Name _____________________________________________________

Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Changes Lab

Chemistry is the study of matter and how it changes. There are two types of changes: physical and chemical. Physical changes are alterations of matter which do not result in the formation of a different substance. The atomic or molecular identity of matter which undergoes a physical change is not changed. Chemical changes do result in the formation of different matter. The atomic or molecular identity of matter which undergoes a chemical change is changed.

Examples of physical changes include: cutting, melting, and dissolving. Examples of chemical changes include rusting, burning, and digesting.

Equipment:
Beakers, 150mL and 250mL graduated cylinder Watch glass Mortar and pestle stirring stick test tubes scoopula 10mL graduated cylinder 100mL

test tube holdersmatches Bunsen burner white

Safety:
Be sure to wear your safety glasses throughout the lab until clean-up is completed. Matches should be thrown away in the trash, not left in the sink. Check with Mrs. Wawers about the proper disposal of the chemicals. Wash your hands when cleaning up.

Procedures and Observations

Follow the procedure and write your observation in the space provided. Identify the change as physical (P) or chemical (C).

1. Place a small nail in a test tube. Cover the nail with copper (II) sulfate solution (blue liquid). Place the test tube in a beaker, write the period that you have chemistry on the beaker and put the beaker in the cupboard where your safety glasses are stored. Leave this overnight. Observe the nail and the solution the next day. Observations: ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (P or C) ________

2. Add a scoopula of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) to one test tube and a scoopula of calcium chloride (CaCl2) to a second test tube. Fill each test tube half-way with water. Place your hand around the bottom of each test tube. Observations: NH4 Cl test tube _______________________________________________________________(P or C) ________ CaCl2 test tube ___________________________________________________ (P or C) ________

3. Measure about 2mL of mercury (II) nitrate (Hg(NO3)2) into a 10mL graduated cylinder. Obtain 12mL of potassium iodide (KI) in a 100mL graduated cylinder. Add the mercury nitrate to the larger cylinder with the potassium iodide, mix, and observe. Observations ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (P or C) ______

4. Add 150mL of distilled water to a 250mL beaker. Add three drops of phenolphthalein to the water and a small piece of calcium metal. Observations: ______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ P or C _________

5. Cut a small piece off of a birthday candle and place this wax in a test tube. Attach the test tube to a test tube holder, and gently heat the wax over the Bunsen burner flame until it melts. Allow the wax to cool, make your observations, and throw the test tube away in the broken glass container. Save the candle for #6 Observations: ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ P or C ________

6. Using aluminum foil, make a stand for the birthday candle. Light the candle and allow it to burn until it burns out. You may go on to the next step while the candle is burning, but be sure to observe it periodically. Observations: ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ P or C ___________

7. Tear a piece of paper into smaller pieces. Place the torn pieces onto a watch glass. Use a match and light the paper on fire. Allow it to burn. The burnt paper can be thrown in the trash after you make sure it is completed done burning. Observations after tearing ___________________________________________ P or C________ Observations after burning _________________________________________ P or C_________

8. Place 5mL of distilled water in a test tube. Add a scoopula of sodium chloride (NaCl) and stir. Add 10 drops of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the salt water. Do not stir! Observations after adding NaCl to water ___________________________________________________________________ P or C______ Observations after adding AgNO3 ___________________________________________________________________ P or C ______

9. Using a mortar and pestle, grind a small amount of copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) into a powder. Place enough of the powder in a test tube to fill it 1/3 full. Attach a test tube holder and gently heat the powdered CuSO4 for about 3 minutes, then allow it to cool. After it has cooled, squirt some water from a water bottle into the test tube. For clean-up, tap water should be added to the test tube and the tube allowed to soak. Loosen the blue powder using your white stirring stick. Observations after grinding ___________________________________________________________________P or C _____ Observations after heating ___________________________________________________________________ P or C ______ Observations after adding water ___________________________________________________________________ P or C ______

10.Place two 1 cm pieces of magnesium ribbon (Mg) in a test tube. Add an eyedropper full of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Touch the bottom of the test tube. Observations: ____________________________________________________________________ P or C _____

11.Place a metal pellet of zinc (Zn) in a test tube. Add an eye-dropper full of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Touch the bottom of the test tube. Observations: ____________________________________________________________________ P or C _____ 12.Place 10 drops of iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) solution into a test tube. Add 10 drops of potassium thiocyanide (KSCN). Observations: _____________________________________________________________________P or C ____

Teacher demonstrations: Write your observations and make your determination if the change is physical or chemical while you observe the demos by Mrs. Wawers.

Magnetism of Fe and S Observations: _____________________________________________________________________P or C ____

Heating of Fe and S Observations: _____________________________________________________________________ P or C ____

Magnetism of new product made from Fe and S Observations: _____________________________________________________________________ P or C ____

Post-Lab Questions 1. Using examples from these experiments, give 2 possible indications that a physical change has occurred. Use complete sentences to describe these indications.

2. Using examples from these experiments, give 2 possible indications that a chemical change has occurred. Use complete sentences to describe these indications.