Presentation on Environmental Issues

J K Dadoo Secretary (Env.) -cum-Chairman (DPCC) Govt. of NCT of Delhi

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INTRODUCTION
Core issues of Environment in an Urban Metropolis like Delhi are, Control of Pollution and Waste management. There are three types of pollution namely Air, Water and Noise pollution. Urban Waste consists of seven types namely Municipal Solid- Waste, Industrial Hazardous Waste, Bio-Medical Waste, Electronic Waste, Plastic Waste, Construction & Demolition waste and Mercury Waste. The effective management of such wastes assumes significance for the city administration.

I. POLLUTION
A. AIR POLLUTION: Air Pollution sources are Transportation, Industries and Domestic air emissions. The Govt of Delhi has taken the following steps to ensure control of air pollution from vehicles; Phasing out of old commercial vehicles. Conversion of Buses, Taxis and Autos into CNG mode. More than one lakh vehicles (0.1 million vehicles) have been converted into CNG and are being run with CNG. Phase-wise introduction of stringent emission norms for all categories of vehicles 3 at par with Euro Emission Norms.

AIR POLLUTION contd :

Phase-wise reduction of Sulphur in Diesel and Benzene in petrol as a fuel quality improvement.
Stringent emission norms for industries and thermal power stations Whole of Delhi declared as air pollution control area under Air Act. Burning of leaves/plastics is prohibited. Seriously considering imposition of Bharat III norms for all vehicles entering Delhi including those with National permits. Actively considering allowing only clean fuel for 4 all commercial vehicles with local permits.

B- Water Pollution
Major sources: Domestic sewage and Industrial effluent. Problems: Lesser Dissolved Oxygen, Higher Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand, existence of Fecal coliform and Toxic chemicals and heavy metals. The Govt. of Delhi has ensured that more than 1200 industrial units have installed effluent treatment plants to treat their industrial wastewater.
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B- Water Pollution contd..

11 Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) have been made functional to treat wastewater generated from industrial areas. Interceptor sewer concept is being planned by DJB on 3 major drains to keep Yamuna clean. 17 sewage treatment plants have been installed to treat the sewage.
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C- Noise Pollution
The major sources are industrial, aircraft, transportation and diesel generator sets. The Government has notified an area of 100 meters, around the hospitals having the capacity of 100 beds or more, as Silence Zones. Acoustic enclosure is mandatory for Diesel Generator sets. As per Honble LGs order, Generator sets of more than 5 KVA capacity are banned between 10.00 PM to 6.00AM, except for group housing societies. 3000 cell phone towers and 600 Nursing Homes asked to instal acoustic enclosures on their DG sets, and raise stack height to check air pollution.
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II. WASTE MANAGEMENT

A. Municipal Solid Waste 7000 Mt generated daily in Delhi. MCD through IL&FS, plan for conversion of 1500 Mt of waste into energy. 2400 Mt/day of waste is proposed to be made into compost by MCD and NDMC. MCD proposes to earn CDM revenue worth RS 400 crores by way of closing down their landfills and reducing the methane gas emission.

Pilot project for converting kitchen waste into compost is being undertaken by the Delhi Govt. at the Delhi Sectt. canteen. This may be replicated in all colonies by RWAs, and also installed in Hotels/ Hospitals/ Hostels to handle large scale kitchen waste. Authorization given for Okhla plant (1350 Ton per day), Timarpur (650 Ton per day RDF), Ghazipur (1300 Ton per day) for conversion of Solid waste into power and compost
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B. Biomedical Waste
8.5 Mt per annum Biomedical waste generated from hospitals and health care establishments. Two private waste operators are functioning who are collecting such waste from more than 2,000 small clinics, dispensaries, nursing homes and hospitals. These private operators are being monitored every month and inspected every 3 months to ensure compliance with the pollution control norms. Hospitals have installed 17 incinerators, 20 autoclaves and 2 microwaves to treat the waste, but many are outsourcing their waste to the two private developers.
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C. Industrial Hazardous Waste

About 2000 units in approved industrial areas are generating hazardous waste. About 5300 Mt per annum of hazardous waste generated. Despite various efforts by Govt. of Delhi the treatment, storage and disposal facility (TSDF) could not be developed due to local protest, but now High Court has dismissed the villagers appeal. The possession of the land is being taken with the Police help and the development of TSDF will be outsourced to a private developer after following codal formalities.

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D. Electronic Waste
Electronic waste poses a major problem due to absence of scientific management and recycling practices. There are 5 processes involved in e- Waste. Collection of waste both electrical and electronic equipments Dismantling Extraction of Precious Metals. Recycling/Reuse Final disposal of e-waste residue in authorized landfill (TSDF). Govt. of India is yet to notify the guidelines for disposal of e-waste. As soon as they are available, DPCC will issue an EOI for the above 5 processes.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

E. Construction and Demolition Waste

MCD is planning to install a pilot project on utilization of construction and demolition waste at Burari Village. The C&D waste is proposed to be utilized for road construction. IL&FS is in the process of issuing the EOI. The guidelines on C & D waste received from Mumbai have been circulated to Municipal Commissioner, Delhi for necessary action.

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F. Plastic Waste
Plastic waste is regulated through Plastic Manufacture, sale and usage Rules,1999 and also by Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000. About 583 MT/ Day of Plastic waste is generated in Delhi. Deliberations are on with Plastic Waste Manufacturers to set up a State of the Art Plastic recycling unit In Delhi. A Mumbai Professor has been invited to make a presentation on a pilot project for converting plastic waste into nano particles, which commands a high price.
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G. Mercury Waste
Sources: medical appliances, switches, lights and thermal power stations. Effects : highly toxic, damage to nervous system. An area of 25 acres of lake can be contaminated fully by 1 gram of mercury in 5 years. The Govt. of Delhi proposes to carry out awareness campaign for health care professionals regarding safe management and handling of mercury and alternatives to mercury devices etc.

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III. GREENING
Coordinated efforts involving 22 agencies being made. 5000 Acres of denuded mine land, developed with plantation of seven lakh trees with the help of Eco-Task Force, a unit of the Territorial Army. 14 existing City Forests densified and 9 New City Forests developed. Greening of Triangular Parks, Roundabouts along the roads is being done and two Biodiversity parks namely Yamuna BioDiversity Park and Aravali Bio-diversity Park are being developed. 175 Water Bodies are being taken up for greening this year.
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The scheme of free distribution of saplings through more than 500 Petrol pumps / Mother Dairy booths/ CNG stations, has been a huge success. This years target is 1.8 million saplings. Green cover of Delhi increased from 30 sq.km to 300 sqkm in last 10 years. Green cover is 19% of the Delhis land area. 1600 eco-club schools and colleges active in entire city plantation alongwith 1700 RWAs.

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IV. OTHER KEY ISSUES

A. Rain water Harvesting: Made mandatory for plots having minimum area of 100 sq. meters to instal the Rainwater Harvesting Structures in their premises. The financial assistance for 50% of the project cost or Rs. One Lakh, whichever is maximum, is provided by Delhi Govt to the RWAs/Schools for this purpose. B. Waste Paper Recycling machine has been setup in the Delhi Secretariat for recycling the waste paper. Paper Recycling machines have also been provided in the lead Eco-Club schools. Zero Garbage Concept has been introduced in Eco-Club schools. 28 paper recycling machines installed in schools of Delhi so far and 100 more being installed this year.
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C. Ozone Depletion
List of Ozone Depletion Substance: 1 2 3 4 5 Chloro Fluoro Carbons (CFC) -11 CFC- 12 Halon-1211 Methyl Bromide Carbon Tetra Chloride (CTC) :Used for refrigerant :Used for foam blowing :Used for foam blowing :Fumigant :Cleaning Agent, Processing Agent.

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C. Ozone Depletion
Awareness campaigns are being organized in the eco-club schools and RWAs so that ODS free equipments and appliances are transacted by the people of Delhi. India recently received UN award for best performance for the alternates to ODS, amounting to 85%. Consumers should come forward to purchase and utilise appliances which are having no ODS potential or lesser ODS potential.
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CLIMATE CHANGE
According to the World Bank Economist Mr. Stern, the effect of climate change could be worse than the two World Wars. A famous ecologist says that 20 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide is generated by humanity, every year and absorbed by Nature. This tolerance of Nature could be reversed, if the carbon dioxide levels increase unabatedly. Prof. James Lovlock, USA believes that the 90 % of mankind may be wiped out if the planet heats up.
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Global Climate Change Scenario

To combat these changes globally, Kyoto Protocol was created and has been ratified by 170 countries so far, committing themselves to reduce Green House Gas Emissions and improve Energy Efficiency. The Kyoto Protocol envisages reduction of Green House Gases by 5.2% in the period 2008-12.
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the UNFCCC Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) commonly known as carbon credits, where each unit is equivalent to the reduction of one metric tonne of CO2e The value of one CER in Indian Rupees is about RS. 1080/23

TYPE OF GREENHOUSE GASES

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential (GWP) Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Hydrofluoro carbons Perfluoro carbons Sulphur hexafluoride 1 21 310 140-1170 6500-9200 23900
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Procedure for Getting Carbon Credit. Formation Of Project Idea Note(PIN) Project Detailed Document(PDD) Clearance by National CDM Authority. Validation by Executive Board of UNFCC. Executive Board issuance of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) Trading of CERs.
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The Infrastructural Agencies in general agreed to adopt the following concepts in making CDM projects:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

Energy Conservation Use of CFL and Electric Chokes Solar Water Heating Systems Efficient Street-lighting Efficient use of water pumps. Energy efficient buildings Promotion of LEDs Solar Air-conditioning, etc. Afforestation

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Work Done by various Infra Structural Development Agencies In Delhi

The infra Structural Development Agencies in Delhi are adopting the following concepts on CDM front: Delhi Transco Limited: Use of CFL , Electric Chokes, Solar Water Heating Systems, promotion of LEDs, automatic switching on / off , Energy Conservation in new buildings and Energy efficiency in existing buildings By way of these 1.22 million tonnes of CERs/ year is expected. Public Works Department: Green Building ,Sustainable site planning, Optimum Energy efficiency,Use of renewable form of Energy,Water and waste management, strategies,Use of fly ash 27 bricks etc.

New Delhi Municipal Council: Signal free movement of vehicles in Connaught Place, Use of Solar Lamps in Landscape, Centralized A/C in Connaught Place, Use of Ozone friendly refrigerants, Energy efficient lighting and electricity chokes, Use of fly-ash bricks.These activities are expected to reduce demand for energy by 1500 KW by 2009. Forests: Eco-restoration of the erstwhile mining areas falling in the Southern Districts of Delhi. The project in its mission envisages demonstrated and credible carbon sequestration landscapes through reforestation forestry in the degraded lands, besides aiming at improvement of land productivity. The project spreads over an over of 2250 ha (appx.) in the Asola and Bhatti areas (1500) and fourteen city forests (750) in Delhi.
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Municipal Corporation Of Delhi: Landfill Gas extraction and its utilization, Waste to Energy Projects, Waste to Compost, Retrofitting of buildings Delhi Jal Board: Energy Efficiency Improvement Programme in Water supply, Wastewater treatment and Methane recovery. Due to these activities in Short term between 2008-2012- 16 million tonnes of CERs are expected to be reduced and in Long term 2008-2018- 3.26 million tonnes of CERs are expected to be reduced. Delhi International Airport Limited: Green Building, Design to use natural lighting to a maximum extent, Energy efficient electrical and electronic appliances.
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Delhi Metro Rail Corporation: Energy conservation through regenerative breaking system, reducing number of passenger trips, low GHG emitting rolling stock. Through these 4 lakhs CERs has been estimated. Revenue from voluntary selling of VERs is also expected. NTPC: Renovation and Modernization (R&M) of the 210MW units, Heat Rate Improvement 200 to 250 (kilo Calories / Kilo Watt hour)kcal/kwh, Improvement in heat rate by innovative approach by changing the cycle parameters. This will lead to reduction in green house gas by 2.56t CO2 p.a.
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Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System: Introduction of High Capacity bus System.During the period of 2005-2020, 475 Kms of different modes of integrated multimodal transit system is proposed.Metro rail and the present Bus services will be supplemented by Medium Capacity Modes (Such as the Bus Rapid Transit , Light Rail Transit and Monorail.) Delhi Transport Corporation is procuring new low floor air conditioned buses, which are fuel efficient, could carry more passenger per trip with lesser emission.
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