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Demonstrations:
Electromagnetic Waves
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007
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ID= εo∆ΦE/∆t
where the electric flux (ΦE) is defined in the same way as the magnetic flux, the amount of
electric field going through an area.
ΦE = EA
Maxwell showed that with this definition, Ampere's Law had an additional term and
should be written.
Recall that Ampere's Law stated in mathematical terms that a current produced a
magnetic field. With this additional term, Maxwell showed that a changing electric flux
would create a magnetic field, as well. So now we have the ideas that a changing
electric flux creates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic flux creates an electric
field. Maxwell realized that this would lead to the production and self-propagation of
electromagnetic waves. Let's see how this works.
Production of EM Waves
Let's assume we have an antenna, which is just some kind of wire that is connected
to an ac source. The ac source produces oscillating + and - charges which set up
electric field (due to the separation of charge) and a magnetic field (due to the current in
the wire).
Note that the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other. This field begins to
move away from the antenna and in a little while the ac source has caused the situation to
reverse.
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007
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We have a magnetic field that is oscillating in and out of the paper and an electric
field that is oscillating up and down in the paper. Since a changing magnetic field
creates an electric field and a changing electric field creates a magnetic field, these two
oscillating fields continue to reinforce each other, and the wave propagates through
space.
Transverse Wave
They are transverse waves. That means the direction of oscillation is perpendicular
to the direction of motion. The electric and magnetic fields are sinusoidally oscillating
perpendicular to the direction of motion.
The waves are composed of electric and magnetic fields. As we have seen,
One amazing thing about Maxwell's hypothesis was that he predicted what the
speed of electromagnetic radiation should be. The book shows briefly how to calculate
this from principles that we already know. Using a similar method, Maxwell showed that
the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum would be
c =(εoµo)-1/2
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007
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c = 1/[(8.85×10-12C2/(N-m2)(4π×10-7T-m/A)]1/2
c = 3.00×108 m/s2
This is amazing. He predicted that the speed of light would be exactly what we
measure it to be. Galileo had tried to measure the speed of light using lanterns and an
assistant at a distant location. A more accurate way of measuring the speed of light is
using a rotating mirror.
The eight-sided mirror rotates, and the eye can only see the light from the box when
the mirror rotates exactly 1/8 of a revolution in the time it takes the light to bounce off
the mirror and come back. Since the time it takes to make one rotation is given by the
period, T = 1/f = 2π/ω, one eighth of a rotation takes a time of t =π/4ω,
Or v = d/t = 4dω/π
So by knowing the angular rotation (ω) and the distance (d) precisely, one can measure the
speed of light precisely.
PROBLEM: The sun is about 1.5×1011 m from the earth. How long
does it take light to get here?
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007
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v = c = λf.
So if I know the frequency, I can determine the wavelength, and vice versa.
We have seen in our study of electricity and magnetism that there is energy stored in
a magnetic field and in an electric field. They have energy densities.
ue = (1/2)εoE2
um = (1/2µo)B2
Because em waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields, they, too carry energy.
In an em wave, the total energy density is just the sum of the contributions from the electric and
magnetic waves.
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007
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u = (1/2)εoE2 + (1/2µo)B2
The energy carried in the magnetic field is the same as the energy in the electric field.
(1/2)εoE2 = (1/2µo)B2 so E = cB
We often measure the energy stored in an em wave by measuring its intensity, which
is the total power that passes through a unit area. (This heat is intense. Your body is
the area). (S is the intensity)
S = uAct/tA = uc
Demonstration: Show power transferred in short wave radio and with heating element.
When the light has gone a distance of 2 meters from the bulb,
the 100 watts has spread out into a cross sectional area given
by the 4πr2 = 4π(2m)2 = 50.3m2.
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007
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S = (c/µo)B2
B = (µoS/c)1/2 = {(4π×10-7 T⋅m/A)(2.0 W/m2)/(3.00×108 m/s)}1/2
B = 9.2×10-8 T
http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~jwhoward/Physics123/html/ch22.htm 4/19/2007