Τσακαλογιαννης -Συγχρονη Ευροπαικη Ιστορια (1789-1890)

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Contemporary History, 10 Byzantine and
Modern Greek Studies, 10 Journal of Common
Market Studies, 10 European Foreign Affairs
Review, 1 Joural of European Integration
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ISBN 960-08-0096-0
TANOL TLAKAAOfIANNHL
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1789 - 1989
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I. LIEPHL
Histor is an active force
in the strugles of ever generation and the
historian by his interretation of the past, conscioul or
half-comciouslyor even unconscioul, takes hi part in them.
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Peter Gel,
Debates with Historians
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1 . Avmp{QHUl am lAlO TaU E. X. KUQQ, TI [ivai ' Jaroeia; A{vu, nAaVtlj<, 1983, OEA. 23.
2. Leopold von Ranke, The Ideal of History, aOV T6o mu Fritz Stern(ed) Th Varietieo of
HiotOr: From Voltaire to the Present, London, Macmillan, 1970, UEA. 57.
3. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatll.' Logico Plrilooophicuo, A{va, nanaOl]<, 1978, 2.063 {O< 2. 12,
uEA. 50.
BMnE mlOl]< Thomas Macaulay, History and Literature aOV T6o TaU Fritz Stern(ed) The
Varieties of History, O.U., KUllU Elx6va xUl xalu laOQlU, YQUCEl 0 Macaulay, bEY OQEl
va a< avUlaQaauEl 6AIl tv UA{ElU. 'O!O< Ol XUAUTEQE< ElX6vE< xU! Ol XUAUTEQE< laOQIE<
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tllV oMtlltU, aEA. 76.
4. Avac{QEtUl aO lA(O tOU Andre: Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography, London, Peter Hablan,
1988, aEA. 505.
5. H.A.L. Fisher, A HiotOr ofEuroe, London, Fontana, Exboal 1960, T6!. II, UEA. 773.
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rHMEIQlEIl
1. Keith Ansel Pearsen, Nietzche Contra Rous.<eau, Cambridge U. P. , 1''1, at). . 78.
2. Keith Ansel Pearsen, a {ow, at).. 38.
3. J. L. Talmon, Origins of Totalitarian Democrac, Penguin, 1'81, at).. 48.
4. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age ofRevolutions, New York, Mentor, at).. 25.
5. Carlo M. Cipola (ed.), The Fontana Economic Histor of Europe: The Industrial Revolution, vol.
3, Fontana, at).. 7.
6. David Thomson, Europe since Napoleon, Penguin, 1 '67, at). . 82.
7. David Thomson (O {ow, at).. 31 .
8. Eric Hobsbaum, 6. a. , at). . 84.
'. Albert Sorel, Eurpe and the Fnch Revolution, Collins, 1 '6', at).. 330.
1. Alexis de Tocqueville, L' Ancien Regime de la Revolution.
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AITO TH BALTIAH lTHN ITTQlH TOY MITIlMAPK ( I 789-I 89O) 77
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rHMEIQrElr
I . fla ' urbs de i s hominibusque communis l\,btE Freidrich Heer, The Holy Roman Empire,
London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968, uEA. 3.
2. Hugh Honnor, Neoclassicism. Penguin, 1 974.
3. BAEnE TllV noAU EV[lUqEQouaa Eloaywy 'Oil Connor Cruise 0' Brien UO 1\11110 'Oil Burke,
Reflections on the Revolutions in France, Penguin, 1973
4. John Ralston Saul, Voltaire's Ba.flardf: The Dictator.fiJip ofRea.wn in the West, New York, The
Free Press, 1 992
5. E.P. Thomson, The Making oftire English Working Class, Penguin, 1974.
6. Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron: Bi.wwrck, Bleichriider and the Building of the German Empire,
London, Allen and Vnwir, 1980.
7. A anOTEAtl Tllv miYla !Eoll OE 6Aa ta EQya 'Oi Hobsbawm. BAnE XIIQlW, TO IllAlO 'Oi
Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Realit, Cambridge V.P., 1983 ([EEQl
EX[OOT 1 990). 0 Hobsbawm anoTEAEl (vav an6 'Oil, llO aVTlnQoownEltLXOU, ExnQomil OIl,
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tOil Hobsbawm nOl [llIlOmEUtllxav tIl [ExaEtla 1 970-80, O onola EnxQlvE [WVOOUIlEVOII;
tlj, NEuS AQIUTEQ<S, 6nws tOV Tom Nairn, tOY Regis Debray xU! tOv Benedict Anderson Yla
E!vlXlOlXES naQExxAIOElS. ElvUl EnlollS EV[laqEQov 6n ax6la xU! Oo nQ6oqato 1AIO tOil
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HMEIQEl
I . Robert Gildea, Barricades and Borders: Europe /800-/9/4, Oxford V.P., 1 996, (tA. 80.
2. David Mc Lellan, Karl Mar: Hi s Life and Thought. Paladin, 1 977, (tA. 236- 264.
3. H.A.L. Fisher, A Histor ofEurpe, o. a. , (tA. 1 020.
4. David Thomson, Europe .fince Napoleon, o.a. (tA. 232.
5. Golo Mann, The second German Empire: The Reich that Never Was (o cAAOYlX6 6!o
Upheaval and Continuit: A centur ofGerman HLftOr, London, Oswald Wolff, 1973, (tA. 33.
6. Hel mut Bohme, The Foundations ofthe German Empire Oxford, 1 971, (tA. 66.
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lHMEIQlEIl
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1 8, Robert Bretall, A Kierkegaard Antholog, Princeton U.P" 1973, UEA, 260-69,
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LHME/LEIL
I . Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience ofModerit, London, Verso.
1983, a. 21 .
2. Karl Marx, Capital. O.a. OE). . 581 .
3. Robin Murrey, The Internationalization of Capital and the Nation State, New Left Review, No
67. May-June 1 971 , aE).. 85.
4. A.J.P. Taylor, The Strugle ofMaster in Europe: 1848- 19/8, Oxford U.P., 1954, OE).. XIX.
5. John A.R. Marriot, Commonwealth or Anarchy? o.a. aE). 1 25-9.
6. A.J.P. Taylor. alO {ow, aE).. 46-47.
7. Im {OIO, OE). . 61 .
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- ( 1 O _ _ | O _ ` A D l A O 3 A u D D ] D m _ u l 3 J 1 2 u D 1 l / ] D O 1 2 3 1 3 g 1 D O 1 1 O
O D Q l _ ` O D y 0 O y y 2 Q A 3 Q J 1 D 1 x 1 A g 3 A O l A i O A 1 D l D x D A 2 3 l 1 1 l D l
2 O A D l 3 @ 2 O x 1 0 J u 2 0 O l 1 3 u l O 1 0 D A 3 D D l _ 3 Q ' 2 D } y D l j 2 u l 2 u y Q
u u ] O 1 O A 3 1 D x D ] D u l D 3 A D x 1 A g 3 A u l 3 x 0 J ] Q 1 1 3 2 O 1 Q ] O 1 D x A D ' O g
- D _
0
'
_ _ ]
0 O l D ] D D l A j u _ / 3 _ u A 3 J 1 Q D J 1 O A O A u l ' 2 O l D x 2 x 1 A D l
- 3 g 2 u l l D x A l U 1 l D 1 A J Q A [ A 0 J l u 3 / } 3 2 D x D J 1 } y x 2 u _ / 3 J 1 u l 1 1
A u l A i O y ] 3 l D l D x D A 2 0 O l 1 3 g 1 D O 1 A u l 2 O A D l 3 @ 2 0 O l D D l /
- 3 J D 1 J 1 1 3 ] J D O 1 D A O A Q O A 3 J ! Q 1 3 A O l 3 D 1 Q Q 1 J 1 3 A O l A 3 Q Q l 0 j
' 1 D ] D [ _ O l Q 1 D D 1 ] D 1 3 Q 3 J 1 3 / 0 J ] O g D _
O 1 l Q A D l D J D 3 y ] l O 1 D O _ ' A Q l 0 D 1 / 2 0 O l A O ] J D 1 Q A 3 O l A D D D } 0 O 1
2 O A D l 3 @ 2 0 O l 2 0 J ] 0 ' u y ] J 1 D y _ D l 3 D 1 3 A x 3 D ] D J 1 1 _ A u l D Q J 1 D 1 1 D
L l
( 0 6 ! - 6 8 L [ ) X d V I U W A O J H J U N H J H V l J V R H J O U V
238 1yrXPONH EYPQI1AiKH I1TOPIA
Kognoo0tuvtuvotrgyootuvqtovi ovoijr ,i0oqoi:,i,io|o
,irto0Koo0got Nonotrovto,no0 rrqgor tt tottvtrq0tr,
rvovt|ov tuv Tr0tovuv.
0
Koo0g r|or ovoyvcgtr o i !ott|o
qtov: 0g|ogi ovoi ot,iovootivE0guni otto rn|oiorotrti
Mroyrm ot t Mro Avototq. To yryovo o ot Bgrtovo| r|ov
rr|v:tivroq otgo,irv:tivngoooqto0otiv!vo|o,oqrvrtou-
go rtr0Orgoytotrtotr ,iiovoggoq|r. Anotrtr,ioqtovq ,i0ottq
oiquv|o,irto0tuvo0oovoguvotivPlomb|crcs(!Tto,itrg)ott 2O
lo0t|o0 I 858ototiv ono|o onoqoomovvoig0o0vonootvo0tov
notro otrv A0otg|o. Tg|o qtov to ooto or,ir|o no0 rOtov orv
!Itotrg. i otovo,iq tuv rgouv ono tov notro, i oqog,tq no0 Oo
ngooto0oovytotqv qg0qto0 ot trto o govono0 Ooovoto-
ovovogoo: .
Ooov oqogo oto nguto, o Nonotruv ngotrtvrti oq,ito0gy|o,ito
ttottq otogq ovo,ioonovo|o 0no tiv ngorog|o to0 !Iono, :
ono|o rtotrv ro|uituvA0otgmuv Oo,irtotgrnotovo0otooo
or rvo yottto ngotrtogoto. Zti ogrto !tot|o to !Itroovo Oo
0nrgotntoo|or to ryrOoto0 ot o nt:O0ooto0 Oo rqtovr to I I
rot. A0to Ooovtmtoto0or nrg|no0 ,ir to oo|trto tq !tot|o no0
r|r o:,ito0gyqortto I8O50 NonotruvA. En|oiOonrgttoovrtt
nrgtort:Ao,iogo|o, Brvrt|o,!1ogootMoorvo. H0gtog-
|oto0!1onoOonrgtogtotovotoAgro Romano, ,ito,itgq rtooi 2
tttoouv trtgoyuvtuv tttortguv, otto Oo onor .uvotov ovoi-
g0ooovotov ngorogot: !tottqZuooonovo|o.
0
Koo0g orv
ngorotr ovttggqorto' o0totovomovovm,io totr0ovtoott,rtot
otrotuvovtovotA0otgmo|,to!Itro,iovoOortgoto0ororot:
t:v nottq rgoovioo. Zrovtottoo, : !ott|o Oo ngooogto0or to
Savoy (Zoot) ot trv N|oto, O Pttrgo.
0
Koo0g ortir oto
Zoot,ir oo:ytuooto ot notno,itogtt:]gto, ovqr otr !ott|o,
rvuytotq N|otooq:orto qtrjioovottoytoto ,irttov.
Mrtotr oquv|o otiv !Ito,itrg, o Koo0g ovrtor rvtov: ot-
ntujioqotnogooivtoq ogootigtot:toymvootr0g0vrt01
,io|rto0 otvoono,iovuortt:v A0otg|o Ioto|trgi oioo|o rouor
nottoti Puo|o, ,tr trv ono|oqtOr or ,i0ottq o0quv|oytotivono-
Ano TH BALTIAH lTHN nTQlH TOY MTI lMAPK
(
1 789
-
1 890
)
239
ootr to jitgq guotq vottq ovo,iq otq N|om. Av ot orv
0nrgr rn|oq oquv|o yto o,toto|o unooygtq, uotooo o Ko-
o0g n|otr0r ot r,t0oqgr0otov ott o Toogo orv Oo r,trvr o0ortr-
go orjv rrgorvq o0ggoq. Hogojiom ngoonoOrm rytvr ot yto
tqvrtorHguo|ooqvovortgqo,irtqvA0og|o.Ho0ngo-
q r tqv Hguo|o Orugr|to q0ototoytq Iyu to0 o0ogonguoto0
ovtoyuvto,io0. !totovKoo0g,q Hguo|oonotrto0ortq q0otr ryr-
ttootuv!rg,iovuv,onutoHtro,tovoqtovymtqv!tot|o.Oooooq
nguotq 0rgvqoq onoqootor vo qv ovo,itOr|or trtotr nrgtnr-
trtr. Honoq0yqnooqr,intor, r|
t
roqvKpto|or|trov!tot|o,
onotrtr|to ooto oooo tq Hguo|o outq tqv nrg|ooo. Htov
oovvorovrotovo|oo0vdjiruv,ytovogqotjionotiortrto ot-
o tq tgono, rvc oqqvr ottr r0gunotr o0vo,irt vo ottqto-
onogoooovtot.
Ootoooo Koo0g orv nrgtog|otrrot,tryotro0vo,irt,oOu
ot ovOguno| to0 r|ov ovotort rvtovr ogooqgtotqtr tooo oto
Botovto,ono0ngoonoOo0oovvorocoo0vtouo0voor0o,irvo0
onotrvA0og|oKgootr, Zrgo0 ot O0yygo0, ooootnrgovtq
E0gcnq,oo,tootqvAqgtr ottqv Ao|o. Onu oqtuvr oovngr-
oqtqHguo|o,ooorug0trgortovtortunoo0ygo0oruvtooonr-
gtoootrgrqov otmOovotqtr rmt0|o. Z' o0to, oqtooq oqv ovo-
yqyto|or0guno.rovoqtrq, nogo0orvo0notoyQrtoqvuno-
oqgtq to0 Nootrovto. Zuvrnc o Koo0g r|ry|vrt Otooctq tq
qttoooq|ooooono oytor to rootoono|ooqvnrg|tuoito0
orv qov o|tooo oym. Hrgov ononogooqvtortviortor ot-
ntuotto rn|roo, ryoto nooo ototrOqov ytotov rnrgroojio tq
r0gunorotvqyvc,iq,irntqgu,irvqogOgoygoq|ootootrOvq t0-
no,0g|uoq!ott|o, Bgrtov|o, !rg,iov|o, Etrt|o oo,tootlono-
v|o.Hnogontqgoqogqor otrOvo0otvryvcjiq, ovotrvqov
rvtrtcvroqotvorvo, uotooo o' outrtrqoo tq r0gunotq toto
g|o,,irtovKoo0got t|yoogyotrgo,irtov Mn|oog,ovoyrtotor
ooqottr ngonoyovoootoov rvoooto roooqvooqm ru-
trgtqnottttq.
Ztojtrto0,o rtooto0,La Farina, ngorgoti0ottiEOvt-
qEtogto,otroguvrooqogoorotoytotivngotioinotro0.
H:rgo:v|orvogirOgongouvogtoiri Iq Moio0 I859. Bo-
oti toroo0tuvtuvoro|uvitovvongotqOo0vmortgornrtoooto
no0 OorovoyoovtivA0og|ovog0rto0tqngutitovnotro,
cotr vo rrt to ot|y,to to0 rntttOr,trvo0. toqogr tgorryrgort
ronooov ott 0no o0ogtoi otoi t1ottr rnog|r, oOu o
ngortoottoqOogo,ot0no|ttottuvono|uvrgtoovotoq0ytooi
Zogoiv|o. Ot A0ogtoo|, oyovottorvot o ov|ovot vo ovttogo-
oo0v or nogo,totr ngort oottoqOogo, rnroov oiv noytoo o
rotrttov trtrotygoqo oov Koo0g ot 23 Angtt|o0 I859, to ono|o
o0to q0oto onrggtir. Troorgt ,trgr ogyotrgo, : A0ogto rtor-
ottr otq Zogoivto. A0to qtov ogrto ymvotiig0rt i !ott|o
tov notro. Ztt ,tor no0 ooto0Ooov, to ,iryot0trgo ogo rqr-
govotyotttr o0vojtrt rvc nrg|no0 7
0000
Aoogoo|o Brvrto|
notr,tioov oo ntr0go tuv ovotgmuv o0vo,truv. H ,toi tq
Magenta oto0 Solferino oijototii to0Mttovov onotrtoioov
yotttr rntt0|r. Mroo or tgrtivr,tov Io0ttotov 859, ot yot-
to|tottr o0vo,trt r|ov onoonoort t Aoogo|o ono to0 A0-
ogtoo0. H Brvrtto ojtu rooto0Oo0or vo g|orto0notiv o-
to: to0.
A0ti tiotyjti rnrtrro NonotruvBovonogtiymtoovoui
jtr tivA0og|o, ,tr ti o:,tquv|otiVillafranca, ot I I !o0t|o0 I859.
Onuqtovq0oto, o0tq q oqvti rtoogoqi to0 Nonotrovto,u-
g|ngoiyo0,irvuvorvi ,trgcort,not0or nrgtoootrgovoitiortti
o0yotoOroito0Koo0g,ngootror rvotrgooto0ooyovotioi
o ovttyottti 0org|o oo0 !toto notgtctr. Ooooo o oot-
ttoto0!Itroovtto0,B|tugE,tovo0it,orvrrotti rnttoyinogo
voorOrtotrtrtrorvo,ottno0rogytortovKoo0gortrtotooq-
r|ono00nrotrtivnogo|tioito0onotqvnguO0no0gy|o.E|vurv-
otoqrgov vo ovoDoo0,tr to0 toyo0 no0 ooqyioov tov Nonotrovto
Bovonogtioioqvtq onoqoo: to0,tov !o0ttoto0 I859,voouvoirt
rtgqvi ,tr to0 A0otgmo0, tq otty,tq no0 to oyyito tuv
Ano TH BALTIAH LTHN nTQLH TOY MnILMAPK ( 1 789-1 890) 24
tgo0,iotto,irvuvotonro|otuv,iouvotoSolIcr|nooo,ioqo0oovo'
omtoto0,onunogooottoto Ortrtrvotoogto.`
Onuoonotr Ooqovr0otooortrootovoonoooOr|q onoqo-
qto0 Nonotrovtootovogotoogooonto,ioto0. E|voyryovoott
rvo ono to0 Iyo0 yto to0 ono|o0 tootov o Nonotrovto vo
tr|orttoOr,iotq !ot|oqovot0noq|rto0ooKoo0grvoro-
,irvuOor,irtottr\otovyvnotr,it otooooqytovornrtr|vrtto
ovogoto0vro0ootto0goto0nrgovtuvo,iquvqOrvtuvov!Tto-
,intrg. Amo| ot qoot rvto0ovtov ono tov rnovoototto n0grto tuv
onoouv to0Mazz|n|otono|otr|ovrovoyoort tovMryotoo0oy
Tooovqornogo|yoq.Otqttrtr0Orgotngo0ovtrootruyrvr|r|-
ovoq,iot|ort,itongoougtv0rgvqq,ottooOuqotooooqno-
gr,irvr rntoqot r|ovonr0OvOr|oovB|tugoE,i,iovo0t,tooot-
ttoto0!Itro,iovtto0,voovotortyvro0o|ooyvTooovq.!Togo,ioto
o,intu,iotorqov|oQovooyv!Tog,io,tq MoorvooyvMnoI-
vto.Z0vrnu,ovT otoooqoqqvotovovrrtrytq,toonotrtr,ioOo
qovnototoqogroon'o,tt0noIytroNonotruv.
Ooooo Oo qov onto.o o ,iovontr0go vo rg,iqvr0Or|q otgo
to0 Nonotrovto ,iovo r ryutotto|vqtgooonogto\vtoto rtot-
gto. Kto0ro yto to0 r Iyo0. To ,iryottrgo ogoto0 notr,io0
onrgtoootrgronctrtrr|r0noor|q !oH|o. Z0vrnu,itoyrv|-
r0qtuvrOgongo.uv, ,iryvr,into ooHuv o0vo,iruvOo rvr-
ntrryloH|oor,ito,iryotqnrgtnrtrto,|ouotgoyuo|o,ytoogq
y!ot|o. Ko o0too|vo0voy otr0g0vqto0 notr,io0 orvqov
Orugqo.HBgrtov|or|rrqgoortoq,iootoyvoyovoyyo
r|rogoyg|ortyyoHo.tott rntr|gqoq uonogoory. Mno-
gr|,irvqBgrtov|ovoqovonogotq,irvq,iryvtvot rryrgq,oHo
omo or Ooyv r,inootr vonogr,irtot rrtQrt jiroutg|y ovo-
,iq,onuy !Tguo|o,n..qono|or|roq tvqtonotorttoogotr0-
,iotoy. Mrto ,iryottrgo ,irgotuvyotttuvo0vo,iruvoyv!ot|o,
o |vo0vo ,ito nguot ngortoq ru to !Tog|ot tv ogoto. H
!Tguo|or|rngooqrgrtovA0og|oy oOrtoyytoyvo,ivoy
Ao,iogo|o-Brvrt|o ,ir ovoHoy,io yv nogougqoq ono y Btrvq
ngoyv !Tguo|oyoto|qoqtuvouo,iruvyyrg,iovt ovo,io-
242 lYfXPONH EypmAjKH IlTOPIA
onovo.o, at ono.r g.oovtov or tvitno.qoq o Pivov.o. En.oi
otq Puo.o rortvr ototrOrt,irvi vongooOrortto ogoti0nrg
Hguo|o,ytovo,iq otoootrOr|nrgtoootrgoqtoiov E0gunij.
Trtto,nogottovttogoortotmg.rto0,at !toto.oOiov
to trtrtro,irvo. H Ao,iogoo rvtoOir oto oo.trto to0 Htro,io-
vtto0ti Avu !tot|o, otto q Brvrt|onogr,irtvrotorgto ti A0-
otg|o ot q rvtgtq !tot|o rnovqtOr o ngoiyo0,irvo oOrotu.
A0trat g0O,i|ortrm0guOiov,trtio0vOqi tiZ0g.itoNor,i-
gto to0 185
9
. Zr ,i|o otti o0vOqi, to0 Tog|vo0, ott 24 Mogt.o0
18
60
, 0 Koo0g,no0 r|r rnovrDrtotivnguO0no0gy.otovngoiyo0-
,irvo !ovo0ogto, nogougqor ti N|oto ot to Savoy oti !oH.o ,ir
ovtoHoyjioti ouyotoOroq to0 yto tiv ngooogtioi tuv gotto|uv
tq Krvtgtq !tot|o onoti Zogoqv|o. Eto0 Nonoruv r|r nrt0-
rtvorntiguortto0 ooo0to0 otoo0 onotivttottq rjinto-
q, ,iroooo,iutio0oovoortqoqtuv!totuvrOvttotuv.
A0trat goyoo|rovoototortngootroovttrvtovrovttogo-
ortovttogoottuvo0voruv,A0otg.ootPuo|o,oOuotto0Ho-
nono0oqogtortovB|tugoE,i,tovo0qt.En|oiqBgrtov.org,iqvr0-
ortivngooogtiotiN|otoottiZoo|oonoti !oH|ourv-
ortqtuvqrgtottottuvngoOroruvto0Nonorovto.Ootooo,nogo
ttoto,iogt0g|rotttovttogoort,ojttoovo,ii orvqtovototrOrt-
,irvi vo rtor| or vrr rOgongo|r yto vo ovotgrqrttotrtrtr-
o,irvo.
0
,iovo ooogo |vo0vo oqtoqtioij ti nogougioi
oti!oH|otqN.otootijZoo|ongorgotovonoto0!toto0
rOvttotr,ot ngut.otu onotov Garibaldi, 0 ono.o otoyotov ono
tr N.oto.A0to,iroHo0.tto0onooo0to0otrq0yroiZtrt.o,
tovAng.ttoto0 18
60
, ono0 at ugtotr r.ov rryrgOr.rvovt.ovtuv
,iryotoyooti ,tovuv. A0to.ygqyogo ngoougijoov ott ygo,i,trto0
Garibaldi, oOurr|voto00noorOir,irtogg0O,i.ortotovoo-
tovo,iq ti yi, no0 orv tigqOiov, oto0 rotgrijr ototo0 4go-
y.oo0 !!, to0 Bo0govo0 oottotq Nonoti.
H ovtogo.oto0Garibaldi onotrto0or ngoi ov0nooqoto,t-
qtoqtqoqtuvo0vOiuvno0r|r0noygoqrt 0 Koo0g.HuOoovtt-
ogo0or 0 trtr0to.o,no0 r.r rvonoOrorttooonottooij,i0ottqot-
AITO TH BAITIAH lTHN ITTQlH TOY MITIlMAPK ( 1 789-1 890) 243
n/ uot|o ot ot. otoOrort tuv ,tryo/uv o0voruv, o]v ngo/ ioi
to0Garibaldi; Hgoqovu,oroo,trvititrgoottooi,tottotito.to0
rotgr o go,tovo o. qtoyrgo rnovootdtr, ,tm jtrtum: o0-
ygo0oi ,t' o0tov :tov ovo.rotr/r,toq. Onuoo:notr ov ot i r.t|-
oi,ti 0rgvioi]orvrr.rgootrtrvoovottortooivrotgotr|o
tuvt/|uv, onu rr.y|vrtyvuot: , uotooo orvnogrtr.qrvongo-
o/rt ,t0gto r ,tnoo.o otiv ovougioq ,to. Evu ot o0vo,irt to0
Garibaldi ngor/o0vovotrZtr/|o,oKoo0grortvroto0to0 r,int-
oto0onroo/,trvo0ymvongorto.,tooo0vto rooqotingooogti-
o: ti ,tr orj ,toq:qtoo. H ovt|ogooi to0 Garibaldi ot ngoqovr|
ngoonoOrtrto0 Koo0g vo ovooqrt trv rnovootoq nogr|o to0
qtov o,trr. Ot onrtot,trvotono tov Koo0g ror rotcOiov oto
ti |o r|trovoyootiovvoryototr|qo0vtiv o.tooto/ : to0.
E|votqovrgo o oto0o ovogrqtov orov oto,trtgtoovt|Ortot
ortojtnrgo,trvto,ottqttoooqtrto0ov/ qqrtotno/tttrngo-
r.O Giuseppe Garibaldi (18
0
7-1882), jtrtoono mo0vtojii ogo-
ooto|vi,ioto0Mazzini tiNro!o/|o, r|rovoyootr|,to 1834,
vootoq0yr. otiNooA,trgtq,o.to0onrtiorq: ,ir uototijt:tuv
o0vo,iruv to0 Movtr|oro, otov notr,io tr ovrogtio|o. To 1848
rnrotgrrotiv!ot|oottovrno,trvogovoogyovuortijvo,t0voti
Pu,to|:Ai,togot|o, rvovt|ovtuvyo/ttcv o0vo,truv. H ovt|oto-
oi gotior2 ,iqvr,ruoto0oto/ rqOr|i no/ i.OGaribaldi otrq0-
yrotivnogovo,t|oot,trtoogyovuortoovtogoototuvo0ogto-
cv o0vo,iruv. Zov ogotqgo qtov r0O0, on/ o ot ovtototr/ q.
Mrtotiv rvo.to|ioi ti !ot|o,to 18
6
1 , oGaribaldi rnrotgrqrno/t
oiv o.t/ : u: to0 oygoti oti Aottvtq A,trgt: ot o.togvqOir t|-
t/ o0 ottt,tr. H o0vo:to0 o.trggrr onotiogto,iott: ngooum-
otito to0, to go,iovt.o,to to0 no0 ,tnogo0or, r tv n|otr to0 oov
on/ o ovOguno, vo otryr|gr. ot vo r,tnvr0or. ,tor. En|oi, or
ovt|Ori,trtovq0go0notoyto: Koo0g, oGaribaldi, oovq/ oyrgo
rnovoototi, Orugo0oroino/tttq ogooi onotto0or Ooggo,qo-
vtoo|ootO0o|r.Tr/ o,oGaribaldi qtovrnrnotOqoruovttjiovog-
tootnoD,ttotuvngovo,i|uvtino/toogtotogot|o. Horoi
,irto0 tuv o0o ovoguv o' o0tq tiv gtot,totrgij ottyjtq ti toog|o
244 YrXPONH EYPQnAiKH ITOPI A
ytotv!tot.orronotrtrorovr.rvont Ougo,irtrtcvotovo-
t0oruv.
Mrtoonotr Ztrt.o,0 Garibaldi otgoqr otr Nonot ,ono0
tovrqrgrovtt,irtuno,trtovNonotrovtoBovonogt oOu ot,ir
o0vtgittro0vo,ir. !otv ovoo.o:] to0,0 Nonotruvngotrvr
ti or,ito0gy.o ,ito !tott:] Z0vo,ioonovo.o no0 Oonrgtto,tovr to
ogo,tonomogotrtiKrvtgt:]!tot.o, rtoonotivEogo,ot
toNoto,tto0oZtrt.ronuovo,toovtov.OotoooBgrtov.oog-
v:]Orrvoomtorto otototroto Ztrvotij Mro:]v],ytovono-
gr,inoo.ortov Garibaldi vonrgooronotr Ztrtoot Notto!tot.o.
o
Koo0gtrnovtotqvotoggr0oqtuvBo0govuvotNonotqorv
ottycgrorvongooog,ioorttqvnottt.:]to0. To Or,iotcgo:]tov rt
t
r
qngooogtioito0 Noto0 oto gototo0 rttr ,im ovrrtrytq rovo-
otoor .Hor,ngtvtivoqtqto0Garibaldi otqvNonotq,ngotogrto0
Koo0g rmo.oovtov or ngotonqjior o0vu,too.r ym tqv ngo-
oogtio:] ti]. To Or,io r.rngootor iryotr otootoor,0g.uyto
tooottoB|tugoE,iovo0:]tno0r|rovoyoyrtrvngooogtiorto0
Noto0or:]tr,iott,iqytoto Ogovoto0. Eovonoyovrotooono
to0, t.notr orv onrtrtr o Oo rotgrqrtqv ngooo:] to0 ngoti Br-
vrt|o, no0nogr,irvr oo,iq 0no o0otgto:] oto:] . Ootooo o0tr ot
r,i,trr ngoroonot:]or:] onrtr, orvo0y|vqoov orov ovrvo,
,ironotrtr,to0 ootojiotrto Garibaldi vorortOrotqNonotr,o
7 Zrtr,tg.o0 1860, ono0 to nt:]Oo tov 0noorOir oov rvov vro
Mro|o.
Torgctr ,totcgoytotovKoo0g,tovNonotrovtoottvE0gu-
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1 . A. J . S. Grenville, Europe Reshaped: 1848- 1878, o.a. UtA. 224.
2. A. J. P. Taylor, The Strugle for Master in Europe, o.a., UtA. 99.
3. Denis Mack Smith, Cavour. Lndon, Methuen, 1 985, UtA. 1 35.
4. Ir {ClO, OtA. 1 40.
5. H. A. L. Fisher, A His/or ofEurope, o. a. , UtA. 1042-43
6. BAElt, I.X. Denis Mack Smith, Cavour and Garibaldi, 1860, Cambridge U. P. 1 954.
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u ' D 1 Q y D y y 3 _ ` 2 O l Q 1 D U 1 O l D u O l D 0 J y 1 3 u l u y Q H D A u l
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V I d O J Z I H N J V U O d A R H N O d X J A Z 8 S
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Ano TH BAHIAH :HHN nTQlH TOY MnI lMAPK ( 1 781)- 1 810) 259
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trgootto o0orgrtoot ougottotitoto0, otrOgtrytotiv A0-
otg|oo0vrnrtrto0 Zolvcrc|n,orv r|rt|notrvongootr.ytovoyv
ovoott|ort.O0ooottoi rvo0vo,iuoito0yrg,tovto Zollvcrc|n o-
otvrtqvonoo0vo,iuoqyZ0vo,ioonovo|ootqvono|ongorogr0rq
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Ano TH BALTIAH LTHN nTQLH TOY MTILMAPK
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1 789
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1 890
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261
o0tqv ournr no0 r.r rmqrgr i oqto0gy.o to0 yrgovto0
Zollverein, oqtooq pv onoovuoq tq onotov 0gtoog,o to0 yrg-
,ovto0 cgo0, ot ngoon0Oior vo ovtogoor ovttngotr.vovto '
oq,to0gy.o to rvtgor0guno.q rvuoi (Mitteleuropa) qtov totr
not0 ogyo. Onu nogotigr. rvo totogto i A0otg.o oqi or tiv
rtr0Org.o ogoootv Hguo.o ot ovootjr not0 ogyo to ttr,o
no0 rngrnrvo ntr gcoryto)v nguotqonotooo0vi. '`
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Oguoito0 Zollverein cotrvotq rmtgrnrtoottr ortoqonotr-
trrtqvo0otootqo.ttoytotovo0otgo-nguotonotroto0 1866. Ot
or,o.,trto0tuv 29 ,rtcvno0 oygoto0oovto Zollverein rooor
tgtovogovto rtov ovont0Or. tooo otrvo, cotrrA0otgtovo rrt
nrgtOugtonotiOr.. Ton0vo o.t0o or otorgoogotr o0voort, or
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vr0ortr.roi to0gyqort,i.oo.ovotq ouo,tq ot rvoq0otoyt-
o ttono0 i A0otg.ooo0voto0or vonogooto0Oqort. H oi,to0g-
y.oTo0ogo,ttqEvuoq (Postverein) to 1850 ,trtqvono.og0O,to-
vovotto0ogotrotooootoytr orort ,rto0to0Zollverein
ti A0otg.o oto rvo tgono votono.o0or to otougtoo rto0
tuv o0o ntr0guv. Z0vru, ott ogr ti orortto to0 1860-70, 1
A0otg.o qtov o0otootto ono,iovurvi otiv Ooonovoi Bo0tq ot
r.r0nrgorttotr.onotovvronoto no0 r.r oygotqorr Hguo.o
r ooq to Zollverein. Z0vrnu r.ov trOrtotoortyto) or to0g-
yto nottttq rvonotqoq r ooi p Mtgq !rgov.o no0 rtov
ngoonoOqort vo o:ygoyoo0v ot qttrtr0Orgr o0tr tr 4gov-
qo0gtito 1848. ToOroqtovrovtrvonoototqo0tq Ootrvovoto-
ovov ot q.trtr0Orgr o0vor. tr Hguo.o q o0tov tov totogtq
oq,too.ootoo Ootovrntqguvrto o0togtooOrtuno0 rtro-
voo0Or.u 4o.vt onoototrti rotuvtqonot0togto.
Z 21 Mogt.o0 1848, ott i rovootooi oto Brgottvo rtr r-
onoor, r,tqov.oOirtoooto0Oo qv:,o to0 ootttoti Hguo.o,
4grtorg.o0!o0ttrto0, onr0O0orvo Hgoto!rg,ovtoEOvo.
Mto vro rvooi .otog.o rtvort orgo yto oo' Ano oq,rgo
ovqrtr nott or rvo ryoto rvurvo rOvo, o0oto, rtr0Orgo ot
262 :yrXPONH EYPQnAiKH I:TOPIA
to0go, otqv ogoto tr E0guq! O 4grtorg|o !o0ttrt tr
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notg|oo ym tr outig|oti !rgov|o. Z(rgoOotov or|tr oto no-
tgonogoootootttr rvoguototo0yrgovto0rOvo0,vootno-
rt ovoroooo.
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rgo r Hguo|oo0yuvr0rtotrtr !rgovto. ''Ootooo, ru to qOt-
vonugo to0 1848, r rnovootooi oto Brgot.vo r|r rttoOr|ot o
oottto, r trv nt(gr 0noot(gtr to0 otgoto0 ot trv ovo( tuv
ootuv, r|r nrgoort otqv ovtrn|Oroi, no0ovto to0 0no0gyo0 to0
ot otoovto to0 notttoqtor. Z' o0t(v ogtuti qooq n(gr
ti]v ngootr|or ono trv Ooonovoi Bo0t( tuv 4.trtr0Orguv otr
4govqo0gtrytovo orOr|tov t|tto to0 !rg,iovo0o0togotogo,tiv
ono|o onrggtq:r ,irnrgtqgovroq.!Tgott,io0orvonogojir|vrtoottto
ti o0togt( l!guo|o nogo vo y|vrt o0togotogo ot vo rvot
0notoyooto0qttrtr0Orgo0ooto0. Eovytvotovo0togotogo,Oo
qtov,irto0oto0to0 ogo0o.ot g.yrvoottotrto0o0vort.
Too0vtoy,iotr!Tguo|oto01850 onotrto0ortiv rnt0guoitr
rntgotroitrovt|ogooi, oOuonrtrtroOro0vototitoytorvo
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grjirvro0togt( otjir rngoounr0tt(, oOu oor|to onoto o
otttono0ototrgo0ortongovo,itovootogrto0totiv0rgvrorot
vor|votot 0no0gyot0notoyoto'o0tov, ototototoo. Onuoo(notr
to Z0vtoo to0 1850 rnrtgrnr tiv 0nogi otvoo0tr0ttuv og-
yovuv ,ir AvuotKotuBo0t(. Ootoooq AvuBo0t( onotrto0vtov
ono rtrto0to0 oottto, rvu otqv Kotu Bo0t(,nog'otono0tint-
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ugoort0oo0v to0 ovrgojtrvo0 ooto0 jtr to jtrgo tq jtovogo
otvoto0oqojtotcoo0v . o0to0otoo0otqjto. !.' o0toto Iyo, to
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ro0orotqBo0tq,ouor,ovqOrtov vorrtottr0Oo0votqttr-
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tqgtttqotqv 0rgvqoq uogrjtrtvovvrgoygojto.
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otgo r|r trOr| rto to0 yrgjtovto0 Rc|ch, oqtooq o q Z0vojto-
ouovo|orro0ooottootot0Or|, ouyotrr jttovroojtoouovoq o0-
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m otc gototo ovtouogtOqov oto otrjto to0. Ztqv ugotqoq
o0tqototoqoojtotqouojtovuoq,qA0otg|oovtrogoorojtroot
otoouottcvto,0uotqvourttqtuvoutuv, ouotqv Hguoovoovo-
otrorttqvouoqooq tq otvoouootootoOrq uottoZ0vojtoouov-
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tqyrgjtovtq qorjtovootorto tq o0ggoq,q ouoo ourqr0Oq
tqv trtr0too oyjtq ytot| q Hguoo 0uovougqor ot o0oootto
ouoorOqr, jtr tq Z0vOqq to0 Olmtitz, tov Norjtgto to0 1850, tqv
rovoqogootqvugoqyo0jtrvqotootooq.
Hgoqovuq Hguoo orvqovoojtortotjtq,to 1850, voovojtrtgq-
Or jtr tqv A0otg|o, yt' o0to ugot|jtqor tqv tourvuoq ouo tqv q=o.
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tootqvo0o|oqHguo|orooto0Oo0orvootrrttomo to0goog-
t, oqtooqtovqyrttogotootoZo|lvcrc|noto ouoo orvoujtjtrtrrq
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uqoyo-oyorovqtOrotovuottog0Ojtotq.Hororto1850-60 qtov
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O A Q J 1 1 Q A O D O Q ] l A O 1 O 3 g ( 3 y 3 y 1 0 1 _ ` 2 x D y u J O x D y O 1 2 u l Q l D l
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0 9 8 1
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l D _ ' u 3 l Q 1 l A D \ 1 l u u l 1 Q 1 D ' 0 O l D l D D 0 O l 0 l 1 D 1 \ 1 u l ' 2 O
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no/ro. Av m o toogto Oo ngrnr. vo onoqr0yr vo y|vrtm
otoo,uotooo orv0nogroqto/oottq ,iryotrgqr0O0vqyt'
om tq gqy qrgrt i] A0otg|om|ounrgtoootrgooooq O0y-
yog|o. Zrtorno rOvtoq0nvmq, o Z0tooo (Ausg|cich)
onuovo,tooOqr,to0 1867, qov jio/ov too0ngoqytoyvoO0-
notoqtuvo//uv rOvotquvtqo0togofog|o.Htov rnojirvoomr
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yoot|o0o/o0 r|ovqijogotr|.E|o:r|rgo.oygoqr|o.
r 6rm tij o6c,iovtq o0togotog|o. Mgo otov otvo ovt|o/o,
to0Zopo0,ogydo/oto6rgo,gctootO0yygoto.ogyotrgoot
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yruo/ttto ogti oiv Krvtgt:j-Avoo/tq E0gui o.to
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ijuviovooto,iogqcoitoi:yruo/to0ogtq o.oti A0ttqE0gu-
r.A0torytvr' 1870 ,ir' yo//ogcotoo/r,io tr'y oo|o ro-
/rtqovtoto.totr/r0to|o0o/r|,ijtoo''l otoovovto,io0''l 1815.
IHMEIQIEIl
1 . AVutEQEtUL a lAlO lOU Norman Rich, The Age ofNationalfm and Reform, 6. a. oEA. 22H.
2. AVutEQEtUL mo lA(O lOU Golo Mann, The History of Germany since 1789, Penguin, 1 974, DEI..
404. fLa naQ6LOlEe ILUlLLJtWOELe AEnE EniOle Golo Mann, The second German Empire: The
Reich that never was, LJtO LA(O Upheaval and Continuit, London, Oswald Wolff, 1973, oEA.
3334.
3. Golo Mann, The Histor ofGermany since 1789, o.a. , DEI.. 31 5.
4. OUo Ptlanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The period of Unification 18151871,
Princeton U.P., 1 971 . TIoAoe nQou xE<Aalou.
5. Nicholas Boyle, Goethe, the Poet and the Age, Oxford U.P. 1 992, T6LOC I, oEA. 9.
6. fla lOY nQwtayolVlmlx6 Q6Ao lOU LJQalOu Lllv avumuSll lle nQOolae, AEnE Gordon A
Graig, Te Politics of the Prus.fian Army: 1640-1945, Oxford U.P., 1955.
7. OUo Ptlanze, Bismarck o. a. , DEI. 1 9.
H. Nicholas Boyle, Goethe, o.a. , DEI. 1 9.
9. Hagen Schulze, The Course of Gemwn Nationalism: From Friderick the Great 10 Bismarck 1 763-
1867, Cambridge U. P. , 1991, o. 44-45.
10. Hagen Schulze, cr o {ow, DEI. H6.
1 1 . H xAaOlxT LmoQlxT JLEM1 (ma aYYAlxu) Yla ll OIlLaOla ou Zollverein LJl YEQLavLxT EVO
nOlll< ElVallOU W.O. Henderson, The Zollverein, Cambridge UP, 1939. Enl<e Ol lLO nQ60<
ne JLEAEEe ou T.S. Hamerow, Restoration, RevolLtion, Reaction: Economic.f and Politics in
Germany, 1815-1871, Princeton UP, 1'5H, lOU Helmut Bohme, DeLltschlands Weg Zur
Grossmacht: Studien zum WerhaltnLf von Wirtchaft and Staat Walrrend der Reichgnmdungszeit,
1848-81, Cologne, 1 966, xal lOU Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron, Bismarck, Bleichroder and the
Building of the German Empire, London, Allen and Unwin, 1 9HO.
12. Hagen Schulze, Te Course ofGerman Nationalism, 6. a., DEI.. n.
13. AJ.P. Taylor, The Habsbur Monarchy, 1809- 1918, Penguin, 1 9H1 , oEA. 40.
14. Hagen Schulze, The Course of German Nationali sm,6. a. oEA. 30-31 .
15. AVutEQETUl mo LAIO lOU Helmut Bohme, Deutschlands Weg zur Grossmacht, o.a., oEA. H4.
16. Gordon A Craig, Germany: 1860-1945, Oxford U.P. I 'HI . oEA. 4.
17. Robert Gildea, Ba"icades and Border.f, 6. a. , oEA. 205.
KE<AAO ENATO
o fAAAO-TIPQLIKOL TIOAEMOL KAI
H NEA TA3H TIPAMATQN LTHN EYPQTH 1 870-71
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Ano TH BALTI AH LTHN nTQLH TOY MnILMAPK ( 1 789- 1 890) 283
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284 lyrXPONH EYPQnAjKH IlTOPIA
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1 . Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Developmmt of Gerany, o.a., oEA. 366.
2. Gordon Craig, The Politics of the Pssian Aml, o.a., oEA. 181.
3. H. A. L. Fisher, A Hitor ofEurope, o. a. , oEA. 1070.
4. A. J. P. Taylor, Te Stmgle for Mastery in Europe, o.a., oEA. 1 71 .
5. A. H L. Fisher, A Histor ofEurope, o.a., oEA. 1070.
6. J. A. S. Grenville, Europe Reshaped, o.a. , oEA. 31 1 .
7. A. H. L. Fisher, A Histor ofEurope, o.a., oEA. 1076.
8. A. J. P. Taylor, The Stnlgle for Master in Europe, o. a. g oEA. 206.
9. Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Gemwny o.a., oEA. 486.
10. Robert Gildea, Banicades and Borders, o.a., oEA. 199.
1 1 . Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Developmmt ofGerany, o. a. , oEA. 497.
12. H xAaOlx JEM1 a' avt6 to SEJla tWV YEQJlaVo-QEtaVLXWV bEOJWV [(Val tau Paul Kennedy,
Te Rise of Anglo-Gemwn Antagonism, London, Allen and Unwin, 1980. Ental); Robert K.
Massie, Dradnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War, London, Pimlico, 1993.
13. A. W. De Porte, Europe Betwem the Superpowers: The Enduring Balance, Yale U. P. 1986.
14. Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany, o.a., oEA. 470-479.
1 5. Gordon Craig, Germany: 1864- 1945, o.a., oEA. 35.
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1 . AJ.P. Taylor, The Strugle for Master in Europe, 6. u., OEA. 224.
2. AJ.P. Taylor, aro {OtO, OEA. 231 .
3. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilirations? Foreign Afairf, Summer 1993.
4. AJ.P. Taylor, ao {OtO, OEA. 5 10.
5. B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistic.f, 1750- 1970, Aov/(vo, 1 975.
1. BA{lE auyxQltlxa OutlOlxa OOlxEiU (]o (I(A(O mu AJ.P. Taylor, Te Strugle for Mastery in
Europe, 6. a., OEA. XXX-XXXI.
7. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, AovblVO, 1 988, KE<. 4.
8. Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Afica, 1876- 1912, London, Abacus, 1993, OEA. 213.
9. Thomas Pakenham, OEA. 205.
10. Robert Massie, Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Greek War, London,
Pim1ico, 1 991 , OEA. 135.
1 1 . A. J. P. Taylor, o {OtO, OEA. 259-10.
1 2. A. J. P. Taylor, ao {OtO OEA. 272-73.
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Τσακαλογιαννης -Συγχρονη Ευροπαικη Ιστορια (1789-1890)

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