Sodium bicarbonate Stearic acid Acetic acid Calcium hydroxide Potassium iodide Barium sulfate

NaHCO3 CH3(CH2)16COOH CH3COOH Ca(OH)2 KI BaSO4

Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 Sodium borate Na3B4O7 Citric acid H3C6H5O7 Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 Benzoic acid C6H5COOH

ANSWERS TO PART II:      Salting out is the process of reducing the solubility of solute in solvent by the presence of an electrolyte. This promotes the separation of oil in water. Cohobation is the process used in obtaining aromatic water by repeated distillation from delicate drugs with small quantities of volatile principles. (i.e. Strong Rose Water) Humectant is a substance that promotes retention of water. Carminative is a drug or agent that induces the expulsion of gas from the stomach or intestines, thus, relieving flatulence and abdominal distension. Direct Solution VS Solution by Intervention By Direct Solution - 2:1000 - A method which saves time and does not need a special equipment - Example: Camphor water By Solution by intervention (Alternate Method) - 15:1000 - Most frequently employed, easiest and fastest method of preparing aromatic waters - Example: Peppermint water and Cinnamon water Mouthwashes VS Gargles Mouthwashes - most often used for its deodorant, refreshing and antiseptic effect - may contain alcohol, glycerin, synthetic sweeteners, surfactants, flavorants and colorants Gargles - used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through gargle which is held in the throat. Many gargles must be diluted with water prior to use - diluted with 10 volumes of warm water prior to use Components of Alcoholic Solution in Prep. 22 - Thymol, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, FD & C Red #3, Components of Aqueous Solution in Prep. 22 - Potassium bicarbonate, sodium borate Components of Aromatic waters - Volatile oils, purified talc, purified water Preparing Calcium Hydroxide Solution: - Weigh accurately the calcium hydroxide. - Add enough water to make the desired volume. - Agitate vigorously and repeatedly for 1 hr. - Allow the x s solid to settle. - Dispense only the supernatant. - Place in appropriate container and label.

   

 Talc in Prep. 14-15: clarifying, distributing, adsorbing agent  KI in Prep. 18: Solubilizing agent  Methods of Preparation of Solutions:  Simple solution - prepared by dissolving the solute in most of the solvent, mixing until dissolved, then adding sufficient volume to bring the solution up to proper volume - Example: Calcium hydroxide solution  Solution by chemical reaction - prepared by reacting two or more solutes with - each other in a suitable solvent - Example: Aluminum subacetate solution  Solution by extraction - prepared by extracting the drug with water or with water-containing other substances - Example: Liver solution of NFXI Suppositories  Rectal Suppositories - Tapered at one or both ends and are usually weighing 2 grams for adults, and 1 g for infants.  Vaginal Suppositories (Pessaries) - usually globular or oviform in shape weighing about 5 grams  Urethral Suppositories (Bougies) - cylindrical in shape, diameter:length:weight ration of (5 mm:125 mm:4 g for male) and (5 mm: 50 mm: 2 g for female) Preparation of Syrups:  Solution w/ Heat = a suitable preparation with non-volatile (not degradable by heat) constituents, and when it is desirable to make the syrup rapidly. = done by heating the purified water up to 80-85OC, removed from heat, and sucrose is added w/ vigorous agitation.  Agitation w/o Heat = used in cases for formulation with volatile (heat-degradable) constituents = more time-consuming but the product has greater stability  Addition of sucrose to liquid medication or flavored liquid = often used in fluidextracts, tinctures. = done by mixing the fluidextract with water, allowing to stand to permit separation of insoluble components , filtering and dissolving the sucrose in the filtrate. =not permissible for precipitated medicinal ingredients  Percolation Method = either purified water or the source of the medicinal component is passed slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose , thus dissolving it and forming a syrup. =technique is critical for (1) the percolator should be cylindrical, or semicylindrical and coneshaped as it nears the lower orifice (2) coarse granules should be used, otherwise they will fuse into a compact mass, which the liquid cannot permeate.