Chapter 3: Ecology Part I PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. (1 point) What
is an ecological model of the relationships that form a network of complex interactions among
organisms in a community from producers to decomposers?
a. an ecosystem c. a population
b. food chain d. food web
2. (1 point) Which of the following is NOT a basic method used by ecologists to study the living world?
a. classifying c. experimenting
b. observing d. modeling
3. (1 point) Which of the following is correct regarding nitrification?
a. NH3 ------> NO2 -------> NO3 c. N2 -----> NH3
b. NH4 -----> NH3 d. NO3 ------> N2
4. (1 point) Which of the following is NOT recycled in the biosphere?
a. energy c. water
b. carbon d. nitrogen
5. (1 point) Which of the following is true for denitrification?
a. ammonia in converted into nitrates by cer- c. bacteria conver nitrates into ammonia
tain bacteria
b. nitrates are converted back to atmospheric d. decomposers break down dead organic
nitrogen matter
6. (1 point) An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an)
a. heterotroph. c. autotroph.
b. detritivore. d. consumer.
7. (1 point) Most of the energy available to a consumer trophic level is used by organisms for
a. producing inorganic chemical compounds.
b. transfer to the next trophic level.
c. respiration, movement, and reproduction.
d. performing photosynthesis.
8. (1 point) The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the
a. ecosystem. c. biome.
b. biosphere. d. community.
9. (1 point) A mathematical formula designed to predict population fluctuations in a community could be
called a(an)
a. ecological observation. c. biological experiment.
b. ecological model. d. biological system.
10. (1 point) Which of the following is the usable form of nitrogen for animals?
a. NH4+ c. NO3-
b. N2 d. NO
11. (1 point) Plants
are
a. herbivores. c. omnivores.
b. producers. d. consumers.
12. (1 point) Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?
a. Communities make up species, which make up populations.
b. Species make up populations, which make up communities.
 c. Populations make up species, which make up communities.
d. Species make up communities, which make up populations.
13. (1 point) Biogeochemical cycling ensures that
a. nutrients will be circulated throughout the biosphere.
b. living organisms will not become limited in any one nutrient.
c. many nutrients will not reach toxic concentrations in the biosphere.
d. human activity will have no effect on elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of
matter.
14. (1 point) If a nutrient is in such short supply in an ecosystem that it affects an animal’s growth, the
a. substance is a limiting nutrient. c. nutrient leaves the food chain.
b. animal becomes a decomposer. d. ecosystem will not survive.
15. (1 point) The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is
a. a population. c. a species.
b. an ecosystem. d. a community.
16. (1 point) What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?
a. water c. carbon
b. sunlight d. carbohydrates
17. (1 point) Which of the following has a direct role in the nitrogen cycle?
a. bacteria c. legumes
b. decomposers d. all of the above
18. (1 point) Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
a. a food pyramid c. an energy pyramid
b. a biomass pyramid d. a numbers pyramid
19. (1 point) A snake that eats a frog that has eaten an insect that fed on a plant is a
a. first-level producer. c. first-level consumer.
b. third-level consumer. d. second-level producer.
20. (1 point) Which of the following organisms does NOT require sunlight to live?
a. trees c. algae
b. chemosynthetic bacteria d. photosynthetic bacteria
21. (1 point) What animals eat both producers and consumers?
a. chemotrophs c. herbivores
b. autotrophs d. omnivores
22. (1 point) The absorption and incorporation of nitrogen into plant and animal compounds is:
a. fixation c. ammonification
b. denitrification d. assimilation
23. (1 point) Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the following processes EXCEPT
a. burning of fossil fuels. c. photosynthesis.
b. transpiration. d. decomposition of plants and animals.

Figure 3–1
24. (1 point) The algae at the beginning of the food chain in Figure 3–1 are
a. consumers. c. producers.
b. decomposers. d. heterotrophs.
25. (1 point) The rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem is called
a. an algal bloom. c. primary productivity.
b. a limiting nutrient. d. fertilization.
26. (1 point) The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the
a. trophic mass. c. energy mass.
b. biomass. d. organic mass.
27. (1 point) What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web?
a. trophic level c. food pyramid
b. food chain d. energy path
28. (1 point) The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called
a. the condensation cycle. c. evaporation.
b. the water cycle. d. precipitation.
29. (1 point) Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the
remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is
a. stored as body tissue. c. used in reproduction.
b. stored as fat. d. eliminated as heat.
30. (1 point) What can happen after a lake receives a large input of a limiting nutrient?
a. Algae begin to die and decomposers take over.
b. Nitrogen compounds are recycled.
c. An algal bloom occurs.
d. The concentration of oxygen drops below the necessary level.
31. (1 point) Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by
a. bacteria. c. plants.
b. consumers. d. humans.
32. (1 point) The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist is called the
a. biome. c. community.
b. ecosystem. d. biosphere.
33. (1 point) All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food
a. interaction. c. chain.
b. network. d. web.
34. (1 point) Organisms need nutrients in order to
a. utilize hydrogen and oxygen. c. recycle chemical compounds.
b. carry out essential life functions. d. carry out nitrogen fixation.
35. (1 point) Why do living organisms need nitrogen?
a. to build carbohydrates c. to eliminate waste products
b. for energy d. to build proteins and amino acids
36. (1 point) Which of the following ways allows carbon to be removed from the atmosphere?
a. Photosynthesis c. Nitrification
b. Combustion d. Respiration
37. (1 point) Matter can recycle through the biosphere because
a. biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it.
b. matter is assembled into chemical compounds.
c. matter is passed out of the body as waste.
d. biological systems use only carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
 Figure 3–2

38. (1 point) The trophic levels in Figure 3–2 illustrate

a. that the producers outnumber first-level consumers.
b. the relative number of individual organisms at each level.
c. the amount of living organic matter at each level.
d. the relative amount of energy at each level.
39. (1 point) In which way does Figure 3–2 differ from a typical model of trophic levels?
a. First-level consumers outnumber producers.
b. Third-level consumers outnumber second-level consumers.
c. Second-level consumers outnumber first-level consumers.
d. First-level consumers outnumber second-level consumers.
40. (1 point) All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an)
a. community. c. biome.
b. population. d. ecosystem.
41. (1 point) In which way are plants in a sunny mountain meadow and sulfur bacteria in a deep-sea volcanic
vent alike?
a. They both produce carbon and hydrogen.
b. They both use photosynthesis to make their own food.
c. They both use chemosynthesis to produce their own food.
d. They both produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
42. (1 point) Corn planted in a field that has been previously planted with legumes and then plowed under is likely
to be
a. less productive because legumes remove phosphorus from the soil.
b. less productive because the legumes have already taken all the nitrogen, carbon, and phos-
phorus from the soil.
c. more productive because bacteria living on the roots of legumes fix nitrogen in the soil.
d. more productive because nitrogen-fixing bacteria help to keep away pests.
43. (1 point) Whatis the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia?
a. excretion c. denitrification
b. decomposition d. nitrogen fixation
44. (1 point) A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect. Based on its behavior, which ecological terms describe
the bird?
a. carnivore, consumer c. autotroph, herbivore
b. herbivore, decomposer d. producer, heterotroph
 Chapter 3: Ecology Part I PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 70

OBJ: 3.1.2 NAT: C.4.c | E.2 | F.6 STA: 7.1.9-11.A.f
KEY: analysis
2. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 65
OBJ: 3.1.2 NAT: C.4.c | E.2 | F.6 STA: 7.1.9-11.A.f
KEY: knowledge
3. ANS: A PTS: 1
4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 74
OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: application
5. ANS: B PTS: 1
6. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 67
OBJ: 3.2.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.b | C.5.b STA: 3.2.9-11.B.b | 3.2.9-11.D.a
KEY: knowledge
7. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 72
OBJ: 3.2.3 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a
KEY: comprehension
8. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 64
OBJ: 3.1.1 NAT: C.3.e | E.2 | F.6 STA: 4.1.9-11.A
KEY: application
9. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 65
OBJ: 3.1.2 NAT: C.4.c | E.2 | F.6 STA: 7.1.9-11.A.f
KEY: application
10. ANS: C PTS: 1
11. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 67
OBJ: 3.2.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.b | C.5.b STA: 3.2.9-11.B.b | 3.2.9-11.D.a
KEY: knowledge
12. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 64
OBJ: 3.1.1 NAT: C.3.e | E.2 | F.6 STA: 4.1.9-11.A
KEY: comprehension
13. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 74
OBJ: 3.3.2 NAT: B.6 | C.5.f | D.2 STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b
KEY: analysis
14. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 80
OBJ: 3.3.3 NAT: B.6 | C.5.f | D.2 STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b
KEY: application
15. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 64
OBJ: 3.1.1 NAT: C.3.e | E.2 | F.6 STA: 4.1.9-11.A
KEY: application
16. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 67
OBJ: 3.2.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.b | C.5.b STA: 3.2.9-11.B.b | 3.2.9-11.D.a
KEY: knowledge
17. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 78
 OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: application
18. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 72
OBJ: 3.2.3 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a
KEY: knowledge
19. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 70 | p. 71 | p. 72
OBJ: 3.2.2 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b
STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a | 4.2.9-11.A.b | 4.2.9-11.A.c KEY: application
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 68
OBJ: 3.2.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.b | C.5.b STA: 3.2.9-11.B.b | 3.2.9-11.D.a
KEY: application
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 69
OBJ: 3.2.2 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b
STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a | 4.2.9-11.A.b | 4.2.9-11.A.c KEY: comprehension
22. ANS: D PTS: 1
23. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 76 | p. 77
OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: application
24. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 67
OBJ: 3.2.2 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b
STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a | 4.2.9-11.A.b | 4.2.9-11.A.c KEY: comprehension
25. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 80
OBJ: 3.3.3 NAT: B.6 | C.5.f | D.2 STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b
KEY: knowledge
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 72
OBJ: 3.2.3 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a
KEY: knowledge
27. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 70
OBJ: 3.2.2 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b
STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a | 4.2.9-11.A.b | 4.2.9-11.A.c KEY: knowledge
28. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 75
OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: knowledge
29. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 72
OBJ: 3.2.3 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a
KEY: knowledge
30. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 80
OBJ: 3.3.3 NAT: B.6 | C.5.f | D.2 STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b
KEY: comprehension
31. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 78
OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: knowledge
32. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 63
OBJ: 3.1.1 NAT: C.3.e | E.2 | F.6 STA: 4.1.9-11.A
KEY: knowledge
33. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 70
OBJ: 3.2.2 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b
STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a | 4.2.9-11.A.b | 4.2.9-11.A.c KEY: knowledge
34. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 76
 OBJ: 3.3.2 NAT: B.6 | C.5.f | D.2 STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b
KEY: knowledge
35. ANS: D PTS: 1
36. ANS: A PTS: 1
37. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 74
OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: knowledge
38. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 73
OBJ: 3.2.3 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a
KEY: analysis
39. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 73
OBJ: 3.2.3 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a
KEY: analysis
40. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: L1 REF: p. 64
OBJ: 3.1.1 NAT: C.3.e | E.2 | F.6 STA: 4.1.9-11.A
KEY: knowledge
41. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 68
OBJ: 3.2.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.b | C.5.b STA: 3.2.9-11.B.b | 3.2.9-11.D.a
KEY: analysis
42. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 78
OBJ: 3.3.3 NAT: B.6 | C.5.f | D.2 STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b
KEY: synthesis
43. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: L2 REF: p. 78
OBJ: 3.3.1 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.5.f
STA: 4.2.9-11.B.a | 4.2.9-11.B.b | 4.2.9-11.B KEY: knowledge
44. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: L3 REF: p. 68 | p. 69
OBJ: 3.2.2 NAT: B.6 | C.4.a | C.4.b
STA: 4.2.9-11.A.a | 4.2.9-11.A.b | 4.2.9-11.A.c KEY: analysis