Forces & Motion

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Name : __________________________________ ___________ Date : _____________ LESSON 1 - LINEAR MOTION A) Introduction

Form :

1. Linear motion ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________. 2. Kinematics _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _______ ______________________________________________________________ _______. 3. Dynamics _____________________________________________________________________. 4. Distance ,d and Displacement, s * Distance ,d is ________________________________________________________________ or the length of the path of an object. Distance is __________________ and the value ________________.The unif of distance is ___________________. * Displacement , s ___________________________________________. Displacement ,s = final position initial position. Displacement is _______________________ and the value can be positive and negative depend on their directions. The unif of dispacement is ____________ Diagram below shows the difference between distance and displacement.

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Distance = Length of the road Displacement = Length of the line AB If the motion in a straight line and in one direction, the magnitude of distance is same as the magnitude of displacement . 5. Speed and Velocity ,v * Speed is the rate of change of distance. Speed = ________________________ Average speed = _________________________ Speed is a scalar quantity and the value always positive. The unif of speed is metre per second (m s-1) * Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. Velocity = ______________________ v= s t Average velocity = __________________________ Velocity is ______________________ and the value can be positive and negative depend on their directions. The unit of velocity is _____________________________________ If an object moves in a circle with constant speed , it has different velocities at different points along the circle because the direction and hence the velocity of the object is always changing as shown in the following diagram.

6. Acceleration,a and Deceleration(Retardation)

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* Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration = change in velocity time taken Acceleration = final velocity initial velocity time taken a = v - u t Negative acceleration is called as deceleration (retardation). Acceleration is a vector quantity The unif of acceleration or deceleration is metre per second per second (ms2 ) Extra notes 1 2 3 4 5 direction 6 7 uniform = constant = same increasing velocity = acceleration decreasing velocity (slow down) = deceleration zero velocity = the object is stationary (at rest) negative velocity = the object moves in opposite uniform velocity = zero acceleration negative acceleration = deceleration (retardation)

Example 1 A boy walks finish the following path AB. Solution

Find (a) total dinstance traveled (b) displacement Example 2 Solution

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Figure above shows runner runs 500 m towards east in 2 minutes and 1200m towards north in 4 minutes. Calculate his (a) average speed (b) average velocity

Example 3 An object accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a velocity of 10 m s-1 until 25 m s-1 in 5 s. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the object (b) the velocity of the object during the first 10 s of motion (c) the time taken to reach a final velocity 50 ms-1 Solution a)

b)

c)

B) Ticker Timer 1. Using a ticker timer to analyzing the motion

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A ticker timer is connected to an alternating electricity supply (a.c.) and uses the mains electricity frequency of 50 Hz to make 50 ticks or vibrations every second. 1 tick is the time interval between one dot and the next dot on the tape. 50 ticks = 1 s 1 tick = 0.02s Example 4 Solution a)

Based on the ticker tape above (a) time taken (b) average volocity

calculate b)

Example 5

Based on the figure above, calculate the acceleration . Solution

Example 6

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The figure above shows a ticker tape contains 5 ticks for every interval AB.BC.CD and DE .Calculate the acceleration. Solution

Example 7 The following figure shows a tape chart.

Calcluate (a) the acceleration (b) the average velocity Solution a) b)

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2. The type of motion based on ticker tape or tape chart (i)

The type of motion is ____________________________________________

(ii)

The type of motion is velocity acceleration

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(iii)

The type of motion is velocity acceleration

(iv)

The type of motion is velocity acceleration

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(v)

The type of motion is velocity acceleration

C) Using a stroboscopic photograph to analyzing the motion Stroboscopic photograph is the taking of very short exposure pictures of moving objects using a camera and a stroboscope. A stroboscope is a device for making a moving body intermittently visible in order to make appear stationary. The moving object appear freeze when the stroboscope frequency at the same frequency of moving object. There are two types of stroboscopes: (i) Mechanical stroboscope

Stroboscopic photograph frequency = stroboscope frequency x number of slits or f = np

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(ii)

Electronic stroboscope ( multiflash stroboscope )

Stroboscopic photograph frequency = light flashes frequency Example 8 The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a metal ball moves along a horizontal plane. The photograph is taken by by using a camera and a mechanical stroboscope rotates with frequency 5 Hz.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

State the type of motion of the metal ball. What is the stroboscopic fotograph frequency What is the time intervals between one image and the next. What is the number of images in 30 seconds. Calculate the average velocity of the metal ball

Solution a) b)

c)

d)

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e)

Example 9 The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a trolley down an inclined plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces 20 flashes per second.

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State the type of motion of the trolley. What is the stroboscopic photograph frequency (c) What is the time intervals between one image and the next. (d) Calculate (i) the initial velocity (ii) the final velocity (iii) the acceleration Solution a) b)

c)

d)

i)

ii)

iii) D)Using Equations of Linear Motion with Uniform Acceleration The various equations of linear motions of an object with uniform acceleration are given as follows: v = u + at s= u+v t 2 .(1) ..(2) ..(3) ..(4)

s = ut + at2 v2 = u2 + 2as Where

s :_______________________________
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u :_______________________________ v :_______________________________ a :_______________________________ t :_______________________________ Extra notes: moves from rest : ____________________________ finally it stops/brakes:____________________________ released from a height / fall freely from rest :__________________________ thrown vertically upwards:___________________________ at maximum height :________________________

Example 10 A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s.Find the acceleration of the car. Solution

Example 1 A bus accelerates uniformly along a straight line from a velocity 20 ms-1 until 30 ms-1 in 5 s. Calculate, (a) the acceleration (b) the total displacement travelled by the bus Solution a) b)

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Example 12 A construction worker accidentally knocks a brick from a building so that it falls in 4 s to the ground. Calculate (a) the velocity of the brick as it hits the ground (b) the distance fallen of the brick Solution a) b)

TUTORIAL 1 1 is A car moves with a constant velocity. The acceleration A C 2 increased zero B D decreased uniformly of the car

Deceleration means the velocity of an object is

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A C 3

negative increased

B D

positive decreased

The following figure shows an object moves with a constant speed 5 m s-1 in a circle. The object is also moves with A B C an acceleration zero acceleration constant velocity

The figure shows a path of a moving object.

If AB = 5m , BC = 5m and CD = 7m ,find the total displacement of the object if it moves from A to D. A C E 3m 13 m 20 m B D 7m 17 m

Ali rides a motocycle with a constant speed 30 km j-1 . Bakar runs at a dinstace 100 m in 15 s. Chan rides a bicycle at dinstance 240 km in 10 hours. Which comparison is true?

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A B C D E 6

Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar Speed of Ali = speed of Bakar = speed of Chan Speed of Ali > speed of Bakar Speed of Ali =speed of Chan > speed of Bakar Speed of Bakar = Speed of Chan < speed of Ali

A tick on the ticker tapes is A B C D the the the the speed of the ticker timer frequency of the ticker timer dinstace between two consecutive dots time interval between two consecutive dots

The frequency of a ticker timer is 50 Hz. The time interval between two consecutive dots is A 0.60 s C 0.32 s E 0.20 s B D 0.44 s 0.30 s

Figure shows the ticker tape for the motion of a trolly.

Which of the following statement is true? A The volcity between in region DE is same as the velocity in region A B B Frequency in region BC is greater than frekuency in region DE C The time in region AB is same as the time in region DE D The velocity between in region CD is low

Based on the figure above, calculate the average velocity.

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A 0.2 ms-1 C 0.4 ms-1 E 0.5 ms-1

B D

0.3 ms-1 0.5 ms-1

10 What is the average velocity between PQ in the above figure? A 85 cms-1 B 200 cms-1 E 500 cms-1 B C 170 cms-1 240 cms-1

11 What is the final velocity as shown in figure above? A 40 cms-1 C 150 cms-1 B D 120 cms-1 267 cms-1 E

420 cms-1

13 Based on the figure above , calculate the acceleration. A 2 ms-2 B 4 ms-2 C 5 ms-2 D 8 ms-2 -2 E 10 ms 14 Based on the figure above , calculate the acceleration. A -5 ms-2 C - 500 ms-2 E 500 ms-2 15 B - 50 ms-2 D 50 ms-2

The following figure shows a tape chart.

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Based on

figure , which of the following is true? At the beginning of motion the velocity unchanged the velocity increases the velocity increases the velocity unchanged At the end of motion the acceleration increases the acceleration increases the acceleration unchanged the acceleration unchanged

A B C D

16 Which of the following shows an object moving with decreasing acceleration ?

17 The following figure is a stroboscopic photograph shows a ball moves on a smooth table. Which of the following is true? A The acceleration is constant B The velocity is increasing C The acceleration is zero D The velocity is zero
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Forces & Motion

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18 A stroboscope has 4 slits and rotates with frequency 5 Hz. The time intervals between two successive images is A 40.0 s C 1.0 s E 0.05 s D B 2.0 s 0.4 s

19 The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows an ice cube moves along a horizontal plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and a mechanical stroboscope has 2 slits and rotates with frequency 25 Hz.

What is the velocity of the ice cube? A C E 5 cms-1 100 cms-1 500 cms-1 B D 25 cms-1 250 cms-1

20 The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a ball moves along a horizontal plane. The photograph is taken by by using a camera and an electronic stroboscope produces 50 flashes per second.

Calculate the average velocity of the ball. A 0. 5 ms-1 C 1.5 ms-1 E 3.0 ms-1 B D 1.0 ms-1 2.0 ms-1

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21 The following figure a stroboscopic photograph shows a boy down an inclined plane. The photograph is taken by using a camera and an

electronic stroboscope produces 4 flashes per second. The acceleration of the boy is A C E 6ms-2 24 ms-2 48 ms-2 B 12 ms-2 32 ms-2

22 A cyclist riding at a velocity 8 ms-1 and is accelerating with 4 ms-2 . What is the velocity of the cyclist after 5 s . A 16 ms-1 C 24 ms-1 E 32 ms-1 B 20ms-1 D 28 ms-1

23 A rocket starts at velocity 2500 ms-1 and accelerates uniformly upwards at 20 ms-2 . What is the velocity of the rocket after 4 minutes. A 4800 ms-1 B -1 C 6800 ms D E 7500 ms-1 5000 ms-1 7300 ms-1

24 A trolley starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated to speed of 12 cms-1 in 5 . What is the distance traveled by the trolley? A 16 cm C 28 cm E 42 cm B D 24 cm 30 cm

25 A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly and after travels at distance 45m the velocity of the car is 20 ms-1 . What is the time taken?

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A 4.5 s C 13.5 s E 22.4 s

9.0 s D 18.0 s

26 A airplane accelerates at 40 ms-2 in 10 s to take off. What is the minimum length of the runway on the airfield? A 1000 m C 3000 m E 5000 m B D 2000 m 4000 m

27 A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly . If the distance reached is 900 m after travels in 30 s, calculate the acceleration of the car. A 5 ms -2 C 3 ms-2 E 1 ms-2 B D 4 ms-2 2 ms-2

28 A lorry start from rest and accelerates at 10 ms-2. What is the velocity of the lorry after travels for a distance 20m ? A 10 ms-1 B 20ms-1 C 40 ms-1 D 80 ms-1 -1 E 100 ms 29 A car travels with a velocity 15 ms-1 . It then accelerates uniformly and travels a distance of 12.5 m. If the velocity reached is 10 ms-1 find the acceleration of the car. A 5.0 ms-2 C 2.5 ms-2 E 7.5 ms-2 B D 2.5 ms-2 5.0 ms-2

30 A car moves with a velocity 40 ms-1 . After the brakes of the car is applied ,it moves 100 m more before coming to rest. Calculate the deceleration of the car. A 4 ms-2 C 12 ms-2 E 20 ms-2 D B 8 ms-2 -2 16 ms

31 A lorry moves with a velocity 20 ms-1. After the brakes of the car is applied it moves for a distance 4 m before coming to rest. What is the time taken before it stops? A 10 s B 8s
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C 6s E 2s

4s

32 A stone fall freely from rest through a height of 5 m. What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the ground. A 5 ms-1 B 10 ms-1 C 15 ms-1 D 20ms-1 -1 E 30 ms 33 A coconut falls vertically to the ground. If the coconut takes 1.5 s to fall to the ground, calculate the height from which it fell.

A 8.45 m C 15.00 m E 31.25m

B 11.25 m 22.50 m

34 A metal sphere falls 125m vertically to the ground. What is the time the metal sphere takes to reach the ground? A 2s C 5s E 10 s B D 4s 8s

35 A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 20 ms-1. Calculate the maximum height reached. A 60 m C 30 m E 10 m B D 40 m 20 m

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36 The table (a) and (b) shows the distances traveled and the times taken for four students in a competition Student P Q Student R S (a) (i) Distance/ m 100 120 Table (a) Distance/ m 100 100 Table (b) Time/ s 20 20 Time/ s 20 15

Compare the speeds of the student P dan student Q

(ii) student R dan student S (b) State the relationship between (i) the speed and the distance in table (a) (ii) the speed and the distance in table (b)

(c) Based on the relationship in (b),state the definition of speed.

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38 The following figure shows a tape chart . The chart is produced by the motion of a trolly.The ticker timer used a supply voltage 12 V a.c. at 50

Hz. (a) (b) (c) Describe the type of motion is shown in the tape chart. What ishe time interval between two consecutive dots ? Calculate (i) the minimum velocity

(ii)

the maximum velocity

(iii)

the average velocity.

(iv)

the acceleration.

39 The following equation shows the equations of linear motion of an object with uniform acceleration. v = u + at

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(a) (i) (ii) (b) (ii)

What is meant by the symbol of a Give the definition of the symbol of a (i) What is the information can you get from the term of at

What is the S.I. units for the term of at

(c) The above equation can also be used for an object in state of freefall. A stone fall freely to the ground from rest in 4 s. (i) What is meant by fall freely? (ii) Calculate the velocity of the stone when it hits the ground.

40 Each figure below shows two positions of a student on a swing. The initial position in each figure is different.

Observe the positions of each of the swing in each diagram and the appearance of the student when she swings. Based on the observations:
(a) (b)

State one suitable inference that can be made. State one appropriate hypothesis for an investigation.

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With the use of apparatus such as trolley, ticker timer and other apparatus, describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. In your description, state clearly the following: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(v)

(vi) (vii)

Aim of the experiment Variables in the experiment List of apparatus and materials Arrangement of the apparatus The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. Way you would tabulate the data Way you would analysis the data

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