Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

Mid Term Phase Bases of American Rule First Philippine Commission Schurman Commission (1899)-stated the rules upon which American rule shall be based- fact finding o Enforcement of sovereignty over the entire archipelago o Self-government in accordance with wise administration of government affairs o Protection of Filipinos civil rights o Promotion of Filipinos welfare y Second Commission Taft Commission 1900 organizing commission o To establish government for the Filipinos o Free primary education o Use of English language y Military rule of Wesley Merritt o First military governor o Exercised executive, legislative and judicial functions y The Civil Government o Created thru Spooner Amendment (1901) o William Howard Taft was the first civil governor  Remembered for his The Philippines for Filipinos Policy y The Cooper Law (1902) o Provided for bill of rights for Filipinos o allowed 2 Filipino representatives to US Congress o Creation of Philippine Assembly 2 years after peace had been restored y Laws that Suppressed Nationalistic Sentiments o Sedition Law o Brigandage Act o Reconcentration Law y Political Freedom given to Filipinos o The right to form political parties whose platform was not based on independence  Federal Party  Nacionalista Party  Liberal Party y 1907 Election o Election of delegates to Philippine Assembly- majority who won were form NAcionalita party who favored immediate independence o The First Philippine Assembly  Was the lower house with Sergio Osmena as speaker y Position of Women o Were allowed to enroll in colleges and universities y y The Civil Service o Civil service act (1900) o Required those who would like to enter government service to pass a civil service exam

1901-1913 y y y Katipunan inertia Bonfacio followers continues their struggle Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao

Compromise with colonialism y y y y Elite collaborated with Americans Filipino elite were involved in central government Cayetano Arellano first Filipino chief justice Philippine Commission exercised both executive and legislative functions

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

Why did elite readily accept colonialism: y y For fear of losing the security of their interest Distrust in the integrity and character of the masses

1912 Political change in the US y Woodrow Wilson, a democrat replaces Republican which had kept conservative tradition of upholding political, economic and soci0-cultural motivation of maintaining American expansionist philosophy

Effects to Colony y y y y Focused on Filipinization of government Harrison colonial policy Jones Law of 1916 Local government was controlled by Filipinos Filipinization however was limited to the elite

Economic Limitations y Free Trade policy o Quota system in Filipino products entering US (quantity and kind of products) o American products entering US were free of any quota o 1913 Underwood Simmons Tariff Act abolished quota on Philippine Exports

Social Effects y Tradition vs. Modernism o Democracy Filipino style Filipino tradition merges with American democracy like petty violations of law, bribery, shady financial deals, ritual kinship, pakikisama, untang na loob instead of American tradition of rule of law. o This resulted to incompetence in bureaucracy o Propagation of American activities like ball games, restaurants, movies

Towards Complete Autonomy y y Election of Republican President Warren Harding He sent the Wood-Forbes mission to the Philippines, the findings were as follows: o Insufficient press which will ensure sound public opinion o Mistakes in finances o Delay in the administration of justice o Need for good teachers

The Administration of Leonard Wood (1921-1927) y Marked by vigorous political agitation- the most intense in Filipino-American relation o Cabinet crisis-resignation of all members of the Cabinet led by Manuel L. Quezon(then Senate President) o Excessive exercise of veto power to the extent of altering the measures passed by the legislature Leonard Wood in Retrospect o He restored the country to an efficient and orderly government o Though his approach was hardly effective he showed little consideration for the sensitive feeling of Filipinos, he has offended Filipino pride o He has no endearing personality, he was not simpatico

Henry Stimson (1928) y y y Reestablish a harmonious working relationship with the Filipino leaders Steered away from emotional independence issue and concentrated on political or administrative cooperation He favored greater degree of autonomy

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

y y

He emphasized economic and industrial development His successor got along well with Filipino politicians (1929-1935)

Campaign for Independence y The Commission of Independence o Created in 1918 o To study all matters related to the negotiation of Philippine Independence o Independence Missions were sent to US  1st mission (1918)-did not achieve anything  2nd mission (1919)- achieved nothing too  Osmena-Roxas Mission (1931) there were factors favorable to Philippine Independence: y American farm group y American Labor group y Isolationists  Hare-Hawes- Cutting Law (HHC Law) o Provided that at the end a 10-year transition government independence will be granted o Allowed that 50 filipino immigrants can enter the US every year for a period of 10 years

The Quezon Mission o Quezon worked hard to have the HHC Law rejected in the Philippine legislature o He went to US and secured the Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) HHC law in different name  Provided for the framing of constitution for the Commonwealth  Election to delegates to Constitutional Convention was held- Claro M. Recto was elected President  Feb 8, 1935- the constitutional convention approved the 1935 Constitution, Roosevelt Approved it too, May 14, it was approved by the Filipino people in a plebiscite  June 16 Quezon-Osmena tandem won the election The Commonwealth Government o Problems of the government  National security National Defense Law  Social Problems Labor Law and Tenancy measures  Lack of common Language- Tagalog was made as the basis of the national language  Japanese in the Philippines were becoming strong-Immigration Act (1940-annual immigration quota of 500) o Achievements of the Commonwealth (1945-1941)  Improved foreign trade  Improvement in transportation and communication  Creation of government agencies for public welfare  Encourages arts and literature through annual competition The War in the Pacific o Broke out in 1941, December, when Japanese forces bombed the American Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii o December 8- US congress declared War The Occupation of Manila o Japan attacked the colonies of US, Holland and Britain o Japan bombed Manila resulting in the destruction of many infrastructures The Fall of Bataan and Corrigidor o Quezon was very ill when the war broke out o Thousands of Filipinos dies in the bombing of Bataan

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

From Manila, Quezon and Osmena and their families moved to Corrigidor, a tiny island that suffered from ceaseless bombing attacks of the Japanese forces o Roosevelt after realizing that Bataan would fall ordered Quezon and MacArthur to move to Australia Government Reorganization o Gen. Homma Masaharu ordered the reorganization of the government  Central Administrative Organization composed of 6 executive departments  Japanese adviser for each department  Nothing was change in the local level Educational Policy of the Japanese o Propagate Filipino culture o Propagation of Japanese language o Encouragement of vocational and elementary education o Promotion of love of labor The Second Republic o Jose P. laurel o Economic problems o Mickey Mouse Money Guerilla Warfare o Soldiers who escaped Bataan and Corrigidor joined or founded guerilla organization o HUKBALAHAP Luis Taruc o Facilitated the return of MacArthur The Government in Exile o Australia-San Francisco-Washington DC o Reorganized the Commonwealth government o Aug. 1944-he died in New York o Osmena succeeded him Return of MacArthur o Oct 1944 Americans landed on Leyte and the battle for the Philippines began o Jan 1945 Lingayen Pangasinan Central Luzon Manila o Leyte was liberated The Commonwealth Reestablished o Oct 23, 1944 MacArthur was military administrator o Feb. 1945 he turned the reins of government to Osmea o July 4 MacArthur proclaimed the liberation of Philippines from Japanese The End of War o Japan was demanded to surrender unconditionally o Japan at first refused o US then dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki o Japan surrendered unconditionally Sept 2, 1945, Missouri battleship, Tokyo American Influences o Democratic government o Public School system  Thomasites  Siliman University-Dumaguete  University of the Philippines Public Health and Welfare o Creation of Bureau of Public Health o Hygiene and sanitation was improved o Hospitals were established o Minimize mortality rate o Nutrition Improvement in Trade and Industry o Factories were established o Fish canning o

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

y y

y y

y y

o Mining Transportation and Communication o Bridges o Railways Individual Freedom o Propagated democratic principles and respect for human rights Political Consciousness o Political parties and elections o Increased knowledge in government machineries and operation Language and Literature Negative Influences o Economic dependence on USA o Brainwashing of Filipinos through American education o Became materialistic The Third Republic o Reorganization of government o Parity rights to American thru the Bell Trade Relations Act of 1945 o 1946 election- Roxas was elected o July 4, 1946 US granted Philippine Independence Administration of Roxas o HUKBALAHAP problem o HUKS fought the landlords o Declared HUKBALAHAP as illegal association Quirino o Proclaimed amnesty to all HUKS but did not succeed due to mutual distrust Magsaysay (1953) o Affected the surrender of Luis Taruc o Popular with common people o Jesus Lava- the successor of Taruc was captured in Manila in 1964 o Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957 Garcia o Filipino First policy o Austerity as program of government Macapagal -1961 o Land reform code o Change of independence day from July 4 to June 12 Marcos o o o o 1965 Production of more rice the Philippines for the first time exported rice Implementation of land reform program Community development After 1968, rice production suffered due to natural calamities

The New Society o Economic conditions led to criminal acts o Morality had gone down o Declaration of Martial law  Sept. 21, 1972  Proclamation 1081  He ruled the Philippines thru presidential decrees The Martial Law o Arrest of people who committed and who will commit crimes o Proclaimed the entire Philippine as land reform area o Created DAR o Distributed 100,000 land titles to poor farmers o Punishes immoral, lazy and discourteous government officials and employees

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

Efficiency in tax collection construction of roads, bridges, irrigation facilities, improvement of airports, school houses, drainage and sewage system, hospitals, homes for the ageds and lepers o Encouraged arts and literature- cultural center of the Philippines which served as venue for local artists to display their talents 1973 Constitution o Abolished the congress o Government system was changed from presidential to parliamentary o Marcos exercise both the powers of the President and PM o 1973 Referendum o Filipinos were asked to vote whether or not they want Marcos to continue as President beyond 1973? o 90.67% voted YES

Political Science
y y Polis and scire Systematic study of state and government

Goals in the study of Political Science y y y Education for citizenship Essential parts of liberal education Knowledge and understanding of government

Concepts of State and Government y y Elements of state people, government, territory, sovereignty (internal and external) Origin of States o Divine Right o Force Theory o Paternalistic theory o Social contract Important concepts to understand o State vs. Nation o State vs. government Forms of Government o As to number of ruler  Monarchy absolute and limited  Aristocracy- power is exercised by few privileged class  Democracy pure or direct and indirect or republican o As to power of the national government  Federal  Unitary o As to relationship between the executive and legislative  Parliamentary  Presidential

The Concept of Constitution y y y Body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are exercised It serves as fundamental law Establish basic framework and principles of government

Kinds of Constitution y As to origin conventional or enacted; cumulative or evolved

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

y y

As to their form- written or unwritten As to manner of amending- rigid or flexible

Article I National Territory y y Philippine archipelago with all the islands and waters All other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty

Article II Declaration of State Policies and Principles y State Principles o Democratic and republican state o Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy o Adoption of the generally accepted principles of international law o Supremacy of civilian authority over military o Prime duty of government and duties of the people o Maintenance of peace and order o Separation of church and state State Policies o Independent foreign policy o Freedom from nuclear weapons o Just and dynamic social order o Social justice in all phases of national devt o Respect for human dignity and human rights o Strengthening family as a basic social institution o Protection of the life of the unborn o Rearing of youth for civic efficiency\ o Recognizes role of youth in nation building o Recognizes the role of women in nation-building/fundamental equality of men and women o Recognizes right of people to health o Right of people to a balanced and healthful ecology o Priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports o Affirms labor as primary social economic force o Develop self-reliant and independent national economy o Recognizes the role of private sector in the economy o Promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform o Recognizes the rights of indigenous rural communities o Recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building o Ensures autonomy of local government o Guarantees equal access to public service o Maintain honesty and integrity in the public service-measures against graft and corruption o Prescribe full disclosure of all public transactions

Article VI Legislative Department y y Legislative Power the authority under the constitution to make law Bicameralism Vs. Unicameralism The o o o o Philippine Senate upper house of the Philippine congress Composition- 24 senators Election elected nationwide by qualified voters Term of Office 6 years, maximum of 2 consecutive terms Qualifications o Natural born Filipino citizen o At least 35 years old o Able to read and write o Registered voter

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

Resident of the Philippines for at least two immediately preceeding the day of election

The House of Representatives lower house o o o o Composition not more than 250 members Manner of election- by legislative districts (EX. Nueva Ecija has 4 districts) Term Of office 3 years, maximum of 3 consecutive terms Qualifications o Natural born citizen of the Philippines o At least 25 years old o Able to read and write o Registered voter in the district where he shall be elected o Resident of such district for at least one year preceding the day of election

Privileges and Obligations of Lawmakers: y Freedom from arrest- sec 11 o While congress is in session o Offense by which arrest was made is punishable by less than 6 years imprisonment o Freedom from being questioned from any speech or debate Disclosure of Business and Financial Interest sec 12

Prohibitions (sec 13) y y y y Holding any other office or employment Appearance as counsel before any court of law Financial interest in any contract with the government Financial interest in any special privilege granted by the government

Sessions in Congress (sec 15) o o Regular Special

Officers in Congress (sec 16) o o Senate President Speaker of the house

Electoral Tribunal (sec17) composition and function Commission on Appointment (sec 18) composition and function Functions/Powers of Legislative Department aside from Lawmaking 1. Legislative inquiry and investigation (21) a. Purpose b. Benefits 2. Power to declare the existence of war (23) a. Votes required b. Delegation of emergency power to the president 3. Electoral Function (Art VII, sec. 4 par 5) 4. Screen appointments made by the president 5. Power of appropriation and to impose tax (sec 24) 6. Constitutional function Art. XVII sec 3 7. Power to initiate and try impeachment case Art. X1, sec 3

Outline of Midterm Lessons in History by profmayet

Process of Lawmaking 1. First Reading bill number, title and names of authors 2. Referral to appropriate committee will conduct public hearing, can be approved or rejected 3. Second reading a. Reading of bill in its entirety b. Debates c. Amendments d. Printing and distribution 4. Third reading only title is read, no more amendment, or debate, vote is taken for the passage of bill. 5. Referral to other house-same procedure 6. Bill is forwarded to the president