1.

(Colonial) General Court

B: XXX functioned as a legislature, administrative agency (An official governmental body empowered with the authority to direct and supervise the implementation of legislative acts ie pass laws), and judicial body. It was the central governing body of Massachusetts Bay from the colony's beginnings. In 1629, the government of the Massachusetts Bay Company was moved from London to New England. S: XXX became one of the first bicameral (senate/reps) organizations in 1644.

2. John Winthrop

B: XXX was a Governor the Massachusetts Bay Company. He arrived in Boston on 1630. S: He sent out 11 ships holding hundreds of passengers to form a new colony (Boston), revolving around his Model of Christian Charity, hoping to become a model godly community that would shame England into reform. He wanted the rich to aid the poor, and the poor to submit to authority. The immigrants established a healthier and stabler colony than the predecessors in Virginia. John's vision failed, and the materialistic society emerged in the 1690s. B: XXX were one of the land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England, comprised of 6 colonies: New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and South Carolina. They were a sort of reward; the land was given to his supporters (especially during the English Civil Wars) to govern in their preferred manner. They were generally moneymakers. S: First, this was a large/significant addition to New England/North America. Second, it showed the bond Great Britain and New England shared.

3. Restoration Colonies

4. Leisler's Rebellion

B: New York responded after hearing about Bostons militia revolt where they arrested Andros and his councilors in 1688. New York militia composed of Dutch and non-English shopkeepers seized the harbors main fort on May 31, 1969. S: Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, repaired its rundown defenses, and called elections for assembly (separated government). Leisler denied English troops entrance to key forts as he was concerned they were loyal to James II and Leisler was arrested. Leisler was hung on the gallows as he had jailed many elite New Yorkers who now had the new Governors allegiance. B: XXXs are members of the Religious Society of Friends, whom are Christians. It began during a Christian movement in England (English Civil War late 1640s) due to general and increasing dissatisfaction with the current church, the execution of King Charles I (England), and the rise of Nonconformist movements. S: This was one of the first forms of religious dissension, and could be seen as inspiration for later forms of religious dissension.

5. Quaker

6. (British) Navigation Acts

B: XXX governed commerce between England and its colonies. The Navigation Act of 1951 required colonial trade to be carried on in English or colonial owned vessels in order to take control of the trade from Dutch merchants. The Navigation Act of 1660 and 1663 barred colonial merchants from exporting such commodities as sugar and tobacco anywhere except to England and from importing goods in non-English ships. The 1672 Act provided administrative machinery to enforce the rules. S: This marked a turning point in dissent/poor government in England.

7. Half-Way Covenant

B: This was believed to have been made between first-generation Puritans and God, obliging the Puritans to implement godly rule and place their descendents under the same obligation, but many of the Puritan children did not take part in this obligation. Thus, the clergy proposed the Half Way Covenant as a sort of compromise. The covenant would allow the children of any baptized adult to receive baptism, allowing them to serve. S: This was a form of compromise in a form of Christianity, hoping to make it more appealing to hope-to-be/would-be followers. B: King James II, in 1686, consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth into a single administrative unit or the Dominion of New England with Boston as the capital. He later included New York and the Jerseys in 1688. S: With this event there was no longer any legislatures in these colonies and Sir Edmond Andros was named Governor. This was a result of the colonists insurrection and resistance to Royal policies. As a result the colonists were beyond angry and hated the governor and the Dominion. The Boston Militia revolted. B: Bacons rebellion was caused by poverty and decreased tobacco prices. The great disparity in wealth among whites and the tensions between Native Americans and colonists led to the rebellions. Governor Berkeley and Lord Baltimore needed the friendly Indians in order to supply their fur trade monopolies. However the very poor settlers resented the Governor and Lord Baltimore and that in turn led to resentment against the Native Americans. S: Bacon led three hundred colonists to massacre even peaceful Indians in 1676. This led to further enmity between the Indians and Colonists.

8. Dominion of New England

9. Bacon's Rebellion

10. Enlightenment

B: The intellectual movement of faith in reason rooted in natural science. In short, the old ideas (many of which originated in the Catholic Church; including the belief that the Earth was at the center of the Universe) were now being questioned through observation. S: This movement brought many more active colonists into politics and intellectual discussions, and new religious movements. The Enlightenment ideals would be used to bring independence to America (from Great Britain).

11. Great Awakening

B: XXX was the outpouring of European Protestant revivalism in America that spread from Europe to America. Revivalist ministers preached both human corruption and repentance as the sole method of salvation. (Remember: Catholics and buying into heaven w/ money.) S: The Great Awakening brought ordinary people to assert themselves and act openly upon beliefs that contradicted those in power. This original open defiance of religious authority paved the way for open acts of political defiance in later American revolutionaries. B: A meeting was held in Albany in the spring of 1754. Attendees included Native leaders, colonial officials, and representatives from the British colonies. Issues discussed included The Iroquois and The Albany Plan of Union. S: While a plan for a federated colonial government (Union) was approved, it was not successful or even ratified by any colonial assembly. An idea was proposed that a council comprising of one representative from each colony could raise militia and money. It was the first true mentioning of true joined representative government within the colonies against an issue.

12. Albany Congress (or Conference)

13. (The) French and Indian War

B: XXX (1689-1763) was a global conflict involving Austria, England, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden. Much of the conflict occurred in Europe, India, and North America. It contained The Seven Years War (Last 7). Preceding the true conflict was growth (250k 1700; 1.125m 1750). S: This was the first main hostile conflict between the colonies and Great Britain following acts (molasses, sugar, etc). Thus, it was, to a certain extent the beginning of the American Revolution. B: A writ of assistance is a written order issued by a court instruction a law enforcement official to do something. The writs in question are the ones between 1750(s)-1770(s) that allowed generic searches to stop colonial smuggling. The searching of homes, warehouses, and shops were allowed. S: James Otis spoke against these writs, effectively saying that the searches were against natural law. While the Massachusetts legal case failed, it would eventually lead to the Fourth Amendment, thus granting colonists more rights and showing how to dispute a law/action. B: Passed on March 22, 1765. The tax required colonists to pay a tax on all used printed paper. (Ships, legal docs, licenses, newspapers/pubs, playing cards etc). The tax paid for American defense. S: The Stamp Act, while cheap, was offensive because this was not regulating commerce; it had the sole purpose of raising money. Patrick Henry responded with his resolves, declaring that colonists were like the English, and thus had the same rights, marking another turning point in dissension. (Only 4 of the many resolves were adopted/passed.)

14. Writs of Assistance

15. Stamp Act

16. Townshend (Revenue) Acts

B: XXX taxed glass, paint, oil, lead, paper, and tea among other things. They were enacted June 29 1767. S: The intent was to raise 40k Francs a year as a sort of return on the colonies. It created the same issues as the Stamp Act: general frustration and offense as the act was solely for the purpose of making money. The colonists responded with a boycott (a relatively new idea), forcing the Brittish to get out of Boston (They were occupying Boston) and intercede for the colonies.

17. Tea Act

B: XXX was passed on May 10 1773. While it was not intended to raise revenue or impose taxes, it was designed to revive the East India Company. It was to sent 18 million pounds of tea to the colonies at a bargain price. S: The Townshend Acts were still in place. Thus, the tea would still be taxed, despite its low cost. The colonists believed that this act was designed to give the colonists a reason to support the Townshend Acts and resume complasense. The colonists in fact became furious, performing the Boston Tea Party. B: XXX refers to the pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. (1/10/1776) The pamphlet attempted to convince colonists that freedom from British rule was to be desired. S: At the time, the general consensus was uncertainty; colonists wasn't sure whether to fight for independence or not. The pamphlet was integral to the shift from uncertainty to disring independence. It was extremely popular (still most sold) and easy to read (for commoners) those that could not read could go to the square to have it read for them.

18. Common Sense

19. Second Continental Congress

B: XXX started on May 10 1775, right after the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The New England Militia was forcing the British out of Boston. S: The Second Continental Congress established the militia as the Continental Army to represent the thirteen states. They also elected George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. The most important part of this event was that final war preparations were being made.

20. Saratoga

B: XXX is a city in New York. Two important battles took place there: September and October. (Both are collectively referred to as the Battle of XXX.) The turning point in the Revolutionary War began as a plan by the British to strategically control Upstate New York and isolate New England from the Southern colonies in an effort to decisively put an end to the Revolution. Failure. S: Disgraced, Burgoyne returned to England. These crucial colonist victories at the Battle of Saratoga persuaded the French to support the Americans with military aid, and is considered the major turning point in the American Revolution.

21. Treaty of Paris of 1783

B: Signed September 3, 1783. Ratified by Congress of the Confederation on January 14 1784, King of Great Britain April 9 1784. Ended Revolutionary War. S: In short, the Thirteen Colonies were free, sovereign and independent States, had a nonBritish government, and boundaries were made between the USA and Great Britain. In addition, confiscated land was to be returned, debts were to be returned (to both sides), the Loyalists property was protected, and the USA and Great Britain were both given access to the Mississippi, effectively establishing a permanent peace. B: Created November 15 1777. Ratified March 1 1781. Replaced by Constitution in 1789. The first written/working constitution (strong central government not OP) for USA. Second Continental Congress appointed 13 members to draft. S: While it was replaced due to weakness, XXX was one of the first attempts to create a solid constitution to be governed with. In addition, it indirectly led to the current constitution (it was too weak and required a revision according to Nationalists). It was a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom, sovereignty, and independence of the United States. B: 1783. After Yorktown G. Washington returned Hudson Highlands: watch the British garrison at NYC, 45 miles downriver. Revolutionary War. Army seemed to take money/resources/be useless. Citizens worried a standing army might overthrow civilian control. Officers complained about lack of pay food respect etc. Message hit Newburgh: army would not disband at endwar if financial demands were not met or would refuse to fight. S: G. Washington called meeting, showed that if anyone could be frustrated w/ Congress, it was Washington, officers calmed, reasonably solved. Showed how to panic nation.

22. Articles of Confederation (and Perpetual Union)

23. Newburgh Conspiracy

24. Northwest Ordinance

B: July 13 1787 Formed Northwest Territory as first organized territory unalterable, unless by common consent - originally conflicted with Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia. S: It effectively predicted how the United States was going to expand. It was going to expand by admitting new states rather than expanding current ones. Also: Ohio River divided free and slave territory, early forewarning of Civil War,

25. Shay's Rebellion

B: Uprising in Massachusetts 1786-1787; over financial difficulties. 1K+ Shaysites arrested; militia defended, killing 4 rebels. European war investors demanded payment in gold/silver, unable to pay debts everything taken went to war over it. S: Showed importance of following through with debts causes wars (Amnesty given to rebels in general)

26. Republican Motherhood

B: Effectively educated women/women's rights, starting with John Adams wife: Abigail Adams. She requested Remember the Ladies when drawing up new government: had no political role. Opened academies: 1790s. Old minister's (preenlight) preached superiority of men, enlightenment taught equality. + main caretaker of children S: Enlightenment in America, equality for all, etc etc

27. Federalist Papers (The Federalist)

B: 85 articles meant to promote ratification of US Constitution (1788) and generally stronger Constitution, specifically in New York (publish area). Unknown authors. Some mini-works/essays conflicted each other.(Bill of Rights, etc). S: It might have helped New York decide to ratify; some other colonies had already ratified the Constitution/influence questionable. Also somewhat of an account of framers+ratifiers, influenced amendments.

28. Anti-Federalists

B: People against constitution ratification, preferred Articles of Confederation. (State governments more authority.). (Federals supported colonial union/government during Revolution Federalists took name the group thought national government too weak under Articles). S: Little. (?) Patrick Henry, etc. Believed political corruption inevitable. President's power obscene (like a king?). Protect individual rights. - Wanted Bill of Rights

29. Bill of Rights

B: 10 Amendments granting individual rights/limiting government power. (Religion, speech, press, assembly, association, bear arms etc.) - James Madison. Partially based on English Bill of Rights. S: Mostly self-explanatory. Setting apart from Britain. Supported by Anti-Federalists.

30. Judiciary Act of 1789

B: Statute, September 24 1789. Set up US federal judiciary. Constitution had supreme Court (one) but made no specifications. 1 chief 5 associate, jurisdiction over civil actions. S: Allowed self-representation or otherrepresentation, paying okay. Gave (federal and some state) judicial branch. Office of Attorney General represent US before Supreme Court. Had circuit/district courts in each state. No longer allowed to issue writs of mandamus (commands). + power to both state/federal.

31. Federal Naturalization Law(/Act) of 1790

B: Laws followed by US for national citizenship. Free white persons + good moral character. For females, but heredity male. 2 yrs residence -US + 1 yr residence -State. March 26 1790. Left out indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, Asians. (immigrants). S: Self-explanatory. Defined citizen(ship). Lead to rights for citizens/protection of rights.

32. Hamilton's Reports

B: Based on War for Independence. 2 reports on Public Credit w/ Report on Manufactures. Price of liberty was debt, paying debt would give respect. Also suggested how to relieve debt. 2/ planned to establish banking system. Manu/ opposed slavery but needed to grow manufacturing. S: Self explanatory. Gave good plans that would shape nation.

33. Jay's Treaty

B: 1784, Hamilton. Negotiator John Jay. Withdrew British Army from forts (finally), resume some trade, solved wartime debt and prewar debt. MFN status for Britain. S: Mainly averted war and brought Britain + United States back together.. Gave Native American rights.

34. Pinckney Treaty

B: Oct 27 1795. Agreed upon borders (West Florida etc). Manuel Godoy. San Lorenzo de El Escorial. S: Friendship between United States and Spain. Note fear against US-British alliance. AFTER Jays Treaty. Treaty needed to expand into Southwest.

35. Whiskey Rebellion

B: 1790s. Western unhappy (Washington), policy of eastern-based national government. Named after 1791 tax on whiskey upsetting westerners. Part of Hamilton's centralizing/funding national debt. S: Willingness and ability to suppress violent opposition/resistance to laws. Illegal resistance is borderline futile.

36. XYZ Affair

B: 1798 episode during John Adams supposed insult from France. Led to Quasi-War. 3 French agents called X Y Z. Jay Treaty thought of as alliance with France. Agents wanted concession of $ for bilateral peace negotiations. S: American seizure of French ships. Negotiators required, solving issues peacefully. What happens when treaties aren't kept.

37. Election of 1800

B: Thomas Jefferson+Aaron Burr (democraticrepublican) beats John Adams+Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist), Jefferson won 61.4v38.6%. S: Democratic-Republican rule, Federalists fall. Flaw Constitution - Members of the Electoral College - 1vote for president; each elector could vote for two candidates, second largest number of votes during the balloting = vice-president. Republicans plan: one elector not casting his second vote for Aaron Burr, would have led to Jefferson receiving one electoral vote + than Burr. Fail, tied electoral vote = Jefferson and Burr. B: 1798, 4 Federalist bills in 5th Congress after French Revolution Reign of terror + during undeclared naval war. Democratic-Republicans support France. Naturalization Act: 14 years residence. Alien Act: president can deport any dangerous resident alien. Alien Enemies Act: President can deport/apprehend resident aliens if home country warring w/ US. Sedition Act: crime to libel against government/officials. S: Began prosecuting Republican editors, a member of Congress, others. Labeled unconstitutional to attack aliens in this manner.

38. Alien And Sedition Acts

B: 1798-99. Believed Alien+Sedation Acts were unconstitutional as states. Kentucky: Nullification of states is proper remedy and each state has power to declare federal laws = void. Virginia: states can interpose to prevent harm from unconstitutional laws. 39. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Resolves) S: Argued that the states had the right/duty to declare any acts of Congress unconstitutional if not authorized by Constitution states' rights and strict constructionalism (legal philosophy limiting judicial interpretation).

40. Marbury vs. Madison

B: Invalidate writs of mandamus. Marbury Justice of Peace in District of Columbia Wanted to force James Madison to deliver documents never received commission. Judiciary Act of 1789 was labeled unconstitutional. S: Defined/outlined/proved/ checks and balances/three branches of government. See above.