DCN002L1 Midterm Hand-out part 1

Transmission Media The physical and non-physical path through which the electrical voltages and electromagnetic waves travel Types of Transmission Media: Cable Media provide a conductor for the electromagnetic signal o Ex. Twisted pair cable, Coaxial cable, fiber optic cable. Wireless Media o Ex. High-frequency radio telephone, microwave radio, satellite radio link system, cellular radio systems

It is a common scheme for using copper wire as telecommunication cable. Formed by two insulated 22 to 26 gauge copper wire that are twisted with each other.

Types: Unshielded Shielded

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable (UTP) It is composed of a set of twisted pairs with a simple plastic encasement (also known as UTP)

UTP Benefits and Considerations Benefits Considerations Relatively inexpensive Unsuitable for very highspeed (> 100 Mbps) data transmission Easily installed, managed, Relatively high rate and reconfigured attenuation Basic technology and Sensitive to EMI and standard are mature and eavesdropping Some high-speed data stable networking standards for UTP are new and not entirely stable Shielded Twisted Pair Cable (STP) It is insulated cable which includes wires in bundled pair wrapped in foil shielding (also known as STP)

Factors

When Choosing Transmission Media Cost Ease of Installation Capacity Attenuation Immunity from electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Cable Media These are wires or fibers that conduct electricity or light

Twisted Pair Cable

STP Benefits and Considerations Benefits Considerations Technology and standards More expensive and are fairly mature and harder to install (when stable connectors are not preinstalled) than UTP and coaxial cable Unsuitable for very highspeed (>500 Mpbs) data transmission not Higher Bandwidth currently used for data available with UTP rates higher than 155

Mbps Relatively high rate of attenuation (similar to UTP) Sensitive to EMI and eavesdropping although less than UTP. Coaxial Cable It is made of two conductors that are share a common axis.

High-Frequency Radio Telephone Microwave Radio Satellite Radio Link Systems Cellular Radio Systems Infrared

High-Frequency Radio Telephone Allows communications over great distance with small amount of radiated power Radio transmission in the frequency band between 3 MHz and 30 MHz

Coaxial Benefits and Considerations Benefits Considerations Relatively simple to install More expensive than UTP Support higher bandwidth Some installation than TP, used in LAN at techniques make coaxial rates faster than 10 Mbps cable hard to manage and reconfigure Resists EMI better than TP Moderately high attenuation (less than TP) Relatively sturdy Moderately susceptible to EMI Fiber Optic Cable It is made of a light-conducting material glass or plastic core surrounded by more glass, called cladding, and tough outer sheath

Microwave Radio It can carry large quantities of voice and data traffic for the following reasons: They require no right-of- way acquisition between towers They can carry very large quantities of information per radio systems They require the purchase or lease of only a small area of ground for installation of each tower Because the wavelength of the transmitted signal is not short, an antenna of reasonable size can focus the transmitted signal into a beam Microwave transmission impairments: Attenuated by solid objects (earth, rain, snow, and fog) Reflected from flat conductive surfaces (such as water and metal structures) Diffracted (split) around solid objects Refracted (bent) by the atmosphere Satellite Radio Link Systems

Fiber Optics Benefits and Considerations Benefits Considerations Supports very high Relatively expensive cable bandwidths and hardware (range: 10 Mbps up to 2 Gbps) Low attenuation rates Connections require highpossible precision manufacturing and complex installation Immune to interference or Relatively complex to eavesdropping from configure and install outside the cable Wireless Media Example:

Cellular Radio Systems

Infrared It is a line-of-sight technology

Research about other wireless technology 3 G, 4 G, WIFI, Bluetooth etc.