LCD) l cng ngh hin th da trn c tnh cn nh sng ca tinh th lng khi b phn cc bi in p. Tinh th lng l mt dng c bit ca vt cht c cu to t cc phn t hnh que. LCD bao gm mt lp tinh th lng nm gia hai tm lc phn cc. Tm lc l bn plastic c c tnh ch cho php xuyn qua n nhng sng nh sng i song song vi mt mt phng xc nh. Gia cc tm lc v lp tinh th lng l li in cc mng trong sut. Bi LCD tiu th t nng lng hn cc thit b pht x nn chng c s dng nhiu trong nhng lnh vc cn tit kim nng lng. Cc loi LCD - LCD th ng (passive LCD) c gi l "passive matrix" (ma trn th ng) nu l mn hnh my tnh hay "passive display" (hin th th ng) nu ch l mn hin th nh. Vi LCD th ng, tt c cc thnh phn in t hot ng (transistor) u nm ngoi mn hnh hin th. Mc d LCD th ng c ci tin nhiu, nhng cht lng khng hn bao nhiu v gc nhn hp, hn ch c hin tng mt hnh khi di chuyn con tr. Sau y l mt s loi LCD th ng: TN (twisted nematic - quay 90o). L mn hnh r tin dnh cho cc thit b tiu dng hoc cng c. Ch c mu en trn nn xm/bc.

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STN (supertwisted nematic - quay 180 - 270o). S dng cho mn hnh my xch tay vi hin th mu v n sc. DSTN v FSTN l STN ci tin v c cht lng cao hn STN. Dual Scan STN. L loi STN c ci tin bng cch chia mn hnh ra lm hai na, mi na c qut ng thi v nh vy tng gp i s hng c qut li. Active addressing. Mn hnh STN ci tin bng cch thc hin tr ti cc im ring r. Cht lng c ci thin nhng khng sc nt. Mn hnh tch cc (Active display - TFT) c s dng cho mn hnh mu ca my tnh xch tay v bn, cn gi l mn hnh "active matrix" (ma trn tch cc) hay TFT (thin film transistor). Vi LCD loi ny, tt c cc transistor c t ti mi im bn trong mn hnh. Mn hnh phn gii 640 x 480 s cn ti 921.000 transistor bi mi im cn 3 transistor cho 3 mu: , lc v xanh. Mn hnh tch cc cho hnh nh sc nt, tng phn cao, loi b hin tng mt con tr khi di chuyn. Nhc im l cng ngh phc tp, gi thnh cao. Reflective v backlit

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Khi nim ny lin quan ti mn hnh LCD. Mn hnh reflective (phn x) c s dng nhiu trong cc sn phm tiu dng v i hi ngun sng t bn ngoi. Bi vy, n ch hin th tt trong iu kin c nh sng. Mn hnh backlit th khc, n s dng ngun sng ring v hin th tt trong mi iu kin nh sng. Tt c cc loi mn hnh cho my tnh u l backlit. Tng lai ca mn hnh Vo thng 2 va qua, cng ty Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) cng b loi mn hnh TV bng plastic u tin trn th gii v n s tc ng ti cng ngh hin th cho my tnh trong tng lai. Cng ty s sn xut mn hnh trong s hp tc vi Seiko-Epson. Cng ngh polymer pht sng (LEP) ca CDT, cn gi l "glowing plastic" c th to ra mt th h mn hnh phng mi.

Theo CDT, cc loi mn hnh TV mng c ln v mn hnh my tnh trong thi gian ti s c sn xut bng cng ngh ny. Sn phm u tin nh vy s c a ra vo cui nm nay. Cng vic phi lm hin ti l tng tui th ca sn phm hn 1500 gi s dng v nng cao sng pht x. Sn phm mu u tin l mn hnh TV phng c kch thc ng cho 3 inch v dy 2mm c CDT trnh din va qua. Khng c hn ch no v gc nhn v tc hi phc nh i vi mn hnh LCD. iu ny thch hp cho vic hin th video hay hot hnh 3D trn h thng c mn hnh kiu ny. Nhng cng ngh mn hnh phng LCD TFT khng phi l ng c vin duy nht ca mn hnh phng cht lng cao dng cho c my bn v xch tay. i th ng gi nht ca n l mn hnh plasma (PDP - plasma display panel). Nhng loi cn li: Electroluminecent (EL), field emission display (FED)... u khng th snh c vi cng ngh LCD v PDP. tr thnh ng c vin xng ng trn th trng mn hnh kch c t 1 ti
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20 inch, cng ngh hin th phi kt hp c nhng u im v gi, tc , cht lng hnh nh ca CRT v kh nng tiu th t nng lng, s gn nh ca LCD. Nh vy, iu ny s khng th xy ra trong thi gian ti vi EL, FED hay nhng cng ngh khc. Cng ngh PDP c mt s hn ch gy tr ngi cho s cnh tranh vi LCD. l gi thnh cao, gy n v pht nhit khi hot ng, trng lng ln, bn, hit sut thp. u im c bn ca PDP l c th to ra mn hnh kch thc ln, 40 inch hoc hn, trong khi LCD khng th t ti mc ny. Mn hnh PDP 40 inch tr gi 4000 USD ca Fujitsu c sng 300 Cd/m2, t l tng phn 70 - 1 v gc nhn 160o - rt tt cho kch c nh vy. n nm 1999, Fujitsu s c kh nng sn xut 100.000 mn hnh trong mt thng. Cng ty cng s a ra loi mn hnh PDP th h mi c kch thc 50 v 70 inch, bao gm cc phn gii SXGA, UXGA, v HDTV (1920 x 1200). Fujitsu cho bit l h c th nng kch thc ti 100 inch. Cnh tranh s lm cho gi vt liu v thit b gim xung, ng thi m rng th trng. Mt khi LCD chim lnh th trng mn hnh kch thc nh v va, trong khi PDP thu tm th trng mn hnh ln, CRT s mt dn u th ca mnh v s lng v c th dn ti s cn bng v gi c gia cc loi mn hnh. Tng lai ca LCD t ra nhiu ha hn. Vi cng ngh mi CGS (continuous grain silicon) c pht trin bi Sharp v Semiconductor Energy Laboratory, ngi ta c th to ra nhng tm gng phng kch thc ln, cha lun c chip (mch iu khin LCD, CPU, b nh) v TFT LCD. T y, c th mong i loi my tnh kch thc nh v cc mng, cho php m ra mt th gii mi ca cc thit b tnh ton t hon. Hy tng tng, mt chic my tnh xch tay s khng dy hn bao nhiu so vi a mm hin nay. Mn hnh tinh th lng - LCD My tnh s tay (notebook) khc vi my bn nhiu im: chng nh gn, c ng, lm vic vi pin. Chng thng c trang b BXL km mnh hn, c t b nh hn v t c kh nng m rng. Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng khc bit c bn l mn hnh hin th. Trong khi cc h my bn s dng loi mn hnh CRT (Cathode Ray Tube - ng phng tia in t) knh cng, thng ln v nng hn c bn thn my th notebook li c trang b mn hnh mng, nh - LCD (Liquid Crystal Display - mn hnh tinh th lng). Cho n hin nay, mn hnh LCD u thua km trc CRT v tt c cc c tnh c bn v hin th. Trc tin, mn hnh LCD mu ch tr nn thng dng khong 2
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nm trc y. l nhng loi ma trn th ng (passive - matrix) c phn gii thp (640 x 480) so vi CRT (1600 x 1200), tng phn (contrast) v nt (sharpness) km, thm ch c khi s dng mn hnh LCD TFT (Thin Film Transistor - transistor loi mng). Mc d c nhng hn ch nh vy, mn hnh LCD loi VGA mu 640 x 480 vn t hn nhiu so vi mn hnh CRT SVGA mu 800 x 600. Tuy nhin, nhng bc pht trin cng ngh v s cnh tranh gay gt dn n nhng thay i. Bn c chng kin mn hnh LCD TFT 800 x 600 cht lng tt i km vi nhng my mc trung, trong khi mn hnh LCD dual-scan r tin cng cho cht lng chp nhn. V c bn l gi thnh cng gim nhiu. Cc loi mn hnh LCD Nhng mn hnh LCD bn thy hin nay, v c bn c th c hnh dung nh h thng van iu tit lng nh sng pht ra t mt ngun sng pha sau. bn thn LCD khng t pht sng nh mn hnh CRT. Trong mn hnh LCD, nh sng i qua mt vi lp cc mng c cu to t vt liu tinh th lng c tnh phn cc. Cht tinh th lng nm gia hai mt knh mng to nn mn hnh. Hnh nh hin th trn mn hnh c xc nh bi mt h thng li (ma trn) bao gm nhiu in cc, iu tit lng nh sng i qua mi im ca li (pixel). Hin nay, mn hnh LCD c phn ra lm hai loi chnh: th ng (passive, bao gm c dual-scan) v tch cc (active - TFT). S khc bit c bn gia hai loi l cch thc diu khin mi im (pixel) ring bit. Trong mn hnh ma trn th ng, mi hng im (pixel) ngang do mt transistor iu khin. V vy, mi im c iu khin mt cch th ng. Trong khi , i vi mn hnh LCD tch cc, mi im c mt transistor ring iu khin, v i vi mn hnh mu th c n 3 transistor cho mi im (mi transistor cho mt mu c bn). Mn hnh thc cht l mt tp hp (array) hnh ch nht bao gm nhiu transistor dng lp mng (thin film). V vy cn c tn gi l TFT (Thin film transistor). Mn hnh LCD ma trn tch cc cho hnh nh nhanh v p hn nhiu so vi mn hnh th ng bi kh nng iu khin lng nh sng i qua mi im tt hn. Bn c th nhn s khc bit ng nt, tng phn, tnh trung thc mu cng nh kh nng phn ng nhanh ca mn hnh ng vai tr rt quan trng trong hin th video chuyn ng thc. Trong khi cc loi mn hnh ma trn tch cc mi nht c kh nng ti hin video vi tc 20 - 30 khung hnh trong mt giy th mn hnh ma trn th ng, k c loi dual-scan ch t ti mc 5 khung hnh mt giy. Bi vy, nu mun chi video MPEG trn my notebook, bn khng nn chn mn hnh th ng. Tuy nhin, do cng ngh phc tp trong quy trnh sn xut, cng
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nh t l sn phm t cht lng khng cao (ch cn 3 trong s hng trm nghn transistor b hng, mn hnh coi nh b loi b), mn hnh ma trn tch cc t hn rt nhiu so vi mn hnh th ng. Cng ngh Dual - scan l mt c gng nhm tng cng hiu nng ca mn hnh th ng m khng lm tng gi thnh. V c bn, theo cng ngh ny, mn hnh c chia thnh hai na, vi hai transistor cho mi hng. Nh vy, thi gian phn ng, cng nh tng phn v sng c tng ln mt t. Tuy nhin, so vi mn hnh tch cc, mn hnh th ng vn cn km mt khong xa. Hin ti, cc loi mn hnh dual - scan hay TFT c phn gii 640 x 480 hay 800 x 600. Mn hnh 640 x 480 thng c kch thc 9,5 hay 10,4 inch (theo ng cho). Loi 800 x 600 c kch thc t 10,4 n 12 inch. Gi ca mn hnh 800 x 600 t hn loi 640 x 480 khng qu 50 USD. Tng lai iu g s xy ra trong tng lai gn. Nhiu du hiu cho thy thm ch cc my notebook bnh thng nht cng s c trang b mn hnh LCD 800 x 600 ch trong vi thng ti bi giao din ha tng cng ca phn ln cc h iu hnh hin nay. V kch thc mn hnh, loi 10,4 hay 11,3 inch cho php th hin tt vn bn v ha thm ch khi font ch nh, s tr nn thng dng. Trong khi , mn hnh c phn gii 1024 x 768 s c trang b cho cc my cp cao hn vi kch c mn hnh 12,3 n 13,3 inch. Chng hn nh my th h k tip ca IBM, ThinkPad siu mng v nhiu sn phm khc ca cc nh sn xut c tn tui. Loi mn hnh ny khng cho cho phn gii cao, m cn tr nn mng hn, cn khong 8 mm v khng nng hn bao nhiu so vi loi 11,3 hay 11,8 inch hin c. Do phn ln ngi s dng phn gii 1024 x 768 s chuyn sang dng font mn hnh ln (120 dpi), mn hnh 12,3 inch s thch hp vi phn gii ny. Trong khi font ln c th hn ch s lng k t th hin trn mn hnh (vi s k t tng ng trn mn hnh 800 x 600 vi font nh), phn gii v chnh xc ca k t s ging vi bn in ra my in. Vic tng kch thc ca k t trn mn hnh cng s cho php t c s hin th tt hn khi s dng phn gii cao trn mn hnh nh. l ti sao mn hnh "nh" 12,3 inch vn s cho s hin th tt ngay vi c phn gii 1024 x 768. Mt yu t quan trng khc na l bng mu hin th (color palette). Cho n cui nm ngoi, phn ln cc loi my notebook trn th trng u hn ch 256K mu cng lc, hoc 512K (dual-scan) v 4096K cho TFT. Vic thay i tn hiu

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vo thnh 8 bit cho mi mu dn n kh nng th hin n 16 triu mu. Tuy nhin hin nay, khng loi mn hnh LCD no c th snh c vi mn hnh CRT. Trong nm nay, 64K out of 256K mu s l ti thiu cho cc my notebook mc trung, trong nhiu my cao cp s cho 16 triu mu (mu thc) ha trn mn hnh LCD TFT. Tuy nhin, 64K (high color) mu cng p ng phn ng ngi dng notebook, k c nhng ai cn xem phim MPEG-2 ghi trn a DVD dung lng ln (DVD - Digital Video Disk, xem thm bi ng trn PC World VN s 5/1996, trang 20). V mt cng ngh, bn s chng kin sp ti mt i th mi gia mn hnh th ng v tch cc. c bit vi tn gi: mn hnh "active-addressing", loi LCD ny c cc hng im c cp nht mt cch ngu nhin di s iu khin ca mt chip c thit k chuyn cho mc ch ny. Cht lng mu, tc ti hin, tng phn, cng nh gi thnh ca loi mi ny nm mc gia hai cng ngh bit. Ngoi ra, c nhng cng ngh vt liu silicon mi dng cho mn hnh ma trn tch cc, cho php gim gi thnh, tng hiu nng v tin cy ca mn hnh. Vi cng ngh ny, cc loi mn hnh LCD siu mn c th t ti phn gii 2560 x 2048 im trn mn hnh 21 inch. C hai loi, mn hnh tch cc v th ng s c ci tin v nhng phng din khc. Mt trong nhng vn quan trng l mu sc ca mn hnh s c tng cng cho tng phn v sng tt hn, dn n tc cp nht tng im ca mn hnh s nhanh hn, h tr tt hn cho video chuyn ng tht. Ni tm li, cng ngh LCD s tip tc pht trin nhanh trong vi nm ti. Bn s c chng kin nhng mn hnh LCD u tin cho cht lng hin th tng ng vi mn hnh CRT, nhng li tr nn mng hn, nh hn. Ngoi ra, bn cng s c bit ti nhng i th mi ca LCD: cng ngh mn hnh tm dt (plat-panel), chng hn nh FED (Field Emission Display - mn hnh pht x trng: mt loi CRT phng) v AM-EL (Active-Matrix Electroluminescent - Pht quang in t ma trn tch cc). Thay v phi c ngun sng pha sau, loi mn hnh AM-EL, ging nh CRT v FED t to ra ngun sng. Tuy nhin, mn hnh AM-EL s dng cht pht quang (phosphor) v in p to ra nh snh, khng ging nh FED s dng li bao gm cc phn t pht x (emitter) trn nn phng. Hai loi mn hnh ny s c a ra th trng trong u nm ti. Ngun cp in lin tc: Bin php cu h hiu qu
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in b ngt t ngt, v bn ri vo ti tm m mt. Sau y l mt s thit b c th gip bn thot khi cnh tm ti . iu g xy ra khi st nh vo ng dy in ca bn? Cc cu ch phi c lp li v thay th. n li sng. May qu, my TV khng cm vo in lc st nh, nhng cha kp mng th ti mt khi nhn thy cp ni t in n my tnh vn cn nguyn . Thn trng, bn kim tra si cp c b chy hng hay khng, ri th ng m cu dao in. Khng b nh la u c. Bn quyt nh m my PC, n vo cng tc in, nhng chng thy g. Mn hnh khng hin th ln ngay logo h iu hnh yu thch ca bn; khng c nhng ting bp e l pht ra t chic loa nh trong hp my PC. Khng c g c. y khng phi l mt s c him gp. kh nhiu ngi c my PC b hng v nhng thng ging in - t vic ch mt mt t d liu khng ng k, n ton b d liu trong a cng i toi. V iu tai hi nht, trong trng hp b st nh, l ton b PC (bo mch m, b x l, cc card v.v...) b hng. C l ti t nht trong cc loi thit hi l mt d liu. Bn c th thay th phn cng v phn mm vi mt t tin chi ph v ci t li. Nhng vi d liu th thng l phi thay th bng cch nhp vo tng bit mt rt tn cng - nht l nu bn c thi quen xu khng bao gi chu sao lu d liu ca mnh vo mt s phng tin lu tr khc khng c thun li nh a cng, th tht l tai hi. i vi ngi hay than phin v nhng bt thng in lm cho h va tn km tin bc va khng yn tm, bao gi cng c mt li khuyn: hy u t mt h UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply - Ngun cp in lin tc) hoc ch t cng l mt thit b chng t bin in (surge protector/suppressor). vng nhit i (ni gi ma l mt thc t ca cuc sng), hoc nhng vng in thng ging thng xuyn, bn ch cn mt chn la: chi ph cho mt trong nhng thit b hoc h thng t tng kinh ph dnh cho in ton ca bn. D nhin, chn la thit b hoc h thng no l ty thuc vo cc yu cu ca bn, vo tnh trng ng dy cp in trong vng, vo cht lng ca b ngun trong PC, v vo mc cp thit m cng vic ca bn i hi. Mt my PC gia nh, khng dng cho cng vic kinh doanh, c th ch i hi mt thit b chng t bin in n gin v phi tt my khi tri c ging st l . Mt h thng SOHO (Small Office Home Office - my tnh cho vn phng nh) c th phi cn mt b UPS tng i tt. Cn cc doanh nghip v cng ty ln th khng cn bn ci g na, cn phi c cc h UPS tinh vi v t tin trn mng. Nhng s c v in
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My tnh c nhn, cng nh hu ht cc my in t nhy cm khc, yu cu phi c in n nh hot ng tt v ko di tui th. Di y l nhng s c in c th gy h hng nghim trng cho my PC ca bn. St in (brownout) l cc st p ngn lm cho my tnh khng in cn thit hot ng chnh xc. St p c tc hi t vic gy "t lit" bn phm cho n ngng tr ton h thng, v dn n mt hoc hng d liu. Chng cng rt ngn tui th v tnh hiu qu ca cc b phn trong PC.i vi mt in (blackout) th tt c kt qu cng vic trong b nh v cache u mt sch, nhng khng pht trin thm h hng m n c th gy ra. Mt in c th lm hng FAT (File Allocation Table) ca a cng, c ngha l mi d liu trn a cng b mt. t bin (spike) v tng in (surge) u l cc s c in p tng cao. t bin in l mt c tng t ngt in p ln rt cao, c th ph hng ngay tc khc tt c cc linh kin trong mt thit b in t. Surge l s tng in cung cp xy ra trong mt thi gian ngn hn mt phn trm giy, c th lm cho cc linh kin mng manh tinh vi b hng sm. Nn nh, hu ht cc linh kin ca PC u l loi tinh vi d hng, nn nhng c tng in s rt ngn tui th ton h thng my ca bn mt cch ng k. Tp nhiu in (electrical noise) cng l loi kh pht hin nu khng c thit b o thch hp, c th chia lm hai loi: nhiu in t (Electro-Magnetic Interference EMI) v nhiu tn s radio (Radio Frequency Interference - RFI). C hai loi EMI v RFI u xut pht t v s ngun gc, bao gm cc my pht in, i pht sng radio, ging st, v cc my mc cng nghip nng, chng ph hng tnh n nh ca dng in cung cp. Chng c th gy ra trc trc v li trong cc chng trnh ang thc hin cng nh trong cc tp tin d liu. Cc thit b C ba loi thit b an ton in ch yu: thit b chng t bin, thit b iu ha in (line conditioner), v UPS. Thit b chng t bin in rt cn thit, chng s to thnh bc tng cui cng bo v chng li cc t bin v tng in. Hy mua loi c bo hnh s c n b nu thit b h hng do tng in. Bn nn tm hiu v tnh trng in trong vng bn . Vt liu metal-oxide c dng bo v chng li t bin in trong thit b s b hng trong thi gian vi nm hay vi thng ty tnh trng in tt hay xu. Cc loi chng t bin in r tin thng khng c ch th cho bit trng thi ca vt liu ny l cn tt hay sp hng. Bn cng nn dng chng tng in cho ng dy in thoi ca bn khi a my tnh vo ch trc tuyn.
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Thit b iu ha in va c kh nng chng t bin, va c th khc phc tnh trng st p in. Thit b ny s dng mt bin p t ng duy tr in n nh thng xuyn trong hu ht mi iu kin. UPS th bo v chng li t bin v tng in, cng nh s st p in. Thit b ny bao gi cng cha mt b acqui duy tr in cho PC ca bn, c th chy trong mt thi gian lu li cc kt qu cng vic v tt my ng quy trnh, khng gy h hng. Nu bn lm vic trong mt khu vc thng xuyn b mt in, v/hoc nu kt qu cng vic ca bn l quan trng n mc m s ngng tr my s gy hu qu rt tai hi, th phi t mua ngay mt UPS. Nn nh rng, mc tiu th in c tnh theo vn-ampe (VA), nn con s quyt nh i vi vic tm kim la chn cc thit b n nh in cho ph hp l tr s VA. Bn phi c trong tay tr s VA ca PC ca bn khi i mua mt thit b in. Nu PC ca bn l loi tiu th 690 VA, th bn phi xt k xem thit b m bn nh mua c p ng tr s VA hay khng (bng hoc ln hn 690 VA). Nu c mc thm thit b ngoi vi no, th tr s VA ca n cng phi c cng thm vo. Bao gi cng vy, cch an ton nht l hi ngi bn hng c kin thc c gip khi chn la. Cui cng, s sp t l tng nht l kt hp cc b bo v chng t bin v mt hay nhiu UPS, ty thuc vo yu cu ca bn. MGE Pulsar EX7/EX10 MGE l mt trong cc hng hng u v UPS, t nhng loi UPS dng cho PC cc kiu, cho n nhng loi dng cho mng ln. i vi PC, MGE a ra h UPS Pulsar. Chng ta s cng xem xt cc Pulsar EX7 v EX10 i vi cng sut li ra 700 VA v 1000 VA tng ng. Cng ngh ca hai loi ny ging nhau. Pulsar EX7/EX10 lin tc bin i dng in vo t AC thnh DC, ri sau t DC thnh AC, trc khi a n PC ca bn. Nh n san bng mi nhiu lon ca dng in trc khi i n PC, v to nn mt dng chy n nh cho lung in tinh khit. l nguyn l bo v i vi kh nng ci thin dng in ca n. Pulsar EX7/EX10 cn c th hot ng vi di in p vo kh rng (120-276 volt), cho nn tit kim s ln phi chuyn sang pht in bng acquy, cng nh rt ngn ti a thi gian phi pht in acquy. Vi di in p vo m rng, khng nhng thi gian phc v ca acquy c tng ln cc i, m khong thi gian acquy cha y in cng l cc i. Trn c s ny, Pulsar EX7/EX10 c th t ho. V b np in acquy cht lng cao, c th rt ngn thi gian phi np li, v lm cho thi gian pht in ca acquy cng ko di thm.
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Thi gian pht in ca acquy c chnh lch gia EX7 v EX10. Pulsar EX7, ch dng 100% cng sut li ra, c th ko di 8 pht; 66% cng sut ra, ko di 15 pht; v 33% cng sut ra, ko di c 36 pht. Pulsar EX10, ch 100% cng sut ra, c th ko di 9 pht; 66% cng sut ra, ko di 15 pht; v 33% cng sut ra, ko di 46 pht. Thi gian np li cho c hai loi ny sau khi phng ht in l hai ting ri i vi ch np y. C mt tin ch phn mm EX-Driver i km vi Pulsar EX7/EX10 cho ngi s dng c th kim sot c cc h UPS ca h. N cho php ngi dng lm ph hp Pulsar EX theo cc h tng ng ca h v cc mt: in p ra, chu k kim tra acquy, tt, m - tt c u c th iu chnh. EX-Driver cng cho php kim tra mi thng s hot ng ca UPS, bao gm c thi gian np d tr v t l phn trm cng sut ti ca acquy. Cc tnh nng khc gm c: t ng gim st theo di acquy, kh nng khi ng lnh (khi khng c in), v mt bng iu khin mt trc, hin th y cc thng tin trng thi. Nhng ai lm vic trn mt mng hoc trn mt phc h cc h thng my cht lng cao, u s rt vui mng khi bit cc thit b UPS ca PGE cn km theo phn mm Solution-Pac dng gim st v qun l cng nng ca cc h UPS khc nhau mt cch gin tip t xa. EX7 c gi bn khong 1510 SD; cn EX10 khong 1979 SDTt c cc UPS h Pulsar u c bo hnh hai nm v c i mt-mt cng model. BackAPC Back-UPS Pro 650 Back-UPS Pro 650 ca hng APC s dng mt b vi x l thc hin cc chc nng t ng n nh in p (Automatic Voltage Regulation - AVR) cung cp dng in chy lin tc vo h thng my ca bn. Khi gp mt s c qu in p, AVR s bin dng in vo thnh dng xoay chiu bnh thng trc khi a n vo cc b phn ghp ni pha sau. Trong trng hp st p, AVR cng s bo m dng xoay chiu i vo pha sau l bnh thng m khng cn n dng in acquy. Back-UPS Pro 650 cng c b bo v chng t bin v b lc EMI/RFI hot ng thng xuyn. Thm vo , n cn c kh nng bo v cc card giao din mng 10 Base-T khi b cc bt thng surge trn ng dy d liu. Cc surge ng dy d liu ny khng nhng c th lm hng card giao din m cn c th ph c board m v ngun nui ca my tnh. B acquy th c kim sot bi h thng qun l acquy thng minh CellGuard trong Back-UPS Pro; n t ng tin hnh kim tra acquy c 14 ngy mt ln, v phng np in tha cng nh phng in ht kit i vi acquy.

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Acquy trong Back-UPS Pro d dng thay th v c th thay nng; thi gian np y li mt khong t 2 n 6 gi, ty loi. Model m bn gp hin nay l Back-UPS Pro 650 c cng sut VA/W l 650/410 yu cu t 2 n 4 gi np y hon ton. Cng nh Pulsar EX ca MGE, mt trc Back-UPS Pro 650 c cc b phn cnh bo. Bn s thy cc LED ch th trng thi dng in chy qua, cng nh tnh trng acquy. m thanh cng c s dng bo ng khi c cc du hiu bt thng. Back-UPS Pro c bo hnh hai nm cho c UPS ln acquy. Gi ngh ca APC l 467 US$ nhng cn phi tham kho thm gi c khc nhau cho tng khu vc. PK Electronic PowerBoxx v US9001 Hng PK Electronics c cc sn phm n nh ngun rt phong ph, t b bo v chng t bin cho n cc h thng lu in cho my fax v UPS. Chng ta s c bit xem xt loi UPS PowerBoxx c hnh chn nh dng rt tt cho cc h thng my c lp t trn bn lm vic. PowerBoxx c thit k x l mi loi bt thng v in v tp nhiu in, k c st. Ging nh tt c cc UPS khc, n hot ng nh l b chng t bin in v n p, ng thi c c acquy d phng cho trng hp mt in. N c cng sut 500 VA v in p li vo c th thay i trong di t 170V n 270V, ng thi d tr acquy c th duy tr Pentium PC trong vng t 15 n 20 pht. PowerBoxx khng c bng lp cc LED bo tnh trng cung cp in cho my PC ca bn, hay tnh trng tch in ca acquy d phng m ch mt cng tc tt m m thi. Tuy nhin s n gin bao gi cng n cha nhng nt p. Vi kch thc hi ha 485 x 100 x 165 mm, PowerBoxx va xinh t trn mt hoc xp gn di bn, v d dng b qun lng sau khi lp t. Cho n khi no xy ra mt in mi nh n s c mt ca n! PowerBoxx c l hi nng, xp x 9,5 kg, nhng cng may l khng hay b di di, trong my c mt khong trng nh va cha on cp tha nn cng tit kim ch ca mt bn. Chng ti thch PowerBoxx v phng din n gin, nhng thiu n LED bo hiu tnh trng ca acquy d phng l mt khim khuyt. PowerBoxx c bo hnh hai nm. Mt loi khc cng ca PK Electronics l lot US9000 gm nhiu mun UPS c th thay th nng (nhiu mun US9000 c th lp trong mt hp cng lm vic vi nhau). Trong lot ny, chng ti chn kiu c cng sut thp nht, US9001,
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dung lng 1000 VA. N c di in p vo t 160 n 275V, v in p ra 230V (n nh cng/tr 3%). Cao cp hn PowerBoxx, US9001 c th thc hin tt c cc nhim v kh b t bin v iu ha in, cung cp in d phng bng acquy, v km theo c kh nng kim tra t ng chn on h thng vi 5 n LED bo tnh trng acquy v cc mc ti, cng nh mt b bo ng m thanh. Thi gian d phng acquy c khong 5-15 pht. Cc kch thc ca US9001 l 499 x 134 x 226 mm. AMCOM Keeper H UPS Keeper ca hng AMCOM c tt c cc tnh nng cn thit gi an ton cho h my tnh ca bn. Mi mt b Keeper u km theo mt h phn mm d s dng theo di v qun l in cung cp vo cc h my ca bn, pht ting v du hiu cnh bo bo ng v cc trc trc. B sung cho phn mm tin ch theo di v qun l l tnh nng t ng tt my. Tnh nng ny c th xem chng vic ct gi v ng cc tp tin trong cc trnh ng dng ang m trc khi ngt in nu h my khng c ai ch ti. Chc nng n nh in p ca n c thc hin bi mt b iu ha in iu khin bng vi x l lp bn trong nn khng cn dng ti acquy khi b st p. Thit b ny cng c kh nng bo v chng t bin in v chng st. AMCOM Keeper cn km theo b bo v chng t bin trn ng dy d liu di dng cc u ni Phone (RJ11) hoc Modem (RJ45). D nhin, vic lc b tp nhiu in cng l mt tnh nng tiu chun ca Keeper. Ton b h UPS ny c kim sot bi mt b vi x l k thut s bo m s tin cy khp cc b phn. m rng kh nng bo v v qun l t cc h my tnh c lp sang mng my tnh, bn c th lp t thm b iu hp SNMP. H my UPS ca AMCOM ny gm c Keeper 420AE (420 VA) gi 199 S$, Keeper 650AE (650 VA) gi 345 S$, Keeper 1000AE (1000 VA) gi 432 S$, v Keeper 1400AE (1400 VA) gi 515 S$. Mua ng loi UPS, cn c nhng thn trng l mt s loi UPS ang c sn hin nay. Nu khng tm c mt a ch thch hp vi yu cu ca bn th hy yn tr rng mt ca hng khc s c nhng g m bn mun, vi gi va ti tin. Nhng bn phi ch n mt iu l s c nhiu tnh nng tng t nhau trn cc UPS m bn nhn thy trong cc ca hng . C trong tay kh nng bo v ca cc UPS hin i, nhiu ngi c th qu li m b qua mt s quy tc phng nga c nhng rt tt - nh phi rt phch cm ra khi in khi c ging st chng hn. Li khuyn ca chng ti l: Khng nn qu tin tng vo UPS!
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Cch s dng hp a cng tho rp Trn th trng c bn Hp a cng tho rp rt tin dng, cch s dng nh sau: Hp gm c 2 phn rp ni vi nhau qua 1 u ni tng t nh cc cng COM hay LPT. Phn cht: Ging nh g cho phn sng (tho rp c), c bt cht bng c vo hc dnh cho a 1.2Mb. Dy ngun v cp cng c gn vo phn ny. Phn sng: Ging ci hp dng cha cng kiu IDE. Khi s dng, bn ch vic b cng vo hp, ni dy, gn vo phn cht l xong. Khi khng dng hay khi cn thay th a cng, bn ch cn rt phn sng ra, thay a mi ri gn vo li. Ch : Mi thao tc tho lp u phi c tin hnh sau khi ngt in ngun vo my. Hin nay cc ch chp a u trang b hp ni ny phc v cho vic chp trc tip ln a cng do khch em li (nhanh, gn hn chp ra a mm). Nu bn thng hay tho lp a cng th nn trang b.

Ti s dng a cng SCSI-2 trong su thng khng gp bt c rc ri no. Sau ti mua mt a cng IDE, 1,6GB mi. By gi my tnh ca ti khi ng t IDE ch khng t SCSI. C cch no SCSI ca ti thnh a khi ng c khng?

a khi ng

Cc DOS v Windows 95 gn ch ci cho a quyt nh th t tm a khi ng. Tht khng may, khng c cch n gin lm c nh bn cn. Tr phi CMOS ca my bn c iu khin khc i ,tin trnh khi ng my s bt u t vic tm a mm th nht sau sang a cng C: (Mt s chng trnh BIOS cho php bn chn th t A: ri n C: hay C: ri n A:). Vn mu cht l my tnh xc nh no l C:. DOS gn C: cho khu DOS chnh dnh cho khi ng (active primary) n tm thy u tin. a vt l th nht - hay s 1 (drive 1) theo cch gi ca chng trnh phn hoch a FDISK cn phi c mt khu DOS chnh dnh cho khi ng v nh th DOS s tm thy khu ny trc. (Cc a vt l cn li khng nht thit phi c khu chnh na). Khu ny c gn l C:. My tnh thy IDE trc SCSI, do thm IDE vo s lm cho SCSI b gn li mt bc (t C: xung D:)

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Cch duy nht tip tc khi ng t SCSI: to mt a mm khi ng. a mm ny s chuyn vic iu khin cho D: ( SCSI) thc hin cc bc cn li ca tin trnh khi ng my. C mt vn phc tp m cch ny khng gii quyt c: tt c cc tp trn SCSI u c ci t tm v C:, trong khi by gi l IDE mi. Cch tt nht l chp nhn hy sinh: chuyn ni dung SCSI sang IDE v cho my khi ng t mi. Phng thu a phng tin hon chnh Bn mun to dng cho mnh mt h thng sn xut a phng tin hon ho? Tt thi. Nhng trc tin, chng ta hy bt u t nhng ci cn bn nht. Bn thch t sn xut cc sn phm a phng tin? Nu vy, bn cn phi c mt h thng my tnh mnh c th m bo s linh hot trong qu trnh sn xut. Trong bi ny, chng ti xin gii thiu vi cc bn th no l sn xut a phng tin v cc thit b cn c trong qu trnh sn xut. Bn nn bit mt h thng my tnh mun c gi l tt th phi gm nhng phn cng, phn mm no v gi tr bao nhiu. Chng ta hy so snh sc mnh cc h thng xt trn mc ch s dng chnh ca chng. a phng tin l g? Cho n u th k ny ngi ta thng gn khi nim a phng tin vi cc din vin. n na cui th k, chng ta c chng kin s pht trin nh v bo ca a phng tin. Mi trng a phng tin vn n hng t con ngi qua phim nh, ti vi, cc h thng dng k thut s v hng lot h thng s dng cc cng ngh mi khc. C th hiu nm na a phng tin l s truyn t thng tin n ngi s dng bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Ngi s dng lnh hi thng tin bng cch nghe, nhn, cm gic....Cc thnh phn chnh ca a phng tin l m thanh, hnh nh v chuyn ng. ti d liu ny n cho ngi s dng, chng ta cn knh chuyn ti. S o lng d liu c chuyn i (v x l) trn knh trong khong thi gian nht nh gi l gii thng (bandwidth). Gii thng l yu t quyt nh khi lng thng tin bn c th chuyn n cho ngi s dng. C th ni gii thng quyt nh vn tn ti hay khng tn ti? Ti sao li ni nh vy? Bn hy nhn vo s gii thng trang bn th s hiu iu ny. S cho chng ta thy v tr tng i ca cc phng tin trnh din i chng hin nay, so snh chng vi nhau v vi i sng thc. t ngi bit rng cc h thng a phng tin dng k thut tng t (analog) li gy nh hng ton din n ngi xem mnh hn h thng k thut s hin i.
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Cc h k thut tng t c phn gii, mu sc, m thanh..., ngha l kh nng thu ht gic quan, tt hn nhiu so vi h k thut s. Khim khuyt nghim trng duy nht ca h tng t l n khng to iu kin thc hin tc ng qua li (interative) gia sn phm a phng tin v ngi dng. Hn na chnh sa cc sn phm ca h tng t l chuyn khng my n gin. Chnh kh nng chnh sa l im mnh tuyt i gip h k thut s ginh c v tr ca mnh. Tng lai chc chn thuc v k thut s Chc nng quyt nh hnh thc Mt trm a phng tin "hon chnh" phi thc thi c hai nhim v: sng to v trnh by. Hai nhim v ny hon ton tch bit nhng c tm quan trng tng ng. Ni chung, bn nn tch hai nhim v ny ra thc hin ring trn cc my khc nhau. L do rt d hiu. Gi th chng ta dng TV va son tho va chiu phim qung co. Hy th tng tng: c nm pht mt ln, chng trnh TV li b ngt qung, ngi xem tm ngh ngi nh sn xut lm vic! Bn cn mun xem TV na khng? to ra ni dung, bn cn nng lc x l v lu tr, cng nhanh, cng nhiu th cng tt. Vic to ra cc yu t cn bn nh cnh video, hnh chp, hot hnh ba chiu, ha v m nhc i hi bn phi c kin thc v nhng lnh vc ny. Ngoi tr cc hnh nh hai chiu, ba chiu v m nhc dng s c th to bng my vi tnh, hnh nh v m thanh t nhin phi c s ha trn h thng ca bn. Bn nn mua cc th vin m nhc v hot cnh ba chiu cht lng cao. To nhng hnh nh loi ny i hi nhiu thi gian. Vy th ti sao khng mua nhng g hin c sn trn th trng? Bn c th chn thoi mi trong th vin ca Corel v Kodak. Nu c con mt ha s, bn c th tng cng kh nng ha ca h thng, v d nh mua thm bng v s ha (digitizing tablet). Nhng bn m m nhc c th nng cp card m thanh v thm thit b MIDI. Tm li h thng ca bn phi c ci t theo nhu cu thc hin. H thng C th phn loi cc h thng my ra lm ba cp: "Tt", "Rt tt" v "Tt nht". C rt nhiu yu t hp tc khc nm gia ba cp chnh ny. Theo nh gi hin nay, cc my loi "Tt" c gi khong 5.000 la M v "Tt nht" ln ti khong 20.000 la. H thng c nh gi l "Tt" ch ph hp cho qu trnh ch to a phng tin c nhn v c th dng pht trin cc trang Web chuyn nghip. H "Rt tt" c thm kh nng xut bn bng CD-ROM. H "Tt nht" p ng c cc yu cu

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ca trm lm vic a phng tin chuyn nghip v c kh nng chnh sa video phi tuyn (non-linear video editing). Hp my (Chassis) Hy mua loi my c tc cao nht trong kh nng ti tin ca bn cho php. Tc bus ti thiu phi t ti 66 MHz. Cc tc l tch s ca tc ny (v d nh loi 2z66 MHz=133 MHz) lung mang li hot ng tt. Nn nh cc my c bus tc chm hn d c trang b CPU nhanh hn cng khng t c hiu qu cao. Phi c a CD-ROM. Nu bn sn xut chng trnh trn CD-ROM, bn nh mua loi my nghe CD c a cng tc nh a ca ngi s dng. i vi modem, ngy cng c nhiu ngi nhn ra rng 28,8K l tc tha ng ti thiu duyt Web. Loi modem 33,6K v chun X2 mi ca US Robotics dnh cho h thng "Rt tt" v "Tt nht". Modem dng s (ISDN) khng nht thit cn cho bn v n i hi kt ni c bit. H "Tt" phi c ti thiu Pentium 90 MHz chy Windows 95, 32 MB RAM v card mn hnh 2 MB loi chy nhanh. Bn nn c hai a cng, mt a chnh dung lng 2 GB v th hai 1 GB dng lu tr ha, m thanh v video. Mun c coi l "Rt tt", my bn phi l Pentium 166-200MHz vi MMX, 64 MB RAM, card mn hnh 4 MB. Nn s dng b iu khin a cng SCSI-2. B iu khin ny chy nhan hn IDE v khng lm nh hng n b vi x l v h thng ngay c khi phi lin tc c v ghi mt lng ln d liu, v d nh khi bn ghi v chiu video. Ngoi mt a cng 2 GB nn ci t thm mt 3 GB na phc v mc ch lu tr ha. H "Tt nht" i hi b vi x l loi Pentium Pro 150-200 MHz vi 128 MB RAM v chy Windows NT 4.0. Giao tip SCSI-2 l yu cu thit yu c trong my v cho c cc thit b AV khc. i vi cc thnh phn khc nh DIMM v b nh EDO, ng v hi t hay khng c sn m b qua. Phi thit k sao cho h thng c tc cao hn nhim v i hi. Nu h thng ch va hon thnh cng vic, khi phi c gng qu n s ngh chi lm kh bn. Lc bn li tn nhiu cng sc hn. iu cn quan tm phi l gi tr cao ca h thng ch khng phi l gi c thp nht. Mn hnh Lut cho mn hnh l "cng ln th cng tt". Tuy vy kch c thun ty ch l mt na vn . Bn cn 4 MB VRAM t phn gii cao hn (tc l 1024 x786 v hn na) vi 24 bit mu (16 triu mu). H "Tt" phi c mn hnh 15" thng
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thng, v d nh ca Acer hay CTX. Mn hnh 17" (ca NEC hay Samsung chng hn) dnh cho h "Rt tt". Cc mn hnh 21" nhn hiu Daytek, Hitachi hay ViewSonic thuc loi cao cp hn, ph hp vi h "Tt nht". Tuy nhin, mn hnh 24", loi mn hnh do Sony xng l tut vi nht. Loi ny qu tht l bu vt cho nhng ai sut ny phi nhn chm chm vo giao din thc thi gian (timeline interface). Thc thi gian c chiu di rt ln, khng cn xng vi mn hnh. Do mn hnh cng ln th cng gip bn thy c nhiu chi tit hn. Ngoi ra, to hnh nh video chuyn nghip, bn phi c thm mn hnh video NTSC (hay PAL) cht lng cao. u vo mn hnh phi chp nhn nhiu tn hiu, c composite video v S-Video (Y/C). Mn hnh cn thm hai kh nng na l kim tra mu sc v qut d (overscan). Mu sc to bi u ra RGB ca my tnh i hi khi vt qua kh nng tip nhn ca mn hnh NTSC. Do , bn cn mn hnh NTSC nhm pht hin cc sai bit gia mn hnh my tnh v kt qu thc, t trnh cc sai st trc khi a ra bng video, CD-ROM chun MPEG hay DVD. Qut d l qut mp hnh nh ln ra ngoi mn hin th ging nh a s TV vn thc hin. Bn s c cm tng hnh trn y mn hin th nhng thc t phn ra hnh nh ca bn b mt. trnh mt mt, bn nn hnh ha c ng bin ln mt cht. Tm li, mt mn hnh TV c xp hng l dng cho phng thu. Cc thit b nhp d liu My chp nh s nh ca Canon v Epson l bc khi u t tn km chp cc hnh nh tnh ngoi i thc. My ghi hnh VHS, S-Video hay DVC (sp xp theo th t cht lng hnh nh) cho php a vo cc hnh nh chuyn ng khi gn vi card tm bt hnh. v hnh bng my tnh, bn nn dng gi v s ha (v d nh ca hng Wacom). Vi gi v ny, vic sng to ha trn my tnh hay theo du hnh nh s tr nn trc quan hn. Bn s dng n my qut hnh nu bn cn s ha cc tranh v hnh nh phng. My quay phim MPEG dng a cng, v d nh Hitachi MP-EGIA chc s c mi ngi a chung v n rt gn (ch bng mt ci in thoi di ng) v d dng kt hp vi my tnh. Ch cn g a cng ra, gn vo khe cm PCMCIA Type 2, th l bn c ngay video trn PC. Cng c phn mm C rt nhiu phn mm dng cho hnh nh ha hai chiu nh Fractal Design Painter, Adobe Photoshop, Micrografix Picture Publisher v Corel Photopaint. Phn mm to cc hnh ba chiu hay hot hnh cng nhiu khng km. Trong s
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c Lightwave ca NewTek, Ninetix 3D Studio MAX, Softimage ca Microsoft, Caligari trueSpace, Animation Master. Vic la chn phn mm no ty thuc phn ln vo cng vic bn phi lm, kh nng sng to, ngn sch cng nh quan im ring ca bn. Trong cc phn mm dng cho a phng tin cn phi k n cng c lm Web (Web authoring tools), chnh sa video (video editors), cc b chng trnh trnh din tng tc bng k thut s (digital/interactive presentation). Cc cng c lm Web tt nht l NetObjects Fusion, Microsoft FrontPage, Claris Home Page, Corel Web Master (sp ti l Adobe PageMill) v hng t cc chng trnh nh hn khc. Chnh s a dng ca ngi xem Web gy kh khn cho vic chn ra mc thit k Web ti u. Hin nay cn v s ngi dng c modem 9600 baud v Netscape Navigator 2. H chc chn s kh chp nhn ti xung mi phn cng thm (plugin) chng ta gii thiu cho h. Nu bn bit r v khn thnh gi th cng on chn thit k s d dng hn. Cc phn mm trnh by c th to ra bn trnh din "sng" hay "ghi sn" (live or canned). Mi trnh din "sng" thng l trnh din c ngi iu khin. Mt ging ni s hng dn ngi nghe trong qu trnh gii thiu. Cc bn trnh din ghi sn c th phn ra hai loi: khng tng tc v tng tc. Ngi dng c th t tm n ngun thng tin cn thit nu bn trnh din l kiu tng tc. nh cao cht lng ca qu tnh sn xut a phng tin thng th hin trong cc sn phm tng tc hon ton hay gii tr c bn quyn nh cc tr chi hay cu chuyn. Cc chng trnh ng knh nh Power Point ca Microsoft ang mt ch ng v hin nay c cc phn mm linh hot v d dng hn nh Click & Create ca Corel, MM100 v MM200 ca Scala. Cc d n phc tp cn n cc chng trnh mnh hn nh Macromedia Director hay Quest ca Allen Communications. Cc chng trnh chnh sa chui hnh nh thng xut kt qu l tp AVI, MPEG 1 hay 2 hoc l QuickTime. Chng trnh ny cn c tn l b chnh sa video phi tuyn (non-linear video editor). Adobe Premiere v mt s phn mm khc nh Media Studio Pro, Corel Lumiere, In:sync Speed Razor v Star Media Systems Video Action NT ang c mi ngi a chung. Tt c cc phn mm ni trn u cung ng cc tnh nng cn bn cho qu trnh chnh sa, kt hp hnh tnh, hot hnh v video. thit k cc on chuyn cnh, v d nh hnh m dn, hay b xa i ch cn ko v th chut. Giai on chnh sa thng bao gm khu chn nhc, cc hiu ng m thanh. Hnh nh sau c a ra bn thu nh xem th (miniature previews) nh gi sn phm. Giai on to kt xut hon chnh phn gii ng thng phi lm qua
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m v phi tn rt nhiu thi gian. Mi mt giy video hon chnh u i hi nhiu thi gian v sc lc. Kh nng thm ph v chnh sa m thanh video bng phn mm cng ht sc quan trng. Phi lun lun quan tm n m nhc v lm cho hnh nh c hi ha vi m nhc. B chuyn m (Encoder) Nu sn phm chy tt khi xm trn card VGA v bn mun chuyn sang bng video th bn phi mua b chuyn m. B chuyn m c tc dng chuyn hnh khng qut xen (non-tinterlaced) ca my itnsh thnh tn hiu video composite ghi c ln bng t. B AverKey ca Avermedia c cht lng tng i tt, k l Scan do ca Communications Specialties. Nhng v tr dn u hin nay vn thuc v VGA Producer ca hng Magni Systems vi u ra S-VHS. B chuyn m cng chp nhn cho tn hiu video i qua. Nh , bn c th chn thm cc hnh ha to ra trn my tnh vo video. y l cch thng dng thm tiu , ph , hay hnh m...trong cc on phim video. Cc b chuyn i cao cp cho php chng ta m ha hnh nh c phn gio cao (1600x1200) vo video. Tuy vy, nu thit b ch c kh nng chuyn t NTSC sang PAL hay SECAM cng c th coi l tm . Mch bt v chiu video C hai mch ny c cng mc ch: cho php bn ghi li video bng my tnh, x l hnh v chiu li trn h NTSC (hay PAL). Ty theo cht lng video u ra v s kiu kt xut m phn loi cc mch ny t "Tt" n"Tt nht". Khi u l DC10/20 ca Micro, Bravado ca Truevision v Rainbow Runner ca Matrox (khi dng vi card mn hnh Mystique). Tht ra hnh nh c c vn cha hon ton ph hp vi cc ng dng chuyn nghip. Tuy nhin n rt hu ch trong vic chi chut cc on video gia nh. Thm vo , bn c th dng mch ny to cc phm AVI c phn gii 320x200 cho cc trnh din k thut s hay Web. Cc mch thu pht video ca h "Rt tt" c cht lng cao hn v nn nhiu hn. Do bn s thy video c hnh nh p hn nhiu, p ng c tiu chun cng nghip. D cc nh sn xut c tuyn b h thng vi a IDE l cho chnh sa video, bn vn phi dng SCSI-2 tn dng ht kh nng ca cc mch ny. Cc bo mch AVI tuy c r hn v c th linh hot hn nhng bo mch nn MPEG s cho bn hnh nh tuyt nht vi kh nng nn cao hn. Bn cng cn c a chuyn dng cho AV (thng c gn trc tip vo card mn hnh). Bo mch thng dng DPS Perception c b tng tc chuyn cnh (ty chn) rt ngn thi gian hon thnh on video. B Targa 2000 c kh nng x
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l thay th card VGA nn bn c th xem video trong ca s. C hai b Mars2 ca DRV v Videoplex ca Optibase u hot ng vi chun nn MPEG-2 cao cp. B Videoplex cn c thm kh nng chuyn m (encoding). Card m thanh Card m thanh gn t n nh ca n c v cng ngh v gi c.a s ngi dng hi lng vi cc thit b c sn. Cc loi card Sound Blaster ca Creative Lab v cc card nhi thuc loi "Tt". Trong h "Rt tt", card AWE 64 ca Creative Lab gp phi s cnh tranh t Mediatrix Audiotrix Pro v Home Studio Pro 64 ca Guillemot International. Cc card ny cung ng trn b gii php phn cng v phn mm cho nhng ai thch lm vic vi m thanh, nhng cha phi l tay m nhc thc s. Cc chuyn gia m thanh hon ton hi lng vi CardD ca Digital Audio Labs (CardD) Plus thm ch c u vo v ra s ha) hay Antex Studio Card, p ng trn vn cc yu cu v t l gia tn hiu v nhiu (signal to noise ratio), cc chun m thanh s v s linh hot. H thng sao lu Cc thit b sao lu c chia lm hai dng: truy nhp ngu nhin hay khng ngu nhin. Cc thit b truy nhp ngu nhin thng da trn a. Cc sn phm gm c Zip v Jaz ca Iomega, EZ Flyer 230 v SyJet ca SyQuest, quang 2 v 4 GB ca MicroNet. Li im ch yu ca cc thit b ny l tc v s tin dng. CD ghi c (CDR) cng ph hp cho vic sao lu. Gi ca ny khong 250 la v a ghi khong 3 la. Li th ca CD-R l CD-ROM no cng c c thng tin trn a CD-R. Cc thit b sao lu khng ngu nhin thng da trn bng t v cn nhiu thi gian hn sao lu. Tuy nhin cc thit b ny c u th v dung lng, mi bng t sao lu c t 2 n 50 GB. Ditto QIC ca Iomega, mt kiu h DAT (chnh xc hn l DDS), cc bng 8 mm ca Exabyte v Micronet l in hnh ca loi thit b ny. Kt lun Cng ngh mi v hin i lin tc ra i. Tuy nhin iu quan trng l bn s lm c g ch khng phi bn dng cng ngh no. iu quan trng duy nht bn cn nh l phi chn cc thit b ph hp cho bn v cng vic m bn mun thc hin. a phng tin i vi nhng ngi khc nhau c th khc nhau. Ging nh th gii ca chng ta c dng ln t v s nn vn minh khc nhau, s thng hiu
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lm cho cuc sng ca chng ta phong ph hn nhiu. Mi trng a phng tin gi y ang lm cho c th gii xch li gn nhau hn. PC ca ngy mai CPU 400MHz, mn hnh rng, hiu c ting ni - l dng in hnh cho h thng PC ca bn trong nhng nm ti. Trong tng lai khng xa, chng ta s ni chuyn vi my tnh, ging nh trong cc phim khoa hc vin tng lu nay. Cuc sng ca chng ta s thay i nhiu. Nhng cng cn lu mi c nhng loi my bit nhn, nghe v m ca nh ngi ta thng tng tng. Vy PC s nh th no vo nm 2001? Hay sau 12 thng na? Nh hn, nhanh hn, thng minh hn, v ... thn thin hn nu bn tin vo nhng qung co v phn mm. Nhng liu PC c tin cy v c kh nng tu bin hn khng? Hay n s tip tc lm chng ta phi bc mnh v nhng rc ri v bo tr, tng thch v thi hn bo hnh gim dn theo ng xoy trn c. Ngnh cng ngh ny lun thay i nhanh ti mc kh m theo kp. V th chng ta phi da vo cc chuyn gia c ci nhn st thc hn vo tng lai ca my bn PC, notebook v phn mm. Bn s thy nhng phn on ca h trong bi bo ny. Nhn nh cui cng l g? Ch nn qu vi vng. Nhng c th thy l nhng ci tin r rt nht ca b x l, lu tr, mn hnh v tt c nhng cng ngh h tr cn thit u nhm lm cho PC ph hp hn vi c nhn s dng. V trung tm ca mi vn chnh l nhu cu ngy cng tng v kh nng x l. Tng thm kh nng Andy v Bill tng tc Ch tch Intel Andy Grove, cng vi cc i th cnh tranh ca Intel l AMD v Cyrix vn tng tc cho PC vi gi tip tc gim. Bill Gates cng ang tng chu k ng h ln nhanh hn na. Intel trnh din b x l 350MHz v d kin a ra Pentium 400MHz vo cui nm nay, gim c v cu trc IA-32 ca Intel cho bit. AMD s theo st Intel tng bc vi gi h 25%, theo li gim c tip th cc sn phm my tnh ca AMD. Cc chip AMD K6 nhanh hn s x l ho tt hn. iu ny cng chng t s ng n ca nh lut Moore. Nm 1965, nh ng sng lp Intel l Gordon Moore d on rng kh nng x l s tng gp i sau mi 24 thng. Hm nay, Pentium II ca Intel c 7,5 triu transistor. C theo ny

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th cc b x l ca Intel c th cha 50 n 100 triu transistor vo thp nin u ca th k ti. Theo li gim c tip th ca AMD: "Cng nh bu tri khng c gii hn, cng ngh silicon v k nng v cu trc ngy cng tin b cho php tc tip tc pht trin. Ti cho rng s khng bao gi c im kt thc". Chng ta s cn tng chu k ng h. PC trong tng lai phi thng xuyn lm vic vi nhng hnh nh 3D s, cc file m thanh v video khng l v nhiu thng tin khc n t Web. Vy th kh nng bao nhiu mi cho nhng nhu cu to ln ny? Theo hng dn thit k h thng PC 98 ca Intel/Microsoft, bn cn c t nht b x l Pentium 200MHz vi MMX v b nh h thng 32MB. Vo lc m NT 5.0 xut hin trong nm ti, model tt hn c th l my tnh Kayak XU mi ca Hewlett-Packard, trong bao gm mt cp Pentium II 300MHz, 128MB RAM v bus ho mi tc nhanh. Gi l 6655 USD. D nhin c th mc gi ny s gim xung khi s lng my tng ln v nhng chip mi ra i. ng truyn rng hn S tin b ca bus Ngay c b x l nhanh nht cng c th lm vic rt chm nu cc phn h khc ca PC v ng truyn d liu khng c tng tc. Intel v cc nh sn xut h thng y li thch thc v thng lng bng cch ci tin cc bus truyn d liu. B chip AGPset 440LX ca Intel a ra cng ho tng tc (AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port), l bus nhanh hn PCI nm gia CPU v b ng x l ho. AGP cn kt ni adapter ho vi b nh h thng lu tr nhng bn cu trc ln dng trong cc ng dng 3D. Cc nh phn tch d on rng vo nm 2000, tt c ho PC s dng 3D, v trong c th 70% hoc hn s s dng AGP. Nhng nhng ngi ham m tr chi l c li nhiu nht t AGP; cn cc nh x l vn bn v bng tnh th thm ch chng nhn thy s c mt ca n. Cc hng sn xut h thng v ang bt u ch to my AGP. Tuy nhin nhng th nghim v AGP hin nay cho kt qu cha hon ton kh quan. Tim nng thc s ca AGP cha th khng nh cho ti khi c nhiu ng dng hn h tr cho n c th phi n cui nm 1998. B chip bo mch h thng mi, d kin ra i trong nm 1998, cng s h tr tc bus h thng nhanh hn - 100MHz so vi tc h thng in hnh hin nay l 66MHz. Tng tc bus cho php PC ca bn tn dng cc kiu b nh nhanh
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hn. V DRAM ng b 100MHz s bt u xut hin vo gia nm, tip sau l Direct RDRAM trong nm 1999. Vi tc nhanh hn v gi r hn, c hai loi ny s nhanh chng thay th cc loi b nh hin thi. hn Kt ni nhanh hn Plug, play v th l cng vic c tin hnh Cng ngy bn s cng kt ni thm nhiu thit b vo my PC, chng s trao i d liu vi nhau tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi hin nay. l v cc cng song song v ni tip s c thay th bi Universal Serial Bus (USB) v giao tip ni tip tc cao IEEE 1394, hay FireWire. USB truyn ti 12 megabit/giy - nhanh hn khong 100 ln so vi phn ln cc cng ni tip chun - trong khi FireWire bt u t 100 n 400 mbps trong nm 1998 v tng ln n 1 gigabyte/giy vo cui thp nin ny. USB kt ni cc thit b c rng bng truyn thp nh chut v scanner vo cc PC mi. FireWire d kin xut hin trong nm 1998, s kt ni cc DVD v CD-ROM lp ngoi, cc camera tnh v video s, v c cng. C hai loi trn u to iu kin d dng cho vic b sung thit b mi vo h thng ca bn v gim bt tnh trng ln xn ca c m dy pha sau my. Nhng iu ch yu cn ph thuc nhiu vo vic cc nh sn xut thit b ngoi vi tn dng cc cng ngh c bn ny nh th no. Cc thit b USB u tin c th nghim khng lm vic hon ton nh qung co. Mt khi vn tng thch c gii quyt th USB c th kt ni mn hnh, chut v bn phm vi PC. Yu t to kh nng ny l cc driver mi trong Windows 98 v Windows NT. Lu tr nhiu hn Cc a mi ch trng v dung lng Thc t, bn khng ch cn thm sc mnh v tc ng truyn nhanh hn cho nhng file ln trong tng lai, m cn cn khng gian ln hn nhiu cha chng. Chng ta bit n nhiu khi nim mi trong lnh vc lu tr nh CD, DVD, LS-120, tho lp c, ghi li c, nhng cha c loi no thay th c a cng truyn thng. Cng nh tc b x l, dung lng a cng tng khong 60% mt nm, trong khi gi gim t 1USD/megabyte nm 1994 xung 1cent/meg trong nm 1998. Trin vng s ra sao? Gii hn duy nht l Acc nh sn xut a cng c th cha bao nhiu gigabyte trong mt a 3,5 inch' gi y chuyn thnh Abn mun mua a bao nhiu giga'. V d nhin con s c th ln hn c sc tng tng ca bn.

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Theo kin ca mt chuyn gia v lu tr th chng c a cng no l qu ln khi m cc phn mm ngy cng bnh trng. Windows 2000 s c th chim ti 18GB, Word chim 1GB. Trong khi cc phng tin lu tr gi cao s tip tc gim gi v tng cng ph bin. Tuy CD-ROM 650MB thay th cho a mm trong vic pht hnh phn mm, nhng n li b e do bi DVD 4,7GB. Mc d DVD bt u khng c vng chi, ngi ta d on rng s lng ca n s ui kp CD-ROM vo nm 2000. Khi , cc DVD-RAM ghi c c th nh bi CD ghi c trong la chn cho phng tin di chuyn. Nhng DVD-RAM cng gp phi vn tng thch. V n s phi cnh tranh vi cc loi a cng tho lp dung lng cao nh Iomega Jaz v siu a mm Zip hay LS-120 - nhng cng ngh nhanh hn, r hn v linh hot hn DVD. Nhng bc tranh sng sa Hnh nh ca ngy mai Bn mun xem d liu trn mn hnh ng cathode 17 inch knh cng hay trn LCD (mn hnh tinh th lng) 20 inch mnh mai, nhiu mu sc v sinh ng? Mt ngy no bn s thay th ci ng knh cng kia bng mt panel phng treo trn tng hoc chim mt ch nh trn bn ca bn. Cc nh sn xut mn hnh tinh th lng (LCD) lu nay c cc mu mn hnh ma trn tch cc cho my bn, mi nht l lot LCD ln ti 20 inch ca Sanyo Electric. Nhng mn hnh ny vt tri CRT truyn thng trong mi lnh vc, tr gi c. Lot mn hnh Sanyo s c bn ra trong ma xun nm nay vi gi t 1.600 n 8.000 USD tu thuc kch thc. Mt nh phn tch v CNTT cho rng chng ta khng hy vng c c LCD trn tng nh mnh trong th k ny. Nhng ng cng cho bit hu ht cc nh sn xut mn hnh ch cht u hoc s c loi mn hnh phng. D kin s lng tiu th mn hnh phng n nm 2000 s tng gp 20 ln so vi hin nay. Nhng th gii mi Cn u cha c PC hin din Ti sao chng ta li cn nhiu sc mnh trong khi phn ln ch dng mc vit mt bn ghi nh hay tnh ton kinh ph? Cu tr li c th gi gn trong mt t: giao din - hay chnh xc hn l giao din ngi dng ho. "Chng ta tm kim mt h thng my tnh thng minh hn, c th d dng tng tc vi n", Bill Gates pht biu ti hi ngh cc nh pht trin chuyn nghip ca Microsoft. Theo Gates, phn cng mnh hn s to cho PC kh nng nghe v nhn.
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ng d on rng trong vng 10 nm ti, "mi my tnh s c sn chc nng ni v ngn ng". Thay v g hoc nhn chut, bn s bo PC khi ng ng dng ny hay in ti liu kia. Ti vn phng, thng ip e-mail ca bn s trng y nh mt on video. Microsoft d nh chi t nht 2,6 t USD trong nm nay cho nghin cu v trin khai, ch trng thc hin quan im trn - v cng l mc tiu cc khi xng MMX, AGP v b nh ng b ca Intel, theo li ph ch tch Intel Albert Yu. ng thi cc cng USB v FireWire gii quyt c nhiu vn v rng ng truyn, in nng v ngt, lm cho cc thnh phn ca PC gn cht vo mt khi. Trong tng lai, bn c th lm vic thun tin vi mt my bn nh gn, khi cn ch vic cm a, camera, scanner v cc thit b khc vo dng. Ti nh, PC ca bn s iu khin n, nhit v cc dng c trong gia nh. V cng ngy bn cng c th giao tip bng li vi my nhiu hn so vi ca s ho. Hy vng bn s c mt nhn vin phc v s ho thn thin, v khi h: "Hy pha mt ly c ph", bn s nghe li p ngt ngo: "Vng, thm ng v b nh mi ngy ch?". Thanh Nga US PC World 1/98 Vn phng vo nm 2007?

Trong vn phng ca tng lai, cng ngh s khp mi ni - nhng hu nh khng nhn thy. Nhng tm nh di y cho thy quang cnh vn phng vo nm 2007. y, s kt hp ca cc nh kin trc, thit k v cc hng cng ngh cao nh AT&T v Intel to ra mt khng gian lm vic m truyn thng khng dy lm thay i mi th. Khng dy c ngha l khng cm trn tng, trong nhiu trng hp khng c c tng ngn. Khng gian m, dng chung l nguyn tc, nh ta thy trong Lng Xanh. y bn s lm vic rt thoi mi vi
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in thoi khng dy v my tnh. Cn ring t hn? Hy vo nhng khoang ring hay t trong gc phng. Bn s thy nhng tin nghi sng to nh bar nc tri cy trong vn phng. Nhng bn hon ton khng b ngt khi cng vic: PC v in thoi di ng rt d vi, ng thi mn hnh trn tng lun a ra nhng tin tc mi nht t tr s chnh. My tnh bn trong 10 nm ti

PC ca bn trong th k ti s nh th no? Nhng quan im sau da trn kin tr li ca Mark Weiser, ngi ph trch cng ngh ti trung tm nghin cu ca Xerox, ni sinh ra giao din ngi dng ho. CPU: "PC s tr thnh t gn tng trong tng vn phng". Hy ngh n gigabyte RAM, terabyte lu tr. Mn hnh: "Mn hnh c th d gp, b ti v khi dng th m ra". u vo: Nhn bit ting ni s khng thay th bn phm v chut. Ti sao? V tnh cht ring t. "My tnh m bn c th ni chuyn vi s lm l mi chuyn". Cc kt ni: "Bn s vn cn nhiu dy, nhng chng nm trong tng, trong bn, di sn. Ring nhng th dy kh chu nht l dy ni in thoi, bn phm v chut th s bin mt". Giy: "Mi th c ch trn - gy sch, giy t, danh thip - s bin thnh mn hnh". Internet: My tnh Net b ti s cho php bn ng nhp bt k lc no, bt c u. Nhng khoang ring vn tn ti

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... chng ch mt i nhng bc vch ngn. Nhng khoang ring c th di chuyn bn lm vic mt mnh hay theo nhm. V d sao th giy t cng khng th khng c, cc bn in ca bn s c xp trong t h s di chuyn, chng c th theo bn trong khp vn phng.

To bc tranh ln Nhng nhn vin di ng s cn cch thc chia s thng tin mi. Mng ni b (intranet) ca cng ty s c a vo mt phng rng. y bn s tm thy tin tc v thng tin c phiu, cc ca s video, gi quc t, bn , lch nhm - ngha l mi thng tin bn mun c trn my bn. Phng hi ngh quc t

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Tm li, cng vic trong tng lai ch yu l truyn thng v cng tc, d bn lm vic ni b hay quc t. Bn s khng nht thit phi trong phng ti hi ngh. Cc cng c nh bng in t v h thng hi m video s tr thnh yu t ph bin ca mi phng hi ngh.

u no ca mi hot ng Trong khung cnh ny, bn c th lm vic bt c u ph hp vi bn; in thoi v kt ni mng c khp ni. Tt c nhng my mc gy ting n, t server mng n h thng iu khin n v nhc u nm trong mt t ring mi tng.
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... v tng lai cc h iu hnh: "Trong 10 nm ti s c cc h thng u vo tt hn - vit tay, ni, nhn dng trc quan (visual recognition)... Khong 90% m h iu hnh s dnh cho cc tnh nng ny. Khi nhn li nhng my vi tnh ca ngy hm nay, chng ta s phi tht ln: ", nhng my ny khng bit nghe, ni v nhn". tng Phn mm tng lai bn mun i v u? Cc nh t bn ln trong cng nghip phn mm thng c nhng c m ln. Nhng cng ty pht trin cc phn mm m bn dng hng ngy a ra tng rt ly k cho tng lai. Nhng liu h c hin thc c nhng c m trn mn hnh nh hay khng? Lm quen vi Webtop. "Nm ti bn s t nhn thy Windows v phn ln thi gian bn lm vic vi mt trnh duyt Web khi Webtop chim hu my bn", theo li ch tch kim CEO ca Corel l Mike Cowpland. ng m t tng lai khng xa khi bn ch vic cm vo Webtop ln bt k u bn ti. N s nhn bit bn l ai, dng nhng ng dng no, v bn mun giao din ra sao. Chng cn phi t cu hnh my tnh. V vic cng tc vi cc ng nghip s rt d dng v mi ngi u ng nhp vo mt mng ln. N l ring ca bn. Vi Microsoft, nhng c m cn cao hn. Chuyn vin qun l chng trnh ca nhm cng ngh ting ni cho rng trong tng lai, PC khng ch phin m li ting ni m n thc s hiu nhng g bn ni; s khng cn cc ng dng, qun i nhng bng tnh v trnh x l vn bn - ch cn li mt k n l lm theo lnh ca bn. Cn t chc cuc hp? Hin nay bn phi ln lch, gi email n nhng ngi cn tham d ri i phn hi ca tng ngi. Nhng nu Microsoft thnh cng, n nm 2001 tt c nhng g bn phi lm l bo cho PC bit bn cn gp nhng ai, n s thc hin mi chi tit. Nhng phng thuc k diu. Nhiu ngi ta thn v phn mm hin nay, lm vic khng hiu qu m i hi cn hn c chic xe th thao ca Y. Nhng DLL c th s cng s phn vi cc lnh DOS. Theo gim c v cng ngh h tr pht trin
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sn phm ca Microsoft Diana Murray th trong 5 hay 10 nm ti phn mm s t nhn bit li v cch sa. Windows 98 s cung cp cc wizard sa li gip pht hin nhng xung t phn cng, trc trc v in n, modem v hn th na. Khi c vn xy ra, wizard s a ra nhng cu hi lin quan gip bn tm ra nguyn nhn. Trong cc phin bn tng lai, phn mm ny s tm xung t, kim tra xem cc driver c c cp nht, v hng dn nu cn sa cha. Sau ny, n s t tm phng thuc m khng cn n bn, thm ch theo di cng vic ca bn v can thip khi c s c. Hin thc. Tt c nhng iu ni trn nghe tht tuyt vi. Nhng liu nhng gic m ny c c hi tr thnh hin thc hay khng? Theo Paul Saffo, gim c Vin Nghin Cu Tng Lai, iu k diu ch xy ra ng thi vi sng to microchip thit b khi u cho mi th. "Cng nghip phn mm... phi thay i mt cch cn bn nh cch m microchip thay i thit k mch". Theo Saffo, trn th gii khng c cc nh pht trin phn mm vit c m cn thit lm cho tt c nhng gic m trn tr thnh hin thc - vy th hy ch lo ring vic to cc ng dng tin cy. hng Frogdesign, hng thit k cng nghip

... v tng lai ca PC gia nh: Khng gi l my tnh gia nh, m l dng c. Kch thc ca loi PC ny bng c radio hay ng h. Bn phm gp m v LCD cho php bn duyt Net, gi e-mail, qun l ti chnh, v hn th na - t vn phng, ging ng hay bp. PC di ng mt kch c khng p ng c tt c Nhng my tnh xch tay u tin c kch c bng my may. My tnh di ng hin nay c th ch nh bng gi kim ch cho nh du lch. Bn c th la chn t loi c mn hnh multimedia ln nh ThinkPad ca IBM n loi kch thc b ti nh PalmPilot ca 3Com/U.S. Robotics, v loi gia. My xch tay bn s s dng trong tng lai tu thuc vo tnh nng m bn ch trng - sc mnh hay kch thc.

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Tui th. Ngoi tr loi mega-notebook mi ln hn c ThinkPad, phn ln cc PC di ng s nh hn v c c quy tui th cao hn. Mt phn l nh b x l Tillamook rt mnh ca Intel v cc sn phm k tip, theo kin mt nh phn tch ca IDC. Sharp ang chun b LCD ma trn tch cc ch s dng mt phn by nng lng so vi cc mn hnh hin nay, bng mt na trng lng v mt phn ba dy so vi cc LCD hin ti. Tnh di ng. Cc my multimedia cao cp s khi u vi kch thc ca cp Samsonite, mn hnh 15 hay 17 inch v cng 8GB. Nhng khng phi l iu m ngi dng mong mun. C kin cho rng cc nh sn xut c y ngi dng theo hng hn l nghe yu cu ca h. Tc tng trng nhanh. Bn s bt u thy ph bin hn cc my cc nh subnotebook chy Windows CE. Cc nh iu hnh v nhng nhn vin hay phi i li c th thch loi cc nh v h thch dng bn phm cm nhn, mn hnh mu baclit vi gi khong 700 n 1000 USD. Tng lai. "15 nm na chng ta s mang (hay eo) my tnh. Chng ta s lin lc c tc thi ni bt k trn tri t vi bt k ai ang thc vo lc , thm ch c khi h ang ng", mt nh phn tch d on. PC c th thay th m ca bn. Nhng n cng c th l vali, TV hay l nng bnh. Tu s la chn ca bn. Unicode v vn v chun ting Vit 1. Ti sao cn c mt bng m chung trn ton th gii? Nu gh thm nc Nht thng qua Internet, bn s tht vng v nhng g bn thy . Hu ht cc trang Web u c hnh nh rt p, nhng cc dng ch th v
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cng ln xn, ton l nhng hnh ch nht, nhng k t la, k t nguyn m lng nhng khc. Qu tht, mi nhn s qua ti thy hoa mt,. Ti chc rng chng ai c th c c d l mt mu thng tin t nhng k t cho d h hc ting Nht hay l ngi Nht chng na. Ti sao vy? C th gii thch hin tng ny nh sau: cc on vn ting Nht trong cc trang Web c vit bng mt b m khc hn vi nhng g m bn ang dng, cho nn, nhng g ang c hin th trn mn hnh khng phi l nhng g m ngi son trang Web mun a ti cho bn. Trnh duyt Web ca bn khng hiu th loi phng ch ny v th, n s hin th tng byte m n c c vi nhng biu tng tng ng ( c dng sn) trong b m Western (vn c s dng mc nh trong cc trnh duyt). Vi nhng ngi s dng my tnh cho cng vic kinh doanh, vn s gy kh chu hn nhiu. H s phi s dng mt phn mm khc hoc thc hin mt lot cc thao tc mt thi gian khi mun xem thng tin ca cc ngn ng ny (chc bn cng bit, trong cng vic kinh doanh, h khng th b qua nhng thng tin hu ch, h buc phi c n. Cn nu nh ti hoc cc bn th.. th xem a ch cn hn). Tc gi ca cc trang Web mt s nc ny nhn thy rng h s phi tng gp i dung lng a, tng gp i cng vic ca mnh dch nhng thng tin ny sang ting Anh. i vi mt vi ngn ng, k c Nga, Trung Quc v Vit nam, hin c nhiu hn mt phng php m ho bng ch ci ang c dng, iu ny khin cho nhng ai va mun xem ting cc thng tin bng ting Anh, va mun xem cc thng tin bng ting Nht, ting Vit phi c ti t nht hai b phng ch, v c th l hai b phn mm ng dng - rt bt tin v tn km. Gii php ton vn nht cho s khng tng thch gia cc bng m, l s dng Unicode, gii php c nhiu quc gia chp nhn v c a vo lm chun cho vic trao i, s dng thng tin. Di y, chng ta s cng xem xt nhng nguyn nhn, v mt s u im ca Unicode. Chc chn, cu hi s mt thng c hi trong vn ny s l: Unicode l g? Unicode n gin ch l mt bng k t chun c t ra s dng biu th cc ngn ng trn th gii, nh vy, nhng phn mm s dng Unicode u c kh nng hin th mt th ting bt k no (tt nhin l nc ny phi c b k hiu biu din ch vit ca hnh trong ). gip bn hiu r hn nguyn nhn v qu trnh pht trin, ti xin c nhc s qua mt s nt chnh trong lch s Unicode. Trc ht, Unicode l n ca Unicode Consortium, c thc hin t thng 1 nm 1991. n c c nhng n lc ln trong s hp tc gia hu ht cc cng ty ln thuc ngnh cng nghip my tnh bao gm Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle,
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Sub, Xerox, v mi y l Netscape. Tin thn ca Unicode, chnh l bng m ISO 8859-1 (tng t nh bng m ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange c s dng t nhng nm 60) hin vn c coi l tiu chun cho vic hin th thng tin trong cc h my PC ngy nay. 2. Cu trc ca Unicode Bn c th hiu mt cch nm na rng Unicode l bng m rng ca bng cc k t ASCII. i vi bng m ASCII cng nh cc bng m thng thng khc, mi k t c nh ngha bng mt byte duy nht. Nh bn bit, mt byte c 8 bit, v th ch bng ASCII ch c ti a 2 m 8 = 256 k t khc nhau. Vi Unicode, mi k t y c nh ngha bng 2 byte, v th s k t biu din khc nhau trong bng s l 2 m 16 = 65536. Qu nhiu? ng vy, cho ti nay, hn mt na ch trong Unicode vn cn trng v chc chn chng s c s dng ti trong tng lai. Vi s k t c th biu din ln n nh vy, con ngi khng nhng mun n th hin cc k hiu ch vit trong cc ngn ng m khi to ra n, con ngi cn mong n biu hin c cc k hiu c s dng trong in t, vt l, ton hc, thng mi... thun tin cho cc nh lp trnh cng nh trong qu trnh x l thng tin, 256 k t u tin ca Unicode c nh ngha ging ht bng k t ASCII. Hin nay Unicode c nhng nhng k hiu tng trng cho cc k t ca hu ht cc ngn ng c s dng rng ri k c ting Nga, ting arp, n , v mt s nc ng . Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia, thch thc ln nht i vi Unicode Consortium l thuyt phc nhng cng ty sn xut phn mm h tr k hoch ny. Bc khi u ca k hoch c hon thnh rt tt p. Nhiu chng trnh c trang b c tnh h tr Unicode. Ni bt nht trong s ny, phi k n FrontPage,Windows95, Windows NT ca Microsoft v cc ng dng vn phng Microsoft Office97. Bn cnh , ngn ng lp trnh java ca Sun cng cha c tnh ny, trong tng lai, h iu hnh "Rhapsody" cu Apple cng c kh nng lm vic vi Unicode. Tuy nhin, mi l vn hin th cc vn bn sn c, nu bn mun t mnh son tho cc vn bn s dng Unicode mi th s phc tp hn mt cht. Bn cn phi ci t thm: Phn mm h tr Unicode Cc phng ch Unicode Mt chng trnh nh ngha cu hnh bn phm cho ngn ng bn mun s dng ( Vit Nam, nhng phn mm tiu biu nht thuc dng ny phi k n ABC, VNI, VietWare... Ti chc rng bn chng l g vi cch s dng chng).
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Trong cc phin bn Windows 95 thng thng khng cha sn Unicode. Vi nhng trng hp ny, bn nn ti xung v ci t Unicode t mt s a ch Web no trong Internet, v d nh: www.microsoft.com. Nh rng, bn chng phi tr mt xu no c, n min ph hon ton...i vi Netscape, hin th cc trang Web khng c s dng vi b k t Western chng c g l kh khn g, c bit l trong nhng phin bn mi. Cng vic ca bn lc ny rt n gin: th chn ln lt cc phng ch trong danh sch c a ra. Microsoft Internet Explorer cng c mt danh sch kh di cc phng ch ny bn la chn - nhng trong mt th gii l tng, tt c cc vn bn u s dng chung mt b phng Unicode duy nht, bn s chng cn phi chuyn qua chuyn li na. 3. Kt lun Di y l mt s thng tin mi nht v Unicode. Sp ti, hi tho ln th 12 v Unicode s c t chc ti Tokyo, Nht t trong hai ngy 6-9 thng 4 nm 1998. Trng tm ca hi tho ny s xoay quanh cc vn v Unicode: - Internet v Unicode - Java v Unicode - World Wide Web v Unicode - Bng k t c s dng trn Internet - Unicode v cc phng thc nhp d liu - Unicode v ch vit cc nc Asian - Unicode v ngn ng ca mt s dn tc thiu s chu - Cc my tm kim trn Web v Unicode - Unicode trong cc c s d liu - Cc kt qu s dng Unicode trong cc ng dng (hc tp, gii php...) - Nn d liu Unicode - Th nghim cc ng dng Unicode Hy vng rng Unicode l khng ch gn mi ngi li gn nhau hn m cn to ra mt th gii in ton hp nht, mt th gii m tt c cc ngn ng u c vai tr nh nhau. Tiu chun thc hin sn sng, tt c ch cn ph thuc vo nhng ngi s dng n. Tu tng nc m s dng Unicode s c nhng u im v nhc im ring, tuy nhin ti ngh rng, y s l con ng ph bin cc thng tin, vn bn ting Vit ln Internet, cho cc ngi nc ngoi quan tm n nhng thng tin ting Vit. Nu bn cn thm nhng thng tin v Unicode, hy tm ti nhng a ch Web sau: 1. Homepage ca Unicode Consortium http://www.unicode.org
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2. Cc trang Web ca Microsoft v gii php Unicode v a ngn ng: http://www.microsoft.com/win32dev/wcnt.htm http://www.microsoft.com/win32dev/apiext/unicode.htm 3. Mt s trang c thng tin v Unicode khc: http://cns-web.bu.edu/pub/djohnson/web_files/i18n/unicode.html http://www.truetype.demon.co.uk/unicode.htm http://www.lang.duke.edu/webcalis/webcalis.htm http://www.iss.nus.sg/People/guojin/chinese.html http://www.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/mike/fonts CD-ROM BAN BIET G VE CD-ROM GOC O KY THUAT 1. CD-ROM la g? CD-ROM la viet tat cua Compact Disc Read Only Memory. Ban than cum t Read Only Memory - bo nh ch oc - a noi len tnh chat cua loai a nay: ch oc c ch khong the ghi. CD-ROM xuat hien vao au thap nien 80 cua the ky nay. CD-ROM s dung cong nghe tia laser e oc d lieu, co the hieu nom na nh sau: o a CD chieu vao mat a mot tia laser, be mat a CD a ghi d lieu co nhng cho loi lom khac nhau c trang lp phan quang se phan chieu tia laser, o CD tiep nhan cac anh xa laser nay va giai ma chung thanh cac thong tin hay cac d lieu tng ng. Cong nghe CD-ROM ngay cang co nhng bc phat trien vu bao. Du ngi ta a phat minh ra nhieu phng tien khac e lu tr d lieu hieu qua hn, nhng xet ve tnh pho dung va gia thanh th CD-ROM van se la mot cong nghe c s dung rong rai cho ti het the ky nay va nhieu nam na cua the ky sau. 2. Tieu chuan Red Book va Yellow Book a nhac CD ra i nh s hp tac gia Sony va Philips. Hai hang nay a thong nhat vi nhau ve quy cach am thanh CD, ac tnh cac v tr loi lom tren mat a, cach bo tr track theo ng xoan oc v.v..., va phat hanh mot cuon sach gii thieu cac qui cach noi tren nham a lai s chuan hoa cho cac a va may phat CD cua cac hang khac

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nhau. Ve sau, cac tieu chuan nay c goi chung la tieu chuan Red Book - Sach o (v cuon sach khi xuat ban co ba mau o). a CD-ROM la phat trien phan nhanh t a nhac CD, cac qui cach CD-ROM (con c goi la tieu chuan Yellow Book - Sach Vang) la s m rong cac qui cach cua a nhac CD, cho phep cac nha phat trien khac nhau co the a cac loai d lieu khac nhau vao a CD-ROM. Cac qui cach nay ch la tieu chuan ve cau tao vat ly cua a ch cha phai la cac tieu chuan am bao tnh tng thch trong cach thc to chc d lieu thanh file tren a. 3. Cau tao a CD-ROM a CD co hnh tron ng knh 12 cm, day khoang 1,2 mm va nang chng 15 gram. Neu coi mat sang cua a la mat di, mat co nhan a la mat tren, t di len tren, a CD-ROM la a tron det bang hp chat polycarbonate trong suot, c trang mot lp kim loai rat mong (t 50 - 100 nanomet), co the phan xa anh sang laser ong thi khong gay anh hng g ti lp polycarbonate - nh vang, bac, ong, nhom (thng la nhom v gia thanh re). D lieu c lu di dang cac cho lom (goi la pit) cc nho, bo tr theo hnh xoan oc duy nhat tren be mat lp kim loai, 1 pit rong chng 0,5 micron va 1 a CD-ROM cha khoang 2,8 t pit nh the (nhieu ngi a lam tng rang d lieu c lu tren be mat sang cua a CD). Sau lp kim loai la mot lp bao ve mong lam bang plastic acrylic va tren cung la nhan a. Nhan a thng c in bang phng phap in lua hay bang cong nghe in offset ac biet khong va cham. 4. Sc cha cua a CD d lieu Mot a CD-ROM co dung lng khoang t 650 - 680 megabyte, bang hn 1500 a mem 360K, co kha nang cha c 300.000 trang anh may hoac 5.000 bc anh mau tuyet ep. Neu coi a CD-ROM la mot quyen sach cha toan ch th vi toc o oc 1 trang/phut lien tuc 12 tieng/ngay, mot ngi se phai mat 9 thang mi oc het toan bo noi dung cha trong chiec a o. 5. a cng va a CD-ROM co g khac nhau? Cung la phng tien lu tr thong tin nhng CD-ROM va a cng khac nhau ca ve mat cau tao cung nh ac tnh s dung. Thong tin tren a cng co the b ghi e, b xoa i (do vo tnh hay co y), b h hong do virus pha hoai v.v... Nhng neu chung nam tren a
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CD th cac van e tren hoan toan khong phai at ra bi CD la loai a ch oc (read only), khong the b thay oi (tuy cung co loai a CD ghi c - rewritable - nhng cha phai la loai pho bien). Ve mat cau tao, be mat a cng c chia thanh cac track (ng ranh) ong tam. Moi track co cung mot so sector nh nhau e cha d lieu. Cac file co the c lu tren mot hay nhieu track. Neu ta sao mot file mi vao a va tren a khong co cho trong nao u ln cho file, d lieu se c ghi nhieu v tr khac nhau (cac cho trong khac nhau) tren a va bang FAT c cap nhat (FAT-File Allocation Table - bang cha thong tin ve v tr cac phan cua moi tap tin nam rai rac tren a). Khi truy cap file, au t oc/ghi cua a cng se di chuyen ti track cha file va se bat ong trong khi a t c quay lien tuc, toc o quay nay khong oi. V tr d lieu a c biet trc nen chuyen ong cua au t oc/ghi t phan a nay sang phan a khac (hay toc o a cng) la rat nhanh. oi vi a CD-ROM, d lieu c cha theo mot ng xoan oc lien tuc chia thanh cac sector co kch thc va mat o bang nhau. Cac file khong b phan manh ma nam theo cac sector lien tiep tren mot track duy nhat. Khi truy cap mot tap tin, au oc quang hoc cua o a CD se di chuyen ti v tr c chng cua d lieu, thc hien cac thao tac nh v tap tin va phat ra 1 tia laser e oc. Khi au oc quang hoc oc cac sector lien tiep nhau, no phai di chuyen theo ban knh a e gi cho tia laser van hoi tu trong track xoan oc trong khi a quay vi toc o khac nhau tuy thuoc v tr d lieu. ay cung la ly do khien cho toc o oc cua a CD cham hn a cng. 6. Ben trong o a CD-ROM Hieu mot cach n gian, trong o a CD-ROM co au oc quang hoc (optical head), ban xoay a (turntable), bo ieu khien (controler) va bo x ly tn hieu (signal-processing system). au oc quang hoc c gan tren can (hay gian) di ong va cha 1 diode laser (co tac dung chieu tia laser len be mat a), thau knh va thiet b nhan cac anh xa laser phan hoi t mat a goi la photodetector (hay bo do quang). Ban xoay dung e xoay a vi toc o khoang 500 vong/phut (gan tam a) va 200 vong/phut (vanh ngoai a). Bo ieu khien la mot bang mach ien gom nhieu chc nang ieu khien hoi tu tia laser, tm track, quay ban

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xoay va x ly cac lenh ieu khien do ngi s dung chuyen ti thong qua may vi tnh. Khi oc a CD-ROM, diode laser se chieu tia laser len be mat a CD, con bo ieu khien se o cac anh xa laser phan hoi t mat a. S thay oi cua cng o anh sang phan hoi se c chuyen thanh d lieu so va c bo x ly tn hieu giai ma thanh chng trnh hay thong tin. 7. The nao la o CD toc o kep (2X), toc o 4 (4X)? Nh a noi tren, khi cho a CD-ROM vao o, o CD thc hien oc a qua hai khau: tm va oc d lieu. Do o, xuat hien hai khai niem: thi gian truy xuat (access time) va toc o truyen d lieu. Thi gian truy xuat dung e ch toc o ma o a tm thay v tr cua d lieu, con toc o truyen d lieu c dung e ch toc o ma o CD oc va truyen d lieu sau khi a xac nh c v tr. Tieu chuan toc o truyen d lieu cho o a c xac nh la 150 Kb/giay. Khi o CD cua ban at toc o truyen 300, 450 hay 600 Kb/giay th o CD cua ban la o toc o 2, 3 hay 4. Noi cach khac, au oc CD toc o 2 la o CD co toc o truyen d lieu 300 Kb/giay, con o CD toc o 4 la 600 Kb/giay (hien nay a xuat hien nhng o a CD toc o 6 va toc o 8). Tuy nhien ay la nhng con so ly thuyet nen neu o toc o o CD cua ban bang mot so phan mem, ban co the ch thu c nhng con so gan ung. GOC O S DUNG 1. Tai sao nen sam o CD-ROM? S chuan hoa. Bat ky a nhac CD nao cung co the nghe c tren o CD-ROM, bat ky a CD nao cung co the oc c tren o CDROM (tat nhien la o CD-ROM ng qua cu v nh vay cac nh dang CD mi khong c ho tr). Dung lng so sanh vi kch thc. Moi a CD-ROM co dung lng tng ng 1 o a cng, nhng neu so sanh ve kch thc th qua co s khac biet: mot a cng thng co kch thc cong kenh va trong lng nang gap 70-80 lan mot a CD-ROM. Thc te cho thay, cac tro chi va phan mem cang hay, cang nhieu tnh nang va giao dien ep th dung lng cang ln. Cac hang san xuat cung thng co phien ban tren a CD-ROM cho cac phan mem cua ho, va that la
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an tng neu nh thay v ta phai s dung ti hang chuc (tham ch hang tram) a mem 1.44MB e cai at mot ng dung, ta ch can mot a CD duy nhat. S thuan tien. a cng c san xuat ra khong phai dung e mang i mang lai trao oi thong tin gia cac may vi nhau nen viec thao lap rat bat tien, mat th gi va gay anh hng ti tuoi tho a cng. Ngc lai, a CD-ROM lai rat thuan tien nhng luc nh vay va cung chang can thao tac g phc tap e thao lap chung. o ben. O va a CD-ROM rat ben (tat nhien la noi ti a "xn" co ban quyen cua cac hang ch khong phai loai a lau ang c ban nhieu tren th trng Viet Nam hien nay). Ta khong bao gi gap phai cac loi hong bang FAT, loi cross-linked clusters, v.v... a CD-ROM khong the b lay nhiem virus (tr phi virus a co t nha san xuat), khong b hong bi cac vet bui bam, dau tay, t trng... (cac h hong rat pho bien cho cac phng tien lu tr khac nh a mem), cung khong the b mon khi s dung bi hoan toan khong co g cham vao mat a ngoai tia laser, va ngi ta a c chng tuoi tho cua a CD-ROM la 100 nam. Gia ca. Khoi phai noi them th cac ban cung biet rang s canh tranh va phat trien cong nghe ngay cang khien cho cac thiet b tin hoc re i tng nam, tng thang va tham ch tng ngay. Theo toi c biet tai thi iem hien nay co nhng o a CD toc o 4 gia 75 USD, con o toc o 2 la 45 USD, va s au t cua ban se khong ang ke so vi li ch ma CD-ROM em lai. Cau hnh. e lap them c o CD-ROM vao may, ban se khong can phai co yeu cau g qua phc tap ve phan cng (o CD-ROM co the chay tren may IBM XT, AT, x86, Pentium v.v... Tham ch co loai cung chang can phai co a cng neu phan mem cai at CD-ROM co the cha gon trong a mem khi ong). Moi o CD-ROM khi ban ra luon kem theo phan mem cai at va do vay ban cung khoi phai ban tam ve khoan nay. 2. Can phan biet gia khai niem bo multimedia va o a CD-ROM Noi nh vay v toi biet rat nhieu ban con lam lan khi s dung cac t nay. Mot bo multimedia thong thng bao gom o a CD-ROM, card am thanh, mot cap loa (hoac headphone) va phan mem cai at (ngoai ra co the kem theo mot so a CD ng dung). Multimedia yeu cau ve
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phan cng va phan mem cao hn (va do o chi ph se cao hn) so vi ch lap at mot o CD-ROM. Neu ban ch can dung CD-ROM e oc cac phan mem hay d lieu ma chang co nhu cau g ve mat am thanh va nghe nhac CD (hoac do kinh ph han che) th ban co the trang b cho mnh ch mot au oc CD-ROM e lam viec. 3. Bao quan a CD nh the nao? Tot nhat ng bao gi at a CD trc tiep xuong mat ban, mat ghe hay nhng cho khong nhan ma nen luon at chung trong hop nha (kem theo a) khi khong s dung. a CD-ROM tuy ben nhng khong phai la khong the b hong. Moi vet tray xc (tren ca 2 mat a) eu gay anh hng ti d lieu tren a nen hay co gang tranh ti mc toi a. Hay tranh cho a khoi anh nang qua manh, o am cao, nhiet o qua nong hoac qua lanh. Khi a CD b ban, ban co the lau chui nhng khong c s dung cac chat tay v chung co the lam m (hoac thung) lp nha polycarbonate. Luon cam a vanh ngoai e tranh dau tay. Hay dung vai mem lau a theo ng ban knh t trong ra ngoai ch ng lau theo vong tron (co the lau vi nc hoac nc co mot chut xa phong). Cuoi cung, khi a CD khong con s dung c na th cung ng voi cho chung vao sot rac, ban van co the dung chung lam vat trang tr cho ban hoc hoac ni lam viec cua mnh. BO VI X LY NHNG CONG NGHE MI TRONG PC Bo vi x ly (microprocessor-MP) la mot mach x ly d lieu theo chng trnh do ngi dung thiet lap, c tao thanh bi mot mach tch hp rat phc tap (bao gom hang trieu transistor). Trong cac may tnh ca nhan, n v x ly trung tam (CPU) la do bo vi x ly cung cap. Hn bat ky yeu to nao, hieu suat cua mot he may tnh chu yeu c quyet nh bi cac tnh nang, chung loai, va nhan hieu cua bo vi x ly ma may tnh o s dung. Cac yeu to tac ong en hieu suat cua mot bo vi x ly (VXL) cu the bao gom: o rong bus d lieu trong va ngoai, o rong bus a ch, toc o xung nhp va cau truc cua no (CISC hay RISC).
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Moi ho VXL (Intel x86 hoac Motorola 680x0) c thiet ke e hieu mot tap lenh rieng, va cac chng trnh phai c soan thao mot cach co chu y e chay vi mot ho VXL cu the. Chng trnh nh vay c goi la tng hp nh nguyen vi cac bo VXL o va khong the chay vi bo VXL do hang khac che tao, tr trng hp thong qua s mo phong phan mem va chu thiet ve hieu suat. Hang thong tr tren th trng VXL hien nay la Intel, cung cap bo VXL cho khoang 80% may tnh loai tng thch vi IBM PC. Tuy nhien Intel ang phai oi mat vi s canh tranh khong khoan nhng cua cac hang AMD, Cyrix, va NexGen. Ho ang san xuat loai VXL tng hp nh nguyen vi cac chng trnh c viet cho Pentium cua Intel. Trc khi i vao tng loai VXL cu the, chung ta cung on lai mot so khai niem c ban thuoc lnh vc VXL. BO VI X LY GOM NHNG BO PHAN CHNH NAO? Trai tim cua he thong PC la n v x ly trung tam (central processing unit - CPU). Nhieu ngi co thoi quen goi hop may chnh la CPU v o la bo phan mach ien hnh nam trong hop, nhng thc ra no la mach lu gi, x ly va ieu khien bao gom n v so hoc-logic (ALU), n v ieu khien, va bo nh s cap dang ROM hoac RAM (bo nh se c trnh bay trong mot muc rieng sau nay). Ch co ALU va n v ieu khien la c cha tron ven trong chip VXL, con bo nh th c lap mot ni nao o tren bo me. n v so hoc - logic (arithmetic logic unit - ALU) co nhiem vu thc hien cac lenh cua n v ieu khien va x ly cac d lieu. Nh ten goi, mot so mach cua no co the tien hanh cac phep tnh so hoc n gian (nh cong va tr chang han), hoac cac phep tnh logic oi vi d lieu, nh so sanh hai ai lng e biet cai nao ln hn. e thc hien nhiem vu nay, ALU phai co cac cong logic cung nh cac mach nham thc hien cac phep tnh toc o cao. Co the trnh bay ay n v dau cham ong (floating point unit - FPU). FPU nam trong bo VXL va c danh rieng e quan ly va thc hien cac phep tnh so hoc dau phay ong. Trong loai phep tnh nay, v tr cua dau thap phan (My dung dau cham) khong co nh ma c "tha noi" e co the dch ve ben phai hoac ben trai khi can thiet nham bao am ung sai so cho phep. Trong may tnh, ngi ta phai
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dung phng phap dau cham ong v moi so eu phai lu gi trong cac phan t nh co o dai co nh; khong co kha nang "tha noi" hoac ieu chnh dau thap phan, may co the se tao nen cac sai so lam tron nghiem trong khi thc hien cac tnh toan vi so rat ln hoac rat be. S dung FPU se tang toc o x ly oi vi cac thao tac can tnh toan nhieu, ong thi cho o chnh xac cao hn. n v Ieu khien (control unit) la bo phan chnh th hai trong chip VXL. n v nay co nhiem vu thong dch cac lenh cua chng trnh va ieu khien hoat ong x ly. c ieu tiet bi cac xung nhp thi gian chnh xac cua ong ho he thong, n v ieu khien tien hanh lay cac lenh chng trnh va d lieu t bo nh ra, lu gi vao cac thanh ghi roi ra lenh cho ALU x ly chung. e "giup viec" cho hai n v chnh o con co hang loat cac bo phan khac: Mach xung nhp he thong (system clock) dung e ong bo cac thao tac x ly trong va ngoai MP bang cach phat ra cac xung nhp thi gian theo cac khoang cach co nh. Khoang thi gian nam gia hai nhp ong ho he thong c goi la chu ky xung nhp (clock cycle), thng c o bang n v phan trieu hoac phan ty giay. Con gia tr toc o ma theo o xung nhp he thong tao ra cac xung tn hieu chuan thi gian, th goi la toc o xung nhp (hay toc o ong ho - clock speed) va c tnh bang n v trieu chu ky moi giay (MHz). Toc o xung nhp la mot yeu to xac nh kha nang x ly nhanh hay cham cua may tnh nhng khong phai la yeu to duy nhat. Toc o x ly con phu thuoc vao cach thc x ly thong tin trong cau truc MP. V du, may tnh 80486 DX chay 33MHz se nhanh hn gan gap hai lan may 80386 DX cung chay toc o xung nhp o. May tnh 80486 DX4 chay 100 MHz co toc o xap x may Pentium chay 60 MHz. ong ho he thong la chnh xac oi vi cac thao tac may tnh, nhng oi vi thi gian bnh thng cua chung ta th khong at yeu cau. ong ho thi gian thc duy tr trong may tnh thng sai lenh so vi ong ho eo tay hay treo tng cua ban vai phut moi tuan la khong co g la. Vai ba ngay mot lan, ban nen lay lai gi cho ong ho may tnh theo chnh ong ho eo tay cua ban, ch khong phai ong ho nao khac.

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Thanh ghi (register) la phan t nh tam thi trong bo VXL, c dung e lu gi d lieu va a ch nh trong khi may tnh ang thc hien cac tac vu oi vi chung. Moi kieu VXL co so lng va o dai cac thanh ghi khac nhau. Thanh ghi cang dai th lng thong tin ma may tnh co the x ly trong mot thao tac cang nhieu. Ngi ta cung thng phan loai va anh gia cac bo VXL theo o dai thanh ghi. Bo vi x ly 8 bit (8 bit microprocessor) co cac thanh ghi rong 8 bit nen ch co the x ly moi lan 1 byte d lieu. V du ve loai may la Zilog Z.80 dung trong cac may tnh thi xa (nhng nam cuoi 1970) chay he ieu hanh CP/M. Bo vi x ly 16 bit (16 bit microprocessor) ien hnh la Intel 8088 co thanh ghi dai 16 bit va bus d lieu ngoai cung 16 bit. Trai lai Intel 8088 dung trong may tnh IBM PC au tien (1981) la loai co thiet ke "thoa hiep", thanh ghi 16 bit nhng bus d lieu ngoai ch rong 8 bit, nham tan dung nhng thiet b ngoai vi re tien loai 8 bit ang con ay tren th trng hoi o. Bo vi x ly 32 bit (32 bit microprocessor) nh 80486 DX chang han, co thanh ghi 32 bit nhng bus d lieu ngoai ch 16 bit. "Thoa hiep" th re tien v dung c vi cac ngoai vi co san ha gia, nhng thiet thoi v hieu suat thap. Mi nhat la bo vi x ly 64 bit (64 bit microprocessor) co cac thanh ghi va bus d lieu trong rong 64 bit, co the x ly 8 byte d lieu ong thi. Mot v du ien hnh la Intel Pentium. Noi chung loai VXL 64 bit hien nay eu lam viec vi bus d lieu ngoai 32 bit, nhng khong phai la "thoa hiep" thc s v viec s dung ngoai vi 64 bit hien nay se ay gia may tnh len en mc khong the chap nhan c, va khong phai moi thiet b ngoai vi eu co loai 64 bit. Cache s cap hay cache noi (primary cache, internal cache) la mot bo nh tam, co toc o cc nhanh, nam trong bo VXL, va dung e cat gi cac d lieu mi truy cap c hoac cac lenh thng xuyen dung, e chung san sang co mat hn oi vi bo VXL. V c noi trc tiep vi mach x ly nen cac lenh va d lieu ay co the truy cap rat nhanh. Pentium cua Intel co cache noi 16 KB trong khi Nx586 cua NexGen co cache noi en 32 KB. Xu hng cua cac bo VXL mi hien nay la tang cache noi len en 128 K hay 256K. Bus d lieu trong (internal data bus) la kenh dan ien t gom t 16 en 64 day dan song song, co nhiem vu thc hien viec lien lac noi bo gia cac bo phan ben trong bo vi x ly. Noi chung bus cang rong th
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toc o hoat ong cang nhanh, cung nh xa lo cang nhieu lan ng se cho c cang nhieu xe chay cung luc. Ngi ta phan biet vi bus d lieu ngoai (external data bus) e lien lac gia bo VXL va cac bo phan khac cua may tnh ke ca bo nh RAM. Nh tren a noi, cac thiet ke VXL "thoa hiep" co bus d lieu trong rong hn e bao am toc o x ly cao, nhng bus d lieu ngoai th hep hn e bao am tnh kinh te. Bus a ch (address bus) la tuyen cac mach ien song song ben trong bo VXL dung e thc hien viec nh danh cac v tr nh (lap a ch - addressing). o rong cua bus a ch se quyet nh dung lng cc ai ma bo VXL co the s dung. Trong bo nh may tnh, moi v tr nh phai co mot a ch rieng. Khong co a ch, bo VXL se khong biet lay cac lenh va d lieu au, cung nh khong biet a cac ket qua x ly vao au. Tren bus a ch, cac bit cua a ch nh di chuyen song song, moi bit tren mot ng day. V a ch nh la so nh phan nen co the tnh de dang dung lng bo nh theo o rong bus a ch. V du bus a ch 20 bit se lap a ch c cho 220 v tr nh, chnh xac la 1.048.576 byte, hay goi la 1MB. o chnh la bo nh cc ai ma Intel 8088 co the truy cap trc tiep. Muon phat trien bo nh ln hn 1MB th hoac tang o rong bus a ch (32 bit) hoac chuyen bo VXL sang che o bao ve (protected mode) bang cac phan mem ac biet. Cac bo VXL t 80286 tr len, trong che o bao ve, co the hoat ong vi bo nh RAM dung lng t 16 MB en hang chuc GB. Mach quan ly ien (power management). ay la mot tnh nang c cai san ben trong mot so loai vi x ly, dung e t ong cat bt ien cho cac thiet b ngoai vi hoac toan he thong sau mot thi gian khong dung may (ban i uong ca phe chang han) va a may vao che o chay khong (sleep mode). Trong che o nay, mc tieu hao ien co the giam en 60% ong thi khong b mat d lieu. Bo VXL se "nh" chnh xac tnh trang cua he may, bao gom ca moi thong bao ang tren ng i en cac ngoai vi, tai thi iem trc khi chuyen sang che o chay khong. Khi can tiep tuc cong viec, ban ch viec go vao mot phm bat ky, he thong se c phuc hoi hoan toan nh cu. Cac bo VXL cua Intel co tnh nang nay eu c ky

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hieu "SL" (v du i486SL) va c dung pho bien trong cac may tnh loai xach tay. Nhng van e lien quan en cong nghe che tao VXL. Cong nghe 0,5 micron (0,5 micron technology) la mot cong nghe che tao vi mach cho phep nhng nha san xuat co the tao ra cac bo VXL vi nhng phan t tch cc nho nhat co kch thc ch bang na phan trieu met. Cong nghe nay a cho phep che tao c cac chip ngay cang be hn, tieu thu t ien hn, va t phat nhiet hn. Hn na, chip cung co hieu suat cao hn v cac tn hieu di chuyen trong noi bo chip vi khoang ng ngan hn. Hien nay, ngi ta a bat au ap dung cong nghe 0,25 micron. Cong nghe CMOS (complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor) la cong nghe che tao linh kien ban dan cho phep tao ra hai loai transistor chnh tren cung mot chip silic. Nh o a ra i loai mach tch hp hoat ong toc o cao hn nhieu so vi cong nghe MOS, ong thi cung tieu thu t ien nang hn, va chay t b nong hn. Nhng cai tien nhanh chong trong cong nghe CMOS a cho phep rut gon kch thc cua cac linh kien tren chip ch con 0,4 micron. V cac bo VXL hien nay eu rat phc tap (P6 cua Intel co en 5,5 trieu transistor) nen viec ng dung cong nghe CMOS la khong the thieu trong qua trnh san xuat VXL. ien ap hoat ong (operating voltage) la ien ap can thiet e mot bo VXL co the hoat ong bnh thng. Khi ng dung transistor trong VXL, ngi ta quyet nh cho chay 5V, la mc ien ap u cao e bu lai nhng sut ap trong cac mach so, ong thi cung u thap e tranh gay tap am. Cac bo VXL co mat o linh kien cao, nh Pentium chang han, khi chay 5V se tang nhiet o len en 160oF va ton ien tng ng mot bong ien nho, nen phai dung phien toa nhiet (heat sink) ln va co quat mat rieng. Giam ien ap cong tac se giam cong suat ien tieu thu gap bnh phng lan; ieu nay rat quan trong, nhat la oi vi cac may tnh xach tay (notebook, laptop). Cung vi cong nghe CMOS a ra i loai vi x ly 3,3 V ch oi hoi dong tieu thu bang 60% so vi chip 5V. Chip VXL PowerPC 604c cua IBM va Motorola san xuat vi cong nghe 0,25 micron ch dung 2,5V Cac loai vo vi mach. Nhng kieu VXL cu (8086, 8088) c ong trong loai vo hai hang chan (dual in line package - DIP). o la loai vo bang plastic co cac chan hng xuong di theo hai hang song song hai
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ben. Nhng kieu VXL mi (80386, 80486) co vo boc vi cac chan ra tao thanh mang sap xep tren ca bon phia (pin grid array - PGA). Hai loai bo tr chan VXL nay rat kho khan khi cam vao e cam tren board me. Hien nay nhieu kieu VXL c che tao vi loai vo khong-phai-anvao-e (zero-insertion force-ZIP). e cam loai nay c thiet ke e co the m ra bang mot cai chot gi; ngi s dung at vi mach vao, va khi chot c ong lai th cac chan tiep xuc c gi chac trong e. X ly bang ong dan va cau truc superscalar. X ly bang ong dan (pipelining) la phng phap lam tang hieu suat cua bo VXL bang cach "ay" nhieu lenh qua ong dan (pipeline) e x ly cung mot luc. Ban hay hnh dung ong dan cua bo VXL cung giong nh mot day chuyen lap rap o to. Tren doc day chuyen o co nhieu cong nhan thc hien nhng cong viec khac nhau va khong trung lap, moi khi chiec xe c a qua trc mat ho. Ket qua la c moi phut co mot chiec xe mi ra khoi chuyen, mac du phai mat nhieu gi cho viec lap rap tng chiec xe rieng biet. Tng t nh vay; qua trnh x ly tren ong dan c chia thanh 5 cong oan: nhap d lieu t bo nh, giai ma d lieu, thc hien cac lenh, va ghi ket qua lai vao bo nh. Neu c x ly tuan t het lenh nay en lenh khac nh cu th may tnh phai mat 5 chu ky xung nhp cho moi lenh. Vi phng phap ong dan, khi lenh au tien chuyen sang bc hai th mot lenh mi c a vao bc mot, roi c tiep tuc mai nh the. Nh o, co en nam lenh c x ly ong thi, va may tnh c xem nh x ly moi lenh trong mot xung nhp, giong nh moi phut san xuat c mot chiec o to mi vay. Hang Intel a ng dung phng phap x ly bang ong dan trong cac bo VXL 486 va Pentium cua ho. Cau truc superscalar (superscalar architecture) la mot phng phap "hp ly hoa to chc" trong bo VXL e nang cao hieu suat bang cach dung hai hay nhieu ong dan. n v ieu khien cua bo VXL phan mot bai toan ra lam oi e c x ly ong hi trong hai ong dan; bo x ly co kha nang nay goi la bo vi x ly lenh oi (dual-issue microprocessor). Thuat ng superscalar co y muon nhan manh nhng li ch do cong

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nghe nay mang lai vt cao hn nhieu nhng li ch do thu nho kch thc (scaling down) cua chip VXL. Bo VXL loai superscalar, nh Pentium chang han, phai co kha nang quyet nh mot lenh cu the co the phan biet vi lenh ke tiep hay khong, e co the x ly chung oc lap vi nhau. Mot mach ac biet se tien hanh kiem tra tnh phu thuoc d lieu (data dependency) o, xem chung co yeu cau phai lien ket trong qua trnh x ly hay khong. Neu khong phu thuoc, hai lenh se c gi en hai ong dan theo ung th t. o la phng phap thc hien theo suy oan (speculative execution) e toi u hoa qua trnh x ly. Mot van e c at ra trong kieu cau truc superscalar la cac lenh co ieu kien c dien at di dang IF/THEN pho bien trong cac ngon ng lap trnh - se gi chat ong dan cho rieng mnh cho en khi ieu kien c thoa man va bo x ly quyet nh cho thoat theo mot hng. Thi gian ch i quyet nh nay se c giai quyet bang bien phap d oan re nhanh (branch prediction). Co mot mach ac biet trong bo VXL tien hanh kiem tra cac lenh co ieu kien, d oan trc qua trnh se theo ieu kien nao, va hng day lenh ke tiep theo d oan o. Trong bo VXL Pentium d oan re nhanh ung en 90%, va ch rieng bien phap nay e lam tang hieu suat cua no len 25% so vi bo VXL i486 i trc. e x ly ong thi nhieu lenh trong cau truc superscalar, th s han che so lng thanh ghi khong qua 8 (nh kieu thiet ke cua x86) la khong the chap nhan. Cac ket qua nghien cu ve cau truc VXL a khang nh so lng thanh ghi toi u phai la 32. Gia s co hai lenh khong thuoc loai phu thuoc d lieu nen mach kiem tra ac biet (a noi tren) khong phat hien c, nhng cung khong the x ly ong thi; o la loai lenh phu thuoc gia (false dependency). Trong cac kieu thiet ke x86, nh Pentium chang han, cac lenh phai tranh chap nhau mot khong gian thanh ghi han che nen xay ra nhieu trng hp false dependency va nang suat truyen (throughput) b giam. e tang so lng thanh ghi, ngi ta dung phng phap at ten lai thanh ghi (register renaming). Gap trng hp mot lenh muon s dung thanh ghi ang ban, bo x ly se at ten lai cho mot thanh ghi con roi nao o, roi gan cho lenh ang yeu cau. Nh vay so lng thanh ghi

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thc th van b han che nhng so lng cac thanh ghi logic th tang len rat nhieu. Pentium cua Intel khong dung phng phap at ten lai thanh ghi nh cac bo x ly oi thu cua no (AMD K5, CyrixM1, NexGen Nx586). Van e CISC va RISC CISC la viet tat cua Complex Instruction Set Computer, co ngha la may tnh tap lenh ay u. ay la ten goi cua loai VXL c thiet ke theo triet ly c a u cac mach chc nang ac biet vao, ngay ca trng hp chung khong c dung thng xuyen. Con RISC la g? o la Reduced Instruction Set Computer, ngha la may tnh tap lenh rut gon. ay la nguyen ly thiet ke n v x ly trung tam (CPU) nhan manh ve s n gian, toc o cao, va hieu qua tot. Kieu thiet ke RISC at c cac muc tieu nay nh giam so lng lenh ma bo VXL co the tien hanh, cung nh nh viec s dung ong dan va cau truc superscalar. Giam so lng lenh se trut ganh nang cua nhng qua trnh x ly phc tap cho phan mem, nhng lai at c ket qua ln ve hieu suat va toc o cua toan he thong: thiet ke RISC thc hien c t nhat la mot lenh trong moi chu ky ong ho. Cac bo x ly CISC mat phan ln thi gian cho viec thc hien ch mot so lng nho lenh trong toan bo tap lenh ay u. Cho nen, thay v phai co gang xay dng cac mach e thc hien en 300 lenh, th cac nha thiet ke RISC ch tap trung vao cac lenh ma CPU hay dung en. Neu cac mach thc hien lenh rut gon nay co the che tao e hoat ong toc o cao nhat, th bo x ly se cang chay nhanh hn, nhat la vi nhng thao tac phai lap lai nhieu lan. Hn na bo VXL RISC thng nho gon, nen tn hieu di chuyen ngan va co toc o hoat ong cang nhanh. RISC n thuan ch la quy nh ve ac tnh cua bo VXL va cung khong phai la quy nh quan trong nhat. Thc ra, khong co mot quy tac chat che nao phan biet gia cac bo VXL CICS va RISC. Bo VXL Power PC (c xem la loai RISC) co the hieu en 220 lenh, nhieu hn 70 lenh so vi tap lenh cua Intel 486 (la loai CISC). Co nhieu ngi neu len cach phan biet: chip RISC co kha nang x ly moi lenh trong mot chu ky xung nhp, con CISC th phai mat nhieu chu ky cho mot lenh. Ngay ca ieu nay, ca hai loai cung tng ng nhau, tham ch cong nghe CISC mi (Pentium chang han) con vt troi hn chut t. So vi
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cac loai VXL CISC hieu suat cao mi nhat, th nhng g co the ac trng cho kieu thiet ke RISC la viec s dung en 32 thanh ghi va khong dung vi ma (microcode - loai ma cai san trong bo VXL e ieu khien trc tiep hoat ong cua cac mach ben trong; lenh chng trnh tac ong vao bo VXL phai thong qua ma nay). e duy tr tnh tng thch vi nhng phan mem viet cho x86 a co, Pentium phai han che trong 8 thanh ghi dau cham ong dung cho cac phep tnh so hoc. Ngc lai Power PC 601 khai thac en 32 thanh ghi chung va 32 thanh ghi dau cham ong. S dung nhieu thanh ghi se x ly d lieu nhanh hn v khong can phai lay d lieu t bo nh (mat nhieu thi gian), va ong dan x ly cac lenh hieu qua hn v co the cat gi tam cac d lieu trung gian. Loai bo vi ma la yeu to quyet nh e nang cao hieu suat cua bo VXL RISC. Loai bo qua trnh giai ma oi vi vi ma, cac lenh chng trnh khi au ngay cac hoat ong vat ly cua mnh. Nh bt phc tap nen chi ph che tao VXL cung ha hn. Pentium (chip CISC) gia en hn 900 USD (nam 1995) trong khi Power PC 601 (chip RISC) co hieu nang tng ng hoac tot hn ma gia ch bang mot na. Co nhieu hang san xuat VXL RISC nhng rat t hang chu cai tien chip CISC va phai au t von ln e nang cao hieu nang cua cac chip CISC hien ang co, va chip CICS ton nhieu vat lieu silic hn. Trong khi o hang Intel van "kien tr" vi cac han che cua cong nghe CISC. Pentium co hieu suat tng ng vi mot so VXL RICS, va P6 (ngi ke v cua Pentium) van c thiet ke e at toc o 250 trieu lenh moi giay. Mac du san xuat chip chi ph cao hn chip RISC, nhng nh tiet kiem ve quy mo, ngi ta co the ha gia Pentium va P6 xuong xap x loai chip RISC. Va neu c nh vay, nhng ngi tieu dung se khong con ly do e choi bo kha nang tng thch vi hn 50.000 chng trnh ng dung hien hanh cua cac bo VXL ho x86. Nhieu ngi cho rang en i con cua P6 se loai bo vi ma va co cau truc RISC hoan toan. anh gia bo vi x ly theo cach nao? Benchmark la g? o la mot chng trnh hoac mot bo gom nhieu chng trnh co the chay c tren nhieu he may tnh khac nhau e o th nang suat truyen qua (throughput) cua toan bo may va e lay so lieu so sanh cac he thong vi nhau. Mot so benchmark o th toc o cua vi x ly khi thc hien cac phep tnh tong the, mot so khac
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th th stress bang cac phep tnh dau phay ong, va mot so khac na th kiem th he may bang cach cho chay mot bo cac trnh ng dung ien hnh. Mot to chc bat vu li ong California, My, co ten la Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation - SPEC c lap ra vi muc ch thiet lap, duy tr va chng nhan cac benchmark thch ang, a c chuan hoa, ap dung cho cac the he may tnh hieu suat cao mi nhat. Tha nhan la khong co mot chng trnh kiem tra n oc nao co the dung e so sanh chat lng cua moi kieu may tnh, SPEC a tm kiem e cung cap mot tap hop cac ai lng tham khao nham tao kha nang so sanh hieu nang cua cac he may tnh. SPEC la mot to chc lien hiep gom cac hang thanh vien : AT &T/NCR, Auspex, Bell, Compag, Control Data, Data General, DEC. EDS, Fujitsu, Hal Computer, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intel, Intergrap, Kubota Pacific, Motorola, Next, Network appliance, Novell, Olivetti, Siemens, Nixdorf, Silicon Graphics, Solbourne, Sun, Unisys, va Ziffdavis. Hien ang co hai chng trnh kiem tra SPEC tieu chuan: mot o cac phep tnh tong hp (CINT 92), va mot o cac phep tnh dau cham ong (CFP 92). V du bo x ly Intel 486DX2 at toc o 32,2 trong CINT 92, con Pentium 66 MHz th at ti 118,1. Ngi ta cung hay dung mot chng trnh benchmark co ten goi la Winstone. o la mot chng trnh kiem tra khong toan dien do cac phong th nghiem PC cua hang Ziff-Davis soan thao, va c dung cho viec so sanh gia cac he may tnh toc o cao vi nhau cua tap ch PC Magazine. Phien ban Winstone mi nhat a s dung mot bo cac bao cao ng dung cua 13 trnh ng dung Windows lu hanh rong rai trong lnh vc kinh doanh e lap nen mot ket qua di dang con so, phan anh hieu nang cua he thong may o trong cac ieu kien thc te. Pho bien va n gian nhat la MIPS (milions of instructions per second trieu lenh moi giay), mot benchmark o toc o cua bo VXL theo so lng lenh ma no co the thc hien mot phep tnh so hoc n gian lap i lap lai nhieu lan. Hau het cac chuyen gia may tnh eu cho rang hieu nang cua mot he may tnh ch bieu hien ro nhat khi cho chay mot loat cac trnh ng dung ien hnh khac nhau, v khi o ban biet ro hieu nang cua toan he thong ch khong phai ch mot mnh bo VXL. Intel va ho vi x ly x86
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Intel la mot hang hang au chuyen san xuat cac loai VXL, mach ban dan, va cac thiet b noi ghep mang. Hien nay co xap x 75% may tnh ca nhan tren the gii ang s dung CPU cua Intel. ong tai Santa Clara, bang California, My, hang Intel a bao cao thu nhap cua mnh trong quy au nam 1995 la 3,56 ty USD. Intel 4004 la bo vi x ly au tien tren the gii, ra i vao nam 1971. La bo VXL 4 bit c thiet ke e dung trong cac may calculator co the lap trnh, 4008 hoat ong toc o xung nhp xap x 0,1 MHz. Cau truc 4 bit cho phep lam viec vi o dai cc ai 16 ky t - u dung oi vi cac con so t 0 en 9 va cac dau trong cac phep tnh so c ban (cong, tr, nhan, chia). Intel 8080 la bo VXL 8 bit ra i vao thang 4 nam 1974, tng ng 8000 transistor chay toc o 2MHz va co the x ly khoang 1,5 MIPS. Vi bus a ch 16 bit, 8080 ch co the s dung bo nh 64K. ay la loai VXL c dung trong loat may tnh micro au tien tren the gii, may Altain. Intel 8086 la bo VXL 16 bit au tien c gii thieu vao thang 6 nam 1978, tng ng vi 29.000 transistor, hoat ong toc o 4,77 MHz va co the x ly vao khoang 1,3 MIPS. Vi bus a ch 20 bit, 8086 co the s dung bo nh en 1MB. Tuy co khiem khuyet la chia nho bo nh thanh nhieu oan 64K, nhng cau truc va tap lenh cua 8086 la c s cho 90% so lng may tnh ca nhan ang c s dung hien nay tren the gii. Intel 8088 ra i vao thang 6 nam 1979, hoan toan giong ve cau truc va cac tnh nang nh 8086 ch tr mot khac biet c ban: bus d lieu trong 16 bit nhng bus d lieu ngoai ch 8 bit e "thoa hiep" vi cac loai ngoai vi 8 bit ang co san tren th trng hoi o. Hang IBM a mua c ban quyen san xuat cua 8086 va 8088 nen quyet nh dung cau truc x86 trong loai may tnh au tien cua mnh - may IBM PC - ra i vao 1981. Intel 80286 la loai VXL 16 bit c gii thieu vao thang 1 nam 1982. Chip 80286 tng ng 139.000 transistor, toc o xung nhp 8MHz va toc o x ly 1,2 MIPS. Phien ban th hai cua 80286 co toc o 20 MHz. Vi bus a ch 24 bit, chip VXL nay co the s dung bo nh 16MB. Chnh 80286 a cung cap sc manh cho may PC AT cua IBM ra i vao nam 1984. oi mi ky thuat then chot cua 80286 la co kha nang
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chay theo nhieu che o. Trong che o thc (real mode) 80286 ch s dung bo nh 1MB nen tng thch vi cac he ieu hanh va phan mem a c soan cho 8086 va 8088. Che o th hai la che o bao ve (protected mode), chip 80286 co the truy cap 16MB bo nh. Mot cai tien khac la 80286 co kha nang s dung bo nh ao hnh thanh tren a cng lam khong gian lu tr tam thi, nen may tnh c xem nh co bo nh chnh ln hn thc co. Nhc iem cua 80286 la khong gian nh tren 1MB khong nguyen khoi ma b chia thanh nhieu oan nho 64K rat kho khan cho nhng ngi lap trnh. Te hai hn la chip nay khong the chuyen t che o bao ve sang che o thc; neu muon ri che o bao ve e khi au mot chng trnh DOS, ban phai khi ong lai may tnh. Nhng bat li nay a sm lam cho nhng nha thiet ke he thong xem 80286 nh la mot kieu thiet ke chet (brain-dead design). Intel 80386 la bo VXL c gii thieu vao thang 10 nam 1985, tng ng 275.000 transistor, toc o 16 MHz va toc o x ly khoang 6MIPS. Cac phien ban sau cua 80386 co toc o 20 MHz. Vi bus a ch 32 bit, 80386 co the s dung bo nh en 4 GB, ong thi no cung co the s dung en 64 TB bo nh ao. Khi chip 386SX ra i th chip 80386 c at ten lai la 386DX va lan lt ra i cac phien ban 20MHz, 25MHz va 33MHz. Compaq la hang au tien a ra loai may tnh chay bang 80386. Bo VXL 386 ra i nham khac phuc trc tiep cac nhc iem cua 80286: phai chuyen oi c nhanh chong gia che o thc va che o bao ve, va phai co kha nang hoat ong vi bo nh RAM toi a 4 GB. Chip 386 con co mot bo cache noi nho ong thi co the s dung them cache ngoai e tang toc o hoat ong. Mot tnh nang mi cua 386 la co the mo phong mot hoac nhieu bo VXL 8086 cung mot luc nen cho phep chay nhieu chng trnh DOS ong thi. Bo VXL 386 DX a lam cho Microsoft Windows tr nen mot he ieu hanh manh. Ban khi ong Windows 3.1 bang DOS (trong che o thc), roi chuyen sang che o bao ve e no co the thiet lap nhieu "ca so", ma thc chat la cac bo x ly 8086 ao, chay nhieu trnh ng dung DOS khac nhau trong cac ca so o. Neu khong, ban cung co the chay cac trnh ng dung Windows. Intel 386 SX la mot phien ban "que" cua 80386, ra i vao thang 6 nam 1988, tuy co bus d lieu trong 32 bit nhng bus d lieu ngoai ch 16
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bit. Chip 386 SX ch s dung c 20MB bo nh, ch x ly c 2,5 MIPS, co tr so 6,2 oi vi CINT92 va 3,3 oi vi CFP92. Intel 386 SL la phien ban tiet kiem ien (low-power) cua bo VXL 386 SX c thiet ke e dung trong cac may tnh notebook. Loai chip nay co che o chay khong (sleep mode) tieu thu dong ien rat nho eduy tr tnh trang ma no va tam ngng trc o. Intel 486DX la loai VXL 32 bit, c gii thieu vao thang 4 nam 1984, tng ng 1,2 trieu transistor, toc o 25 MHz (sau o la 33 MHz), va toc o x ly 20 MIPS. Bus a ch cua 486DX rong 32 bit nen s dung c bo nh 4GB ong thi con s dung c bo nh ao en 64 TB. Chip VXL nay at gia tr SPEC en 27,9 oi vi phep tnh tong hp va 13,1 oi vi phep tnh dau cham ong. Chip 486 khong co mot cach mang ky thuat nao so vi 386. Nhng tien bo ch la nhng thu thuat khon kheo hn cua c s ky thuat cu, nhng rat co an tng vi ngi dung do toc o cao hn nhieu so vi the he trc. Viec s dung ong dan cho phep 486 DX x ly hau het cac lenh trong mot chu ky xung nhp (o la ly do tai sao 486DX - 33 nhanh hn gap hai lan 386 DX - 33 mac du cung chay mot toc o ong ho). Hn na, 486 DX con co bo ong x ly so (numeric coprocessor) che tao san ben trong, c thiet ke toi u e chuyen tien hanh cac phep tnh so hoc thay cho bo x ly chnh. V ly do nay ma 486 DX chay nhanh hn 386 DX co gan them mot ong x ly toan 80387 tren board me; cac tn hieu khong phai di chuyen xa. Giong nh 386DX, chip 486DX cung co mot cache noi nhng ln hn nhieu (8K). Chip 486 DX cung co mot phien ban "que" cua mnh, o la 486 SX. c gii thieu lan au tien vao thang 1 nam 1991, chip 486SX khong qua que quat en mc thu hep bus d lieu ngoai, ma van gi nguyen cau truc 32 bit ay u; no ch bo bt bo ong x ly so. Bo x ly 486SX co toc o 20 MHz (sau o la 25 MHz) va co the thc hien 20 MIPS. Intel 486SL la phien ban tiet kiem ien cua bo VXL 486DX, c dung cho cac may tnh notebook. Chip nay co kha nang quan ly ien, trong o co che o chay khong. So vi 386SL, chip 486SL co nang suat x ly gan gap oi nhng tieu thu ien ch bang mot na. Intel 486 DX con co phien ban xung nhp gap oi (clock-doubling) la 486 DX2 dung e tang toc o cua bo VXL ma khong oi hoi board me
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cung phai co cung toc o o: loai DX2 50MHz chay vi board me 25MHz; loai DX2 66MHz chay vi board me 33 MHz. Chip 486 DX2 at gia tr SPEC la 32,2 oi vi phep tnh tong hp va 16,0 oi vi phep tnh dau cham ong. Thong thng, bo vi x ly cang nhanh bao nhieu th cac chip ho tr tren board me cung phai nhanh bay nhieu, nen gia tien tang len. Chip DX2 cho cac nha thiet ke he thong mot an hue la ch can tien hanh nhng cai tien rat n gian tren cac board me 25 MHz va 33 MHz ang co san la a at cac toc o x ly 50 MHz va 66 MHz. Theo phng an nay, may phai chu thiet ve hieu nang v bo VXL tien hanh x ly so lieu nhanh gap oi board me nen phai i cho board me uoi kp. e giai quyet, ngi ta a dung mot cache ngoai u rong e gi tam cac lenh va d lieu ma bo VXL phai i. Neu cache c thiet ke hp ly, bo x ly nhp ong ho gap oi co the at c 80% hieu nang cua he thong co board me phu hp vi toc o bo x ly. Phien ban xung nhp gap ba (clock-tripling) cua 486DX la chip 486 DX4. Loai nay at c toc o 75 MHz hoac 100 MHz nhng van s dung board me loai 25 MHz hoac 33 MHz. Vi cache noi 16K, DX4 co kha nang lu tr ben trong ln gap oi so vi cac the he trc cua no. Chip 486 DX4 co mot oi mi quan trong: no chay 3,3V nen t ton ien va t nong hn. DX4 at tr so SPEC la 51 oi vi phep tnh tong hp va 27 oi vi dau cham ong. Pentium la bo VXL 64 bit do Intel che tao va c gii thieu vao thang 5 nam 1993. Pentium tng ng 3,1 trieu transistor, phien ban au tien chay toc o ong ho 60MHz va co the x ly khoang 112 MIPS. Cac phien ban ke tiep chay 66MHz, 90MHz, 100MHz, 120MHz, 150MHz va hien nay la 200MHz. Giong nh 486DX, Pentium co bus a ch 32 bit nen co the dung en 4GB bo nh. Mac du co bus d lieu trong rong 64 bit, nhng Pentium c thiet ke e lam viec vi bus d lieu ngoai 32 bit. The he Pentium au tien (ky hieu P5) at 67,4 oi vi CINT92 va 63,6 oi vi CFP. Cac phien ban mi cua Pentium che tao theo cong nghe 0,4 micron xuat hien cuoi 1995 chay vi toc o 120, 133 MHz va gan ay la 200MHz. Mac du theo triet ly CISC, nhng Pentium a ng dung nhieu cong nghe mi at c s trc cho cac loai VXL RISC sieu toc: dung ong
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dan, cau truc superscalar, va d oan re nhanh. Ong dan oi cua Pentium c thiet ke e x ly cac so nguyen, o la giai phap rat phu hp v ngi dung PC thng chay cac trnh ng dung nhieu thao tac so nguyen. Nh nhng bien phap cong nghe nay, Pentium co the canh tranh ngang nga ve hieu nang vi cac chip RISC thc s; ngi ta goi Pentium la bo vi x ly CISC mang nhieu yeu to RISC. Trong nhng ieu kien ly tng, Pentium co the thc hien hai lenh trong moi chu ky xung nhp nen x ly nhanh gan gap oi 486 DX co cung toc o. Hn na, Pentium van gi c tnh tng thch hoan toan vi tap lenh cua 386/486, co ngha la van tng thch hoan toan vi khoi lng khong lo cac phan mem DOS va Microsoft Windows hien hanh. Mot oi mi quan trong khac cua Pentium la n v dau cham ong (FPU) c thiet ke lai triet e hn, nen co the tien hanh cac phep tnh so nhanh gap nam lan so vi cac he thong DX2/66. Pentium con co cac oi mi khac cung gop phan lam tang hieu nang cua no. Pentium co mot cache noi 8K dung cho cac lenh va mot cache noi khac danh cho d lieu. Ca hai eu c thiet ke toi u cho nhng nhiem vu c chuyen mon hoa nen lam tang ang ke toc o cua bo VXL. Bus d lieu 64 bit trong chip cho phep dan d lieu vi toc o khong han che; che o chuyen tai theo tng bui chang han, a cho phep toan bo noi dung cua o cng 528MB co the c chuyen tai di mot giay. Cac loai Pentium au tien (chip 66 MHz chang han) tieu thu nhieu ien (5V) va chay b nong. Mot nam sau, vi cong nghe 0,6 micron, Pentium 90MHz co ky hieu P54C ha ien ap hoat ong xuong 3,3V nen chay bt nong nhieu. Co ban hoi tai sao goi la Pentium ma khong phai la 586? Co nhieu hang oi thu cua Intel a au tranh manh me cac toa an oi quyen san xuat cac bo vi x ly lay ten "386" va "486", v o n thuan ch la nhng con so. e gi oc quyen, Intel a ang ky ten Pentium. Nhng ay cung la mot tai hoa! Thang 4 nam 1994 Intel a phai tra 11,5 trieu o la tien boi thng an cho cong ty Pan Technology International cua ai Loan; cong ty nay kien Intel a vi pham nhan hieu oc quyen bang tieng Trung Quoc cua ho la "Penteng". Cuoi nam 1994 mot giao s toan Virginia, My, phat hien mot loi trong n v dau cham ong cua Pentium ma trc kia cha he biet.
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Tiep theo, nhieu phan tch a chng to khi tien hanh chia tng so vi nhau trong 1738 oi so, se xuat hien loi. Hang Intel nh "chay toi", bang cach tuyen bo rang ngi s dung co trnh o trung bnh se ch gap mot loi nh vay trong 27.000 nam chay may. Nhng nhng ngi s dung may tnh thch hai hc a luan truyen tren mang Internet nhieu chuyen vui ve Pentium, chang han: Tai sao Intel khong goi Pentium la 586? tai v ho a cong 100 vi 486 va c ap so la 585,9957389. au tien Intel t choi khong thay chip tr nhng ngi chng minh c la mnh s dung nhieu tnh toan. Ve sau ho a thay oi y kien, ong y thay bat ky chip Pentium nao b loi bang mot phien ban mi a c sa cha lai. Pentium Pro la bo x ly thuoc the he tiep sau cua Pentium ma co nhieu ngi goi la Intel P6. c a vao s dung cuoi 1995 vi so lng cha nhieu nhng P6 a sm c hoan nghenh vi kieu thiet ke oi mi va toc o x ly nhanh cua no; moi ieu o at c ma khong phai hy sinh s tng thch ngi vi cac phan mem x86. Chip P6 la loai superscalar, superpipelining (bay bc c ban trong ong dan thay v nam bc), co kha nang x ly ba lenh ong thi (Pentium ch hai lenh). Khac vi Pentium co thiet ke CISC, P6 c che tao theo cau truc RISC nhng s dung cac mach thong dch gan tren board me e chuyen oi cac lenh cua PC486 thanh cac lenh RISC. Qua phan tch hieu nang cua Pentium, ngi ta thay viec nang cao toc o x ly se khong co hieu qua nhieu lam neu ch tang so lng ong dan, v the PC6 dung phng phap thc hien theo suy oan (speculative execution) e toi u hoa qua trnh x ly, o la phng phap lu tr va phan tch tren 30 lenh trc khi chung c thc hien. Cac lenh nay eu d oan la sap i qua bo x ly nen c hng dan va sap xep th t thch hp e toi thieu hoa thi gian x ly. ong thi cung nh phng phap suy oan nay ma P6 t gap trng hp phai nhot lenh vao ong dan (pipeline stall), khi co hai lenh yeu cau phai c hoan thanh cung mot luc, nh Pentium a mat rat nhieu th gi v no. Nh suy oan, P6 a nang cao hieu qua x ly len 100% so vi Pentium. Bo x ly P6 con co mot so tnh nang tien tien khac: dung phng phap at ten lai thanh ghi e tranh trng hp tranh chap thanh ghi, va s dung mot giao dien trc tiep toc o cao vi cache th cap nen khong b cham v bus d lieu, khi truy cap cache.
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Tng ng 5,5 trieu transistor, P6 nguyen thuy chay vi toc o 133 MHz, va vao gia 1996 a len en 180 va 200 MHz. Khi chay vi cac phan mem 16 bit (DOS), Pentium Pro khong nhanh hn Pentium bao nhieu. Neu ban dung cac phan mem 32 bit, nh Windows 95 va Windows NT, th Pentium Pro se cho toc o ky luc. Nhieu ban hoi: Co cach nao nang cap bo VXL ma khong can thay board me? Co ban hay dung OverDrive. ay la cach nang cap bo x ly (processor upgrade) c thiet ke e nang cap cac he thong may Intel 486 SX va 486 DX len mc 486 DX2 hoac 486 DX4. Thc chat o la phng phap boi hai hoac boi ba toc o xung nhp nh a noi tren. Cac bo x ly OverDrive gom hai loai: loai th nhat co thiet ke lap va vao o cam OverDrive (con trong) tren board me, loai th hai dung thay the cho CPU cua ban (neu khong co o cam nay). Intel co san xuat loai Pentium OverDrive (con ky hieu la P24T) e nang cap cac may tnh Intel 486 DX2 co o cam OverDrive len ngang bang hieu nang cua Pentium. Noi chung viec lap at khong co g kho khan, nhng li ch thu c khong ln (hieu nang toan he tang xap x 20%). Ban nen can nhac ky gia hieu qua va chi ph phai bo ra. Nhieu khi mua han mot he Pentium mi lai la khon ngoan hn. NHNG HANG VA NHNG BO VI X LY ANG CANH TRANH VI INTEL Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) la mot hang san xuat mach tch hp ln hang th 5 My. Tap trung vao may tnh ca nhan, may tnh mang, cung nh cac thiet b thong tin, hang AMD san xuat cac loai vi x ly, cac vi mach lien quan vi VXL, va cac vi mach ng dung trong ghep mang cung nh trong truyen thong. C s chnh Sunnyval, bang Californai, AMD con co nhieu chi nhanh My, Nhat, Thai Lan, Malaysia va Singapore. AMD a san xuat c hn 7 trieu bo VXL ke t 1975 en nay. Am 386 la mot bo VXL do AMD che tao, hoan toan tng thch vi Intel 80386 (va cac phan mem cua no). AMD la hang cung cap chip 386 hang au tren the gii va thng co trc cac loai toc o xung nhp cao hn so vi cac hang khac. Am 486 cung do AMD che tao, hoan toan tng thch vi Intel 486 (va cac phan mem cua no). Giong nh Intel, AMD cung co mot ho 486
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cua mnh bao gom Am 486 DX2 (toc o xung nhp boi 2) va Am 486DX4 (toc o xung nhp boi 3). AM486DX2 co mot n v dau cham ong, bo nh cache 8K va chay 88MHz. Chip AM486DX4 at c toc o 75MHz hoac 100MHz (dung vi board me 25 hoac 33 MHz) nhng bo nh cache ch 8K, be hn cache 6K trong Intel 486DX4. AMDK5 la loai vi x ly cua AMD tng thch nh nguyen vi Pentium cua Intel. Khong phai la "ban sao" cua Pentium, K5 khong i theo con ng CISC, ma thc chat la bo VXL RISC; hn na, K5 la bo x ly bon lenh (quad-issue processor) trong khi Pentium ch co the x ly 2 lenh ong thi. Nh cach at ten lai thanh ghi nen K5 co the co en 40 thanh ghi logic. Tat ca cac cai tien o a lam cho K5 va co the thc hien c moi lenh cua Pentium (no dung nhng mach x ly ac biet e ma hoa cac lenh nay), va co toc o nhanh hn en 30% cung toc o. Hang AMD ang d nh mot ke hoach phat trien cac loai VXL nay ngay cang manh len, ma cc iem la loai K8, vao nam 2000, manh gap 10 lan bo VXL au bang hien nay la Pentium Pro. K5 tng ng 4,3 trieu transistor, che tao bang cong nghe 0,5 micron va CMOS 3,3V. Hien nay a co loai K5 chay vi toc o 100 va 120 MHz. Cyrix la mo hang san xuat VXL quy mo nho va khong toan dien (fabless), da vao cac hang Richardson, Texas, vi doanh so ban ra 294 trieu USD nam 1994. B xem nh la mot "cau thu d b" vao cuoi nam 1993, Cyrix a nhay vao "san" vi mot ho bo VXL tng thch 486DX2 ay an tng. Cung vi bo x ly Cyrix M1, cong ty a ghi danh len hang au cung vi Intel trong th trng Pentium. Cyrix a ky hp ong phu trong viec san xuat cac chip VXL cua mnh vi IBM va SGS Thomson. Cyrix 486 DCL la loai VXL c thiet ke tng thch nh nguyen vi cac phan mem viet cho ho vi x ly Intel 486. Do cac mac noi chan hoan toan tng hp vi Intel 386DX nen chip nay la loai cac ly tng dung e nang cap may 386 DX len 486. Tuy nhien 486 DLC khong co mach ong x ly so ben trong, nen muon nang cap ay u phai cai them bo ong x ly so Cyrix 83D87. Nh mo phong theo cac toc o xung nhp cua Intel 386 DX ma no thay the, nen 486 DLC co san cac loai toc o t 16 en 33 MHz. Phien ban toc o boi hai Cyrix CX486 DRu2 co the chay cac toc o cao en 66MHz. Cac bao
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cao tren mang Internet cho biet Cyrix 486 DLC khong tng thch vi he ieu hanh NeXTStep. Cyrix 486SLC la bo VXL tng thch nh nguyen vi cac phan mem bien soan cho Intel 486. Bo tr chan cua chip nay hoan toan giong Intel 486 DX2 nen co the chay toc o en 80MHz va cache noi ch co 8KB. Cyrix 486 DX2 la loai VXL c thiet ke e tng thch nh nguyen vi cac phan mem bien soan cho Intel 486. Bo tr chan cua chip nay hoan toan giong Intel 486 DX2 nen co the dung chip Cyrix gia re nay e thay the cho chip Intel. Cyrix 486 DX2 co the chay cac toc o en 80 MHz va cache noi ch co 8KB. Cyrix M1 la loai VXL tng thch nh nguyen vi Pentium, nhng co gia re hn. Giong Pentium, M1 co cau truc superscalar va x ly c hai lenh cung mot luc. Bang phng phap superpipelining, trong o nam bc hoat ong cua ong dan c chia thanh bay bc, M1 co kha nang x ly hieu qua hn Pentium. Trong x ly lenh oi co nhng quy tac e xac nh mot cap lenh cu the co the x ly ong thi hay khong, goi la cac quy tac han che a ra (issue restrictions). Pentium b gii han bi cac quy tac han che a ra nghiem ngat, con M1 cung nh AMDK5 va P6 t b han che hn nen hieu suat tot hn. Nhng oi mi thiet ke cung a giam bt so lenh a nhot vao ong dan, ong thi M1 cung dung phng phap at ten lai thanh ghi e tang so lng thanh ghi logic len. M1 a co loai chay vi toc o ong ho 100MHz. Hang Cyrix tuyen bo rang chip M1 cua ho chay nhanh hn t 30 en 50% so vi cac loai Pentium hien ai. M1 cung phu hp chan vi cac kieu Pentium nen cac hang co the che tao board me ho tr ca hai loai. NexGen la hang san xuat cac loai VXL x86, at c s San Mateo bang California - My, va la loai hang san xuat khong hoan chnh (fabless). NexGen phoi hp vi IBM Microelectronics e che tao bo VXL Nx585 cua mnh, mot bo VXL au tien tng hp nh nguyen hoan toan vi Pentium. S canh tranh cua NexGen a gap thuan li v Pentium cua Intel co khiem khuyet trong n v dau cham ong va cac hang san xuat may tnh hang au (nh Compaq chang han) ang co xu hng muon thoat khoi nhng g ma ho xem nh la nhc iem cua Intel.

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NexGen Nx585 la bo vi x ly c thiet ke e tng thch vi Pentium. La bo VXL tng thch Pentium au tien tham gia th trng, Nx585 a kieu hanh la no co nang suat truyen tng ng Pentium nhng gia re hn khoang t 15% en 27%. Nx585 ve thc chat la bo VXL RISC, va tien hanh thong dch cac lenh x86 e co the thc hien bang thiet ke RISC. Khac vi Pentium Nx585 s dung phng phap at ten lai thanh ghi e vt qua gii han nghiem ngat 8 thanh ghi cua cau truc x86 (no co en 40 thanh ghi logic). V toc o cua Nx585 khong nhanh hn ang ke so vi Pentium, nen cac nha thiet ke a che tao ra cac board me rieng cho Nx585, tren o lap cac chip ho tr (chip set) cua hang NexGen thay cho hang Intel. Nx585 tng ng 3,5 trieu transistor, che tao theo cong nghe 0,5 micron va CMOS chay 4V. Hien nay ang lu hanh loai VXL nay vi cac toc o 70, 75, 84 va 93 MHz. NexGen tuyen bo ve mat hieu nang tong the, chip 93 MHz cua ho hoan toan tng ng vi Pentium 100 MHz Dong VXL cua Motorola. Motorola la mot trong cac hang hang au the gii chuyen san xuat thiet b thong tin, cac linh kien ban dan, cung nh cung cap cac dch vu va cac he thong ien t tien tien. Vi 5,7 ty o la san pham ban dan ban ra nam 1993, Motorola a vng len v tr th ba trong hang ngu nhng hang san xuat linh kien vi ien t ln tren the gii. Dong VXL 680x0 cua Motorola la linh hon cua cac the he may tnh Macintosh cua hang Apple Computer. Motorola 6800 la bo VXL 32 bit c s dung trong he may Macintosh au tien. Vi bus d lieu trong 32 bit va bus d lieu ngoai 16 bit, chip 6800 la mot kieu thiet ke "thoa hiep" e tan dung nhng ngoai vi 16 bit re tien co san, nhng b thiet ve nang suat truyen cua toan he. BXL nay chay toc o 8MHz va s dung c 32 GB bo nh. Motorola 68020 la bo VXL 32 bit ay u, a c s dung trong cac may tnh Macintosh II thuoc the he au tien cua Apple. Bo VXL nay chay toc o 16 MHz Motorola 68030 la bo VXL 32 bit ay u, a cung cap sc manh hn han cho cac may tnh Macintosh cap c s hien nay cua Apple. Tng ng vi Intel 386 DX ve kha nang x ly, 68030 co kha nang quan ly bo nh tot hn va co toc o en 50 MHz.

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Motorola 68040 la bo VXL 32 bit a cung cap sc manh cho nhieu loai may tnh Macintosh gom hau het model Quadras cung nh mot so model Centris va Performa. Tng t Intel 486 DX, chip 68040 ai dien cho nhng cai tien mang tnh cach mang so vi 68030; s cai tien chu yeu cua no la co them n v dau cham ong e thc hien nhanh hn cac phep tnh so hoc. 68040 at toc o 21 oi vi CINT 92 va 15 oi vi CFP92. Cothe ghep vao ay la dong vi x ly Power PC do cac hang Apple Computer, IBM, va Motorola hp tac che tao. Power PC 601 la bo VXL 32 bit a bao gom c nhieu tnh nang cua triet ly thiet ke RISC. Chip 601 tng ng 2,8 trieu transistor va hoat ong toc o 50MHz. Cac phien ban ke tiep co toc o tang dan cho en 100 MHz. Mot phien ban cua 601 la 601v s dung cong nghe 0,5 micron e giam kch thc va t ton ien, ong thi chay 100 MHz. Phien ban 601v nay at toc o SPEC la 105 (CINT92). Power PC tng trng cho ket qua cua nhng no lc than trong va tienbo e lat o ngoi thong tr cua Intel trong nen cong nghiep VXL. Vi kha nang x ly xap x nh cac kieu Pentium au tien, 601 ch co gia tien bang mot na va tieu hao ien cung ch bang mot na (ien ap cong tac 3,6 V). Power PC 601 a tao sc manh vt bac cho loai may tnh Power Macintosh au tien cua Apple. Power PC co the hieu en 220 lenh, nhieu hn 70 lenh so vi Intel 486 DX nen ve phng dien nay no khong phai la RISC mot cach thc thu. Tuy nhien ve cac mat khac th Power PC la hien than cua triet ly thiet ke RISC. Cac lenh eu c noi ket co nh thay v lien ket vi ma, ong thi viec x ly bang ong dan c ket hp vi cau truc superscalar va phng phap d oan re nhanh a cho phep 601 x ly ong thi 3 lenh trong mot chu ky ong ho. Chip 601, khac vi Pentium, dung en 3 ong dan: mot cho phep tnh tong hp, mot cho phep tnh dau phay ong, va mot cho cac thao tac re nhanh. oi vi cac trnh ng dung nhieu phep tnh tong hp, nh a so ang chay tren may PC, th ay khong phai la mot phng phap tot. Chip 601 cung khong c tinh vi bang Pentium trong cac phng phap cong nghe khac - ky thuat d oan re nhanh khong chnh xac bang, cache noi khong phan biet rieng gia khu vc cha lenh va khu vc cha d lieu. Co mot ieu phai nam that chac khi so sanh: cac nhc iem cua 601, nh dung mot ong dan cho phep tnh tong hp
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va khong phan chia cache noi chang han, co the khac phuc de dang; con nhc iem cua Pentium, nh ch dung 8 thanh ghi lenh va 8 thanh ghi d lieu chang han th khong the khac phuc, trong khi toi u phai la 32. Mat khac Power PC lai khong the chay c cac chng trnh DOS hoac Windows (ang dung vi mot so lng khong lo) ma khong co bo mo phong (emulation). Vi bo mo phong, Power PC co the chay Windows nhng vi toc o ch bang 486, o la cha ke cac hiem hoa tiem an - v du cac bo mo phong Windows hien co ch co the chay Windows trong che o 386 Enhanced, nen a bo qua mot trong cac u iem chnh cua Windows. Cac may Power Macintosh khong the chay c cac chng trnh quen thuoc cua Macintosh (khong tng thch ngc) neu khong co bo mo phong. Tuy nhien, bo mo phong Macintosh tot hn nhieu - Power Mac co the chay cac chng trnh Macintosh vi toc o cao bang cac may 68040. Power PC 601 co mot loat cac the he ke tiep. Power PC 602 la bo VXL 32 bit gia re, tng ng 2,8 trieu transistor, hoat ong 66 MHz, va at toc o 40 oi vi CINT 92. Chip 602 c thiet ke cho cac ng dung giao duc va ngi dung bnh thng. Power PC 603 la bo VXL tiet kiem ien thng dung cho cac may notebook. V co tnh nang quan ly ien, 603 con dung tot cho cac may tnh e ban thoa man cac ch tieu tiet kiem ien cua to chc bao ve moi trng EPA cua My. Chip 603 hoat ong 66 MHz hoac 80 MHz, at toc o 7,5 oi vi CINT 92. Power PC 604 la bo VXL 64 bit, co c s thiet ke RISC, toc o x ly cao nen c dung nhieu cho cac tram lam viec x ly o hoa nhieu. 604 tng ng 3,6 trieu transistor, phien ban au tien chay 100 MHz va at toc o 160 oi vi CINT 92. Power PC 620 la bo VXL RISC loai 64 bit co toc o ratcao e s dung trong cac tram lam viec o hoa ky thuat, cac tram server cua mang may tnh cuc bo va cac he thong a x ly oi xng (symmetric multiprocessing). Chip Power PC 620 - 133MHz co toc o cao gap oi so vi Power PC-100MHz. at c hieu nang nay la nh 620 a dung bo cache ln gap oi, mot tang tien giai ma trong ong dan va kha nang d oan re nhanh vt troi. Power PC 620 ng dung cong nghe 0,5 micron e rut gon kch thc, va dung ien ap 3,3V e tiet kiem ien. Chip 620 tng ng 7 trieu transistor, a co phien ban 200 MHz,
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va at c toc o 225 oi vi CINT 92. Cac bo VXL co nhieu dong, nhieu kieu, nhieu the he nh vay, nhng noi chung eu co xu hng ngay cang hoan thien hn: toc o cao hn, o tin cay tot hn, va gia re hn. Con ve phan ban, nhng ngi s dung, nen chon loai nao ay? Co le khon ngoan nhat la can nhac theo yeu cau cong viec, theo cac phan mem san co hoac co the kiem c, va nhat la tuy theo tui tien. D nhien khong quen d tr cho nhng yeu cau cao hn trong tng lai. CRACKER HNG DAN CACH "PHA" CD-PROTECTION CUA CAC TRO CHI Trong phan nay, toi se hng dan cho ban cach pha bao ve CD cua tro chi. Toi s dung chng trnh W32Dasm va HIEW, cho nen trc tien ban can phai co hai chng trnh nay. Trc khi thc hien, hay tao mot ban sao file chng trnh ma ban nh crack, neu h co the khoi phuc lai c. NAO, TA BAT AU au tien, ban hay chay chng trnh ma ban muon crack (chang han mot tro chi nao o) ma khong at CD vao o. D nhien, game se khong lam viec (ng lo lang). Khi o se xuat hien mot ca so hien ra thong thong bao loi. Thong bao nay se giup ban crack game de dang, va ban nen nh ro dong thong bao o. V du : Please Insert the CD hoac You need the CD to play the game chang han. Hay nh ay u dong nay neu khong th ghi ra giay. Bay gi chay chng trnh Win32Dasm. Tren thanh cong cu, nhan nut au tien ben trai hoac vao menu Disassembler.Open file to disassembler. Chon file chng trnh (game) ma ban muon crack. Ban phai i giay lat e chng trnh nap no. OK, sau khi ket thuc, tren man hnh se xuat hien nhieu chuoi la mat, d nhien la ban khong hieu c chung. ng lo lang, ban ch co mot viec phai lam la nhan va nut String Data References (Strn.REF)

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Ban co the thay mot ca so String Data Items. Cuon xuong, va co gang tm thong bao loi cua game ban a ghi lai luc au. Khi ban tm thay, double click len no va roi ong ca so nay lai. Tr ve phan soan thao Win32Dasm. Ban co the thay ni ban ang tro ti, o la ni at thong bao o. Bay gi ay la phan kho khan, hay chu y, can than. Ban khong can biet nhng cai o la g ch can biet @offset cua moi lenh CALL va JUMP. Hay ghi lai cac @offset cua moi lenh Call va Jump o (ban phai chac chan rang vet sang se thay oi mau thanh mau xanh la). Ban can ghi lai con so cua @offset khong can ch "h". Bay gi hay chay HIEW. HIEW S dung cac phm di chuyen e di chuyen len xuong e tm th muc va file chng trnh (game) muon crack ban au. Sau khi m, nhan phm F4 se hien ra ca so chon co 3 muc : Text, Hex va DeCode. Click vao DeCode. Bay gi ban co the hieu c danh sach cac so a ghi. Nhan phm F5, nhap cac so o vao va ban se ti c v tr at cac so o. Con tro se c tro ti mot lenh. Trc khi tiep tuc, toi muon giai thch mot ieu. V du, neu con tro at tai lenh co gia tr la E9 2B F9 BF 74 co ngha o la 5 bytes. Moi 2 so la 1 byte. Bay gi hay nhan phm F3 e soan thao, ban co the soan thao 10 so nay, thay the tng cap so o bang so 90 (ket qua la 90 90 90 90 90). Xong xuoi, nhan F10 e thoat. 90 Gi ay, CD-Protection cua tro chi a b ban pha. Chuc ban thanh cong TVK dch t nguyen ban tieng Anh cua tac gia Wolf (nhan vao ay e xem) In this tutorial, I'm gonna show you, how to crack any type of CD Protection, using W32Dasm, and HIEW. OK, LET'S START First of all, you have to run the damn game you want to crack, without the CD. The game, doesn't work of course, (Please, don't panic) BUT a window pops up, telling you an error message. This error message will help you to crack the game so, you've got to remember it.
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For example: Please insert the - CD or You need the CD to play the... ( ... is the game you want to crack). Anyway, if you are so idiot and you can't remember it, write it, in a little piece of paper. Now, run Win32Dasm, and on the toolbar, press the first little button on the left, OR, go to menu Disassembler, open File to Disassemble. A menu will pop up. Select the exe which you want to crack. The disassemble, will take few minutes so, I suggest you, to go for shitting. OK, it finished its process. Now, in your screen, there is a strange text, and we can't understand anything of course. Don't worry, the only thing we have to do, ( If you want, you can change the font), is to click on the String Data References, the button next to the print button (Strn.REF). You can see a window which is called String Data Items. Scroll down, and try to find the game's error message. When you'll find it, double click on it, and then, close the window, to go back to the Win32Dasm text. As you can see you are somewhere in the CD check routine. This is the message's place. Now comes the interesting and difficult part, so, be careful. We don't know what all these shits mean, BUT we must know the @ offset of every call and jump command. Write down, every call and jump @ offset number. (You have to be sure, that the OPBAR change its used color to green). You need the number behind the @offset without the h. Let's go to HIEW, now. HIEW To move up and down, use the cursor keys. Start HIEW. exe. In the HIEW directory, there is a list of exes and programs. Go to the directory, which you saved the game's exe, we want to crack, and click on the exe. Click F4, and then, a menu will pop up, with 3 words. Text, Hex, and Decode. Click on Decode, and now, we can understand the list of numbers. Click F5, and you can now enter the number, we wrote down, in Win32Dasm. Type it, and you will be placed at the number's place. The cursor is placed on a command. Before I'll continue, I want to explain you something. For example, if the command where our cursor is placed on, is E92BF9BF74, means that it is 5 bytes. Every 2 numbers, are one byte: E9-2B-F9-BF-74 = 90-90-90-90-90. 10 letters, mean, 5 bytes. OK, if you understood it, you can continue.

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Press F3, which means edit, and now you can edit these ten numbers. Type five times, the number 90. For every byte, 90. Now click on F10 to exit. We cracked the CD protection of the... Congratulations E-mail: ia_son@hotmail.com. ICQ: 24530541 (4 bytes). Wolf the Regulator WINDOWS CAC TIEN CH TRONG WINDOWS 95 Windows95 cha phai a hoan chnh. Nocan c giup . Va ay la cac tien chhang au cung cap cho ban nhng tnh nang ma HH cua Microsoft con khiem khuyet. Cuoi cung th ban cung a can am e nang cap len Windows 95. Chang con do d hay lo lang nh trc ay, ban a cai at mot he ieu hanh mi vao a cng. Neu qua trnh cai at thanh cong, ban se co them nhieu ng dung 32-bit mi. Nhng ng dung nay chay on nh tren may tnh cua ban. Sau mot thi gian s dung, ban van hai long v khong co xung ot hay rac roi g xay ra. Mac du Windows 95 hoan toan c cai tien so vi phien ban trc, nhng van cha the at c mc an toan chac chan. Hong hoc, xung ot va nhng truc trac khac van con, va v the hay chuan b tinh than la ban se gap s co. Windows 95 co cach bao hiem rat khuon phep bang cac tien ch a va file, nhng ban se b bc mnh neu nh ban at het niem tin vao chung. Bai xem xet 24 tien ch cho Windows 95 - ke ca nhng tien ch kem theo HH - nam trong 7 chung loai khac nhau e chon ra tien ch hoan hao nhat. PC c s dung la Vectra VL3 596/90 Pentium 90 cua HewlettPackard vi 16 MB RAM va 2 GB a cng. NEN A (DISK COMPRESSION) ieu nay co ve nh ban c ba an khong mat tien: dung lng a cng tang len gap boi nh chc nang nen cua he thong lam co cac
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tap tin lai khi ban lu chung len a va bung chung ra khi ban can s dung. Tat ca eu t ong. Tuy nhien, moi cai eu phai co s tra gia. Qua trnh nen va bung, du t nhieu cung lam cham toc o tnh toan cua ban. Nhng vi gia a cng ha rat nhanh nh hien nay, co ieu g ma ban phai lo lang? Tren thc te, ang ton tai hai quan iem khac nhau ve van e nay. Mot so ngi cho rang nen a la mao hiem va lam cham toc o he thong, trong khi rat de dang thay the bang o a cng dung lng ln, de cai at. Nhng ngi theo quan iem th hai lai phan oi viec lap o cng th hai bi phai thiet lap lai cau hnh chu/t cua o a, va neu thay the th lai rac roi hn na vi van e sao lu, cai at lai HH va phan mem. Theo nhom th hai, Pentium va Windows 95 se bu lai s mat mat toc o khong ang ke cua viec s dung chng trnh nen. e lam ro van e, chung ta xem xet 3 chng trnh tien ch nen a thong dung nhat. ung la ca 3 eu lam cham toc o, nhng khong ang ke trong mot so trng hp. DRIVESPACE 2 (WINDOWS 95) u: i kem vi Windows 95, toc o t ong nen va giai nen nhanh nhat, ho tr cac tien ch a tng thch Windows 95, de dung. Khuyet: Phan vung (partition) gii han mc 256MB. DriveSpace 2 la mot trong nhng san pham nen a hap dan nhat ve nhieu mat: Gia ca phai chang, neu co Windows 95 th ban se co luon DriveSpace 2. Phan mem nay de dung, toc o t ong nen/giai nen nhanh en mc ban co the quen ca s ton tai cua no. Ch co mot han che la kch thc vung a toi a no co the quan ly c: DriveSpace 2 ch co the quan ly vung a ln c 256MB. Do o vi nhng a ln hn no cho phep tao nhieu o logic va nen tng o rieng biet. ay la mot phien toai nho nhng khong anh hng en toc o chung. Ban co the tang ty le nen a cao hn bang DriveSpace 3 hay Stacker 4.1, nhng phai tra gia cho toc o cung nh phai chi them t tien. DriveSpace 2 cho phep nen toan bo a ma ngi dung se can en. DRIVESPACE 3 (MICROSOFT PLUS) u: Nen vung a ln c 1GB. Chng trnh nay lam viec vi cac tien ch nen a tng thch Windows 95; HiPack va UltraPack se nen nhieu a
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hn. Khuyet: Khong mien ph DriveSpace 3, ngi ban trung thanh vi Windows 95, dung giao dien n gian va trc giac nh DriveSpace 2 va ho tr cac tien ch Windows 95 co cung chuan. DriveSpace 3 co nhieu cai tien co y ngha hn han cac chng trnh anh em cua no. Lan au tien dung chng trnh nay, ban se co them mot t khoang trong a va toc o nen cung nhanh hn. Nhng cac kiem nghiem cho thay toc o t ong nen/giai nen cua DriveSpace 3 cham hn cua DriveSpace 2. DriveSpace 3 co vai tnh nang m rong cac tuy chon nen a cua ban, ac biet oi vi nhng a dung lng ln. No cho phep ban nen vung a ln c 1 GB thanh 2 GB a trong. Hai tuy chon HiPack va UltraPack cho ban nhieu mc o nen mi. Ket qua nen cho thay ty le nen rat cao nhng cai gia phai tra la thi gian giai nen lau hn. Tuy vay, neu s dung UltraPack cho nhng file t khi ban truy cap - o la nhng file ma UltraPack nham vao trc het - ban se kho ma nhan biet c la cac tac vu thng ngay cua ban se b cham lai. Ban cung co the t ong thc hien qua trnh nen: System Agent cua Microsoft Plus co the c dung e kch hoat Compression Agent cua DriveSpace 3 bat c khi nao may cua ban "an khong ngoi roi" e thc hien "UltraPack" nhng file a lau ban khong truy xuat en chung. Co mot ly do na tai sao nen dung DriveSpace 3 neu ban co mot o a ln. Nhng vung a ln lang ph nhieu khoang trong a co khi ti hang tram MB tren nhng a 1 GB hay ln hn v kch thc lien cung (cluster) mac nhien cua chung. Neu dung DriveSpace 3, nhn chung th ban co the han che c tat ca van e nay: Tien ch nay tiet kiem va gi cho mot a a nen nh mot khoi lien tuc. STACKER 4.1 u: Dung lng a ln Khuyet: Khi thiet at co van e, toc o nen trc tiep cham, khong ho tr cac tien ch Windows. Stacker em lai cho ban nhieu khoang trong a hn, mac du khong nhieu bang HiPacking ket hp vi Ultra Packing cua DiveSpace 3. V the ma no khong noi bat lam. V du, trc khi nen a, Paradox chay
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mat 8 phut 14 giay th sau khi nen bang Stacker no chay mat 12 phut 57 giay, neu nen bang DriveSpace 2 mat 8 phut 29 giay. Viec kiem nghiem cung gap vai rac roi khi cai at. Stacker thiet lap va bo i nhng a c nen trong DOS, va mot vai trng hp th khong chuyen c t DOS sang Win 95 va ngc lai. Tap tin hoan oi (swap file) cua Windows se chay khong tot tren a nen. Vay ma trong kiem nghiem, trnh cai at cua Stacker lai e file hoan oi tren a nen va lam cac ng dung b hong, v vay phai sa oi cau hnh mot cach thu cong. Stacker dung cac tien ch rieng san co e kiem tra, sa cha va don cac o a nen, mot so cac tien ch nay phai chay che o DOS. TRNH LOAI BO (UNINSTALLER) Cac chng trnh Windows t len loi vao rat nhieu th muc con va ghi rat nhieu chi tiet vao cac file .INI, v the viec giai phong chung ra khoi a cng tr thanh mot lnh vc ang phat trien. Cac tien ch thao g ha hen se giai phong het rac ri ra khoi a cng ma cac chng trnh e lai sau khi cai at. Ban co that s can mot tien ch th 3 mot khi Win 95 a co ng dung nho Add/Remove Programs khong? Cau tra li mgan gon la Co. Cho du ban xem xet ky toc o that thng cua Add/Remove, cong cu nay ch thao g cac ng dung Windows 95 co bieu tng cua Microsoft. Con vi cac ng dung DOS, Windows 3.x hay tham ch nhng ng dung tng thch Windows 95 ma khong co bieu tng Microsoft th phai can en tien ch th 3. ay xem xet 3 tien ch Uninstaller cho Win 95: UnInstaller 3.5 for Windows 95 cua MicroHelp, CleanSweep 95 cua Quarterdeck va Remove-It for Windows 95 cua Vertisoft cung nh tien ch co san cua Windows 95 vi hy vong ch ra c tien ch nao se tra lai cho he thong file cua a cng trang thai ban au, ngha la trang thai trc khi cai at bat ky ng dung nao e kiem nghiem. Vi moi ng dung, viec kiem nghiem c thc hien hai che o: loai bo cac ng dung a c cai at trc o nhng khong dung trnh thao g; xoa cac ng dung c sau khi tien ch a kiem soat qua trnh cai at cua chung lam cho no de dang c loai bo. moi che o, ng dung c kiem nghiem 3 phien ban: DOS, Windows 3.1 va Windows 95.

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Qua trnh kiem soat a cng a a ra mot so tap tin log, .bak va .ini, lam xao tron so lng cac tap tin trc va sau khi thao g. Neu tong so file tren a cng sau khi uninstall chenh lech chng 5 file so vi trc khi cai at th qua trnh nay c goi la "hoan hao". Va tien ch thang cuoc la Remove-It cua VertiSoft xoa bo nhieu file va th muc khong can thiet hn la e chung lai. CLEANSWEEP 95 u: Xoa het cac ng dung tren Windows 3.11, thao g cac folder chng trnh. Khuyet: Khong tin cay vi cac ng dung c cai at trc, ca so file nho, Install Monitor can vai sa oi. ieu ban can lu y trc het ve CleanSweep la ca so uninstall nho so vi cac hnh tng chng trnh ln tng ng, ngha la ban phai cuon ca s t ben nay sang ben kia mi thay c het cac ng dung a c cai at. pha tren, CleanSweep cho phep ban xoa cac folder chng trnh ch bang mot tac vu, ngay ca nhng folder c cai at trc con ton tai tren a cng trc khi ban cai CleanSweep; Hau het cac chng trnh thao g eu buoc ban phai anh dau nhng file thc hien c cai at trc o ma ban muon bo chung i. CleanSweep 95 la mot chng trnh khong on nh: no thc hien xoa bo kiem nghiem cac ng dung Windows 3.1 mot cach hoan hao. Nhng khi yeu cau xoa ban Lotus SmartSuite 95 a c cai at trc th no bo lai hn 500 file Lotus, gan 30 th muc khong can thiet va rat nhieu dong linh tinh trong cac file .ini khac nhau. CleanSweep xoa cac ng dung a cai at bang Install Monitor kha hn. Tuy nhien, ban can quan ly chat che danh sach ten chng trnh cua Install Monitor. V du, no t ong ghi nhan cac chng trnh cai at setup.exe va install.exe, nhng no lai bo qua winstall.exe tr khi ban yeu cau no lam. CleanSweep 95 that s sac xao che o cleanup, no xoa het nhng file qua ln. No khong ch tm cac file trung hp, cac file .dll khong dung na, cac ng dung n le, cac hnh tng, ma neu ban khong biet chac file .dll hay .ovl nao, no con co the cho ban biet tom tat ngay thang, so lan truy xcuat, ten nha san xuat va so version ch bang ong tac nhan chuot. Ban cung co the ch nh nhng font, file sao lu, driver man hnh qua han va wallpaper khong dung na e xoa chung i.
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CleanSweep 95 khong phai la cai choi mi nhat trong kho cac tien ch thao g, nhng no quyet sach nhng th khong con dung na. REMOVE-IT FOR WINDOWS 95 u: Toc o thao g nhanh, de dung, co cac folder cho chng trnh thao g, tr giup tot. Khuyet: Ca so file nho, thu tuc cai at vi nhieu ten file bat thng phai c them vao Log-It, co the e lai nhieu th muc trong. Remove-It cua Vertisoft la tien ch ng au trong moi th nghiem, e lai rat t cac tap tin, cac file .ini sach se va nhng th muc khong can thiet b xoa gan het. Tien ch nay co hieu nang gan nh hoan chnh. Ngay ca khi cac ng dung c cai at trc o, Remove-It cung thc hien tot. Trong qua trnh kiem nghiem, ch co mot lan no b truc trac va roi e lai 12 th muc trong, dung cac cong cu quan ly file cua Windows co the xoa chung de dang. Nhn chung th Remove-It xoa cac ng dung no a cai at bang module Log-It rat hoan hao: Moi khi Log-It c kch hoat, ban ch can nhan vao thanh tieu e e loai bo het toan bo ng dung a chng trnh co nhieu th muc thay v la phai nhan va xoa tng file lenh mot. Tuy nhien, cung nh CleanSweep 95, cac chng trnh vi nhng ten t dung phai c bo sung vao danh sach Log-it. Cac module Clean-It, Watch-It va Find-It cua Remove-It that s gay an tng, chung c thiet ke e theo doi va xoa cac muc Register con sot lai, cac file .dll khong dung c, cac font khong can thiet, cac ng dung n le va cac file trung lap. Mot bo cac cong cu ve thong tin se cho ban biet chnh xac ng dung nao a tao ra cac file .dll va .ovl, giup ban co the quyet nh la t choi hay ong y. UNINSTALLER 3.5 FOR WINDOWS 95 u: De dung Installatiion Monitor, ca so file linh ong Khuyet: Toc o Unistall cham, module xoa can phai co nhieu tr giup hn na. UnInstaller 3.5 for Windows 3.1 cua MicroHelp la san pham au tien loai nay cua cong ty. Tuy nhien, toc o UnInstaller 3.5 trong moi trng Windows 95 can c cai tien hn na. V du, khi kiem nghiem cac ng dung Windows 3.1 c cai at trc, ang le ra vi thao g

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hoan hao, se con lai 816 file tren a cng. Remove-It va CleanSweep e lai 819 va 820 file. UnInstaller e lai ti 1107 file va 2 th muc. Installation Monitor co nhieu van e nhng rat de dung. Khi can cai at mot ng dung mi, ban ch can dung Installation Monitor thay v dung lenh Run cua Windows. Sau o, UnInstaller theo doi suot qua trnh cai at. Nhn chung th UnInstaller 3.5 thc hien tot vi cac ng dung a c cai at bang Installation Monitor. Ca so xoa file cua UnInstaller khong thay oi kch thc c nhng no van tot nhat trong cac tien ch. Ban co the xem file nh cac hnh tng ln, nho hay danh sach chi tiet. Rat tiec la khong co cach nao e thao g het mot folder chng trnh ma ban phai xoa het tng file lenh. Neu a cng cua ban con t khoang trong, ch can m module Cleanup cua UnInstaller. No se a ra mot danh sach rat nhieu tap tin ma ban co the loai bo bt. ADD/REMOVE PRPGRAMS (WINDOWS 95) u: Kem theo vi HH, de dung Khuyet: Khong loai bo moi ng dung (ngay ca ng dung cua Win 95), con e lai nhieu file va th muc. Rac roi ln nhat cua Add/Remove Programs cua Windows 95 la no khong lam viec c. Neu khong muon noi la no khong the xoa cac file lenh va hieu chnh cac file .ini. Trong mot kiem nghiem a minh chng cho ieu nay. Nhng trong mot kiem nghiem th hai th no thc hien kha toi. Remove-It e lai 818 file con Add/Remove Programs con 874. Tr ngai ln nhat cua Add/Remove Programs la cac ng dung Windows 3.1 c cai at trc lai khong xuat hien trong danh sach cac file co the thao g. Thc te, neu mot ng dung khong co module uninstall tng thch vi Windows 95 kem theo th Add/Remove Programs se khong liet ke no. Va khi mot chng trnh khong co ten trong danh sach th ban khong the dung Add/Remove Programs e loai bo no c. Vi nhng ng dung nh the co ngha la ban khong can dung Add/Remove Programs ma ch can dung tien ch thao g cua rieng no, hoac neu muon co ket qua tot nhat th nen dung tien ch thao g th 3. Cuoi cung th khong nen da vao ng dung Add/Remove cua Windows 95 e bo i nhng ng dung khong can thiet.
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DON A (DEFRAGMENTER) T khi nhng o a cng au tien xuat hien, cac file DOS lu tren o a bat au b phan manh. Chung lam toc o he thong cham lai va co the lam a cng b hong trc han. Windows 95 co tien ch Disk Defragmenter, ch b so tai bi tien ch don a Speed Disk cua Symantec, i kem trong Norton Utilities for Windows 95. Tai sao the? V Disk Defragmenter cua Microsoft da tren ma version trc cua Speed Disk ma Symantec a ban cho Microsoft. Ca hai tien ch nay eu thc hien tat ca nhng tnh nang can ban. Chung theo doi nhng phan manh cua tap tin va don chung lai thanh mot chuoi lien tuc. Sau o, di nhng khoang trong con gia cac file va don chung ve cuoi a. Cac tien ch nay kiem tra loi he thong file va canh bao cho ban phai sa chung trc khi muon don lai. Chung cho phep ban chon gia loai bo phan manh file, hp nhat cac khoang trong, va toi u file va khoang trong. Trong kiem nghiem, a s dung chuan Benchmark e so sanh s tang toc o sau khi defrag at c t ca hai san pham va thay rang chung khong khac biet nhau lam. Tuy nhien, Disk Defragmenter mat nhieu thi gian hn e don a cng. DISK DEFRAGMENTER (WINDOWS 95) u: Toc o on nh, cung cap tat ca cac tnh nang c ban co trong Windows 95. Khuyet: La ng dung 16-bit, khong ghi lai qua trnh kiem tra, toc o cham hn. Disk Defragmenter khong co loi g nghiem trong. Thc te th no cung cap moi tnh nang ma mot tien ch defrag can co, no gi cho a cng khong b phan manh, i kem vi Windows 95 ma khong phai tra them tien. Qua kiem nghiem th tien ch nay ro la cham hn. Theo ly thuyet th mot tien ch defrag 16-bit nh chng trnh loai nay co the lam mat d lieu trong trng hp b hong khi ang chay, nhng cha co c hoi e kiem chng ieu nay. NORTON SPEED DISK (NORTON UTILITIES) u: La ng dung 32-bit, co ghi nhan qua trnh kiem tra, t ong chuyen file vao nhng v tr tot. Khuyet: Phai chi ph them
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Speed Disk that s la mot ng dung 32-bit nen no manh hn va kho b hong nh chng trnh tng t cua Microsoft. Ngoai ra, Speed Disk con bao am tnh toan ven d lieu bang cach ghi nhan viec kiem tra trong khi don a. Hn na, ban co the at cau hnh e s dung he thong theo doi truy xuat file cua Windows 95 vi muc ch at cac file vao v tr tot nhat: Cac file hay c truy xuat c a ve mat trc a e toi u hoa con cac file thng b thay oi c chuyen ve mat sau a e giam thieu s phan manh. Neu con nghi ng, ban can hieu rang Speed Disk se don sach nhng khoang trong con lai sau moi lan don a e d lieu c an toan hn. Speed Disk con co ban tren DOS e ban dung trc khi muon cai Windows 95. Disk Defragmenter khong co nhng kha nang nay. Cuoi cung, Speed Disk don file hoan oi ong cua Windows 95, con Disk Defragmenter th khong the. Microsoft cho biet y kien rang file hoan oi b phan manh se khong co tac ong ve toc o ro ret; Con Symantec th co y kien khac. Tuy nhien, qua cac th nghiem cho thay Microsoft co the ung. CHAN OAN (DIAGNOSTICS) Co nhng luc may tnh ri vao tnh trang hap hoi. Nguyen nhan la phan cng hay phan mem ang co nhng van e. Windows 95 co cac chng trnh chan oan va thiet at rat tinh vi c thiet ke e cai at phan cng va phan mem mot cach chuan xac, va moi lan khi ong may, Windows se kiem tra e bao am rang moi th van con ung. V the, tao sao ban lai can mot tien ch th 3? Cau tra li la khong can. Trong th nghiem, a s dung mot may PC Pentium co nhieu truc trac ve phan cng bang cach ngat mot trong nhng day noi en au oc/ghi a mem, va a gan mot card mang, mot modem lap trong (internal modem) vi cac jumper c thiet at nham tao ra xung ot IRQ va rac roi tren cong COM 3. Sau o, nap 5 tien ch chuan oan (PC Care for Windows 95 cua AMI, First Aid 95 cua CyberMedia, WinProbe 4 cua Quarterdeck, Norton Utilities for Windows 95 cua Symantec va WinCheckIt 4 cua Touchstone Software) e xem chung co the bao loi g. Cac tien ch nay chang bao g ca. Hau het cac tien ch eu oan la co cai g o khong on, nhng khong biet chnh xac cho nao. Thc
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te th Win 95 co tr giup chan oan hay hn bat c tien ch nao khi no ch ra rang card mang c cai tren IRQ ang ban. FIRST AID 95 u: Tm va sa cac file .dll sai v tr. Khuyet: Khong chan oan phan cng, khong cai tien toc o, tnh nang bao ve hong hoc khong at. First Aid 95 khong chan oan phan cng ma ch nham vao phan mem. No ha hen la se don sach a cng, ieu chnh toc o, kiem tra va sa loi cac driver sai lech va hieu chnh cac rac roi khi truy cap Internet. No cung cung cap 2 tnh nang nghe hap dan: tnh nang fix-it chan oan va sa cac rac roi ve cau hnh cua cac ng dung Windows va tnh nang bao ve ngan nga hong hoc vi ha hen la se ngan chan va sa nhng truc trac ve he thong va loi General Protection Fault e cong viec cua ban c thong suot. Nhng ha hen van ch la ha hen. Module "fix-it" cua First Aid 95 lam viec rat hoan hao: no lu y cac file .dll khong ung v tr roi chuyen chung ve ung cho. Chnh viec lam nay a em lai tieng tot cho no. Viec ieu chnh toc o khong em lai ket qua g. Con chng trnh ngan nga hong hoc th hoan toan that bai. NORTON DIAGNOSTICS (NORTON UTILITIES) u: Norton Utilities co nhng tien ch hu dung nh Disk Doctor, Speed Disk va nhng tien ch khac. Khuyet: Khong nhan biet c loi IRQ, khong cai tien c toc o. Module chan oan cua Norton Utilities (Diags) kiem tra het phan cng t bo mach me en modem va no cung xem xet cac file khi ong va file thiet at. Tat ca nhng g ma chung ta nhan c khi kiem tra o a mem la mot thong bao: "A formatted floppy was not found". Va Diags cung chang bao loi g khi chay cac tien ch chan oan Interrupt Configuration hay IRQ Status. Thong tin chnh xac nhat nhan c la "Error on COM 3" khi kiem tra modem. Con thong bao A-OK cua Diag vi IRQ chng to la no khong the ch ra c ung loi. PC CARE FOR WINDOWS 95 u: Sinh ong

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Khuyet: Nhan biet loi phan cng khong ung, giao dien yeu, khong cai tien c toc o PC Care kem theo phan trnh dien hoat hnh rat sinh ong. PC Care co nhieu tien ch: chan oan phan cng, don a, va trnh thao g. Nhng chc nang ieu chnh th vo dung. The viec chan oan th nh the nao? Khi kiem tra o a mem, chng trnh cho biet no khong the truy cap c. Va kiem tra xung ot cua IRQ la mot tro ci. Luc au, chng trnh cho biet COM1 va COM 3 a qua c kiem tra ngat va I/O. Sau o, no lai thong bao "Unable to open COM3" va luc o lai cho rang ca COM1 va COM3 khong qua c kiem tra ngat ID. WINCHECKIT 4 u: Phat hien c truc trac IRQ cua modem, nhan ra nhng thay oi ve cau hnh va phan cng t phien cuoi cung Khuyet: Khong cung cap c thong tin hu dung, khong caitien c toc o WinCheckIt 4 ghi nh thiet at he thong cua ban, v the ban se biet loi xay ra cho nao neu nh lan trc ay no lam viec ma bay gi no lai khong lam viec. Mac du WinCheckIt 4 bo tay trc nhng trac cua a mem (no luon thong bao rang: "Invalid or no media") va khong the chan oan van e IRQ. Ngay t luc au chng trnh a cho biet la khong tm thay modem. Khi b buoc phai kiem tra modem, no a tm c mot loi IRQ va bao "khong xac nh c IRQ cua modem" (unable to determine modem's IRQ). Con chay chng trnh Advanced Data Collection cua no, lai khong co thong bao g ve IRQ hay DMA. WinCheckIt 4 cung co nhieu chc nang khac giong nh PC Care nh: chan oan phan cng,don a, ieu chnh toc o va mot chng trnh uninstaller n gian. WINPROBE 4 u: Man hnh rc r, co nhieu tien ch kem theo Khuyet: Khong ch ra c nhng truc trac ve phan cng, toc o khong c cai tien Man hnh chnh cua WinProbe 4 trong giong nh bang ieu khien trong tau con thoi cua Buck Roger: co la ban, man hnh, nut bam, va bo phan oc ch, tat ca c trnh bay trong nhng mau chnh sac s. Moi lan ieu chnh, ban se phat hien c mot tap hp cac tien
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ch: Uninstall, ieu chnh, don a, CD Certify, trnh soan thao file .ini va mot ban Mosaic mien ph. Ngoai ra no con co nhieu tien ch chan oan a nhng chang co tien ch nao c cong nhan la hu dung. Khi kiem tra a mem, ch biet c mot ieu la WinProbe 4 "khong the truy xuat o a". ung vay. Con tien ch Communications Diagnostics th khong tm c loi COM1, COM2 hay ngay ca COM3. Hardware Installation Wizard khong ch ra c nhng xung ot IRQ hay DMA. Network Information cho biet he thong van lam viec vi bo manh ethernet mat kha nang hoat ong. Tom lai, ngoai viec khong the truy xuat a mem, mot may tnh benh hoan se c coi nh chang co van e vi WinProbe. HOI PHUC (RECOVERY) Chuyen v van a xay ra ngay ca vi nhng ng dung 32-bit. Du co chac nh luat phap cua Murphy, ban cung se b phien long v nhng h hai nh cac file lien ket cheo va boot sector b hong. Va tat ca chung ta a tng xoa file mot cach vo tnh, ngay ca xoa het cac th muc con. Chuyen g se xay ra? Co nhieu tien ch manh giup ban tranh khoi nhng luc chenh mang? Vang, nhng ban ang chay Windows 95 co he thong file 32-bit. Khi dung mot trong nhng tien ch sa a 16-bit trc ay, ban co the se phai chia tay vi d lieu cua mnh. Windows 95 co kem theo tien ch ScanDisk. Tien ch nay c thiet ke e giai quyet cac van e thong thng va chay tot trong moi trng 32-bit. Va Recycle Bin giup ban phuc hoi cac file a xoa. Symantec a ra nhng tien ch thanh phan th 3 tng t nh: Disk Doctor, Protect va nhng module hoi phuc cai trong Norton Utilities for Windows 95, che ng c nhng s co nh vay vi hieu qua cao hn. V the khi gap phai nhng nguy hiem ve a, ban co the dung mot trong nhng tien ch nay. Chung co the tm va sap xep lai nhng cluster b mat, sa bang FAT, kiem tra he thong file va quyet be mat a. Con vi cac file lien ket cheo th sao? ScanDisk va Disk Doctor eu co g roi van e nay va co the sa nhng o a nen (bang tien ch nen DoubleSpace hoac DriveSpace) va de dung.

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SCANDISK (WINDOWS 95) u: Mien ph Khuyet: Khong co nhng tnh nang phuc hoi cao cap Khi muon chan oan va sa nhng truc trac c ban ve a, ScanDisk chnh la cai ban can. Tham ch no con hn ca hai oi thu: no ghi lai qua trnh phan tch be mat a, cung cap thong tin ang tin cay nhat. Kiem tra ve mat ch oc (read-only) cua Disk Doctor khong the sanh c. Va ScanDisk khong tnh them chi ph g them. Vi nhng truc trac a thong thng th ScanDisk la tien ch ma ban can. Con oi vi nhng hong hoc nghiem trong hn nh b mat boot record hay bang partion, hay goi en Norton Disk Doctor. NORTON DISK DOCTOR (NORTON UTILITIES) u: La ng dung 32-bit, toc o nhanh hn Khuyet: Khong ghi lai qua trnh kiem tra Norton Disk Doctor a co gan mot thap nien va ngay cang c cai tien. ScanDisk co phan lu m hn: NDD sa c cac loi ve boot record, con ScanDisk th khong. NDD han gan c bang partition, ScanDisk khong the. Neu Doc tm thay hai file lien ket cheo, no se sa ca hai con ScanDisk ch sa co mot file va bo mot file. Qua cac kiem nghiem cho thay NDD phuc hoi file hay hn. Cuoi cung, NDD that s la mot ng dung 32-bit chay on nh hn ScanDisk 16-bit. Hn na, Norton Utilities co nhieu cong cu hn. Khi phuc hoi file, Khong nh Recycle Bin cua Win 95 ch phuc hoi c nhng file nao b xoa bang cach keo vao Bin, Wizard Unerase cua Norton Utilities lam viec vi Recycle Bin e phuc hoi tat ca cac file b xoa. 1999 Tran Van Khanh

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