Chng : m u.

1. Nhim v v i tng mn hc: nh ngha kt cu: Kt cu l mt hay nhiu cu kin c ni ghp vi nhau theo nhng quy lut nht nh, chu c s tc dng ca cc tc nhn bn ngoi nh ti trng, nhit thay i v chuyn v cng bc. Nhim v mn hc: L mt mn khoa hc chuyn nghin cu v nguyn l, phng php tnh ni lc v chuyn v ca kt cu. m bo cho kt cu c cng , cng v n nh trong qu trnh khai thc, khng b ph hoi. i tng nghin cu ca mn hc rt phong ph v a dng. i vi nghnh xy dng Cng trnh ta ch yu nghin cu h thanh. So vi mn hc SBVL th c hai mn hc u c chung mt ni dung nhng phm vi nghin cu th khc nhau. SBVL nghin cu cch tnh bn, cng v n nh ca tng cu kin ring r. Cn C hc kt cu nghin cu ton b cng trnh gm nhiu cu kin ring r lin kt vi nhau to nn mt kt cu c kh nng chu lc. Trong thc t ta thng gp hai bi ton: Bi ton 1: Bi ton kim tra: Khi bit r hnh dng, kch thc ca kt cu cng nh bit trc cc nguyn nhn tc dng bn ngoi. Ta phi xc nh trng thi ni lc v bin dng ca h nhm kim tra xem cng trnh c m bo bn, cng v n nh hay khng. Bi ton 2: Bi ton thit k: Tc l phi xc nh hnh dng, kch thc ca cng trnh mt cch hp l cng trnh c iu kin bn, iu kin cng v n nh di tc dng ca nhn t bn ngoi. 2. S tnh ca kt cu: S tnh ca kt cu l hnh nh n gin ho m vn m bo phn nh c st vi s lm vic ca kt cu . Trong thc t, chuyn cng trnh thc t v s tnh ca n ta cn thc hin theo hai bc bin i . o Bc 1: Chuyn Cng trnh thc t v s ca Cng trnh theo nguyn tc sau:
1

- Thay cc thanh bng ng trc, thay cc bn hoc v bng cc mt trung gian. - Thay cc tit din bng cc c trng hnh hc ca n nh : Din tch F v m men qun tnh A.... tnh ton . - Thay cc thit b ta bng cc lin kt ta l tng. - Mi lin kt gia cc u thanh quy v hai dng: Khp v Ni cng. - a ti trng tc dng v trc ca n di dng ba loi chnh l: Ti trng tp trng , ti trng phn b v m men tp trng . o Bc 2: Chuyn S ca Cng trnh v S tnh . V d 1: S tnh ca cu dm gin n.

P1
a b l

P2
c

Kt lun: La chn S tnh l cng vic rt phc tp v a dng, mt Cng trnh c th c nhiu S tnh nhng s c mt S tnh hp l nht. 3. Phn loi kt cu: Gm cc hnh thc phn loi: a. Phn loi theo cu to trong khng gian : - Kt cu h thanh: H mt thanh( Dm ct ) v H nhiu thanh( Vm , khung, dn, dm ghp .) - Kt cu v mng . - Kt cu c.

b. Phn loi theo s ni tip gia cc thanh : - Dn khp. - Dm. - Khung. - Vm - H lin hp gia dm v dn...
Cng son Ct Ct Khung Dm

Vm

Dn

c. Phn loi theo phn lc gi : - H c lc y ngang: V d nh vm, khung. - H khng c lc y ngang. V d nh Dm, dn. d. Phn loi theo phng php tnh: - Kt cu tnh nh. - Kt cu siu tnh. 4. Phn loi lin kt: - Ngm: Khi gii phng lin kt ngm s c ba thnh phn phn lc: R, H, M do ngm ngn cn s dch chuyn ca kt cu theo c 3 phng:Thng ng,nm ngang v chuyn v gc quay. - Gi c nh: Khi gii phng lin kt Gi c nh s c hai thnh phn phn lc: R, H do Gi c nh ngn cn s dch chuyn ca kt cu theo 2 phng:Thng ng, nm ngang. - Gi di ng: Khi gii phng lin kt Gi di ng s c mt thnh phn phn lc: R. do Gi di ng ngn cn s dch chuyn ca kt cu theo 1phng ca gi di ng. - Ngm trt: Khi gii phng lin kt Ngm trt s c hai thnh phn phn lc: M, H do Ngm trt ngn cn s dch chuyn ca kt cu theo 1phng ca gi di ng v ngn cn chuyn v gc xoay.
3

Loi lin kt

Lin kt

Phn lc linkt H R H R M

Ngm

Gi c nh

Gi di ng R Ngm trt H M

Khp trung gian V H R Lin kt n

H V

Khp ni t

Lin kt n V

5. Cc Gi thit trong C hc kt cu - Nguyn l cng tc dng: a. Cc Gi thit: - Gi thit vt liu l n hi tuyt i v tun theo nh lut Huck. - Gi thit bin dng v chuyn v trong h rt nh. Sau khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc ta vn dng s ban u tnh . b. Nguyn l cng tc dng: Pht biu nguyn l: Mt i lng no (Phn lc, ni lc, chuyn v ....) do mt s nguyn nhn (Ngoi lc, nhit thay i, chuyn v cng bc ....) ng thi tc dng ln kt cu gy ra c xem nh tng i s hay tng hnh hc nhng gi tr thnh phn ca i lng do tng nguyn nhn tc dng ring r gy ra.

Chng 1: phn tch cu to hnh hc ca kt cu.

1.1: Mc ch v cc khi nim.

1. H khng bin hnh: nh ngha: H khng bin hnh l h khi chu tc dng ca ti trng vn gi nguyn c hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca n nu ta xem bin dng n hi cua kt cu rt nh hoc xem cc cu kin l tuyt i cng.
P P P

2. H bin hnh: nh ngha: H khng bin hnh l h khi chu tc dng ca ti trng s thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban u. 3. H bin hnh tc thi: nh ngha: L h khi chu tc dng ca ti trng s thay i hnh dng hnh hc v cng b sau h s chuyn thnh h khng bin hnh. 4. Mc ch : Mc ch ca Chng ny l nhm trang b cc kin thc: - phn bit kt cu c bin dng hnh hc hay khng. - Thit k To kt cu mi....
a

1.2. Bc t do v cc loi lin kt.

1. nh ngha: Bc t do l cc thng s hnh hc c th bin i mt cch c lp xc nh v tr ca vt trong h to . 2. Bc t do ca mt im trong mt phng: Mt im trong mt phng c hai bc t do. 3. Bc t do ca mt vt trong mt phng: Mt vt trong mt phng c ba bc t do.

y A

y B A

yA O
4. Cc loi lin kt:

yA x O

x xA

xA

a. Lin kt n: Lin kt n l mt thanh c hai u khp. Mt Lin kt n ch kh c mt bc t do.

Lin kt n
N

b. Lin kt khp: Khp n: Ni hai ming cng. Mt khp n kh hai bc t do.

Khp n Khp n
H V

Khp kp: Ni nhiu ming cng.

Khp kp

phc tp ca khp kp tnh theo cng thc: P= n-1 Trong : n l s tm cng. Mt khp kp kh : 2(n-1) bc t do. c. Lin kt hn: Mt Lin kt hn kh ba bc t do.
Lin kt hn
k Nk Mk Nk Qk

5. Cng thc tnh Bc t do ca kt cu: a. Cng thc tng qut : Kt cu c ni t : W = 3T - 2C - Lo. Trong : W : Bc t do. T : S tm cng. C : S khp n. Lo : S Lin kt n ni vi t. Kt cu khng ni t : Do mt tm cng ch cn 3 Lin kt ni vi t l nn trong trng hp ny: Lo =3. V = 3T - 2C - 3. b. Cng thc tnh bc t do ca dn: Kt cu c ni t :
8

W = 2D L Lo. Trong : W : Bc t do. D : S tit im ca dn. L : S thanh trong dn. Lo : S Lin kt n ni vi t. Kt cu khng ni t : V = 2D - L - 3. c. Mt s v d: Tnh bc t do ca cc kt cu sau:

a,
Kt cu dn c ni t :

b,

c,

W = 2D - L - Lo. a, b, c, d, W = 2.4 6 3 = -1; W = 2.4 5 3 = 0; W = 2.4 4 3 = 1; W = 3T - 2C - Lo. W = 3.4 2.3 6 = 0;

d, e, W = 3T - 2C - Lo. W = 3.4 2.4 5 = -1;

e,
9

1.3. Cc quy lut cu to nn kt cu khng bin hnh.

1. Quy lut 1: Pht biu: Hai tm cng ni vi nhau bi ba Lin kt khng giao nhau ti mt im th to thnh kt cu (tm cng mi) khng bin dng hnh hc. Hnh v :
I 1 2 3 II II A I B I 1 2 3 II

2. Quy lut 2: Pht biu: Ba tm cng ni vi nhau bi ba khp khng cng nm trn mt ng thng th to thnh kt cu (tm cng mi) khng bin dng hnh hc. Hnh v :
II I 1 2 3 III III I 1 2 3 III II 1 I 2 P II 3

3. Quy lut 3 (Quy lut pht trin tm cng). Pht biu: Mt im ni vi mt tm cng bng hai lin kt n khng cng nm trn mt ng thng th to thnh kt cu (tm cng mi) khng bin dng hnh hc. Hnh v :

1 I 2

A I

1 2

10

1.4. Cc V d p dng.

Mc ch ca kho st cu to hnh hc ca kt cu l xem kt cu l bin dng hnh hc hay khng. Nh vy mt kt cu khng bin dng hnh hc cn phi c hai iu kin: - iu kin cn: t do ca kt cu : W <= 0. ( hoc tha lin kt ). - iu kin : Cu to ca kt cu phi ph hp vi cc quy lut cu to nn kt cu khng bin hnh. Vy phn tch cu to hnh hc ca mt kt cu ta thc hin theo hai bc: - Xc nh bc t do: W. - Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca kt cu tc l xem kt cu c ph hp vi cc quy lut cu to nn kt cu khng. 1. V d 1: Kho st cu to hnh hc ca kt cu sau:
A I B

II

- Xc nh bc t do: W = 3T - 2C - Lo = 0 => Kt cu Lin kt. - Phn tch cu to hnh hc: Dm AB l mt tm cng ni vi t l tm cng th 2 bng ba lin kt n (Ti A c 2 lin kt n, ti B c mt Lin kt n) khng ng quy ti mt im. Vy theo quy lut 1 th kt cu l khng bin dng hnh hc. 2. V d 2: Kho st cu to hnh hc ca kt cu sau:
K B I A E III C II D

11

- Xc nh bc t do: W = 3T - 2C Lo = 3.3 - 2.2 5 =0 => Kt cu Lin kt. - Phn tch cu to hnh hc: Ba tm cng CD, BCE v tri t ni vi nhau tng i mt bi 3 khp n khng thng hng K, C, D. Vy theo quy lut 2 th kt cu l khng bin dng hnh hc. 2. V d 2: Kho st cu to hnh hc ca kt cu sau:

1 I 2 II

III

- Xc nh bc t do: W = 2C - T Lo = 2.6 8 4 =0 => Kt cu Lin kt. - Phn tch cu to hnh hc: Ba tm cng I, II v tri t ni vi nhau tng i mt bi 3 khp n khng thng hng 1, 2, 3. Vy theo quy lut 2 th kt cu l khng bin dng hnh hc.

12

Chng II: tnh ni lc ca kt cu phng tnh nh chu tc dng ca ti trng tnh.

2.1. Tnh cht chu lc ca kt cu tnh nh v phng php xc nh ni lc.

1. Khi nim kt cu tnh nh. Kt cu tnh nh l kt cu phi m bo hai iu kin: - Bc t do: W=0. - Khng bin hnh .
Dm

Cng son

Ct

Ct

Khung

Vm

Dn

Kt cu tnh nh c th l mt b phn (Dm gin n, Dm mt tha hay cng son, ct) c th gm nhiu b phn ghp li vi nhau trong c kt cu chnh v kt cu ph thuc. - Kt cu chnh l kt cu khng bin hnh c th tn ti c lp. - Kt cu ph thuc l kt cu phi da vo kt cu khc mi ng vng

Kt cu chnh

Kt cu ph 1
13

Kt cu ph 2

 tnh v v biu ni lc ca kt cu tnh nh ta ch cn dng 3 phng trnh cn bng tnh hc:

X = 0 Y = 0 mi = 0

2. Tnh cht chu lc ca kt cu tnh nh: a. c im 1: - Nu kt cu tnh nh gm nhiu b phn hp thnh trong c b phn chnh v b phn ph thuc th: o Khi lc tc dng ln b phn chnh th ch b phn chnh c ni lc cn b phn ph thuc khng c ni lc. o Khi lc tc dng ln b phn ph thuc th c b phn chnh v b phn ph thuc c ni lc. V d: Xt kt cu nh trn hnh v.

P1

P2

P3

P3 P2 P1 P3 P2 P1 RA RB RE RD RE RF

Ta nhn thy: - ABC l b phn chnh. - CDE l b phn ph ca ABC.

14

- EF l b phn ph ca CDE. - Nu ch c lc P1 th b phn CDE v EF khng c ni lc . - Nu ch c lc P2 th c b phn CDE v ABC c ni lc, cn EF khng c ni lc. - Nu ch c lc P3 th c 3 b phn EF, CDE v ABC c ni lc. b. c im 2: Di tc dng ca nhit thay i v chuyn v cng bc th kt cu tnh nh ch b bin dng m khng pht sinh ni lc .

A RA=0

A RA=0 RB=0

t1 t2 (t2<t1)

B RB=0

c. c im 3: Nu c mt h lc cn bng tc dng ln mt b phn khng bin dng hnh hc ca kt cu tnh nh th ch c b phn pht sinh ni lc cn cc b phn khc khng c ni lc.

2P A
a a a

C E P

D P

B P P

Pa

Pa

M
Pa P P P P

N
P

15

d. c im 4: Khi trn mt b phn khng bin dng hnh hc ca kt cu c lc tc dng nu ta thay lc bng mt h lc tng ng th ni lc trong b phn s thay i cn cc b phn khc khng thay i.

2P A C y1 P y1
a

E
a

D y2 P y2

e. c im 5: Nu ta thay i cu to cu mt b phn khng bin dng hnh hc no trong kt cu th ni lc trong b phn y s thay i cn cc b phn khc ni lc khng thay i. 3. Phng php xc nh ni lc trong kt cu tnh nh : xc nh ni lc trong kt cu tnh nh ta ch cn s dng 3 phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c bn.
X = 0 Y = 0 mi = 0

16

2.2. Tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca Dm phng tnh nh .

1. Phn loi Dm phng tnh nh: a. Dm gin n:

A
l

b. Dm mt tha:

C
l1

A
l

B
l2

c. Dm cng son:

A
l

d. Dm tnh nh nhiu nhp: Dm tnh nh nhiu nhp l Dm c cu to bi cc Dm gin n, Dm mt tha hoc Dm cng son v c ni vi nhau bi cc khp trong c b phn chnh v b phn ph thuc.

Loi 1
A B C C D E D E F F A A B A B

Loi 2
C C D E D F

A A

F F

C C

D E D E

F F

C C

D E D

17

2. Tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca Dm tnh nh . Thc hin theo trnh t sau: - Bc 1: Phn tch c quan h gia cc on dm xem Dm no l Dm chnh Dm no l Dm ph thuc. -Bc 2: Tnh cc phn lc ca cc on dm ph thuc trc sau truyn phn lc xung Dm chnh thng qua cc Lin kt trung gian. (Khp hoc lin kt n). Tip ta tnh cc phn lc trn Dm chnh. - Bc 3: V cc biu ni lc cho tng on dm ring l sau ghp cc biu li vi nhau ta c biu ni lc ca ton Dm . 3. V d1: Hy tnh v v biu m men, lc ct ca kt cu sau:
20 KN 10 KN/m

A
7m

B C
3m 6m

C A B

D
10 KN/m

C A
RA=-195/7 KN

D
RC=30 KN RD=30 KN

RB=755/7 KN

195 11.25

M KN.m
45 80 50 30 30 Q 195/7
Gii Bc 1: Phn tch c quan h gia cc on dm :
18

KN

Ta thy nu b khp C th dm ABC vn khng bin hnh cn Dm CD b bin hnh. Vy Dm ABC l Dm chnh cn CD l Dm Ph thuc. Bc 2: Tnh cc phn lc ca cc on dm theo trnh t: Dm Ph thuc trc, Dm chnh sau. Cc phn lc c tnh v ghi trn hnh v. Bc 3: V cc biu ni lc cho tng on dm . on CD: Xt mt ct 1-1 cch C on z ( 0 Z 6m ) Xt cn bng phn Dm bn tri mt ct 1-1:
10.z =0 2
2

10 KN/m

= 0 M z Rc.z +

C
6m

M z = z ( Rc 5.z )

Y = 0 Rc Q
Q z = Rc 10 z

10.z = 0

C
z

10 KN/m 1 1 10 KN/m Mz Nz Qz

D
RC=30 KN

- Ti C: z=0 => Mz = 0; Qz = 20 KN. - Ti D: z=6m => Mz = 0 KN.m; Qz = -30 KN. - im cc tr: z = 3m => Mz = 45 KN.m; Cc on Dm cn li ta v tng t. V d 2: V nhanh cc biu ni lc sau:
M=1 A
l

RC=30 KN

C
z

RC

M=1 B A

M=1

M=1 B

RA=0

RB=0

RA=2/l

RB=2/l

1
M=1 A
l

1/2
M=1 A B

1/2
RB=1/l RA=1/l
l

RA=1/l

RB=1/l

19

ql 8 q l2 2 ql . cos a

M Q N
q l .cos 2 ql .sin a q l2 8 q l .cosa 2

M Q N

ql . sin a

3. Nhn xt: T cc v d trn ta thy : 1) Biu m men bao gi cng c v v pha th chu ko ca thanh. 2) M men ti khp bng khng. Nu ti mt ct st khp c m men ngoi lc tc dng th m men ni lc ti v tr cng bng m men ngoi lc. 3) Trn on thanh c trc thanh l thng nu khng c ngoi lc tc dng th biu m men s bin thin theo ng thng, nu trn c ti trng ri u tc dng th biu m men s bin thin theo quy lut Parabol bc 2. 4) M men ti mt mt ct no lun cn bng v s bng tng m men ca cc lc thuc na bn phi hay bn tri ca mt ct gy ra. 5) Khi v biu ni lc khng nht thit phi xc nh tt c cc phn lc ti cc gi ta m ta ch cn tnh cc phn lc cn thit phc v cho vic v biu . 6) Biu lc ct c th v theo 2 cch : Cch 1: V da vo cc phn lc gi tnh. Cch 2: V thng qua biu m men v c da vo quan h gia m men v lc ct: o hm m men s cho ta lc ct.

20

7) Biu m men lun v v pha th cng ca thanh nn khng cn c du. Biu lc ct nht thit phi c du theo quy c trong mn hc SBVL tc l: - Lc ct lm phn t quay cng chiu Kim ng h l lc ct +. - Lc ct lm phn t quay ngc chiu Kim ng h l lc ct -. - Lc dc l lc ko s l +. - Lc dc l lc nn s l -.

Q>0 N>0

Q>0 N>0

Q<0 N<0

Q<0 N<0

21

2.2. Tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca khung phng tnh nh .

1. Phn loi khung phng tnh nh: a. Khung gin n: Khung gin n l khung c cu to bi mt thanh gy khc.

b. Khung ba khp: Khung ba khp l khung c cu to bi hai thanh c ni vi nhau v ni vi t bng 3 khp n khng thng hng.

c. Khung ghp: Khung ghp l khung c cu to gm nhiu b phn trong c b phn chnh v b phn ph thuc.

2. Cch Tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca khung phng tnh nh .

22

a. So snh v mt cu to v phng thc chu lc gia dm phng tnh nh v khung phng tnh nh : - Xt hai kt cu sau:
q P q A q B
a a a

P
l

Ta thy v mt cu to th khung gin n c cu to t mt thanh gy khc cn dm gin n l thanh thng. Vy Dm gin n l trng hp c bit ca khung gin n. V mt chu lc: - V l thuyt th c Dm v khung u chu lc theo hai phng: Thng ng v ngang. - Trong thc t th Dm ch yu chu lu theo phng thng ng cn khung th chu lc theo c hai phng. b. Cch Tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca khung phng tnh nh . Qua vic phn tch so snh kt cu Dm v khung trn ta rt ra kt lun: Phng php tnh khung tnh nh v Dm tnh nh hon ton ging nhau. Tuy nhin i vi khung ba khp ta phi thc hin theo trnh t tnh ton sau: - Bc 1: Xt cn bng ca ton khung :
1 C 1 HB RB HA RA A HA RA A B C HC C VC VC HB RB B

Dng phng trnh : MA = 0 => f(RB,HB) = 0;

23

(1)

MB = 0 => f(RA,HA) = 0;

(1)

- Bc 2: Dng mt ct 1-1 ct qua khp trung gian C ( Nu l khung 3 khp c thanh cng th ta ct qua c thanh cng DE). Sau xt cn bng na bn phi khung (Nu trn ta dng Phng trnh MA = 0) hoc xt cn bng na bn tri khung (Nu trn ta dng Phng trnh MB = 0).
1 C C HC VC VC N DE D
HA N DE

E B RB H A RA

D A RB

E B

RA

Dng phng trnh :

MC = 0 =>
Hoc

f(RB,HB) = 0; f(RA,HA) = 0;

(2) (2)

- Bc 3: Kt hp phng trnh 1 v 2 ( Hoc 1 v 2) ta gii v tnh c cc phn lc gi ta. - Bc 4: Tm cc phn lc Vc v Hc ti khp trung gian C: Xt cn bng na bn tri hoc na bn phi mt ct 1-1: Dng phng trnh

X = 0 => Hc Y = 0 => Vc
- Bc 5: V biu ni lc ca khung sau khi tm c cc phn lc ti gi ta v gi trung gian. c. Ch : Cc biu ni lc ca khung c v theo quy c ca Dm. Biu ni lc c v theo trnh t t u thanh vo trong. S dng phng php cn bng nt (Ni lc ti nt phi c cn bng) V cc biu ni lc v kim tra kt qu. Trng hp khung 3 khp c thanh cng chu tc dung ca ngoi lc ta thc hin theo trnh t sau:
24

1 C
q P q

HC HD 1 E B RB RB VD
P

HE 1 VE

VC HE VE

D HA RA
-

Xt cn bng c h v dng phng trnh : MA =0 =>

RB

- Tch ring thanh cng DE v biu M men v lc ct ca thanh cng, ng thi tnh c phn lc theo phong thng ng ti hai u khp ca thanh cng l VD ;VE cng vi quan h : HD = HE. - Dng mt ct 1-1 ct qua khp C v khp D (Hoc E): Xt cn bng na bn phi (Nu trn ta ct qua khp E) hoc na bn tri (Nu trn ta ct qua khp D) . - Dng phng trnh : MC =0 => HB (HE = HD ). - V biu ni lc ca khung Sau khi tnh c cc phn lc. 3. V d p dng: a. V d 1: Tnh v v biu m men ca kt cu sau.
10 KN/m E C 10 KN F
3m

F 45 E
6m

90 60 30 D

A
3m RA 8m

B H B RB

M
KN.m

Gii Bc 1: Tnh cc phn lc gi:

25

= 0 => R A =
B

195 KN ; 8

X = 0 => H

= 10 KN ;

Y = 0 => R

45 KN ; 8

Bc 2:V biu m men. (hnh v)

b. V d 2: Tnh v v biu m men ca kt cu sau.

30 KN.m D 10 KN/m B
2m

20 KN E

20 KN F
4m

20 KN E F

20 KN

HB=23 KN
A

H
4m

H =37 KN
A

RB=58
3m

B R B
3m

4m

4m

RA

Gii Bc 1: Tnh cc phn lc gi:

= 0 => 4 RB + H B = 255 ; (1)

Xt mt ct 1-1 ct qua C: Xt cn bng phn bn phi mt ct:

= 0 => RB H B = 35 ;

(2)

T 1 v 2 ta c:
RB = 58 KN H B = 23KN

Xt cn bng bng c h:

X = 0 => H

= 37 KN ;

Bc 2:V biu m men. (hnh v)

26

4m

C V C

152 60 42 72 45 92

M
KN.m

c. V d 3: Tnh v v biu m men ca kt cu sau.

20KN I

10 KN/m 1
3m

10 KN/m HC
3m

20 C

20

20 140

K E B RB

V C
DE

3m

HA RA

3m

N =140/3

60

M
4m

4m

4m

RB =55

KN.m

Gii Bc 1: Tnh cc phn lc gi ta:

X = 0 => H

= 20 KN ;

= 0 => RB = 55KN ;
A

Y = 0 => R

= 25KN ;

Tnh lc dc trong thanh DE: Xt mt ct 1-1 ct qua C v thanh DE: Xt cn bng phn bn phi mt ct:
140 KN ; 3

= 0 => N DE =

Bc 2:V biu m men. (hnh v) d. V d 4: Tnh v v biu m men ca kt cu sau.

27

10KN 1 I 5 KN/m HA RA=5 C 5 KN/m D A

4m 4m 4m

HD HD V =20 D 5 KN/m HE V =20 E V =20 D HE

4m 4m

40 KN.m

V =20 E
4m

RB =45

RB =45

Gii Bc 1: Tnh cc phn lc gi ta:

X = 0 => H
M
A

= 40 KN ;

= 0 => R B = 45 KN ;
A

Y = 0 => R

= 5 KN ;

Tnh thanh cng DE: Xt mt ct 1-1 ct qua C v thanh DE: Xt cn bng phn bn phi mt ct:
140 KN ; 3

= 0 => N DE =

Bc 2:V biu m men. (hnh v)

60 10 120 10 40 100

M
KN.m

28

4m

2.4. Tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca vm ba khp.

1. Khi nim: nh ngha: Vm ba khp l mt kt cu tnh nh gm hai thanh cong ni vi nhau bng mt khp nh v ni vi t bng hai khp chn.

y
a3 a2 a1 b3

P2 y

K
K

C
f f'

P3 B Hb' Vb'

P1 A Ha' Va'

x .tg
K

x
l1

x
l2 l

Ao

P1 P2
l1 l

Co
l2

P3

Bo

Cc k hiu trong vm: - Khp A,B: Hai khp chn vm. - Khp C: Khp nh vm. - f: Mi tn vm l khong cch t khp nh vm C ti im giao nhau gia ng ni AB vi ng thng ng i qua C. - L: Khu vm.

29

2. Tnh cc phn lc ca vm ba khp : VA, VB, HA, HB. Trong phm vi mn hc ta ch xt trng hp vm chu ti trng thng ng. (Hnh v). Xt cn bng c vm :

MB =0

=> =>

VA .l - P1 . b1 P2 . b2 ... - Pi . bi ... - Pn . bn
' VA =

Pi . bi l Pi . ai l

MA =0

=>

VB' =

Xt dm gin n AoBo c cng khu l v cng chu ti trng nh vm. Ta c:

0 VA =

Pi . bi = VA' l Pi . ai = VB' l

VB0 =

Vy phn lc thng ng trong vm ging nh phn lc thng ng trong dm gin n cng khu . tm HA ta dng mt ct 1-1 ct qua khp C. Xt cn bng na bn tri.

MC =0 =>
=>

HA .f VA . l1 + P1.(l1-a1)+ P2.(l1-a2)+ - Pn.(l1-an) = 0

' V A .l1 Pi .(l1 ai ) HA = ; f = f.cos. f'

Xt Dm gin n : MCo = VA . l1 + Pi .(l1 ai ) = HA .f => H A =

0 MC f'

(1)

Xc nh lc y ngang trong vm: HA, HB HA = HA.cos => H A =

H cos
" A

Ha'' Ha'

A Va'' Va'

30

VA = HA.sin =>VA = HA.tg. Mt khc: f' = f.cos => f =

f' cos

Thay HA v f vo cng thc (1) ta c :

" HA = 0 MC f

(2)

Cng thc 2 l cng thc xc nh lc y ngang ca vm ba khp. Vy nu gi VA l lc thng ng ca vm ti khp A th: VA = VA + VA = VA0 + H.tg Tng t ta c: VB = VB + VB = VB0 - H.tg Khi = 0 (Trng hp hai chn vm c cng cao ) VA = VA0 ; VB = VB0

3. Xc nh ni lc ti mt ct bt k trn vm ba khp:

y
a2 a1
MK NK

P2 K
QK

P1 Ha A Va

x
K

x .tg
K

Xt mt ct K ( xK, yK + xK.tg) Xt cn bng phn vm bn tri mt ct K.

31

MK =0 =>
Trong :

MK - VA.xK - HA.( yK+ xK.tg) - P1.(xK- a1) - P2.(xK-a2) = 0

=> MK = M0K - HA.yK+... M0K : M men ti mt ct K trn Dm gin n tng ng. yK : Tung t mt ct K n ng ni hai chn vm. xc nh QK ta chiu cc lc ln phng vung gc vi vm ti mt ct K ta c: QK = Q0K.cosK H.sinK.(1tg ) tg K

Vi Q0K l lc ct ti mt ct K trn Dm gin n tng ng. xc nh NK ta chiu cc lc ln phng tip tuyn vi vm ti mt ct K: NK = - Q0K.sinK - H.cosK.(1-tg.tgK) Vy khi = 0 th : MK = M0K - H.yKi QK = Q0K.cosK - H.sinK NK = - Q0K.sinK - H.cosK

32

4. V d: Cho vm ba khp: f =2m; l=6m; chu ti trng nh hnh v. Hy tnh v v cc biu ni lc ca vm.
5 KN/m 20 KN C

f=2 m HA VA A
3m 3m

B VB

HB

5 KN/m
3m

20 KN
3m

18.75

32.50

41.25

27.50

13.75

M0

KN.m

-13.75 6.25

21.25

16.25

11.25

9.17

4.17

4.17

9.17

-13.75

Q0

KN

M
8.25

KN.m

6.25

3.43

13.75

1.90

Q
4.19

KN

3.75

1.56

23.42

24.43

26.21

29.38

20.63

24.55

23.38

KN

Gii : Bc 1: Tnh cc phn lc : VA =

5.3.4,5 + 20.3 Pi . bi = = 21,25 KN. l 6

VB = 5.3 + 20 - VA = 13,75 KN.

33

HA = HB = Bc 2: Tnh ni lc : Ni lc ti mt ct K:

0 MC 13,75.3 = = 20,625 KN.m. f 2

MK = M0K - H.yK QK = Q0K.cosK - H.sinK NK = - Q0K.sinK - H.cosK Xc nh gc K : T phng trnh vm: y = Ti mt ct K : y = => K
4f .(l - x)x l2 4f .(l - x)x l2 4f .(l - 2xK) l2

=> tgK = yK = sinK ; cosK.

=>

- v c cc biu ni lc ta phi chia vm thnh cc on nh bng nhng mt ct Ki cch u nhau. Chia thnh cng nhiu on th cc biu cng chnh xc. Trong bi ny ta chia vm lm 6 on, mi on di 1m theo phng ngang. - Ta ln lt tnh M0K, N0K, Q0K cho tng mt ct => MK, NK, QK tng ng. - Sau khi tnh c ni lc ti 6 mt ct ta ni li s c biu M, N, Q ca vm 3 khp. - Lp bng tnh cc tung ca cc biu M, N, Q.
sinK 0.80 0.66 0.41 0.00 -0.41 -0.66 -0.80 CosK 0.60 0.75 0.91 1.00 0.91 0.75 0.60 M0 K 0.00 18.75 32.50 41.25 27.50 13.75 0.00 34 Q0K 21.25 16.25 11.25 6.25 -13.75 -13.75 -13.75 -13.75

xK(m) 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

yK(m) 0.00 1.11 1.78 2.00 1.78 1.11 0.00

MK 0.00 -4.17 -4.17 0.00 0.00 -9.17 -9.17 0.00

QK -3.75 -1.56 1.90 6.25 -13.75 -4.19 3.43 8.25

NK -29.38 -26.21 -23.42 -20.63 -20.63 -24.43 -24.55 -23.38

2.5. Tnh ni lc trong dn phng tnh nh .

1. Khi nim: nh ngha: Dn phng tnh nh l mt kt cu tnh nh c cu to bi cc thanh thng v Lin kt vi nhau bng cc khp.

Thanh Xin 1' A

2' 2

Thanh bin trn 3' 4' 4

Thanh ng 5' B
h

1 1 Khoang

Thanh bin di
L=6d

Cc gi thit trong dn: - Cc thanh thng trong dn c thay th bng trc thanh thng. - Cc thanh c ni vi nhau bng cc khp l tng (tuyt i khng c m men). - Ti trng tc dng ln dn c t ti cc tit im l u cc thanh. - Khi tnh dn ta b qua trng lng bn thn ca cc thanh. - Tnh dn trong gii hn n hi. Khi cc gi thit trn c chp nhn th: Ni lc trong cc thanh dn ch c lc dc trc. 2. Cch tnh ni lc cc thanh trong dn phng tnh nh: C 2 cch tnh.
a 1' A 2' 2 P 3' 4' 4 a RB 5' B

35

a. Phng php tch tit im :

N1'2

N22'

N12 2

N23' N23

N5'B N5B

B RB

Ni dung ca Phng php : - Dng mt ct kn a ct qua tt c cc thanh ni vi nhau ti tit im. - tnh ni lc trong cc thanh ta dng hai phng trnh cn bng :

X = 0 Y= 0
b. Phng php tch mt ct : Ni dung ca Phng php: Dng 1 mt ct ct qua cc thanh chia dn lm hai phn ring bit. Sau xt cn bng 1 bn dn v dng 3 phng trnh cn bng:

X = 0. Y= 0. M = 0.
Ch : Trong Phng php tch tit im ta ch cc trng hp:
N1 N2 N1 N3 N2 N1 N4 N2 N3

- Nu 1 tit im c 2 thanh v khng c ti trng tc dng th lc dc trong 2 thanh u bng 0. - Nu 1 tit im c 3 thanh v 2 trong 3 thanh thng hng khng c ti trng tc dng th lc dc trong 2 thanh thng hng bng nhau v thanh cn li bng 0. - Nu tit im c 4 thanh tng cp thng hng v khng c ti trng tc dng th lc dc trong tng cp thng hng s bng nhau. (N1 = N3, N2 = N4)
36

c. V d: Cho kt cu dn nh hnh v. Hy tnh ni lc trong cc thanh.

b B 1'

a 2' 2 a
3d

3'
d

A b

3 P P

Gii: Phng php tch tit im : (Tch nt) Tch nt 3 :

X = 0. => N23 = 0 Y= 0. => N33 = P

Tch nt 3 :

X = 0. => -N23 - N23 cos450= 0 Y= 0. => -N33 - N23 cos450= 0

=> N23 = N23 = N33 = P
N 33' =P 2 cos45 0

Phng php mt ct : Dng mt ct a-a: Xt cn bng na bn phi mt ct

Y= 0. =>N12. cos450- P- P= 0
=>N12 =
2P = 2P 2 cos45 0

X= 0. =>N12. cos450+ N12 + N12 = 0

=> N12 = - N12.cos450 - N12 Vi N12 = 2P 2 ; N12= N23 = P => N12 = -3P;
37

Dng mt ct b-b tnh ni lc cc thanh: A1; A1; B1. Xt cn bng na bn phi.

Y= 0. =>NA1 = -2P 2
=>N12 =
2P = 2P 2 cos45 0

MA= 0. =>NB1 = 5P; M1= 0. =>NA1 = -3P;

3. Cch tnh cc loi dn phng tnh nh hay gp trong cu dn. a. Dn c bin song song. Cho s kt cu: ( hnh v ).

a C

1'

1'

D
4m

A a 1 RA P 2 P
4x4m

B 3 P RB

Yu cu :Tnh lc dc trong cc thanh: Gii: Bc 1:Tnh phn lc gi. Xt cn bng c dn:

Y= 0. =>RA =RB =3P;

Do kt cu i xng chu tc dng ca ti trng i xng. => RA = RB = 1.5P Bc 2: Tnh lc dc trong thanh dn: Do tnh i xng nn ta ch tnh ni lc cho nt dn. Thanh AC, A1: Tch nt A.
A

N3 N2
RA=1.5P

Y= 0. =>NAc .sin + R =0;

38

=> N AC =

RA 4 1.5P 2 =; sin = 2 2 = sin sin 5 2 +4

A1

X = 0. =>N

+N AC cos =0;

=>N A1 =-N AC .cos =1.5P cotg =0.75P;

Thanh C1, C1, A1: Dng mt ct a-a. Xt cn bng na bn tri.

Y= 0. =>NC1 .sin R =0;
=>NC1 =
RA 1.5P = 5; sin 2

MC= 0. =>NA1 .4 R .2 = 0;
=>NA1 = 0,5.R = 0.75P;

M1= 0. =>NC1 = R =1.5P.

b. Tnh dn c bin khng song song (Bin hnh a gic). Khi nim: Dn c bin khng song song l dn c bin trn hoc bin di hnh a gic. V d: Cho dn c bin khng song song chu ti trng nh hnh v. Hy tnh ni lc cc thanh a, b, c bng phng php Gii tch.
H 1' a H A RA 1 100 KN 2 b a
45

3' 2' 4' c 3 80 KN

6x6m

5'

5 100 KN

B RB

Gii: Tnh cc phn lc: Xt cn bng c dn => RB =140 KN. Tnh lc dc cc thanh dn: - Thanh a: Tch nt A: Y= 0. =>Na .sin450 + R =0
39

6m

3m

NA1' =Na
4 5

A RA

NA1

=>Na = - Thanh b:

RA = -140 5 KN. sin45

Dng mt ct a-a nh hnh v: Xt n cn bng phn dn bn tri mt ct a-a. Gi I l giao im ca ng ko di hai thanh 23 v 23. Ta d dng chng minh ng: I=A.

MI= 0. =>N .rb +100.6 + RA =0

=>N =
600 rb

Tnh rb: l khong cch t im I (A) ti thanh b. rb =

3 .6 2

(Tam gic AH3 vung cn ti H c cnh huyn = 3.6m)

100 2 KN. 3

Vy: N =

- Thanh c: Tch nt 3:

X= 0. =>N23 sin+ N34 sin =0;

=>N23 = N34

3'

N2'3'

N2'3' NC

Y= 0. =>NC +2 N23 cos = 0;

=>NC = -2 N23 cos . - Tnh N23 : Dng mt ct a-a Xt cn bng b tri.

Y= 0. => N23 cos + R - 100 - NB . cos450 = 0;

100 + (

=> N23 = Thay N23 vo NC:

100 2 2. ) 140 220 3 2 = . cos cos

40

NC = -2 N23 cos = d. Dn t hp:

440 KN. 3

Dn t hp: l dn c cu to gm dn ln v cc dn nh.

1'

2'

3'

4'

5'

10

12

14

16

2 b

11

13

15

17

RB

10 KN

100 KN

10 KN 100 KN
12x4m

100 KN

10 KN

RB

Cu to Dn nh: c 2 loi
6

4m

4m

2x4m 2x4m

VB

10 KN

V1

Nguyn tc chu lc trong dn t hp: - Dn nh (dn tng cng) chu tc dng trc tip ca ti trng s phn tc dng ca ti trng trn c dn ph v dn chnh thng qua cc lin kt gia dn ph v dn chnh. - Dn ln: Nu ti trng t ti tit im ca dn chnh th ch dn chnh chu tc dng ca ti trng. - Trong dn t hp trn: Ti trng tc dng cc tit im 7, 11, 13, 17 l tc dng ln dn ph. Cn ti trng tc dng ln cc nt 1, 3, 5 l tc dng ln dn chnh. Cch xc nh Ni lc trong cc thanh dn: Trong dn t hp ta chia lm 3 loi thanh:
41

4m

4m

Thanh ring dn nh: (Cc thanh 67, 89, 10.11, 61,...) tnh thanh ny ta tch ring dn nh ra tnh. Thanh ring dn ln: (Cc thanh: 12; 45; 11; 22; 33; 44; 55 ...) C hai cch tnh thanh ny: - Cch 1: Phi tch ring cc dn ph ra khi dn chnh sau khi truyn cc lc t dn ph sang. Tnh thanh ring dn chnh dn chnh. - Cch 2: Tnh trc tip trn dn t hp nu c th tnh c. Thanh chung (A1, 12, 45, 5B, 23, 34...) C hai cch tnh thanh chung: - Cch 1: Tnh ring dn ph v tnh ring dn chnh (sau khi tch dn ph v truyn lc ln dn chnh) v cng li vi nhau. - Cch 2: Tnh trc tip trn dn t hp nu c th tnh c. V d p dng: Cho dn t hp chu ti trng nh hnh trn. Hy tnh lc dc trc trong cc thanh: Thanh ring dn ph: 67; 18; 61 Thanh ring dn chnh; 12; 22 Thanh chung: 23; A7. Gii Tnh cc phn lc: Xt cn bng c dn: MA= 0. =>RB .4.12 -10.4.11 - 100.10.4 - 10.4.1 -10.4.5 - 100.4.2 NA7 -10.4.1 = 0; => RB = 170 KN. Do kt cu i xng chu ti trng i xng nn: RA = RB = 170KN. Tnh ni lc cc thanh ring dn ph: 67; 18; 61

N67
7

N71

10 KN

N61 NA7
45 1

V1=5 KN

42

Tch dn nh A716: Cc phn lc: VA = VB = 5KN. - Tch nt 7:

Y= 0. =>N67 = 10;
- Tch nt 1:

Y= 0. =>N61 .cos + V1 = 0;
=>N61 =V1 = - 5. 2 KN. cos45

Tch dn nh 1289: Dn nh 1289 khng c ti trng tc dng => Ni lc cc thanh bng 0 => N18 = 0. - Tnh cc thanh ring dn chnh: 12; 22. Dng mt ct a-a nh hnh v: Xt cn bng phn bn tri mt ct a-a:

= 0 =>N1'2' .8 + R A .4.4 -10.4.3 -100.4.2 = 0;

=>N1'2' = -2. R A + 5. 3 + 100 = 115 -2.170 =225 KN.

- Tnh cc thanh chung: 23; A7. - Tnh thanh 23: N23 , tnh theo hai cch: Cch 1: Tnh trc tip trn dn t hp. Dng mt ct b-b: Xt cn bng phn dn bn tri mt ct.

= 0 =>N 2'3' 8 +R A .4.6 - 10.4.5 - 100.4.4 = 0;

=> N 2'3' =

10.4 . 5 + 100 . 4 . 4 -170.4.6 = 285KN 8

Cch 2: Tnh ring trn tng dn chnh v dn ph sau cng li: N23 = N C23 + N P23 Tch dn ph 2-3-10-11: V2 = V3 = 5KN. Tch nt 2:
V2'=5
10 2' 3'

V3'=5 KN

10 KN

Y= 0. => V2 = N210 .cos 450

43

X= 0. => N P23 = - N210 .cos 450

=> N P23 = -V2 = -5KN. Tnh trn dn chnh: Truyn cc phn lc V2 v V3 xung dn chnh Dng mt ct b-b,. Xt cn bng na bn tri.

M3 = 0. =>N23 = - 285KN
2.6. trng hp ti trng tc dng gin tip.

Cho kt cu nh hnh v. tnh v v biu ni lc ca kt cu ta thc hin tnh ton theo trnh t t bn mt cu trc sau truyn phn lc t bn mt cu xung dm ch. Cc biu m men lc ct c v nh hnh v.
10 KN/m 20 KN 10 KN/m Dm ch
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m

Bn mt cu Dm ngang

10 KN/m

20 KN 10 KN/m

20 KN

20 KN

10 KN

30 KN

20 KN

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

20 KN

10 KN

30 KN

20 KN

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

RD=38 KN

RD=42 KN

M KN.m
152 224 256 38 168

18

M KN.m
22 42

44

Chng III: Tnh kt cu phng tnh nh di tc dng ca ti trng di ng.

3.1. Khi nim ng nh hng.

1. Khi nim v ti trng di ng: - Trn cc cng trnh cu ng, ti trng tc dng ch yu l ti trng xe c chy trn ng, ti trng bn thn ca kt cu v cc nhn t thin nhin nh nhit , ng t gy ra chuyn v cng bc ti cc v tr m tr cu. - Ti trng xe c ta gi l ti trng di ng. l loi ti trng m trong qu trnh tc dng khng thay i v cng , v phng chiu m ch thay i v v tr. - ng vi mi v tr ca ti trng di ng th ni lc trong cc b phn kt cu s c gi tr khc nhau. Vi mi thnh phn ni lc ti mt mt ct ca mt b phn kt cu no s c gi tr tuyt i ln nht ng vi mt v tr no ca ti trng di ng chy trn kt cu. V tr gi l v tr bt li nht ca kt cu. Ni lc c tr tuyt i ln nht s l Ni lc dng tnh ton kt cu. - Nhim v ca ngi K s thit k l phi nghin cu a ra c qui lut thay i ni lc ti mt mt ct bt k ca mt b phn kt cu di tc dng ca ti trng di dng. T tm ra v tr bt li nht ca ti trng di ng v ni lc cc i tng ng vi v tr bt li nht ca ti trng Di ng v ni lc cc i tng ng vi v tr => a ra hnh dng, kch thc, vt liu ca b phn kt cu. - i vi nghnh Xy dng Cu ng ti trng di ng l ti trng bn thn xe c. Nh vy phng v chiu tc dng l thng ng v hng t trn xung di. 2. Khi nim v ng nh hng. nh ngha: ng nh hng (.a.h) l ng biu din qui lut bin i ca mt i lng cn nghin cu no (Momen, lc ct, lc dc, phn lc,...) Khi c mt lc p=1 di chuyn trn kt cu theo mt phng v chiu khng i.

45

P=1

C
l1

A
l

B
l2

.a.h S

Cc yu t ca ng nh hng: - K hiu ng nh hng ca i lng S l: .a.h S. - Chiu di ca .a.h s tng ng vi chiu di kt cu m lc p=1 di chuyn c chiu ln phng vung gc vi phng ca lc p=1. - .a.h phi l i lng c thc o v c du ( +, - ).

P=1

.a.h S

46

3.2. ng nh hng ca dm tnh nh n gin.

1. ng nh hng ca dm gin n: a. ng nh hng phn lc RA, RB: Xt lc P=1 c chiu hng t trn xung di v chy t A n B. (Di ng t A n B) trn dm gin n AB c khu l. Gi A l gc to , trc x ly theo chiu AB l dng, x l khong cch t gc to n lc P=1 gi l to chy. ( 0 x l ).
y
x xk

P =1 k
l

x RB

RA 1

.a.h Va 1
x

.a.h Vb

P =1 MK QK RB

RA

l-xk xk .a.h Mk 1

.a.h Qk 1

Xt cn bng dm AB.

MB = 0. =>RA .l - p(l-x) = 0
=>RA =
p(l x) l
47

MA = 0. =>RB .l - p.x = 0
=>RB =
p.x l

Vi P=1 => RA, RB l nhng hm s tuyn tnh i vi x => Biu l ng thng. Khi x = 0 => RA =1; RB = 0; Khi x = 0 => RA =0; RB = 1. => .a.h RA ; .a.h RB nh hnh v. b. ng nh hng Mmen, lc ct ti mt mt ct. Xt mt ct k cch gc to A l xK. Khi P=1 di ng t A n mt ct K (Bn tri mt ct k ). Xt cn bng phn dm bn phi mt ct k.

MK = 0. =>MK - RA . xK = 0
=>MK = RA . xK

Y= 0. => QK = RA
T . a. h RA => .a.h MK; .a.h QK. Khi P=1 bn phi mt ct k. Ghp hai phn ah li ta c cc ah MK, ah QK nh hnh v. 2. ng nh hng ca dm mt tha. a. ng nh hng phn lc RA, RB. Xt dm mt tha nh hnh v. Chn gi A lm gc to , x c chiu dng t tri sang phi. Xt lc p=1 c phng thng ng, chiu t trn xung di ng t C n A, n B, ri n B. To chy x (-l x l1 +l2 ). Xt cn bng dm:

MB = 0. =>RA .l - 1.(l-x) = 0

48

y
x

K1 A
a l1 xk

P =1 K
l

B K2 D
b l2

.a.h Ra
1

.a.h Rb
l-xk

xk

.a.h MK
1 1 a 1 b

.a.h QK .a.h MK1 .a.h QK1 .a.h MK2

1

.a.h QK2 .a.h QA

Tri

1 1 1 1 1 1
49

.a.h QA

Phi

.a.h QB .a.h QB

Phi

Tri

=> RA =

lx l

MA = 0. =>RB .l - 1.(l-x) = 0
=> RB =
x l

Khi x = 0 th RA = 1, RB =0; Khi x = l th RA = 0, RB =1. Khi x = -l1 => RA =

l + l1 l2 ; RB = l l

Khi x = l => RA = 0, RB = 1. Khi x = l + l2 => RA =

l2 l + l2 ; RB = . l l

=> ah RA , RB ca dm mt tha cng l ah RA, RB ca dm gin n nhng c ko di vi ht mt tha. b. ah Mmen, lc ct ti 1 mt ct nm trong 2 gi A, B. v ah MK, QK ta lm tng t nh vi dm gin n ta c ah MK, QK ca dm gin n ch vic ko di v 2 phia. c. .a.h M, Q ti cc mt ct nm ngoi 2 gi A, B. Xt mt ct K1 cch u dm C mt on a (0 x l1). Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct K1. Xt cn bng phn dm bn tri mt ct K1.

MK1 = 0. => MK1 =-P.x1 =- x1. Y= 0. => QK1 = -1.

Khi P = 1 bn phi mt ct K1. Xt cn bng phn dm bn phi mt ct K1.

P=1 C

x1

K1

MK1 Q K1

MK1 = 0. => MK1 = 0. Y= 0. => QK1 = 0.

Xt mt ct K2 bn phi mt ct B v cch u D mt on b (0 b l2). Khi P1 bn tri mt ct K2.
50

Xt cn bng on bn phi mt ct K2 => MK2 =0; QK2 = 0. Khi P=1 bn phi mt ct K2. Xt cn bng phn bn phi: => MK2 = -x2; QK2 = 1. => ah MK1 , QK1 . ah MK2 , QK2 . d. ah QA, QB . A, B l hai gi ca dm v vy lc ct ti mt ct st gi bn tri v bn phi s khc nhau. Xt ti A: - Xt QTrA Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct A. => QKTr =-1. Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct A. => QKPh =0. - Xt QPhA Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct A. => QATr =-RB Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct A. => QAPh =RA Xt ti gi B: - Xt QTrB Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct B. => Q Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct B. => Q - Xt QPhB Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct B. => QBTr =0. Khi P=1 bn tri mt ct B. => QBPh =1. ah QATr ;QAPh ;QBTr ;QBPh; Nhn xt: ng nh hng lc ct ti mt ct bn tri gi v bn phi gi ca dm mt tha khc nhau hon ton.
Tr B Ph B

x2

M K2 QK2

K2

P=1 C

A
Q Tr A Q Ph A RA

B
=-RB. =RA.

Q Tr B

Q Ph B RB

51

3.3. ng nh hng ca dm tnh nh nhiu nhp.

1. Trng hp ti trng tc dng trc tip. Cho h Dm tnh nh gm hai Dm: - Dm mt tha ABC . - Dm gin n CD. Trong h Dm trn ta thy ngay: - Dm ABC l Dm chnh. - Dm CD l Dm ph. Ta v cc ah phn lc, m men, lc ct ti mt mt ct no trn Dm ph v Dm chnh.

52

K A

H B

K1

a l1

b l2 l3
K1

C A B H

1 1 b 1 1 1

.a.h RH .a.h RC .a.h MK1 .a.h QK1

.a.h RA

1 a

.a.h RB .a.h MK

1 .a.h QK 1
1. Xt Dm ph thuc CD: Dm CD l Dm ph, ABC Dm chnh do vy khi P=1 di dng trn Dm ABC hon ton khng nh hng ti Dm CD. Do ah phn lc v cc ah ni lc trn Dm CD s c gi tr bng trn Dm ABC. CD l Dm gin n v vy cc ah RC, RD, MK2, QK2 c v nh hnh v. 2. Xt Dm c bn ABC:
53

a. Dm ABC l Dm mt tha do cc ah RA,RB, MK1, QK1 khi P=1 di ng trn Dm ABC c v nh hnh v. b. Khi P=1 di ng trn Dm ph thuc CD s gy ta ni lc trn Dm c bn ABC thng qua phn lc ti khp trung gian C. Tch Dm ph thuc CD v truyn phn lc RC xung Dm c bn, xt cn bng Dm c bn ABC.

MB = 0. => RA .l1 + RC.l2 = 0. MA = 0. => RB .l1 - RC.(l1 + l2)= 0.

ah MK1, QK1: Xt cn bng on Dm bn tri mt ct K1
l2 .RC l1 l2 .a.RC l1

=> RA ==> RB =

l2 .RC l1 l1 + l 2 .RC l1

Y = 0. => QK1 = RA = -

MK1 = 0. => MK1 = RA .a = -

Da vo ah RC v ta v c ah RA, RB, MK1, QK1 trn on CD. Cc ng nh hng RA, M1, Q1, M2, Q2, M3 ,Q3,QBTR, QBPH, MB: 3. Nhn xt: Sau khi v cc ng nh hng ni lc v phn lc ca Dm tnh nh nhiu nhp ta rt ra nhng nhn xt sau: ah l nhng on thng. Khi lc P=1 tc dng trn 1 gi no th phn lc cc gi khc v M, Q mt ct bt k trn kt cu u bng 0. ah phn lc v ni lc ca Dm ph thuc ch c tung trn Dm ph thuc . Cc tung trn Dm c bn bng 0. Nu kt cu c nhiu b phn c bn th ng nh hng ni lc hoc phn lc ca on Dm c bn ny c tung bng khng trn cc on dm c bn khc.

54

2. Trng hp ti trng tc dng gin tip.

A Ra

4m

2m 2m

4m

6m

6m

.a.h Ra 1 6 .a.h Mk 1 1
v cc ng nh hng phn lc v ni lc ca Dm ch khi ti trng di ng tc dng gin tip trn bn mt cu ta thc hin theo trnh t sau: Bc 1: V ng nh hng khi P=1 tc dng trc tip trn Dm ch. Bc 2: Ni cc tung ca ng nh hng v bc 1 ti cc v tr tng ng vi cc dm ngang vi nhau ta c ng nh hng cn v.

.a.h Qk

55

3.4. ng nh hng ni lc cc thanh trong dn phng tnh nh

1. Cc phng php v .a.h Ni lc cc thanh trong dn tnh nh: Phng php gii tch c chia lm hai phng php: Phng php tit im. Xt 2 trng hp : Trng hp 1: Ti trng P=1 di ng ngoi khoang m mt ct ct qua, v pha bn tri mt ct . Trng hp 2: Ti trng P=1 di ng ngoi khoang m mt ct ct qua, v pha bn phi mt ct . Phng php mt ct. Xt 2 trng hp: Trng hp 1: Ti trng P=1 t ti tit im. Trng hp 2: Ti trng P=1 khng t ti tit im. Trong dn tnh nh, cc .a.h phn lc gi c v tng t nh .a.h phn lc gi ca dm tnh nh.

56

2. Bi ton a, Bi ton Dn c bin song song.: V .a.h phn lc RA, RB v Ni lc cc thanh a, b, c, d v e bng phng php gii tch.

Thanh bin trn c 2' 1' 3' 4' 5' a b e 2 4 B A 3 5 1 d Thanh bin di
6d

1 .a.h RA 1

1/sin .a.h Nb 1 .a.h Nc 2d/h .a.h Nd d/h 1/sin .a.h Ne

Gii. ah Na: Tch nt A Khi P=1 t ti A:

Y = 0. => NA = 0.
57

.a.h RB .a.h Na

Khi P=1 di ng t 1 n B:

Y = 0. => NA .sin + RA = 0.
=> Na = ah Na = RA . sin

1 sin

. RA

Nb=1 N1A 1 P=1 N12

ah Nb: Tch nt 1: Khi P=1 t ti 1:

Y = 0. => Nb -1 = 0. Y = 0. => Nb =0.

=> Nb =1

Nb=0 N1A 1 N12

Khi P=1 t ti cc nt cn li:

2. Phng php mt ct : V ah cc thanh c, d, e. Ta s v cc ah Nc, Nd , Ne da vo ah RA, RB. Khi P=1 di ng t A n 1: Xt cn bng phn dn bn phi mt ct 1-1:
1 sin

Y = 0. => Ne .sin + RB = 0. => Ne ==>ahNe =1 sin

. RB

.ah RB
4d . RB h

m2 = 0. => NC .h + RB.4d = 0. => Nc ==> ahNc =4d .ah RB h

m1 = 0. => Nd .h + RB.5d = 0. => Nd =

=> ahNd =
5d .ah RB h

5d . RB h

Khi P=1 di ng t 2 n B: Xt cn bng phn dn bn tri mt ct 1-1:

58

Y = 0. => Ne .sin RA = 0. => Ne =

=>ahNe =
1 sin

1 sin

. RA

.ah RA
2d . RA h

m2 = 0. => NC .h + RA.2d = 0. => NC ==> ahNc =2d .ah RA h

m1 = 0. => Nd .h RA.d = 0. => Nd =

=> ahNd =
d .ah RA h

d . RA h

Sau khi v c cc ng nh hng tng ng vi hai trng hp trn ta ln lt ni cc tung ah ti cc nt 1 v 2 ca tng ah ta c cc ah nh hnh v.

59

b. Dn t hp: Cho dn t hp nh hnh v . Hy v ah cc thanh a, b, c, d, e.

1' a 6 b A RB 7 8 d 2 b 11 3 13 4 15 5 17 RB B 10 e 12 14 16 1 2' b 3' 4' 5'

1 c 9 1

12d

1 .a.h RA

1 .a.h RB

2 .a.h Nb 2 .a.h Nd 1 .a.h Ne 1

60

.a.h Na

.a.h Nc

Trong dn t hp gm: Thanh ring dn nh, thanh ring dn ln v thanh chung. Vi mi loi thanh ta s c cc Phng php v ng nh hng khc nhau. Thanh ring dn nh: Do thanh ring dn nh chu ti trng cc b trong phm vi dn nh. Do vy ta dng Phng php tit im v ring ah thanh . Thanh ring dn ln: C 2 cch v: Cch 1: V trc tip trn dn t hp nu v c. Cch 2: V trn dn ln nhng phi ch n s truyn lc t dn nh sang dn ln. Thanh chung : Cch 1: V trc tip trn dn t hp nu v c. Cch 2: V ring ah thanh trn dn ln v dn nh sau cng li. p dng vo bi ton trn: V ah Na, Nb, Nc: Thanh a l thanh ring dn ln ta v trc tip trn dn t hp . Thanh b, c l thanh chung ta cng v c trc tip trn dn t hp. Dng mt ct 1-1 nh hnh v . Khi P=1 di ng t A n 1: Xt cn bng phn dn bn phi mt ct 1-1:
10d . RB =-5 RB h

m1 = 0. => Na .h + RB.10d = 0. => Na =m2 = 0. => Nc .h RB.8d = 0. => Nc = Y = 0. => Nb .sin RB = 0. => Nb =
Khi P=1 di ng t 9 n B: Xt cn bng phn dn bn tri mt ct 1-1:

8d . RB =4RB h 1

sin

. RB = 2 . RB

m1 = 0. => Na .h + RA.2d = 0. => Na =m2 = 0. => Nc .h RA.4d = 0. => Nc =

61

2d . RA =- RA h 4d . RA =2RA h

Y = 0. => Nb .sin + RA = 0. => Nb = -

1 sin

. RA =- 2 . RA

Trn on 19 ta ni hai tung ah ti hai u 1 v 9 li vi nhau ta c ah lc dc ca cc thanh nh hnh v. V ah Nd, Ne: Dng Phng php tit im. Thanh d: L thanh ring dn nh. Tch tit im 9. Khi P=1 tc dng ti 9. Nd = 1. Khi P=1 khng tc dng ti 9. Nd = 0. Thanh e: L thanh ring dn ln. Tch tit im 3. Khi P=1 tc dng ti 3. Nd = 1. Khi P=1 khng tc dng ti 3. Nd = 0.

Nd=1

Ne=1

9
P=1 Nb=0

3
P=1 Ne=0

62

3.5. ng nh hng ca vm ba khp .

Xt kt cu vm 3 khp nh hnh v .
C K K f B
xK

yK H A

VA
A
0 VA

l1
l

l2

VB
B
0 VB

1 ah.VA 1

ah.VB

l1 f
ah.H

l1 y . K f

xK
ah.M K

xK

l1.sin K f

cosK cosK

cosK

ah.Q K

l1.cos K f sin K sin K sin K

ah.N K

63

Ta c cc cng thc: Phn lc : VA = VA0; VB = VB0; H= Ni lc ti mt ct K: MK = M0K - H.yK; QK = Q0K .cosK H. sinK; NK = -Q0K .sinK H. cosK; Trong : VA0; VB0; M0C l phn lc ti gi A, B v m men ti mt ct C tng ng ca Dm gin n c cng khu . M0K ;Q0K l m men v lc ct ti mt ct K ca Dm gin n . Vy ta c cng thc dng v cc ng nh hng trong vn 3 khp. Phn lc : ah VA = ah VA0; ah VB =ah VB0; ah H= Ni lc ti mt ct K: ah MK =ah M0K - yK .ah H; ah QK = cosK .ah Q0K sinK .ah H; ah NK = - sinK .ah Q0K cosK .ah H; Da vo cc ng nh hng phn lc v ni lc trn Dm gin n c cng khu ta v c cc ng nh hng phn lc v ni lc ca vm 3 khp c cao khp chn vm bng nhau nh hnh v.
1 .ah M0C; f
0 MC f

64

2. V ng nh hng ca vm 3 khp bng Phng php im khng.

Fn

K K yK A
xK l1

Fm Fq
C f B
l2 l

xK
ah.M K

cosK
ah.Q K

sin K 0 Fn 0

a1

sin K 1

c1

2
b
ah.N K

a. Ni dung ca Phng php : - Phng php im khng da trn c s tm v tr tc dng ca ti trng P=1 m ng vi v tr m men hoc lc ct, lc dc ti 1 mt ct no bng 0.
65

- Sauk hi xc nh c im khng ta s kt hp vi cc im khng khc c (Cc v tr gi ni vi t ...) v ng nh hng ni lc trn c s Dm gin n (Hoc h Dm tnh nh) c gi l cc im khng tm c. ng nh hng MK - Quan st trn ng nh hng MK v ta thy: on u tin ca ah MK ging nh ah M men ti mt ct K ca Dm gin n c chiu di tng ng lm l khong cch t gi A ti im Fm c m men bng 0. - Vy nu xc nh c im FM ta c th v c ah MK - Tng t vi ah NK v QK ta cng v c nu nh xc nh c im khng FN, FQ tng ng. b. Cch v ah MK, QK, NK bng Phng php im khng . ng nh hng MK - K ng thng i qua khp nh vm v khp chn vm pha bn kia mt ct. (d1); - K ng thng i qua khp chn vm cn li v di qua mt ct K. (d2); - ng d1 v d2 ct nhau ti FM. - Chiu di lm chnh l hnh chiu bng ca on ni khp A vi FM. - Da vo quan h hnh hc ta c: lm =
l . j. x K ; l = l1 + l 2 y K .l 2 + x K . f

- V ng nh hng MK ca Dm mt u tha c khu nhp chnh l lm, u tha l l1-lm. Sau v tip trn Dm Ph thuc CB ta s v c AH MK. (Trng hp lm<l1). Trng hp lm>l1 ta s xt sau (Thng gp khi v AH trong khung 3 khp). ng nh hng QK: - Xc nh im khng Fq; - K ng thng i qua khp nh vm v khp chn vm pha bn kia mt ct. (d1); - K ng thng i qua khp chn vm cn li v song song vi tip tuyn ca ng congvm ti K. (d3); - ng d1 v d3 ct nhau ti FQ.
66

- Chiu di lq chnh l hnh chiu bng ca on thng ni FQ vi khp chn vm pha mt ct K. - Chiu di lq xc nh bng quan h hnh hc. Cch v ng nh hng QK: V ng nh hng QK ca Dm c chiu di lq sau nhn vi (cosK) ko di v pha phi gp ng dng t C xung ti 1 im, ni im vi im bng khng gi B ta c ng nh hng QK ca vm 3 khp. ng nh hng NK: - Xc nh im khng FN: - K ng thng d4 i qua khp chn vm c mt ct K v vung gc vi tip tuyn ca vm ti mt ct K. - Hai ng d1 v d4 gp nhau ti FN. - Dng im FN xung ng chun ta c im FN. - Ti im ng vi v tr ca gi A, t ng chun ta dng ln 1 on bng sinK (on aa1). Ni FN vi a1, ko di gp ng dng t K xung K1v ng dng t C xung C1. Ni c1b, t a k ng thng song song vi a1c1 gp ng dng t K xung K2. Ta c ak2k1kc1b l ng nh hng NK mang du m. - Cc ng nh hng MK, QK, NK nh hnh v.

67

3.6. Cng dng ca ng nh hng .

1. Dng ng nh hng tnh ni lc ca kt cu : Sauk hi v c cc ng nh hng ni lc ta s i xc nh ni lc do tng loi ti trng gy ra. Ti trng tc dng ln kt cu gm: - Ti trng tp trung. - Ti trng phn b. - M men tp trung. a. Ti trng tp trung. Xt ng nh hng S (S c th l phn lc, m men, lc ct, lc dc) chu tc dng ca ti trng tp trung t P1, P2 ti Pn-1,Pn. Cc tung ng nh hng S tng ng vi cc ti trng P1, P2,...., Pn-1, Pn l y1, y2, ....,yn-1, yn.

P1 P2 P3

Pn

y1 y2 y3

.a.h S yn

Ni lc Sp do cc ti trng tp trung gy ra l: Sp = P1.y1+P2.y2 +....+Pn-1.Pn =

i =1

Pi.yi.

Trong tung ng nh hng S : Yi c th mang du +, - hoc bng 0 n: l s ti trng tp trung tc dng . b. Ti trng phn b: Xt ti trng phn b q(x) tc dng ln kt cu c ng nh hng S.

68

dx

q(x) Ti trng phn b

.a.h S

Xt 1 phn t lc tp trung : dp= qx.dx. Ni lc do dp gy ra : ds = y.dp = qx.y.dx. Vy ni lc S do tp trung phn b qx gy ra l : S = qx. y.dx
a b

Trong : qx l ti trng phn b. y: L tung ng nh hng tng ng vi qx. Nu ti trng phn b u : qx = q0 = const.
qo Ti trng phn b u
ab

b .a.h S

=> S=q0. y.dx

a

Mt khc :
ab = y.dx l din tch ca ng nh hng S trn on ab.
a b

S = q0. ab c. M men tp trung :

69

Xt ng nh hng S c m men tp trung M tc dng :

M P P .a.h S

a y

y+y

Ta Phn tch m men M thnh cp ngu lc P vi cnh tay n: x; M = P. x. Vy ni lc S do cp ngu lc gy ra l. S = P.(y+y)-Py = P. y M P=

M x

=> S= M.

y = M.tg. x

Nu trn ng nh hng S c nhiu m men tp trung tc dng : S=

Mi.tgi.
i =1

Trong : l gc tip tuyn ca ng nh hng ti im c m men tp trung tc dng. Tch s (Mi.tgi ) mang du + nu M quay thun chiu Kim ng h v gc l gc ng bin. Hoc M quay ngc chiu KH v gc l gc nghch bin.

70

d. V d: V d 1: Cho kt cu nh hnh v. Hy tnh M, Q ti mt ct K bng Phng php dng ng nh hng .

5 KN/m
C
4m

A
2m

20 KN 40 KN.m K B
2m 4m

2 1.5 3 1 0.5 .a.h Q K 1 1 .a.h M K

0.5

Gii: Bc 1: V AH MK, QK: Dm ABC l Dm mt tha do ta v ngay c cc AH MK, QK; Bc 2: Tnh MK, QK: Ti trng tc dng ln Dm gm c ti trng tp trung, ti trng phn b v m men tp trung. Do vy ni lc s tnh theo cng thc. S = Pi.yi. + q0. ab +
i =1 n

Mi.tgi.
i =1

Tnh MK: MK = 20.1 - 40.tgM - 5.0,5.3.4; tgM = 0.25. = -20 KN.m. Tnh QK: QK = 20.0,5 - 40. tgQ +5.0,5.4; = 10 KN.
71

tgQ = 0.125.

V d 2: Cho kt cu nh hnh v. Hy tnh cc phn lc gi RA, RB , Ni lc cc thanh Na, Nb, Nc bng Phng php dng ng nh hng.

1' a
45

H 2 1 2' b c 2 1 2

3' 4' 5'

2m

A RA

1 20 KN

3 50 KN
6x4m

5 100 KN

B RB

5/6

1/2

1/6 .a.h R A

1/6

1/2

5/6

1 .a.h R B

2 1/3 2/3 4/3 1 .a.h Nb

2 2/6 .a.h Na 5 2 /6 2/2

2 2 2/3 .a.h Nc
72

4m

Gii: Bc 1: V cc AH . ah RA, ah RB : Ging nh ah RA, ah RB ca Dm gin n AB. ah Na: Dng Phng php tit im: Tch nt A. Khi P=1 tc dng ti A: RA=1.

Y = 0 => Na = 0.
Khi P=1 tc dng ngoi v tr A:

Y = 0 => Na.sin + RA = 0.
=> Na = 2 1 RA; =450 ; sin = sin 2

=> Na = - 2 RA ah Nb: Dng mt ct 1-1: Khi P=1 di ng t A->1: Xt cn bng phn Dn bn phi mt ct 1-1:

M2 = 0 => Nb.4 + RB.4.4 = 0. =>Nb = -4.RB

Khi P=1 di ng t 2->B: Xt cn bng phn Dn bn tri mt ct 1-1:

M2 = 0 => Nb.4 + RA.4.2 = 0. =>Nb = -2.RA

ah Nc: Dng mt ct 2-2: Ta d dng Chng minh c A l giao im ca hai thanh 23 v 23. Khi P=1 di ng t A->2: Xt cn bng phn Dn bn phi mt ct 2-2:

MA = 0 => Nb.4 + RB.4.4 = 0.

Da vo quan h hnh hc ta c: Tam gic AH3 l tam gic vung cn ti H. =>rc =
3.4 = 6 2 m. 2 4 2

=>Nc = -

.RB = -2 2 . RB .

Khi P=1 di ng t 3->B: Xt cn bng phn Dn bn tri mt ct 2-2:

MA = 0 => Nc.rc + RA.0 = 0. =>Nc = 0.

73

=> ah Na, Nb, Nc nh hnh v . Bc 2: Tnh ni lc cc thanh bng ng nh hng . Phn lc RA, RB. RA = 20. RB = 20.
5 1 + 50. 6 2 1 1 + 50. 6 2 1 175 = KN 2 3 5 335 = KN 6 3

+100. +100.

Ni lc cc thanh a, b, c: Na = -20. Nb = -20. Nc = -20.

5 2 2 + 50. 6 2

+100.

2 175 2 =KN 6 3

1 290 2 - 50.1 -100. = KN 3 3 3 2 3

=-

20 2 KN 3

74

V d 3: Cho kt cu nh hnh v. Hy tnh m men, lc ct ti cc mt ct i, j bng Phng php ng nh hng.

40 KN.m 20 KN 10 KN/m 100 KN.m

3m

3m

4m

2m

4m

4m

3m

3m

.a.h Mi

.a.h Qi

3 2

1.5 .a.h Mj

2/3 1

0.5 .a.h Qj 1

Gii: Bc 1: V cc ah Mi, Qi, Mj, Qj. Bc 2: Tnh Mi, Qi, Mj, Qj bng ng nh hng . Mi Phi = -20.3 = -60 KN.m MiTri =- 20.3- 40.
3 = -100 KN.m 3

MjTri= -10.(0,5.8.2) + 100.tg Phi = -130 KN.m;

75

tg Phi =-

1.5 3

MjPhi= -10.(0,5.8.2) + 100.tgTri = -30 KN.m; Qi = 100.tg00 + 20.1 = 20 KN. Qj tri = Qj Phi = 10 KN. Ch :

tgTri =

1.5 3

Nu m men tp trung t ti nh ca ng nh hng dng tam gic hoc a gic (Ti v tr c 2 gi tr l tri v phi) th ti ta phi tnh c hai gi tr m men bn tri v bn phi mt ct. Hai g tr m men M tri v MPhi s cn bng vi m men ngoi lc ti . M tri + MPhi +M = 0
M
Phi Tri

M Tri

M Phi

100 KN.m
M Tri =130 M =30 KN.m Phi

76

2. V tr bt li nht ca ti trng. a. nh ngha: V tr bt li nht ca ti trng l v tr m ti trng t ti s gy ra gi tr ni lc ln nht ca i lng cn nghin cu . b. ng nh hng c dng a gic:
P1
x

P2
x

P3 c
3 x

P4
x

d y4

y2 a y1 y1+y1 y2+y2

y3

e y3+y3 y4+y4

ah S

Trng hp 1: Khi gi nguyn v tr tc dng ca ti trng: Ni lc tng ng l: S1= P1.y1 + P2.y2 + P3.y3 + P4.y4 Trng hp 2: Dch on ti trng sang bn phi mt on x: Ni lc tng ng l: S2= P1.(y1 + y1) + P2.(y2 + y2) + P3.(y3 + y3) + P4.(y4 + y4); Xt S = S2-S1 = P1. y1+ P2. y2+ P3. y3+ P4. y4 Nu trng hp 1: S1 l ni lc lc ln nht th : S <0; Xt quan h gia x v yi Ta c: yi= x.tgi => S = x.(P1.tg1+ P2.tg2+ P3.tg3+ P4.tg4) <0; V x>0 nn (P1.tg1+ P2.tg2+ P3.tg3+ P4.tg4) <0;

77

Vy S<0 th bt buc phi c t nht mt ti trng P no trong on ti trng phi t nh AH. Vy

x :S<0 => Pi.tgi < 0;

(1)

(on ti trng dch chuyn sang phi);

Tng t:
x :S<0 => Pi.tgi > 0;

(2)

(on ti trng dch chuyn sang tri);

Cng thc 1 v 2 l iu kin xc nh v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng trn ng nh hng hnh a giac. Kinh nghim tnh ton cho thy: Khi ti trng c tr s ln nht trong on ti trng t ln nh ng nh hng c tung ln nht th s c v tr bt li nht ca ti trng. Vy tm c v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng trn ng nh hng ta thc hin theo trnh t sau: t on ti trng ln ng nh hng sach ti trng ln nht trong on v tr c nh cao nht ca ng nh hng . Cho on ti trng x dch sang tri v sang phi mt on Dx. Sau kim tra li hai iu kin tng ng trong cng thc1 v 2. Nu tho mn th v tr l v tr bt li nht ca ti trng . c. ng nh hng c dng tam gic. Xt on ti trng gm cc ti trng tp trung P1, P2, ...., Pn. t trn ng nh hng tam gic trong c ti trng P5= Pk tc dng trn nh ng nh hng.

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 .....

Pn

Ptri c
a

Pphi

78

ah S

Gi Ptri v Pphi ln lt l hp lc ca cc lc bn tri v bn phi nh ng nh hng . Nu v tr ta ang xt l v tr bt li nht ca ti trng th phi tho mn iu kin:
x : Ptri.tg + ( Pphi+Pk).tg < 0 (3) (on ti trng dch chuyn sang

phi);
x : Ptri.tg + ( Pphi+Pk).tg < 0 (4) (on ti trng dch chuyn sang

tri); Trong : tg = ; tg = ;
x : x : PTrai + Pk PPhai (5) > a b PTrai PPhai + Pk (6) < a b c a c b

Cng thc 5 v 6 dng xc nh v tr bt li nht ca ti trng trn ng nh hng. Ch : Nu ti trng phn b u th ta s c iu kin duy nht
PTrai PPhai > (6) a b

79

3.7. Ti trng ri u thay th tng ng.

1. nh ngha: Ti trng ri u thay th tng ng l loi ti trng ri u quy i t ti trng thc t c t ti v tr bt li nht ca ti trng trn ng nh hng. Vy ni lc tnh theo ti trng tng ng s l: Smax = qt. Trong : (1)

: L din tch ng nh hng tng ng vi chiu di t ti.

qt: ti trng tng xp trn ng nh hng. Mt khc: S=Pi.yi+qi. i (2) Trong :

i: L din tch ng nh hng tng ng vi chiu di t ti qi.

qi: Ti trngri u trn 1 phn ng nh hng. Pi.yi: Ti trng tp trung v tung ng nh hng tng ng. T 1 v 2 : => qt=

P . y + q .
i i i

- Trong Xy dng Cu ng, ta thng gp on ti trng l on t, on tu ho hay on ngi. - Trong Quy Trnh 79 ca B GTVT th tt c cc ti trng t v xe ho u c quy v ti trng ri u tng ng v c lp thnh bng tra sn dng tnh ton thit k cng trnh cu ng. Cn ti trng ngi lun c ly l: 300 Kg/m2. - Trong Quy Trnh 2001 ca B GTVT th ti trng t c xp trc tip trn ng nh hng. 2. on ti trng t:
80

 Ti trng tiu chun t c chia lm cc cp sau: H6, H8, H10, H13, H30. Cch b tr cc on xe t: on xe tiu chun: H6, H8, H10, H13.

Hng xe chy 0.3P 0.7P

Hng xe chy 0.2P

on ti trng xe ho: Chia lm 4 cp: Cp 1: Z10. ( Z=10T); Cp 2:Z18 ( Z=18T); Cp 3: Z22( Z=22T); Cp 4: Z26 ( Z=26T); Cch b tr cc on xe xe ho:

1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

0.35P 0.95P 0.3P 0.7P

0.3P 0.7P

8m

4m

8m

4m

4m

4m

8m

4m

8m

on xe tiu chun: H30.

0.4P0.4P

0.2P

0.4P0.4P

0.2P

0.4P0.4P

10m

6m

1.6m

10m

6m

1.6m

10m

6m

1.6m

0.42Z
8

0.3Z

81

4. Tm v tr bt li nht i vi cc on t v xe ho: Vic tm v tr bt li nht ca ti trng trn ng nh hng l tng i phc tp. Trong qu trnh ti trng thit k, ngi ta thng dng ti trng ri u tng ng qt do rt thun li cho vic tm v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng. i vi ng nh hng tam gic: c c qt ta phi tra bng cn c vo : Chiu di ng nh hng (l). Tr s: = ;
a l b
a l
ah S

Vi : a: Chiu di theo phng ngang phn ng nh hng c cnh ngn hn. l: Chiu di ng nh hng. i vi ng nh hng a gic: tnh c ni lc ta dng 1 trong hai cch: Cch 1: Xp ti trc tip ln ng nh hng .

ah S

ah S

Cch 2: Coi ng nh hng a gic xp x l ng nh hng tam gic c ng cao l nh cao nht ca ng nh hng a gic. => qt. => Xc nh v tr bt li nht.

82

bng tI trng tng ng ca on t h-10 (T/m) (m) 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 28 V tr nh ca tam gic gia 4.75 3.80 3.17 2.38 2.16 1.94 1.76 1.59 1.40 1.35 1.30 L/4 4.78 3.80 3.30 2.67 2.23 1.99 1.86 1.73 1.57 1.44 1.34 u 4.75 4.08 3.66 2.81 2.54 2.31 2.08 1.71 1.67 1.57 1.45 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 (m) V tr nh ca tam gic gia 1.23 1.15 1.09 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 L/4 1.29 1.16 1.09 1.05 1.02 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 u 1.37 1.27 1.19 1.13 1.08 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.98 0.96 0.94

bng tI trng tng ng ca on t h-30 (T/m) (m) 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 28 V tr nh ca tam gic gia 7.20 6.53 5.87 4.80 4.03 3.47 3.16 2.89 2.45 2.13 1.93 L/4 6.80 7.55 6.58 5.20 4.29 3.80 3.40 3.08 2.57 2.22 2.13 u 9.60 8.06 6.93 5.47 4.70 4.10 3.62 3.24 2.87 2.78 2.60 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 (m) V tr nh ca tam gic gia 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.72 1.72 1.70 1.70 L/4 2.06 1.90 1.79 1.78 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.72 1.71 1.71 u 2.46 2.29 2.17 2.08 2.02 2.00 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.68 1.68

83

bng tI trng tng ng ca xe xb80 v x60 (T/m) XB80 c nh (m) gia nhp v 1/4L 18.00 16.64 16.00 15.02 14.00 13.04 12.15 10.67 9.47 8.50 7.70 7.04 u 22.00 20.50 18.67 16.97 15.50 14.22 13.12 11.33 9.95 8.67 8.00 7.28 X60 c nh bt k 12.00 12.00 11.67 11.02 10.31 9.63 9.00 7.92 7.04 6.33 5.74 5.25 (m) XB80 c nh gia nhp v 1/4L 6.48 6.00 5.58 5.22 4.91 4.62 4.15 3.76 3.05 2.56 2.21 1.94 u 6.67 6.17 5.73 5.33 5.01 4.71 4.22 3.82 3.08 2.59 2.22 1.95 X60 c nh bt k 4.83 4.48 4.17 3.90 3.67 3.46 3.10 2.81 2.28 1.92 1.65 1.45

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20

22 24 26 28 30 32 36 40 50 60 70 80

84

5. V d: Tnh ni lc cc thanh Na, Nb trong dn sau bng cch dng ti trng tng ng khi c on xe H30 chy qua.

b a
6x10m

2 4/3 2 .a.h Nb 5 2/6

Gii: Bc 1: V ng nh hng Na, Nb; Bi 2: Tra bng ti trng tng ng c: qta; qtb; Tnh qta : Vi l=60 m; a=
20 =0.3333; H30. 60

Tra bng v Ni suy => qta =1.7542 ( T/m). Tnh qtb : Vi l=60 m; a=
10 =0.1667; H30. 60

Tra bng v Ni suy => qta =1.912 ( T/m). Bc 3: Tnh Na, Nb: Na = qta. a =1.7542.(0.5. .60)= 70.168 T. Nb = qtb. b =1.912.(-0.5.
5 2 .60)=-67.5994 T. 6 4 3

85

10m

.a.h Na

Chng 4. Tnh chuyn v ti mt im trn kt cu tnh nh.

4.1. Khi nim bin dng v chuyn v.

- Di tc dng ca cc nhn t : Ti trng, nhit thay i v chuyn v cng bc; kt cu s b bin dng un , ko, nn hoc trt, xon. - Bin dng ca kt cu l tng hp cc chuyn v ca tt c cc im trn kt cu. Hay ni khc i, khi kt cu b bin dng, hu ht cc im trn kt cu s b dch chuyn ti v tr mi . S dch chuyn v tr ca 1 im khi kt cu b bin dng gi l chuyn v ca im . - Chuyn v bao gm : chuyn v ng v chuyn v gc xoay. - Xt kt cu khung chu ti trng tc dng nh hnh v. Di tc dng ca ti trng, im C s dch chuyn ti v tr C.

k
P q A B C iP C' kP

CC gi l chuyn v ton phn ca im C. CC c phn tch thnh 2 thnh phn: kP v iP. kP: Chuyn v ca im C theo phng k do ti trng gy ra. iP: Chuyn v ca im C theo phng i do ti trng gy ra. Gi kPv iP Chuyn v n v ca im C theo phng k v i do ti trng gy ra.
86

kP=kP.P; iP=iP.P;
Nu trn kt cu c n ti trng tc dng th theo nguyn l cng tc dng :
n

kP=kP1+kP2+kP3+......+kPn= (kPi.Pi);
i =1

iP=iP1+iP2+iP3+......+iPn= (iPi.Pi);
i =1

Cc gi thit trong tnh ton: - Vt liu lm kt cu l n hi, ng nht v ng hng. - Kt cu lm vic trong gii hn n hi (Bin dng nh), do quan h gia ng sut v bin dng tun theo nh lut Hook. - Khi tnh chuyn v ta p dng nguyn l cng tc dng.

87

4.2. Cc khi nim v cng v nguyn l cng kh d.

C rt nhiu Phng php tnh chuyn v nhng Phng php thng dng nht l Phng php: Dng nguyn l bo ton v cng tnh chuyn v . 1. Cng thc ca ngoi lc:
A K PK EJ B

K' kk
P yA

O
ds

kk

Xt Dm gin n chu tc dng ca lc tp trung Pk ti K => im K s chuyn dch ti K. Cng do Pk gy nn trn chuyn v n v ds l vi phn cng dT: Vy cng do Pk gy ra chuyn v kk l: T= dT =
0 kk kk

P .ds =
x
0 0

kk

ds c

Trong : c: l cng n v ca kt cu: = Px.c. => => T=

2 2c

T= P.

1 2

88

c im: Do lc tng dn t gi tr 0 ti Pk nn trong biu thc tnh cng ca ngoi lc c thm s 1/2 Cng ca m men ngoi lc: T= M . Trong : : l gc quay ti mt ct c m men tc dng. b. Cng thc ca ni lc:
1 2

P1

ds

P2

M N Q

M+dM N+dN Q+dQ

ds

Di tc dng ca ngoi lc, nhit thay i hay chuyn v cng bc. (Vi kt cu siu tnh). Trong kt cu pht sinh ni lc. Trng hp tng qut, ni lc bao gm 3 thnh phn: M, Q, N. Xt kt cu Dm gin n chu tc dng ca lc nh hnh v . Xt phn t c chiu di dc theo trc thanh l ds: Coi cc ni lc trn 2 mt ct ca phn t l ngoi lc tc dng . Ta i tnh th nng bin dng do tng thnh phn gy ra. Th nng bin dng n hi do ring lc dc gy ra :
EF N N

ds ds+ds

89

Theo nh lut Hook:

ds=

N .ds ; EF

Th nng bin dng : dU =

1 1 N 2 .ds N .ds = . 2 2 EF

Th nng bin dng do M sinh ra:

d EJ M

ds
Di tc dng ca M, phn t ds ch b quay i mt gc: d Theo nh lut Hook:

d = .
Th nng bin dng un:

1 M 2 .ds ; 2 EJ

1 1 M 2 .ds dUM = M .d = . 2 2 2 EJ

Th nng bin dng n hi do ring lc ct gy ra :

d 2

ds
Bin dng trt ca phn t do ring Q gy ra: =

G = Q Q.S = . ; Jb.G GF

Th nng bin dng do lc ct gy ra:

90

dUQ = Q. .ds = . Trong :

1 2

Q 2 .ds ; 2GF

: H s ph thuc vo hnh dng tit din thanh. Th nng bin dng n hi ton phn cu phn t l tng th nng do cc lc gy ra. dU = dUM+ dUQ+ dUN
Q 2 .ds 1 N 2 .ds 1 M 2 .ds dU = . + . + . ; 2 2 EJ 2GF 2 EF

U= dU = .
l
l

Q 2 .ds 1 M 2 .ds 1 N 2 .ds + . + . 2 2 EJ 2GF 2 EF l l

Vy cng ca ni lc l: V=-U Du - l do khi a ra cng thc ta gi s ni lc l ngoi lc. Vy: V= .

l

Q 2 .ds 1 M 2 .ds 1 N 2 .ds + . + . 2 2 EJ 2GF 2 EF l l

Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng ta c quan h gia cng ca ni lc v ngoi lc. T=-V; 2. Cng gi ca ni v ngoi lc: a. Cng gi ca ngoi lc: nh nghi: Cng gi (Cng c th) l cng sinh ra bi h lc ny vi chuyn v tng ng do mt lc khc hay nguyn nhn khc sinh ra. Xt hai trng hp t lc 1 v 2 trn Dm gin n :

91

P1 1

21

2 P2 2 P2 2
21

12

1 P1 1
12

Trng hp 1: Di tc dng ca lc P1 th ti v tr 2 s c chuyn v 21; Trng hp 2: Di tc dng ca lc P2 th ti v tr 1 s c chuyn v 12; Vy theo nh ngha th: Cng gi ca ngoi lc P1 l: T1=P1. 12 Cng gi ca ngoi lc P2 l: T1=P1. 12 b. Cng gi ca ni lc : Xt hai trng thi chu lc trn cng mt kt cu:

Pi

ds "i"

ds

Pk "k"

92

Cng gi ca ni lc : dV=- ( Mi. d + Ni.d + Qi.d );

=> V= ( M i .d k +N i .ds k + Qi .d k ) ;
Mt khc:

d =

. ds
;

EJ
N k .ds ; EF

d =

d =
Vy : V=-

Q k .ds ; GF

M iM k Q .Q N .N ds + i k ds + i k ds EJ GF EF

93

4.3. Cc nh l v s tng h trong h n hi tuyn tnh.

1. nh l tng h v cng (nh l Betti): Xt hai trng hp t lc trn cng 1 h kt cu:

P1 1
11 12

2 P2
22

1 P1
11

P2 2
22

21

Trng hp 1: Cng tng cng l: T1=T11+T22+T12; Trng hp 2: Cng tng cng l: T2=T22+T11+T21; Trong : T22,T11 l cng tht; T21 l cng gi; Do h lm vic trong gii hn n hi nn: T1=T2 => nh l tng h: Cng gi do lc trng thi 1 gy ra trng thi 2 bng cng gi do ni lc trng thi 2 gy ra trng thi 1 ; 2. nh l tng h ca chuyn v n v: Xt hai trng thi chu lc trn cng mt kt cu ; T12=T21

94

P1=1

21

12

P2=1 2

T nh l tng h : => Mt khc: T12= P1.12=1.12; T21= P2.21=1.21; Vy : T12=T21;

21=21

2. nh l tng h ca phn lc n v : Xt 2 trng thi chu lc trn cng mt kt cu :

=1

"i"

rki
=1

"k"

rik
Theo nh l tng h: => Mt khc: Tik=Tki; Tik= rik.1; Tki= rki.1; Vy : r21=r21
95

4. nh l tng h gia chuyn v n v v phn lc n v: Xt 2 trng thi chu lc trn cng mt kt cu :

P2 "i"
=1 rki

"k"

rki
Theo nh l tng h: => Tik=Tki; Tik= rki.1+1.ik; Tki= 0; => Vy : rki.1+1.ik=0;

Mt khc:

ik = - rki

96

4.4. tnh chuyn v ca mt im trn kt cu.

1. Cng thc tnh chuyn v do ti trng: Xt kt cu khung chu ti trng nh hnh v.

k P P C C' kP k B k C P=1 k

q A

"P" 'Trng thi thc"

"k" 'Trng thi n v"

Ta cn xc nh chuyn v ti im C theo phng k-k: kp; xc nh ta lp trng thi gi (Trng thi n v) bng cch cho 1 lc n v P=1 tc dng ti im C theo phng k-k. Theo nh l tng h: Vkp=-Tkp; Trong : Tkp = 1. kp; M: Vkp=-
MpMk EJ MpMk EJ ds + ds + Qp Qk GF Qp Qk GF ds + ds + N p .N k EF N p .N k EF ds ds

Vy:

kp =

(*);

Cng thc * l cng thc tng qut xc nh chuyn v ti 1 im do ti trng gy ra. (Cng thc Morr); Trong cng thc * c y 3 thnh phn chuyn v do tng thnh phn ni lc M, Q, N gy ra. Trong tnh ton tu thuc loi kt cu m cc chuyn v thnh phn do M, Q, N gy ra l khc nhau. Thnh phn chuyn v no nh ta c th b qua tc l ta b qua thnh phn ni lc t nh hng ti chuyn v cn tnh.

97

Chng hn : Vi kt cu dn, ni lc trong kt cu ch c duy nht l lc dc trc vy cng thc tnh chuyn v l:

kp =
i =1

N pi .N ki EFi

ds

Trong : n l s thanh trong dn; tnh chuyn v ti mt im ta thc hin theo trnh t sau: Bc 1: Lp trng thi n v. (trng thi k); Bc 2: Vit biu thc ni lc c hai trng thi P v k; Bc 3: Thay vo cng thc tnh chuyn v. V d 1: Cho kt cu nh hnh v.

z
A ql/2

l/2

EJ

B ql/2

l
P=1

A 1/2 A 1/l

B "k1" 1/2 M=1 B "k2" 1/l

Tnh chuyn v thng ng ti im C v gc quay ti B; Gii Tnh C : p dng cng thc tnh chuyn v tuy nhin ta b qua cc thnh phn chuyn v rt nh do lc ct v lc dc gy ra.
98

C =

MpM k EJ

ds

(1);

Bc 1: Lp trng thi n v. (trng thi k); Bc 2: Vit biu thc ni lc c hai trng thi P v k; on AC: ( 0<z<0.5l); MP =
ql qz 2 qz .z = .(l z ) ; 2 2 2

Mk=0.5z; on CB: ( 0.5l<z<l);

ql qz 2 qz = .(l z ) ; MP = . z 2 2 2

Mk=0.5z-1.(z-0.5l)=0.5(l-z); Bc 3: Thay vo cng thc tnh chuyn v (1).

C = C =

1 EJ
l 2

MpMk EJ

ds

;
l

qz 1 1 2 (l z ). 2 .z.dz + EJ 0

l 2

qz 1 (l z ). .(l z ).dz 2 2

C =

ql 4 48EJ

C >0 chng t chiu chuyn v t trn xung di. Tnh B: B qua nh hng ca Q v N :

B=

MpMk EJ

ds (2);

Thc hin theo trnh t nh trn ta c:

B=

ql 3 24 EJ

99

B<0 Vy chiu quay ti mt ct B ngc chiu kim ng h.

V d 2: Cho dn chu ti trng nh hnh v ; EF=const; Tnh A ;

56.57 -40 40KN

3x4m

4m

1.414 -1

A P=1

Gii: Bc 1: Lp trng thi n v. (trng thi k); Bc 2: Tnh ni lc c hai trng thi P v k; Bc 3: Thay vo cng thc tnh chuyn v (1).

Np Nk EF

Si =

56,57.1,141.5,657 + (40).(1).4 525.13 = ; EF EF

A >0 chng t chiu chuyn v t trn xung di.

100

2. Cng thc tnh chuyn v do nhit thay i gy ra:

k t0 1 A

t0 1 t0 2 t 0 >t0 2 1 C C' kt k B

k C P=1 k "k"

Gi s kt cu khung ABC ch tc dng ca nhit thay i t10 v t20 Tnh chuyn v t im C theo phng k-k di tc dng ca nhit thay i . Lp trng thi gi k; Theo nh l tng h cng ta c: Tkt = -Vkt; Vi Vkt=- M k .d t + N k .ds t Tnh dt v dst Tkl =1.kt;

(1)

(2);

t1ds ds d
h2 h1 h

ds

t2ds
(t1t 2 ) ds ; s

dt =

dst = (t 1.h 2 +t 2 .h1 )ds ;

h

101

Thay dt v dst vo 1v 2:

kt=
Vi

(t 1t 2 ) M k ds + h (t 1.h 2 +t 2 .h1 ) N k ds ; h

ds = M k

l din tch biu m men ca kt cu trng thi k;

ds = N k l din tch biu lc dc ca kt cu trng thi k;

Tng qut:

kt=

t 1t 2 h

M k +

(t 1.h 2 +t 2 .h1 ) N k

Trng hp tit din u: h1=h2 ;

kt=

t 1t 2 h

M k +

t 1 +t 2 N k

Trong : : l H s dn n v nhit l .
M k

l din tch biu m men ca kt cu trng thi k;

N k l din tch biu lc dc ca kt cu trng thi k;

Vi kt cu dn: Nhit hai bn :t10 = t20 = t;

kt=
Trong :

.t. N

ki

.S i

N ki l lc dc trong thanh th i ca kt cu trng thi k;

Si l chiu di thanh th i;

Quy tc ly du trong cng thc: Nu bin dng ca thanh do nhit gy ra cng chiu vi bin dng ca thanh do ni lc ca thanh trng thi k sinh ra ta ly du +;
102

Ngc li ta ly du -; V d: Cho kt cu khung chu tc dng ca nhit thay i nh hnh v . Hy tnh chuyn v ngang ti C bit thanh c tit din u v c chiu cao thanh l h. H s dn n v nhit l .
1 B

40o 60o

B 4

P=1

1 B

P=1

4m

o 40

o 60

o o 60 60

MK

NK

4m

Gii: Bc 1: Lp trng thi n v. (trng thi k); Bc 2: v biu m men, lc dc trng thi k: Bc 3: Thay vo cng thc tnh chuyn v. => chuyn v ngang ti C:
C = t 1 t 2 h

M k +

t 1 +t 2 N k

Ta lp bng tnh sau:

t 1t 2 h t 1 +t 2 t 1 t 2

Thanh AB BC CD

M k

N k

20 h 20 h

50 50 60 Tng

8 8 0

4 4 4

h 160 + h 160 + h

M k

t 1 +t 2 N k
+ 200
+ 200

0 = +
320 h

240

= + 160

103

Vy :
C = +

320 2 + 160 = + 160 ( + 1) h h

C >0 => chiu ca chuyn v hng t tri sang phi.

3. Chuyn v do chuyn v cng bc gy ra: Xt kt cu khung chu tc dng ca chuyn v cng bc nh hnh v. Tnh chuyn v ti im C theo phng k-k;
k C C' k k B k C P=1 k

A R2 M3 R1

"k"

Lp trng thi gi k; Tnh cc thnh phn phn lc ti v tr lin kt vi t chu chuyn v cng bc: R1, R2, M3; Theo nh l tng h cng: Tk=Tk; Mt khc: Tk=1. k- R1.a-R2.b-M3.=0; Tk=0; =>1. k- R1.a-R2.b-M3.=0; => k = R1.a+R2.b+M3.; => k = Ri . i (1); Trong :
104

i: chuyn v cng bc trn kt cu theo phng i; Ri: Phn lc ti v tr c chuyn v cng bc do ti trng n v P=1 tc dng theo phng k-k gy ra. Quy tc ly du: Ly du + khi Ri v i ngc chiu nhau. Ly du - khi Ri v i cng chiu nhau. 4.Tnh chuyn v ti mt im do c ti trng, nhit thay i v chuyn v cng bc gy ra.

6xd

Theo nguyn l cng tc dng :

k = kP + kt + k
Trong : kP , kt , k ln lt l chuyn v do ring ti trng, nhit thay i v chuyn v cng bc gy ra. Ch : Trong thc t ta c th gp bi ton mt s thanh trong dn ch to sai chiu di Khi chuyn v ti mt im nt trn dn theo phng k l:

k =

Ni .i

Vi Ni: lc dc trong thanh dn b ch to sai di i Ly du (+) khi Ni v i cng chiu.

105

V d 1: Tnh chuyn v thng ng ti D v chuyn v gc xoay ti E ca kt cu:

b
A B
8m 4m

C
2m

D
4m

P=1 0 A4 1/2 0 A 1 1/8

8m 8m

B
4m

C
2m

D
4m

"k"

B
4m

C
2m

D
4m

M=1 E "k"

Gii: Bc 1: Lp trng thi k Tnh cc phn lc ti ngm A tng ng vi tng trng thi. Bc 2: Tnh chuyn v theo cng thc (*): Tnh D =

Ri.i

= - .a -4. = - .(a + 8 )
a + 8

1 2

1 2

1 .a + 1. = 8

Ta thy D < 0 => Vy chiu chuyn v ca D ngc vi chiu lc n v p = 1.

106

V d 2: Tnh chuyn v thng ng ti im D v chuyn v ngang ti E ca kt cu. Bit = 12.

D E P=1 D E

3m

B
2m 3m

B "kD" C 0 D E

P=1

B "kE"

C 1

Lp trng thi k Tnh

D = +2.
E = 2 + 1. + 1. = 22.

107

4.5. Phng php nhn biu ni lc Verexaghin

Khi tnh chuyn v ti mt im trn kt cu do tc dng ca ti trng gy ra, chng ta phi gi quyt vic tnh tch phn: I=

Mk.Mp ds ( xt trn mt on thanh ). EJ

Nu EJ = const v cc hm Mk ; Mp l hm lin tc, c t nht mt hm l bc nht th ta c th thay th vic ly tch phn bng phng php nhn biu .
MP dMP a b MP

MK (yk) O

a
1 . EJ

xk

MK

=> I =

Mk.Mp.ds

Mt khc: Mp.ds = d Mp ( vi phn din tch Mp ). => I =

1 . EJ

Mk .d Mp

vi Mk = yk = xk . tg Vy:
1 1 1 . xk .tga.dMp = .tg xk .dMp = .tg. xk. Mp I= EJ a EJ EJ a
b b

108

=> I = => I =

1 .yk. Mp EJ

1 Mk.Mp ds = . Mp . yc EJ EJ

Trong : yc l tung biu ng thng ng vi trng tm biu ly din tch. Ch cc trng hp c th xy ra: - Phng php nhn biu ch thc hin c khi c hai biu l cc hm lin tc. Nu mt trong hai biu l hm khng lin tc th ta phi chia thnh hai hay nhiu biu lin tc. - Nu Mp, Mk cng l hm bc nht th ta c th ly din tch ca biu no cng c sau nhn vi tung biu cn li ng vi trng tm ca biu ly din tch. - Mt trong hai biu Mp, Mk l ng cong, biu cn li l ng thng th din tch phi c ly trn biu ng cong. - Nu hai biu cng mt bn (cng chiu, cng du) th ta ly du (+), ngc li du (-). Biu phc tp ta phi chia thnh nhiu biu n gin nhn. V d cc trng hp nhn biu c bn: 1. Mp, Mk cng l dng hnh ch nht.

a
l/2

C( Trng tm)
MP

b
l

yk=b
MK

(MP).( Mk ) = (a.l ).b ( Din tch Mp.yC.Mk ) = (b.l ).a (Din tch Mk .yCMp )

109

2. Mp v Mk c mt biu l ; mt biu l ch nht.

a
l/3

MP

b
0

yC=b
l
MK

( Mp ).( Mk ) = ( a.l ).b 3. Mp, Mk cng c dng tam gic:

1 2

a
l/3

MP

yC=2b/3

MK

(MP).( Mk ) = ( a.l ). b 4. Mp, Mk : Mt biu dng hnh thang, mt biu dng hnh ch nht.

1 2

2 3

a b
MP

c
l

MK

110

(MP).( Mk ) =

( a + b) .l .c 2

5. Mp, Mk : Mt biu hnh thang, mt biu dng tam gic.

a b
MP

c
l

MK

Cch1: Chia hnh thang thnh mt hnh ch nht + 1 tam gic.

1 2 1 (MP).( Mk ) = (a b).l . .c + (b.l ). c
2 3

Cch 2: Chia hnh thang thnh hai tam gic. (MP).( Mk ) = ( .a.l ). c + ( b.l ). c 6. (MP), ( Mk ): Mt Parabol bc 2; mt tam gic.
1 2 2 3 1 2 1 3

a
C

Parabol Bc 2

MP

l/4

yC=3b/4

MK

(MP).( Mk ) = ( .a.l ). c + ( b.l ). c 7. Mp l hnh phc tp, Mk l bc nht ( hnh thang ).

1 3

2 3

1 2

1 3

111

a f
l/2 l

a
l/3

C1

C2
l/3

yb yd yc
Chia biu Mp (hnh a) thnh 3 biu , sau ln lt nhn vi (MK). Ta c: (MP).( Mk ) = ( .a.l ). yb ( b.l ). yc ( f .l ). yd
1 2 1 2 2 3

*) Din tch v to trng tm ca Parabol bc n:

a
C

Parabol Bc n

xC
l

Din tch: =

1 .a.l ; Trng tm C: xC= = l n +1 n+2

V d p dng V d 1: Cho kt cu (hnh v ). Hy tnh chuyn v ngang ti D; chuyn v gc xoay ti C.

112

10 KN/m
D 40 E
4m

40 20

A
4m

C
4m

40

MP
KN.m 0.5 0.5 M=1

P=1 2

0.5

MKD
Gii: Lp trng thi n v k V (Mp); ( M KD ) v ( M KC ) Thc hin nhn biu :
D =

MKC

1 1 1 2 1 2 2 ( Mp).( M KD ) = 2 .4.40. 3 .2 + 40.4.0 2 .40.4. 3 .2 + 3 .20.4.1 EJ EJ 160 <0 => Chiu D hng t tri sang phi. 3EJ

=> D =
c =

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 ( Mp).( M KC ) = 2 .4.40. 3 . 2 + 40.4. 2 + 2 .40.4. 3 . 2 + 3 .20.4. 2 . 2 EJ EJ 280 3EJ

=> c =

V d 2: Tnh chuyn v thng tng i theo phng thng ng gia hai im 1 v 2. EJ=hs.

113

5 KN/m

20 KN

1 1
3m 3m 4m

120 10 3.5

P=1

MP
KN.m

P=1

MK

Gii: Lp trng thi k tnh chuyn v ng tng i gia hai im ta t mt cp lc n v p=1 cng phng ngc chiu vo hai im . tnh chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai mt ct ta t mt cp mmen n v M =1 ngc chiu nhau vo bai mt ct . V cc biu MP ; M K . Nhn biu :
12 = 1 EJ (3.5 + 4) 1 2 1 1 1 2 + .60.3.(3,5 + .0,5) + .( Mp).( Mk ) = 2 .3.60. 3 .3,5 + 60.3. EJ EJ 2 2 3

2 2 1 1 2 .120.4. 3 .4 3 .10.4. 2 .4.

T c:
12 = 1816.67 EJ

114

4.6. Phng php tI trng n hi.

1. Khi nim: Xt kt cu chu tc dng ca trng nh hnh v. Di tc dng ca ti trng kt cu s b bin dng. tnh v v biu vng ca kt cu ttheo mt phng no ta c th dng phng php tnh chuyn v ti tng im sau ni li vi nhau, vi cch ny ta phi lp i lp li mt bi ton tnh chuyn v nhiu ln, mt rt nhiu thi gian. Phng php ti trng n hi chnh l phng php tnh v v biu vng nhanh v n gin.

d i-2

d i-1

di

d i+1

d i+2

d i-2

d i-1

di

d i+1

d i+2

Xt mt phn t chiu di ds ti im i chu tc dng ca ti trng Pi v lc ct ti 2 bn mt ct. Ta c:

Pi = Qi Qi +1

Trong :
Qi = 1 1 M i 1 + M i di di 1 1 Mi + M i +1 di +1 di +1

Qi +1 =
Pi =

Vy:

1 1 1 1 M i 1 + + M i +1 Mi + di di +1 di di +1

(1)

115

Nu ta so snh vi biu m men do cc ti trng tp trung tc dng trn dm tnh nh sinh ra th ta thy hnh dng ca biu vng ging nh biu m men do cc lc tp trung no (Wi gi l ti trng n hi) tc dng trn mt dm gi. Vy ta c biu thc xc nh Wi tng t nh biu thc (1).
Wi =

1 1 1 1 yi 1 + + yi +1 yi + di di +1 di di +1

(2)

Wi chnh l tng chuyn v gc xoay ti im i cu kt cu. xc nhWi ta thc hin nh sau: Lp trng thi gi bng cch cho cp ngu lc n v tc dng ti im i.
Dm tht A B A Dm Gi B

Lp cc biu thc ni lc ca kt cu trng thi thc (Do ti trng gy ra). Lp cc biu thc ni lc ca kt cu trng thi gi. Xc nh chuyn v theo cng thc:
M Mi Q Q N .N i Wi = p ds + p i ds + p ds EJ GF EF

(*);

Trong : M i Qi N i l cc hm ni lc ca kt cu trng thi gi ( trng thi do mt i ngu lc n v t ti im i). i vi kt cu dn:

Wi = N p .N i EF ds

116

i vi kt cu khung, dm: Wi =

MpMi EJ

ds

Sau khi tnh c Wi ta t chng ti i trn dm gi. Nu Wi>0 th chiu ca Wi hng t trn xung di. V biu m men do Wi gy ra trn dm gi ta c biu vng ca kt cu. V d: Cho kt cu chu tc dng ca ti trng nh hnh v. Hy tnh v v biu vng ca kt cu bng phng php ti trng n hi.
6 KN/m i-1
di

i
di+1

1+1 1
2m

30 KN 2
4m

4
4m

i-1

1+1

48

MP

24

12

12

KN.m

i-1

1+1

i-1

1+1

Mi

Gii: Chia dm lm 5 on, d= 2m. V biu MP Tnh Wi theo cng thc:

Wi = Si S ( M i 1 + 2M i ) + i +1 ( 2M i + M i +1 ) (kt qu ca (MP)x(Mi)) 6 EJ i 6 EJ i +1

V d=2m v EJ=hs nn:

Wi = 1 ( M i 1 + 4M i + M i +1 ) 3EJ

Vy:
117

W1 =

28 ; EJ

W2 =

24 ; EJ

W3 =

72 ; EJ

W4 =

32 ; EJ

t ti trng n hi ln dm gi v v biu m men ta c ng cong n hi ca kt cu.

118