-l

r472C
SWEEP 15 MHz,TRIGGERED

Du -Trace Osclllosco1 al

"o#aFF-'fiN
PRTCE $3.00

MANUAL INSTRUCTION
FOR

B & K.PRECISION MODEL L472C 15 MHz,TRIGGERED SWEEP DUAL.TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE

trIYNASCAN
COF|POF|ATION
6460 West Corllqnd Streel

Chicogo, lllinois 60635

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Page 4

FEATURES

4 5

OPERATOR'SCONTROLS,INDICATORS AND FACILITIES OPERATINGINSTRUCTIONS Initial StartingProcedure Single ilrace WaveformObservation Calibrated VoltageMeasurement . Differential Voltage Measurement. . Calibrated Time Measurement . External HorizontalInput (X-Y Operation). . . . Z-Axis Input Dual-:Trace WaveformObservation.

8 8 l0 ll t2 l3 l4 l4 l5 l5 l5

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l8 l9 t9 20 20 20 2l SINGLE.T E APPLI RAC CATIONS Introduction

Video EquipmentServicing SignalTracing and Peak-to-Peak Voltage Readings CompositeVideo WaveformAnalysis Sync PulseAnalysis VITS (Vertical Interval Test Signal). . . .

23 23 23
23 25 25 27

TELEVISION ALIGNMENT Introduction Importance of SweepAlignment . . . SweepAdignmentMethods Tuner Alignment IF Alignment . . Chroma Alignment

30 3l 32 32 33

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

FM RECEIVER ALIGNMENT . . PHASE MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT. . . WAVETESTING AMPLIFIERS SQUARE OF

Introduction TestingProcedure Analyzing the Waveforms CIRCI.JITDESCRIPTION General Vertical Preamplifiers Mode l,ogrc Vertical Amplifier TriggerCircuit Sync Amplifier and Inverter

. . . . . 3 5

35 37 ...37 ...38 ,..38 42 42 42 42 42 42

ADJUSTMENTS CALIBRATION Housing Removal 230 VAC OPERATION GraticuleRemoval Astigmatism Adjustment CH A andCH B DC Balance Balance I12nd l/5 Attenuator HorizontalPositionAdjustment VerticalGainAdjustment INSTRUCTIONS WARRANTYSERVICE WARRANTY

44 M 4 44 4 4 4 4 47 48

INTRODUCTION
The B & K-hecision Model 1472C Triggered Sweep Dual-TraceOscilloscope a laboratory quality, professional is instrument for observing and measuring waveforms in electronic circuits. Dual vertical inputs are provided for simultaneousviewing of two waveforms. Low-frequency, low repetition-ratewaveformsarechoppedat a 2OO kHz rate to provide for simultaneous viewing. Alternate sweepof the two inputs permits simultaneous viewing of high-speed, high repetition-rate waveforms. In addition, the sum or differenceof the two input waveformscan be displayedas a singletrace. The dual-trace feature, together with the .15 MHz bandwidth, wide rangeof sweepspeeds, and high sensitivity provided, make this the ideal oscilloscope a broad range for. of applications,including troubleshooting'and repairiig electronicequipment,research and development, and hbd ratory instruction.

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FEATURES
DUAL TRACE
Two input waveforms can be viewed either singly or simultaneously, as desired.Individual vertical sensitivity and positioning controls are provided for completely independentadjustmentof the two signalamplitudes. Only the cathode ray tube uses a filament. All other stages use transistors, diodes, FET's (field e f fec t transistors) and IC's. Among the advantagesof solid state constructionare: o No stabilizationwarm-up time required. o Low power drain. o Dependabilityreliability o Ruggedness. . Ught weight. o Compactness. WIDE BANDWIDTH DC to 15 MHz bandwidth and 24 nSEC rise time assure distortionfree, high-resolution presentation at high frequencies. Sweep speed range of 0.5 pSEC/ cm to 0.5 SEC/cm provides every speednecessary viewing wavefor forms from DC to 15 MHz. A five time magnification (5X) of the horizontal sweepailows closeup examination of a portion of the waveform.In addition, the 5X magnification provides a maxim u m s w e e p s pe e d o f 0 . 1 pSEC/cm. Permits the low-capacitance, highimpedance, l0:l attenuation probes to be used for virtually all measurements,thus assuringless circuit loading. A built-in sync separatorcircuit is included specifically for viewing television signals. When using VIDEO SYNC, vertical sync pulses are automatically selected at sweeptimes of 0.5 SEC/cmto 0.1 mSEC/cm for viewing television frames. Horizontal svnc pulses are automatically selecied at sweeptimes of 50 lSEC/cm to 0.5 pSEC/cm for viewing televisionlines. The unit may be used as a vectorscope to provide a color display exactly as specifiedby color television manufacturers. A built-in calibrated I volt peakto-peak square wave permits checking and recalibration of the vertical amplifiers without additional equipment. Fully variable illumination for the scale. Vertical and horizontdl markers on the scalemake voltage and time measurementseasy io read. Intensity modulation capability included for time or frequency markers.

WIDE RANGE OF SWEEPSPEEDS

FULLY SOLIDSTATE

E)(PANDED SCALE

HIGH SENSITIVITY

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TRIGGERED SWEEP

The 1472C's stability of waveform presentations is beyond comparison with non-triggeredsweep oscilloscopes.The sweepsremain at rest until triggeredby the signal being observed, to assure that they are always synchronized. Fully adjustable trigger threshold allows the desired portion of the waveforms to be used for triggering.A singlewaveform, or both waveforms in dual-trace operation, can be synchronized to the signal displayed on Channel A or Channel B or to an external sync trigger. Thr 130 mm (approx. 5.1 inches) diameter cathode ray tube givei easy-toreadpresentationon an 8 x l0 cm rectangularviewing area.

VIDEOSYNC

VECTORSCOPE

LARGESCREEN

CALIBRATION SOURCE

CALIBRATED Accurate measurementof the VOLTAGESCALES instantaneous voltages l l difon ferent attenuatorranges both for Channel andChannel A B. CALIBRATED SWEEP SPEED
Accurate time measurementson l9 different ranges.

ILLTJMINATED SCALE

ZA)OS INPUT

SPECIFICATIONS
(CH A andCH B) VERTICALAMPLIFIERS VIDEOSync
Deflection factor 0.01 V/cm to 20 V/cm, {%, in 11 ranges each providing for fine adjustment. Vertical and horizontal sync separatorcircuit provided so that any portion of comPositevideo waveform can be sYnchronized and expandedfor viewing. LINE (hori z) and FR A ME ( ver t ) sYnc be switchedautomaticallY SWEEP TIME/CM swltch. FR A ME = 0.5 S EC/ cm t o 0.I mSEC/cm(verticalsYncPulse). to LINE = 50 trtSEC/cm 0.5 PSEC/ syncpulse). cm (horizontal

FrequencyResponse DC: DC to l5 MHz (-3 dB) AC :2 l 7 z to 1 5 MH z (-3 dB ) Risetime Overshoot Input Resistance Input Capacity Tilt Max. Input Voltage OperatingModes 24 nanoseconds. 3% or less. 1 megohm(approximate). 22 pF (t3 pF). I-essthan 5%. 300 V (DC + AC peak) or 600 V PP. Channel A only. Channel B only. A & B (dual trace); trace auto matically chopped at all sweep times of 1 mS/cm and slower; alte rnate trace automatically selectedfor all faster sweeptimes. A + B (single-tracealgebraicsum of ChannelsA and B). A - B (single-tracealgebraicdifferenceof Channels and B). A

HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER (Horizontal input thru CH B input) DeflectionFactor Input Resistance Input Capacity Input Protection X-Y Operation 10 mV/cm (nominal). I megohm(nominal). 22 pF (t3pF). 300 V (DC + AC peak) or 600 V p-p. With SWEEPTIME/CM switch in CH B position, the CH A input becomes the Y input (vertical) and the CH B input becomes the X input (horizontal). The CH B position control becomes the horizontalposition control. FrequencyResponse DC to 1 MHz (-3 dB).

CtropFrequency Channel Separation

200krtz (nlV")
Better than 60 dB.

(Common CH A andCH B) SWEEP CIRCLJITS to Sweep System

Triggeredand automatic. In automatic mode, sweep is obtained without input signal. 0.SpSEC/cm to 0.5 SEC/cm (!sVo) in 19 ranges,in l-2-5 sequence. Each overlapping range providesfor fine adjustment. At least2.5 times. Obtained by enlarging the above sweep 5 times from center. Maximum sweep speed becomes 0.1pSEC/cm. 3% or less distortion for 0.5 SEC/cm to 2 pSEC/cm ranges. 5% or lessfor I pSEC/cmand 0.5 pSEC/cm ranges. 102 mm to I l0 mm.

VOLTAGE CALIBRATION I kHz squarewave of I V p-p (!s%). INTENSITY MODULATION

Voltage lnput Resistance 20 p-p minimum 470 kO (nominal),+2OVo

Sweep Time

SweepRangeof Variable Control SweepMagnification

POWER REQUIREMENTS Input Regulatron MISCELLANEOUS Scale

Variable illumination. 120 VAC, 50/60 llz, 23 watts. (3-wire line cord, CSA-approved for oscilloscopes.) 108 to 132 V A C .

Linearity

Mechanical Features Carrying handle for tilt stand. PROBES Model No. Attenuation Input Impedances Connector Tip
PR-35 (two required). 10:l and direct. Combination 1 0 : l = l 0 m e g o h m s l, 8 p F . Direct = I megohm,120 pF. BNC Spring-loaded hook-on tip.

I*ngth of Sweep TRIGGERING Source Slope

CH A, CH B and EXT: I V p-p sensitivity. P o s i ti v e a n d negati ve, continuously variable level control; pull for AUTO. 20 Hz to 15 MHz (rnin. 0.5 cm on deflection asmeasured cathode ray tube).

Triggering Range

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8 I 11 10 12

13 14

Fig. 1.

Front panelcontrolsand indicators.

OPERATOR'SCONTROLS.INDICATORS AND FACILITIES

on 1. CathodeRay Tube (CRT). This is the screen which the waveforms viewed. are 12. SOURCE switch. Three'positionlever switch selects triggering source for the sweep. Both sweeps are by triggered the samesourcein dual traceoperation. by CH A Sweepis triggered ChannelA signal. by CH B Sweepis triggered ChannelB signal. applied EXT Sweepis triggeredby an external signal at the EXT SYNCjack 10. 13. ChannelB POSITIONcontrol. Vertical position adjusthorizontalposition ment for ChannelB trace.Becomes adjustmentwhen SWEEPTIME/CM switch 5 is in the CH B position. 14. Channel B DC BAL adjustment.Vertical DC balance for adjustment ChannelB trace. 15. ChannelB INPUT Jack. Vertical input jack of Channel B. Jack becomes external horizontal input when TIME/CM switch 5 is in the CH B position. SWEEP switch. 16 ChannelB DC-GND-AC DC Direct input of AC and DC componentof input signal.

2. Scale. The 8 x l0 cm graticule providescalibration marks for voltage (vertical) and time (horizontal) Illumination of the scaleis fully adjustmeasurements. able. rota3. POWER ILLUM control. Fully counterclockwise tion of this control (OFF position) turns off oscilloscope. Clockwise rotation turns on oscilloscope. the Further clockwiserotation of the control increases illumination level of the scale. is 4. Pilot lamp. Lights when oscilloscope turned on. 5. SWEEP TIME/CM switch. Horizontal coarse sweep time selector. Selectscalibrated sweep times of 0.5 pSEC/cm(microsecond centimeter) 0.5 SEC/cm per to in 19 stepswhen VARIABLE control 6 is set to the CAL position (fully clockwise).In the CH B position, this switch disablesthe internal sweepgeneratorand permitsthe CH B input to providehorizontal sweep. 6. Sweep speed VARIABLE control. Fine sweep time adjustment.In the extreme clockwise(CAL) position the sweeptime is calibrated. 7. CAL lV P-P jack. Providescalibrated I kHz, I volt peak-to-peaksquarewave input signal.This is usedfor calibration of the vertical amplifier attenuators and to check the frequency compensationadjustment of the probesusedwith the oscilloscope. 8. <>POSITION control. Rotation adjusts horizontal position of traces (both traces when operatedin the dual trace mode). Push-pull switch selects5X magnification when pulled out (PULL 5X MAG); normal when pushedin. 9. TRJGGERING LEVEL control. Sync level adjustment determinespoints on waveform slope where sweep starts; (-) equalsmost negative point of triggeringand (+) equals most positive point of triggering.Push-pull switch selects automatic triggering when pulled out (PULL AUTO). When automatic triggering, a sweepis generated evenwithout an input signal. 10. EXT TRIG jack. Input terminals for external trigger signal. 11. SYNC switch. Four-position lever switch with the following positions: SLOPE. The SLOPEpositions are usedfor viewing all waveformsexcept televisioncompositevideo signals. (+) Sweep is triggered on positive-goingslope of waveform. (-) Sweep is triggered on negative-goingslope of waveform. VIDEO. In the VIDEO positions, the sync pulses of a composite video signal are used to trigger the sweep; the vertical sync pulses (frame) are for automaticallyselected sweeptimes of 0.5 SEC/cm (line) are to 0.1 mSEC/cm,and horizontal syncpulses for selected sweeptimes of 50 pSEC/cm automatically to .5 pSEC/cm. (+) Sweepis triggered positive-going on sync pulse. (-) Sweepis triggeredon negative-going sync pulse.

GND Openssignalpath and groundsinput to vertical baseline, amplifier. This providesa zero-signal the position of which canbe usedasa reference when performingDC measurements. AC BlocksDC componentof input signal. 17. Channel B VOLTS/CM switch. Vertical attenuatorfor ChannelB which providesstep adjustmentof vertical sensitivity.Vertical sensitivityis calibratedin l l steps from .01 to 20 volts per cm when VARIABLE control l8 is set to CAL position. This control adjusts horizontal sensitivity when the SWEEP TIME/CM switch 5 is in the CH B position. 18. Channel B VARIABLE control. Vertical attenuator adjustmentprovidesfine control of verticalsensivitity. In the extreme clockwise(CAL) position, the vertical attenuatoris calibrated.This control becomesthe fine horizontal gain control when the SWEEPTIME/CM switch 5 is in the CH B Position. 19. MODE switch. Five'position lever switch; selectsthe basic operatingmodes of the oscilloscope. CH A CH B A& B Only the input signal to Channel A is as displayed a singletrace. Only the input signal to Channel B is as displaYed a si4gletrace. Dual trace operation; both the Channel A are and Channel B inpuj signals displayedon traces. two seParatd The waveformsfrom ChannelA and Channel B inputs are addedand the sum is displayed as a singletrace. The waveform from ChannelB is subtracted from the Channel A waveform and the difference is displayed as a single trace. If only a Channel B input is present, the displayis inverted.

A+B

A- B

20. ChannelA VOLTS/CM switch. Vertical attenuatorfor ChannelA which providescoarseadjustmentof vertical sensitivity. Vertical sensitivity is calibrated in I I steps

from .01 to 20'volts per cm when VARIABLE control 2l is set to the CAL position.

26. ASTIG adjustment. Astigmatism adjustment provides

optimum spot roundnesswhen used in conjunction with the FOCUS control 27 and INTENSITY control 28. Very little readjustment this control is required of after initial adjustment.

21. Channel A VARIABLE control. Vertical attenuator

adjustment provides fine control of vertical sensitivity. In the extreme clockwise (CAL) position, the vertical attenuatoris calibrated.

22. ChannelA Irc-GNDAC switch.

DC GND Direct input of AC and DC component of input signal. Opens signal path and ground input to vertical amplifier. This providesa zero-signal baseline, the position of which can be used as a referencewhen performing DC measurements. Blocks DC component of input signal.

27. FOCUScontrol. 28. INTENSITY control. Adjustsbrightness trace. of 29. Fuseholder. 30. AC line cord. CSA-approved oscilloscopes. for jack. Intensity modulation(Z-axis)input. 3 1 . INT MOD 32. Combination carrying handle and tilt stand. 33. Probe (see Fig. 3). The B & K-PrecisionModel PR-35
combination l0:1/Direct probe has been designed for use with this oscilloscope.However, any probe designed for use with an oscilloscopehaving a nominal input impedanceof I megohm shunted by 27 pF and capable operationup to l5 MHz, can be used. of

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AC A.

23. Channel A INPUT jack. Vertical input jack of Channel 24. Channel A DC BAL adjustment. Vertical DC balance
adjustmentfor ChannelA trace. ment for ChannelA trace.

25. Channel A POSITION control. Vertical position adjust-

34. Vector Overlay (not shown). Interchangeswith scale

for vectorscope operation.

OPERATING TNSTRUCTIONS INITIAL STARTINGPROCEDURE l. Set POWER ILLUM control3 to OFF position (fully counterclockwise). powercord 30 to a 120-volt, 2. Connect 50/60Hz outlet. 3. Set CH A POSITIONcontrol 25, CH B POSITION controll3 and< > POSITION to the centers their 8 of .ranges. 4. Pull TRIGGERINGLEVEL control 9 to the AUTO position. 5. Set CH A DC-GND-ACswitch 22 and CH B DC-GND-AC switch16 to the GND positions. 6. &t the MODE switch 19 to the CH B positionfor -trace operation or the A & B position for single dual-trace operation.
7. Turn on oscilloscopeby rotating the POWER ILLUM control 3 clockwise.It will "click" on and pilot lamp 4 will light. Turn control clockwiseto the desiredscale2 illumination. 8. Wait a few secondsfor the cathode ray tube (CRT) to warm up. A trace (two tracesif operatingin the A & B mode) should appearon the face of the CRT. 9. I f no trace appears, increase (clockwise) the INTENSITY control 28 settinguntil the traceis easily observed. 10. Adjust FOCUS control 27 andINTENSITY control 28 for the thinnest,sharpest trace. positioncontrols8,25 and 13 if necessary, I l. Readjust to centerthe traces. 12. Checkfor proper adjustmentof ASTIG control 26, and DC BAL controls 14 and 24 as describedin'the MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION portion of this manual. These adjustments require checking only periodically. 8 The oscilloscopeis now ready for making waveform measurements.

CAUTION Never allow a small spot of high brillianceto remainstationaryon the screen more than a for few seconds. screen become permanently The may burned. Reduceintensity or keep the spot in motionby causing to sweep. it

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SINGLE-TRACE WAVEFORM OBSERVATION Either Channel A or Channel B can be used for single-trace operation. The advantage using ChannelB is of that the polarity of the observed waveform can be reversed by placingthe MODE switch 19 in the A-B position if there is no input to Channel A. For convenience,Channel B is usedin the following instructions. 1. Perform the steps of the "Initial Starting Procedure" with the MODE switch 19 in the CH B position. Then connect the probe cableto the CH B INPUT jack 15. The following instructions assume the use of the B & K-PrecisionModel PR-35 combination probes. 2. For all except low-amplitude waveforms, the probes are set for 10:1 attentuation. For low-amplitude waveforms(below 0.5 volt peak-to-peak), the probe set for DIRect. See Fig. 3 for changingthe probes from l0:1 to DIRect, or vice versa. The probe has a l0 megohm input impedance with only 18pF shunt capacitance the 10: I position and 1 megohmwith in 120 pF shunt capacitance the DIRect position.The in higher input impedance(low-capacity position) should be usedwhen possible,to decrease circuit loading. 3. Set CH B DC-GNDAC switch 16 to AC for measuring only the AC component (this is the normal position foi

FEET COMBINATION AND CORDWRAP

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Rear and side panel facilities.

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most measurements and must be used if the point being measuredincludes a large DC component).Use the DC position for measuring both the AC component and the DC reference, and any time a very low frequency waveform (below 5 Hz) is to be observed. The GND position is requiredonly when a zero-signal gound referenceis required, such as for DC voltage readings. 4. Connectgound clip of probe to chassis ground of the equipmentunder test. Connectthe tip of the probe to the point in the circuit where the waveform is to be measured. WARNING a. If the equipment under test is a transformerless-Aepowereditem, use an isolation transformer to prevent dangerouselectrical strock. The peak-to-peakvoltage at the point of measurementshould not exceed 600 volts when using the DIRect position of the probe.

as a smallerportion is displayed. This is because the sweepspeedincreases but the sweeprepetition rate doesnot change. NOTE When using very fast sweepspeedat low repe.tition rates, the operator may wish to operate with the intensity control toward maximum. Under these conditions, a retrace "pip" may appear at the extremeleft of the trace.This doesnot in any way affect the oscilloscopeoperation and may be disregarded. 10. After obtainingthe desired number of waveforms, in as step 9, it is sometimesdesirableto make a final adjustment of the TRIGGERING LEVEL control 9. The (-) direction selectsthe most negativepoint on the waveform at which sweeptriggeringwill occur and the (+) direction selects the most positivepoint on the waveform at which sweep tri'ggeringwill occur. The control may be adjusted to start the sweep on any portion of the waveform. desired 11. For a close-up view of a portion of the waveform,pull outward on the < > POSITIONcontrol 8. This expands the sweep by a factor of five (5X magnification) and displaysonly the center portion of the sweep.To view a portion to the left of center,turn the < > POSITION control clockwise,and to view portions to the right of @nter, turn the control counterclockwise. Pushinward on the control to return the sweep to the normal, non-magnifiedcondition. (SeeFig. a) CALIBRATED VOLTAGE MEASUR-EMENT Peak voltages, peak-to-peakvoltages, DC voltagesand voltagesof a specific portion of a complex waveform are easily and accurately measured on the Model 1472C oscilloscope. 1. Adjust controls as previously instructed to display the waveform to be measured. 2. k sure the CH B vertical VARIABLE control 18 is set fully clockwiseto the CAL position. 3. Set CH B VOLTS/CM switch 17 for the maximum vertical deflection possible without exceeding the limits of the vertical scale. 4. Read the amount of vertical deflection (in cm) from the scale.The CH B POSITION control 13 may be readjusted to shift the referencepoint for easierscale reading if desired.When measuring DC voltage,adjust a the CH B POSITION control 13 to a convenient referencewith4he CH B DC-GND-ACswitch 15 in the GND position, then note the amount the trace is deflected when the switch is placedin the DC position. The trace deflects upward for a positive voltage input and downward for a negativevoltageinput. NOTE For an accurate display of high-frequencywaveforms abovel0MHz, it is important that (1) the probe be used in the 10: I position to reduce circuit loading; (2) the oscilloscope controls be set so that the height of the pattern doesnot exceed4 cm; and (3) the trace be centeredvertically. 5. Calculate the voltage reading as follows: Multiply the vertical deflection {in cm) by the VOLTS/CM control l7 setting (seeexamplein Fig. a). Don't forget that the voltage reading displayed on the oscilloscopeis only l/l0th the actual voltage being measuredwhen the

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5. Set CH B VOLTS/CM switch 17 and the VARIABLE control 18 to a position that gives2to 6 cm (two to six large squareson the scale)vertical deflection. The display on the screenwill probably be unsynchronized. The Semaining steps are concerned with adjusting synchronization and sweep speed, which presents a stable display strowing the desired number of waveforms. Any signal that producesat least I cm vertical deflection develops sufficient trigger signal to synchronize the sweep. 6. Set SOURCE switch 12 to the CH B position. This provides internal sync so that the ChannelB waveform being observedis alqousedto trigger the sweep.During single trace operation on Channel A, the SOURCE switch should be placed in the CH A position for internal sync. Most waveforms should be viewed using internal sync.When an external sync sourceis required, the SOURCE switch should be placed in the EXT position and a cable should be connected from the EXT TRIG jack l0 to the externalsync source. 7. Set SYNC switch I I to the VIDEO (+) or (-) positions for observingtelevision composite video waveforms or to the SLOPE(+)or SLOPE(-) positionsfor observing all other types of waveforms. Use the (+) position if the sweepis to be triggeredby a positive-going wave,or the (-) position if the sweep is to be triggered by a negative-going wave. If the type of waveform is unknown, the SLOPE(+)position may be used. 8. ReadjustTRIGGERING LEVEL control 9 to obtain a synchronized displaywithout jitter. As a startingpoint, the control may be pushedin and rotated to any point that will produce a sweep,which is usually somewhere in the center portion of its range. The trace will disappearif there is inadequate signal to trigger the sweep,such as when measuringDC or extremely low amplitude waveforms.If no sweep can be obtained, pull the control out (PULL AUTO) for automatic triggering. 9. Set SWEEP TIME/CM switch 5 and VARIABLE control 5 for the desirednumber of waveforms. These controls may be set for viewing only a portion of a waveform, but the trace becomesprogressively dimmer

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probe is set for l0: 1 ittenuation. The actualvoltageis displayedwhen the probe is set for DIRect measurement.

3 . Connect ground clips of the two probesto the chassis

of equipment under test, and connect tips of the probesto the points in the circuit wheremeasurements to are to be made. It is usually desirable connect the CH A probe to the higher potential or higher amplitude point in the circuit and the CH B probe to the lower potential or lower amplitudepoint in the circuit. 4. Set the MODE switch 19 to the CH A position and the SOURCE switch 12 to the CH A position and adjust "Singlethe controls as previously instructed in the Trace Waveform Observation" procedureto obtain a synchronized single waveform of 2 to 6 cm vertical heightwith the cH A VARIABLE control2l setto CAL.

6. Calibration accuracy of this oscilloscopemay be the I volt peak-tooccasionallycheckedby observing peak square wave signal available at the CAL lV P-P jack 7. This calibrated source should read exactly I volt peak-to-peak.If a need for recalibration is indicated, see the "MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION" sectionof the manualfor completeprocedures. DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT (SeeFig. 5) waveforms and This oscilloscope may be usedto observe voltagesbetweentwo points in a circuit, neither of measure as which is circuit ground.Suchmeasurements the inputs to a differential amplifier, the output of a phasesplitter or push-pullamplifier,the amount of signaldeveloped across a single section of voltage divider or attenuator, and many others,requirethis technique. l. Adjust controls as previously described under StartingProcedure." "Initial

5 . If only the AC component of the waveform is of

interest,usethe following procedure: ^. b. 22 Set CH A and CH B DC-GND-ACswitches and l6 both to the AC position. Set CH B VARIABLE control 18 to CAL and the CH B VOLTS/CM switch 17 to the sameposition asthe CH A VOLTS/CM switch 20. If the Channel A and Channel B inputs are in phase, set the MODE switch 19 to the A-B position. The displayedwaveform is the peak-topeak differencebetween the two points of meas-

c.

2. Connect a probe cable to both the CH A and CH B INPUT jacks 23 and 15.

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P O S I T I O NC O N T R O L A D J U S T E D S O T H A T TOP OF WAVEFORM CROSSES ENTEROF C VERTICALSCALEMARKER FOR ACCURACY A N D E A S EO F R E A D I N G

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EXAMPLE: 4.2cm .O2 .o84V P R O B EA T T E N U A T I O N = 1 O PEAK-TO-PEAK AVEFORM = O4V W V E R T I C A L D E F L E C T I O N= VOLTAGE/CM = 10:1 P R O B EA T T E N U A T I O N

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Fig. 4. Typical voltagemeasurement. ll

urement. If the waveform is small, the vertical sensitivity may be increasedbut the CH A and CH B VOLTS/CM switchesmust both be in the same position. d. If the Channel A and ChannelB inputs are 180" out of phase, such as the output of a push-pull amplifier, set the MODE switch 19 to the A-B position to measurethe full peak-to-peak waveform. Set the MODE switch to the A+B position to measure any imbalance betweenthe two points of measurement. Readjust the VOLTS/CM switches17 and 20 as requiredto obtain aslargea waveform as possiblewithout exceedingthe limits of the vertical scale,but alwayskeep the CH A and CH B switchesset to the samesensitivity. Position the waveform as desired with the positioning controls and calculatethe peak-to-peak voltage as described in the "Calibrated Voltage procedure. Measurement"

6. If a DC voltage,or the DC component of the waveform is of interest,usethe following procedure: a. b. Set CH A DC-GNDAC switch 22 to the DC position. Position the CH A VOLTS/CM switch 20 to keep the trace within the limits of the vertical scale. Use the CH A POSITION control 25 to align the trace with one of the lines on the scale for reference. Position CH B VOLTS/CM switch 17 to the same position as the CH A VOLTS/CM switch. Set CH B DC-GNDAC switch 16 to the GND position and adjust out any error that may be introduced by the Channel B positioning control as follows: Alternatelyset the MODE switch l9 to the A+B and A-B positions,adjustingthe CH B POSITION control 13 until the trace position does not shift as the MODE switch position changes. Return CH B DC-GNDAC switch 16 to the DC position. Momentarily return the MODE switch 19 to the CH A position and note the trace position for reference.You may readjustit with the ChannelA vertical positioning control, but not the ChannelB control. Place the MODE switch in the A-B position. The amount of displacement the trace of from the Channel A reference represents the voltage differential between the two points of measurement.

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CALIBRATED TIME MEASUREMENT (SeeFig. 6) Pulse width, waveform periods, circuit delays and all other waveform time durations are easily and accurately measured on this oscilloscope.Calibrated time measurements from .5 second down to 0.1 microsecond are possible. At low sweepspeeds, the entire waveform is not visible at one time. However, the bright spot can be seen moving from left to right acrossthe screen,which makes the beginning and ending points of the measurementeasy to spot. 1. Adjust controls as previously described for a stable display of the desiredwaveform.

b.

PUSH.PULL AMPLlFIER

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2. Be sure the sweeptime VARIABLE control 6 is fully clockwiseto the CAL position. 3. Set the SWEEP TIME/CM control 5 for the largest possible display of the waveform segment to be measured, usuallyone cycle. 4. If necessary, readjustthe TRIGGERING LEVEL control 9 for the most stabledisplay. 5. Read the amount of horizontal deflection (in cm) be tween the points of measurement. The < > POSITION control 8 may be readjusted align one of to points with a verticalscalemarker for the measurement easier reading. Calculate the time duration as follows: Multiply the horizontal deflection (in cm) by the SWEEP TIME/CM switch 5 setting (see example in Fig. 5). Remember, when the 5X magnification is used, the result must be dividedby 5 to obtain the actualtime duration.

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EXAMPLE: VERTICAL DEFLECTION = 6cm VOLTAGE/cm = .O2

1.2V P R O B EA T T E N U A T I O N 0 1 P E A K - T O - P E A K A V E F O R M12V W

Fig. 5.

Typical differentialmeasurement.

7 . Time meastirements often requireexternalsync.This is

especiallytrue when measuringdelays. The sweep is started by a sync signal from one circuit and the

t2

H O RI Z O N T AL D E F L E C T IO N

6.35

cm

a>
P O S I T I O N C O N T R O L A D J U S T E DS O T H A T L E A D I N G E D G EO F W A V E F O R M A L I G N SW I T H A V E R T I C A L R E F E R E N C E I N E .E D G E L M A Y N O T B E V I S I B L EO N V E R Y F A S T P U L S E S ;I N T H I S C A S E A L I G N W H E R E V E RW A V E F O R M BEGINS.

@'

o
@

VARIABLE setto CAL SWEEP IME/CM T set to 1Opr sec , S L O P Es e t t o Q ( t o s t a r t s w e e po n n e g a t i v e - g o i ne d g e ) g

o
@

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P O S I T I O NC O N T R O L A D J U S T E D S O T H A T T R A I L I N G E D G EO F W A V E F O R M C R O S S E S O R I Z O N T A LS C A L E M A R K E R H F O R A C C U R A C YA N D E A S E O F R E A D I N G

CHB

EXAMPLE: H O R I Z O N T A L D E F L E C T I O N= 6 . 3 5 c m SWEEP IME/CM = IOpSEC T T I M E D U R A T I O N = 63.5pSEC ( o r P E R I O D )O F W A V E F O R M

FREOUENCY= 1 = 1 TrME .0000635 EC S = 15,75O Hz

S D I S P L A Y S H O WT Y P I C A L T E L E V I S I O N W R E C E I V E R A V E F O R MA T G R I D O F H O R I Z O N T A L O U T P U TT U B E

Fig.6.

Typicaltime measurement. phase measurement,or an external sweep voltage. This thus input must be l0 mV per cm of deflectionor greater; any voltage of 100 mV or greater is sufficient for satisfactoryoperation.To use an externalhorizontal input, usethe following procedure: 1. Set the SWEEPTIME/CM switch 5 fully clockwiseto the CH B position. 2. Use the ChannelA probe for the verticalinput and the ChannelB probe for the horizontal input. 3. Adjust the amount of horizontal deflection with the CH B VOLTS/CM and VARIABLE controls 17 and 18. 4. The CH B (vertical) POSITION control now serves as the horizontal position control, and the <> POSITION control is disabled. NOTE Do NOT usethe PULL 5X MAG control during X-Y operation. Use the CH B VARIABLE and VOLTS/CM controlsto adjusthorizontalgain. 5. All sync controls are disconnected and have no effect.

waveformmeasured a subsequent in circuit. This allows measurementof the display between the sync pulse and the subsequent waveform. To perform such measurementsusing external sync, use the following steps: a. b. Set the SOURCEswitch 12 to the EXT position. Connect a cable from the EXT TRIG jack l0 to the source of sync signal. Use a short shielded cable. Set the SYNC switch I I to the SLOPE (+) or (-) position for the properpolarity for the sync signal. Readjust the TRIGGERING LEVEL control 9 if for necessary a stablewaveform. If measuringa delay, measurethe time from the start of the sweepto the start of the waveform.

c. d. e.

8. Another excellentmethod for measuring time delaysis with dual-trace operation.The procedures given in are "DUALTRACE the APPLICATIONS" section of the manual. EXTERNAL HORTZONTAL rNpUT (X-y OPERATTON)

For some measurements, externalhorizontal deflecan tion signal is required. This is also referred to as an X-Y measurement,where the Y input provides vertical deflection and the X rnput provides horizontaldeflection.The horizontal input may be a sinusoidalwave, such as for

l3

6. Set both the CH A and CH B DC-GNDAC switches22 and l6 to the AC position. This is the position usedfor most measurementsand must be used if the points being measured include a large DC component.
f

e.

\t

a
a

7. Connect the ground clips of the probes to the chassis gr_ound the equipment under test. Connect the tips of of the probes to points in the circuit where the waveformsare to be measured.It is preferred that the signal to which the waveform will be synchronizedbe applied to the ChannelA input. a. b. WARNING If the equipment under test is a transformerless AC unit, use an isolation transformer to prevent dangerous electricalstrock. The peak-to-peak voltage at the point of measurementshould not exceed 600 volts, if the probe is usedin the DIR position.

Fig. 7.

Oscilloscope trace with Z-axisinput.

ZA)flS INPUT The trace displayed on the screen may be intensity modulated (Z-axis input) where frequency or time-scall ma+s are requirgq. A 2Gvolt peak-to-peak gteatersignal or applied at-the INT MOD (intensity modulation) jack 3l on the rear of the oscilloscope will provide alternate-brightness and blanking of the trace. SeeFig. 7. DUAL{RACE WAVEFORM O BSERVATION (Refer to Fig. 8 ) In observingsimultaneouswaveformson channelsA and B, it is necessary that the waveforms be related in frequency or that one of the waveformsby synchronizedto the other although the basic frequencies hay be different. An- example of this is in checking a frequency divider or mult_iplier. The reference,or "clock" frequency can be used on - Channel A, for example, and the- muliiple or submultiple of this referenie frequency will be dlsplayed on Channel B. In this Way, when the waveform display of Channel A is synchronized, the display on Channei B will also be in qync with the Channel A display. If two wavefor-ms having no phase or frequency reiationship to each other are displayed simultaneously,it will be difficult if ngl impossible to lock both waveformsin sync for any useful observation. To display two waveforms simultaneouslyfor observation, use the following procedure: l. Perform the steps of the "Initial Startingprocedure." 2. Connect oscilloscopeprobe cablesto both the CH A and CH B IMUT jacks 23 and 15. 3. If the recommended B & K-Precision Model PR-35 probes are used, l0:l attenuationshould oscilloscope be used except for waveformsof 0.5 volt peak-to-peak or less.For the lower amplitude waveformi the Dlilect position should be used. See Fig. 3 for changing the probe from l0:1 to DIR or vice versa. Whenever possible, use the high impedance,low capacity l0: I position to minimize circuit loading. 4. Set MODE switch 19 to the A & B position.Two traces strouldappearon the screen. 5. Adjust CH A and CH B POSITIONcontrols25 and 13 to place the Channel A trace above the Channel B trace, and adjust both tracesto a convenient reference mark on the scale. l4

8. Set the VOLTS/CM controls 17 and 20 for Channels A and B to a position that gives 2 to 3 cm vertical deflection. The displayson the screenwill probably be unsynchronized.The remaining steps,although similar to those outlined for single-traceoperation, describe the procedure for obtaining stable, synchronized displays. 9. Set the SOURCE switch 12to the CH A position. This provides internal sync so that the ChannelA waveform being observed is also used to trigger the sweep. If desired, the Channel B waveform may be used to trigger the sweepby setting the SOURCEswitch to the CH B position. Often in dual-trace operation, a sync source other than the measurement point for Channel A or B is required. In this caseset the SOURCEswitch to the EXT (external) position and connect a cable from the EXT TRIG jack l0 to the sync source. 10. Set the SYNC switch 11 to the VIDEO (+) or (-) positions for observing television composite video waveforms-,or to the SLOPE (+) or SLOPE (-) positions for observingall other types of waveforms. Use the (+) positions if the sweepis to be triggeredby a positive-going wave, or to the (-) position if the sweepis to be triggeredby a negative-going wave. I 1. Adjust TRIGGERING LEVEL control 9 to obtain a stable, synchronized sweep. As a starting point, the control may be pushedin and rotated to any point that will produce a sweep, which is usually somewherein tlre center portion of its range.The trace will disappear if there is inadequatesignalto trigger the sweep,iuch as when measuringextremely low amplitude signals. If no sweepcan be obtained, pull out the control (PULL AUTO) for automatic triggering. 12. Set SWEEP TIME/CM switch 5 and VARIABLE control 6 for the desirednumber of waveforms.These controls may be set for viewing only a portion of a waveform,but the tracebecomes progressively dimmer asa smallerportion is displayed. 13. After obtaining the desirednumber of waveformsas in step 12, it is sometimes desirable to make a final adjustment of the TRIGGERING LEVEL control 9. The (-) direction of rotation selects most negative the point on the sync waveform at which sweeptriggering will occur and the (+) direction selects the most positive point on the sync waveform at which sweep triggering will occur. The control may be adjusted to start the sweep on any desired portion of the sync waveform.

b"

14. The observedwaveforms of ChannelsA and B can be expanded by a factor of 5 by pulling outward on the {> POSITION control 8. This control can then be rotated clockwise or counterclockwiseto view the left and right extremes of the waveform displays as desired. Push inward on the control to return the sweepto the normal, non-magnifiedcondition. 15. Calibratedvoltagemeasurements, calibratedtime measurements and operation with Z-axis input are identical to those previously describedfor single-trace operation. Either the ChannelA or ChannelB vertical adjustment controls can be used as required in conjunction with the horizontal sweep controls to obtain the required amplitude or time interval measurements. This can be done either by using the dual display facilities such as the A & B position of the MODE switch or by reverting to single-traceoperation, using the CH A or CH B positions of the MODE switch. 16. The Channel A and Channel B waveform displays can be added algebraicallyby placing the MODE switch in the A+B position, or subtracted algebraically in the A-B position.

FREQUENCY DIVIDER WAVEFORMS Fig. 8 illustrates the waveforms involved in a basic divide-by-two circuit. Fig. A indicates the referenceor "clock" pulse train. Fig. B and Fig. C indicatethe possible outputs of the divide-by-twocircuitry. Fig. 8 alsoindicates the settings of specific oscilloscopecontrols for viewing thesewaveforms. addition to thesebasiccontrol settings, In the TRIGGERING LEVEL control, as well as the Channel A and ChannelB vertical position controlsshouldbe set as requiredto producesuitabledisplays. the drawingof Fig. In 8, the waveform levelsof 2 cm are indicated.If the exact voltage amplitudes of the Channel A and Channel B waveforms are desired, the Channel A and Channel B VARIABLE controls must be placedin the CAL position. The Channel B waveform may be either that indicatedin Fig. 88 or 8C. In Fig. 8C the divide-by-two output waveformis shown for the casewhere the output circuitry respondsto a negative-going waveform. In this case,the output waveformis shifted with respectto the leadingedge of the reference frequency pulse by a time interval corresponding the pulsewidth. to DIVIDEBY.8 CIRCUIT WAVEFORMS Fig. 9 indicates waveform relationships for a basic divide-by-eight circuit. The basic oscilloscope settingsare frequencyof identicalto thoseusedin Fig. 8. The reference Fig. 9A is supplied to the Channel A input, and the divide-by-eight output is applied to the Channel B input. Fig. B indicates the ideal time relationship between the input pulsesand the output pulse. In an applicationwhere the logic circuitry is operatingat or near its maximum designfrequency, the accumulated producea built-in rise time effectsof the consecutive stages time propagation delay which can be significantin a critical for. Fig. 9C indicates the circuit and must be compensated possible time delay which may be introduced into a frequency divider circuit. By use of the dual trace oscilloscopethe input and output waveforms can be superimposed

DUAI-TRACE INTRODUCTION

APPLICATIONS

The most obviousand yet the most usefulfeatureof the dual- trace oscilloscopeis that it has the capability for viewing simultaneously two waveformsthat are frequencyor phase-related, that have a common synchronizing or viewingof voltage,suchas in digitalcircuitry. Simultaneous "Cause and Effect" waveformsis an invaluableaid to the possibleapplicacircuit designeror the repairman.Several tions of the dual-trace oscilloscopewill be reviewed in detail to familiarizethe user further in the basic operation of this oscilloscope.

CHANNEL A WAVEFORM

fi,ii,tP3hfi
CHA A . ^ R E F E R E N C E E O U E N CP U L S E R A I N FR Y T ( 1 O OP U L S E S E RS E C O N D } O P

LEADING EDGES MAY NOT BE VISIBLE AT FAST SWEEP RATES CHB B . D I V I D E - B Y - T W O O U T P U TS Y N C H R O N I Z E D O T L E A D I N G E D G EO F R E F E R E N C E U L S E P

WAVEFORM

WAVEFORM

atr*l

A H EG H T I

B HEIGHT

WAVEFORM B

C . D I V I D E -B Y - T W OO U T P U T Y N C H R O N I Z E D S TO E T R A I L I N G D G E F R E F E R E N CP U L S E E O

WAVEFORM A

Fig. 8.

Waveforms divide-by-two in circuit.

t5

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[rloutNcy

putst llatN

( l@o R,rsts ptt StcoNo )

zontally. This may be done by pulling the PULL 5X MAG control. It also may be possible view the desired to portion of the waveformat a fastersweepspeed. DIGITAL CIRCI.JITTIME RELATIONSHIPS A dual-trace oscilloscopeis a necessityin designing, manufacturingand servicing digital equipment.A dual-trace permits easycomparisonof time relationships oscilloscope betweentwo waveforms.

Fig. 9.

Waveforrns divide-by-eightcircuit. in

to determine the exact amount of propagationdelay that occurs. PROPAGATION TIME MEASUREMENT An example of propagation delay in a divide-by-eight circuit was given in the previous paragraph.Significant propagation delay may occur in any circuit with several consecutivestages.This oscilloscopehas features which simplify measurement propagationdelay. Fig. 10 shows of presentation the resultantwaveforms when the dual-trace is presentation selecting combined into a single-trace by the A+B or A-B position of the MODE switch. In the A+B position the two inputs are algebraically addedin a single trace display.Similarly, in the A-B position the two inputs are algebraically subtracted. Either position provides a precise display of the propagation time (Tp). Using the proceduresgiven for calibratedtime measurdment, can Tp be calculated. more precise A measurement be obt'ained can if the Tp portion of the waveform is expanded hori-

In digital equipmentit is common for a largenumber of circuits to be synchronized,or to have a specific time relationship to each other. Many of the circuits are frequency dividers as previouslydescribed, but waveforms in In are often time-related many other combinations. the dynamic state, some of the waveformschange,depending upon the input or mode of operation.Fig. 1l showsa of typical digital circuit and identifies several the points at which waveform measurementsare appropriate. The Fig. 12 shows the normal waveformsto be accompanying expectedat each of thesepoints and their timing relationships.The individual waveformshave limited value unless their timing relationship to one or more of the other oscillowaveformsis known to be correct. The dual-trace scope allows this comparison to be made. In typical on fashion,waveformNo. 3 would be displayed ChannelA and waveform No. 4 thru No. 8, and No. 10, would be displayedon ChannelB, althoughother timing successively comparisonsmay be desired.WaveformsNo. I I through No. 13 would probably be displayedon Channel B in to relationship waveformNo. 8 or No. 4 on ChannelA.

CHA

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. / .---, / \

CHB

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Tp

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I

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A&B

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A-B

I I
/ /

3
Fig. 10. UsingA+B or A-B modesfor propagation time measurement.

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In the family of time-relatedwaveformsshown in Fig. 12, waveformNo. 8 or No. l0 is an excellentsync source for viewing all of the waveforms; there is but one triggering pulse per frame. For convenience,external sync using wav ef or mNo.8 o r N o . l 0 a s th e s y n c s ourcemay be With externalsync,any of the waveforms may be desirable. displayed without readjustment of the sync controls. Waveforms No. 4 thru No. 7 shouldnot be usedas the svnc

pulseat the sourcebecause they do not contain a triggering start of the frame. It would not be necessary view the to entire waveformsas shown in Fig. 12 in all cases. fact, In there are many times when a closer examination of a portion of the waveformswould be appropriate.In such cases, is recommendedthat the sync remain unchanged it while the sweep speed or 5X magnification be used to expand the waveform display.

SECURITY 8lr I

S E C U RI T Y BIT 2

COOED F UIICT IO N

0 ar A

IIIPUT (E-8trS)

ua2 M U L TI PLEXER

4 5 6 7 8
S E C U R IT Y BIT 3 ri DATA SELECT LINE-O (8) OATA ENAELE

ur3A l0
END FRAME RESET y +_-/ll

v
time-relatedwaveforms. Fig. 11. Typical digital circuit using several

I7

DISTORTION MEASUREMENT Aq qmplifier stage,or an entire amplifier unit, may be tested for distortion with this oscillostope.This typ-eof measurementis especiallyvaluable when the slope of a waveform must be faithfully reproducedby an amplifier. Fig. 13 showsthe testingof sucha circuit usinga triangular wave, such as is typically encounteredin the recovered audio output of a limiting circuit which precedesthe modulator of a transmitter.The measurement mav be made using any type of signal;merely use the type ofsignal for testing- that is normally applied to the amplifier- during normal operation. The procedure for distortion testing follows: l. Apply the type of signalnormally encountered the in amplifierunder test. 2. ConnectChannelA probe to the input of the amplifier and ChannelB probe to the output of the amplifier.It is preferable if the two signalsare not inverted in relationshipto each other, but inverted signals can be used. 3. Set CH A and CH B DC-GND-ACswitches AC. to 4. Set MODE switch to A & B. 5. Set sync SLOPE switch to CH A and adjustcontrolsas described in waveform viewing procedure,for synchronizedwaveforms. 6. Adjust the CH A and CH B POSITION controls to superimpose waveforms the directly over eachother. Z. 44iqrt llle CH A and CH B verticalsensitivitycontrols (VOLTS/CM and VARIABLE) so that the waveforms are as large as possiblewithout exceeding limits of the the scale,and so that both waveformsare exactlv the same height. 8. Now set the MODE switch to the A-B position(if one waveform is inverted in relationshipto the other, use !!9_A1B position). Adjust the fine vertical sensitivity (CH B VARIABLE) slightly for the minimum remaining waveform.Any waveform that remainsequals distortion, if the two waveformsare exactly the same amplitude and there is no distortion, the waveforms will cancel and there will be only a straight horizontal line remainingon the screen.

I
a Z

sunr

COUNTER eraalr

b
$ oara sELEcrB' $ oera sELEcrc'

7 8

DATA SELECT

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DATA CNABLE

RUN

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E N DF R A M R E S E T 1 1 MULTTPLEXER OUTPUT

L2
LltrtE ORIVER UTPUT O

l3
I I r I LI ADORESS _______.,1 | o a T A ( sa r T s ) | r l t ______! FUNCTTON | o A T A( 8 B t T s ) l I | l

D AT B T DA T AA8 I T I

D AT BI 2 DA T AA ATI T D A T B T3 DA T AABIIT 3 2 MESSAGEFRAME-+_-_____J

I I
LCNG BLANK PULSE ____=_____l I ONE COMPLET IRANSMISSION FRAME

ANY INDIVIDUAL ADDRESS OR FUNCTION DATA BIT MAY BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE DEPENDING UPON THE CODED INPUT

b
Fig. 12. Family of time-relatedwaveformsfrom typical digital circuit in Fig. I l.

l8

A-B = D]STORTION

b
ADJUST POSITION CONTROLS T O S U P E R I M P O S EW A V E F O R M S DIRECTLY OVER EACH OTHER

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rrt(lutrcr r" GrIt0 0ulPur

il0 0

-10

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AC I A&B I AC A D J U S TS O B O T H WAVEFORMS RE A SAMEAMPLITUDE

+2 0 -2

iffi:ffi:nilnnUUtjUII-UUllUII-UUUUT
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Fig. 13. Distortion measurement. GATED RJNGING CIRCI.JIT The circuit and waveforms of Fig. 14 are shown to demonstratethe type of circuit in which the dual-trace oscilloscope effectiveboth in designand troubleshooting is applications.The basic oscilloscopecontrol settings are identical to those of Fig. 8. Waveform A is the reference waveform and is applied to Channel A input. All other waveformsare sampledat ChannelB and comparedto the reference waveform of Channel A. The frequency burst signal can be examined more closely either by increasing the sweeptime per centimeterto .5 mSEC per centimeter or by pulling out on the <> POSITIONcontrol to obtain 5 times magnification. This control can then be rotated as desiredto center the desiredwaveform information on the oscilloscope screen. DELAY LINE TESTS The dual-tracefeature of the oscilloscope can also be used to determine the delay times of transmissiontype delay lines as well as ultrasonictype delay lines.The input pulse can be used to trigger or synchronizethe ChannelA display and the delay line output can be observed on ChannelB. A repetitivetype pulse will make it possible to synchronize the displays.The interval between repetitive pulsesshould be large compared to the delay time to be investigated.In addition to determining delay time, the pulse distortion inherentin the delayline can be determined by examination of the delayed pulse observbd on the ChannelB waveform display. Figure 15 demonstrates the typical oscilloscope settingsas well as the basictest circuit.

Fig. 14. Gatedringingcircuit and waveforms.

CHANNEL (INPUT P UL S E ) CHANNEL

B
(OUTPUT P UL S E )

fl@s@?
A&B AC

PULSE GEN

ULTRA SONIC DELAY LINE ( 59 Sec)

OUTPUT

5000 PPs lpSec PULSE WIDTH

Fig. 15. Delayline measurements. Typical input and output waveforms are shown on the oscilloscope display.Any pulsestretchingand ripple can be observed The resultsof modifying the input and evaluated. directly. and output terminationscan be observed

t9

A common applicationof the delayline checksis found in color televisionreceivers. Figure 16 shows the oscilloscopesettingsand typical circuit connectionsto check the "Y" delay line employedin the video amplifier section.The input waveform and the output waveform are comparedfor delay time, using the horizontal sync pulse of the compositevideo signalfor reference. The indicateddelayis approximately one microsecond. addition to determining In the delay characteristics the line, the output waveform of revealsany distortion that may be introduced from an impedance mismatch or a greatly attenuated output remlting from an open line. STEREOAMPLIFIER SERVICING Another convenientuse for dual-channel oscilloscopes is in troubleshootingstereo amplifiers. If identical channel amplifiersare usedand the output of one is weak, distorted or otherwiseabnormal, the dual trace oscilloscope be can efficiently used to localize the defective state. With an identical signalapplied to the inputs of both amplifiers,a side-by-side comparison of both units can be made by progressively sampling identical signal points in both amplifiers. When the defective or malfunctioning stagehas been located, the effects of whatevertroubleshooting and repair methodsare employedcan be observed and analyzed immediately.

IMPROVING THE RATIO OF DESIRED TO I.JNDESIRED SIGNALS In some applications, desiredsignalmay be riding on the a large undesiredsignal component such as 60 Hz. it is possibleto minimize or for practicalpurposes eliminatethe undesired component. Fig. 17 indicates the oscilloscope control settings for such an application. The waveform display of ChannelA indicatesthe desiredsignaland the dotted line indicatesthe average amplitude variation corto responding an undesired60Hz component.The Channel B display indicates a waveform of.equal amplitude and identical phaseto the average the Channel I waveform. of With the MODE switch set to A-8, and by adjustingthe CH B vertical attenuatorcontrols, the 60 Hz componentof the ChannelA signalcan be cancelled the ChannelB input by and the desiredwaveformcan be observed without the 60 Hz component. AMPLIFIER PHASE SHIFT MEASUREMENTS In the single-traceapplication section of this manual phaseshift measurements using a singletraceare described. In addition, in the square wavetestingsection,square wave distortion is explainedin terms of phaseshift of the signal componentswhich comprisethe squarewave.Thesephase shifts can be verified directly by providing a sinewaveinput signal to the amplifier and observing the phase of the output signalwith respectto the input signal.

\-

1 s . SD E L A Y

@:

cH A

(INPUT)

C H B (OUTPUT)

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T O H O R IIZ O N TT A A M P L IF I E R . O H O R Z O N A LL N O T E : N O E L E C T R I C A LC O N N E C T I O N ;P L A C E C L I P O N INSULATIONOF PLATE CAP L E A D O R I N C L O S EP R O X . IMITY OF HORIZONTAL AMPL I F I E RT U B E .

A&B
.2Vlcm* CAL

VIDEO A M P L IF I E R

S E T B O T H P R O B E SF O R 1 O : 1A T T E N U A T I O N

OELAY INE L

T O V ID E O OUTPUT A M P LF IE R I

*NOTE'-rrr|

NG O F VERTICAL A T T E N U A T O R SS H O U L D B E T H E S A M E ,B U T M A Y V A R Y W I D E L Y , D E P E N D I N G N C I R C U I TT Y P E . O

3
Fig. 16. Checking"Y" delayline in color television receivers.

20

C H A N N E LA CHANNELB

ADJUST FOR ONE COMPLETECYCLE AT 60Hz

v
lmS/cm

on 8 cm horizontally. A waveform height of 2 cm is used. The 8 cm display represents 3600 at the flisplayed frequency and each centimeter represents 45o of the waveform. The signal developedacrossthe output of the audio amplifier is applied to the Channel B INPUT jack. The vertical attenuatorcontrols of ChannelB are adjusted waveformof 2 cm as as required to produce a peak-to-peak shownin Fig. l88. The CH B POSITION control is\hen adjustedso that the Channel B waveform is displayed on the same horizontal axis as the ChannelA waveform as shownin Fig. 18B.The points on the horizontal distance between corresponding the phaseshift axis for the two waveformsthen represents betweenthe two waveforms. this case, zero crossover In the points of the two waveforms compared. is shownthat It are a differenceof I centimeterexists.This is then interpreted asa phaseshift of 45o. VIDEO EQUIPMENT SERVICING Many of the video servicing procedures can be performed using single-trace operation.Theseare outlined later in the applicationssectioncoveringsingle-trace operation. One of these procedures, viewing the VITS (vertical interval test signal), can be accomplishedmuch more effectively using a dual-traceoscilloscope. outlined in As the single-trace applications sectionand asshownin Fig. 25 and 26, the information on the Field #1 and Field #2 vertical blanking interval pulseis different.This is shownin detail in Fig. 25. Also, becausethe oscilloscope sweepis synchronizedto the vertical blanking interval waveform, the Field #l and Field #2 waveformsare superimposed onto each other as shown in Fig. 27A. With dual-trace operation, the signal information on each blanking pulse can be viewed separatelywithout overlapping. Fig. 19 indicates the oscilloscope control setting for viewing the VITS. alternate l. The video equipment from which the VITS information is to be viewed must be set to a station transmitting a color broadcast.

AUTO

SLOPE+ CHA

SIGNAL +60 Hz

60 Hz START WITH A&B CHANGETO A_B

Fig 17. Improving desired-to-undesired signal ratio. In all amplifiers, a phaseshift is alwaysassociated with a For example,at the -3 dB changein amplitude response. responsepoints, a phase shift of 45" occurs. Fig. l8 illustrates a method of determining amplifier phase shift directly. In this particularcase, measurements being the are made it approximately 5000 i{2. The input signal to the audio amplifier is used as a referenceand is applied to the CH A INPUT jack. The VARIABLE control is adjusted as required to provide a complete cycle of the input waveform displayed

a.-_ =

A
CHANNEL

A
CHANNEL

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o

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[. lo=
Lla=_

ADJUSTAS REOUIRED F O R C O M P L E T EC Y C L E lN 8cm

20pS/cm

.o^fl@+@?
CHANNELA CHANNELB

-l l+-45o
-t

\ \

a/

-a

rt

AF SIGNAL GENERATOR

AUDIO AMPLI FI ER

OUTPUT LOAD

Fig. 18. Measuring amplifier phaseshift.

2l

The control settingsof Fig. 19 are those required to obtain a 2-fieldverticaldisplayon ChannelA.

3 . With the oscilloscope and television receiver operating,

connect the ChannelA probe(set at l0: 1) to the video detectortest point. 4. Set the SYNC switch as follows: A. If the sync and blanking pulsesof the observed video signal are positive; use the VIDEO+ switch position. B. If the sync and blanking pulsesare negative, use the VIDEO- switch position.

display to either of the two fields which comprise a complete vertical frame, it cannot be predictedwhich field displaywill appearon the ChannelA or Channel B display.

\
10. Pull the {} POS control outward to obtain an additional 5X magnification. Rotate the control in a direction moving the traces to the counterclockwise left until the expandedVITS information appearsas show ni n Fi g.20. NOTE Becauseof the low repetition rate and the high sweepspeedcombination, the brightnesslevel of will be reduced. the signaldisplays B havebeen 11. Once the ChannelA and Channel displays identified as being either Field #l or Field #2 VITS to information, the probe corresponding the waveform and displaywhich is to be used for signal-tracing troubleshootingcan be used,and the remainingprobe should be left at the video detectortest point to insure that the sync signal is not interrupted. If the sync signal is interrupted, the waveform displays may reversebecause,as previously explained, there is no provision in the oscilloscope identify either of the to two verticalfieldswhich comprisea completeframe. presentation the Field #l of Fig.20 showsthe dual-trace and Field *2 VITS information. The Field #l information on is disolaved the bottom trace.

5 . Adjust the sweeptime VARIABLE control so that 2

vertical fields are displayedon the oscilloscope screen. 6 . Connectthe Channel probe(set to l0:1) to the video B detectortest point.

7 . Set the MODE switch to the A & B position.Identical

waveform displays should now be obtained on Channels and B. A

8. Place the sweeptime VARIABLE control in the CAL

position. 9 . Set the SWEEP TIME/CM control to the .lmS/CM position. This expands the display by increasingthe sweepspeed. The VITS information will appeartoward the right hand portion of the expanded waveform displays.The waveform information on each trace may appear as shown in the drawing of Fig. 26. Because thsre is no provision for synchronizingthe oscilloscope

\,
VIDEO

o
I
@

@
[:

START WITH 2mS/cm ( S e et e x t )

VIDEO+ or * ( S e et e x t ) CHA

f l @ f r @P ? @
VERTICAL SYNC PULSE VERTICAL BLANKING

VIDEO DETECTOR

VI DEO AMP

VIDEO AMP

PICTURE TUBE

TELEVISION ET S

!
Fig. 19. Set-upfor viewing fields I and 2 of VITS information.

22

presenceof normal signals.This method (signal-tracing) points in may be used to tracea signalby measuring several proceedalong the signal the signalpath. As measurements path, a point may be found where the signal disappears. When this happens, the sourceof trouble hasbeenlocated. However, the oscilloscope shows much more than the mere presence absence signal.It providesa peak-toor of peak voltagemeasurement the signal.The cause poor of of performance can often be located by making suchpeak-topeak voltage measurements. The schematic diagram or servicedata on the equipmentbeingserviced accompanying usually includes waveform pictures. These waveform pictures include the required sweeptime and the normal peak-to-peakvoltage. Compare the peak-to-peak voltage readingson the oscilloscopewith those shown on the waveform pictures. Any abnormal readings should be followed by additional readingsin the suspected circuits until the trouble is isolatedto as small an areaas possible. The proceduresfor making peak-to-peak voltagemeasurements are given earlier in the CALIBRATED VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTparagraph. COMPOSITEVIDEO WAVEFORM ANALYS$ Probably the most important waveform in video servicing the compositewaveformconsisting the video is of signal,the blanking pedestals and the sync pulses.Fig. 2l and 22 show typical oscilloscopetraces when observing with horizontal sync compositevideo signals synchronized pulsesand vertical blanking pulses. Composite video signals at can be observed variousstages the televisionreceiver of to determine whether circuits are performing normally. Knowledge of waveform makeup, the appearance a of normal waveform, and the causesof various abnormal waveforms help the technician locate and correct many problems.The technicianshouldstudy suchwaveforms a in television receiver known to be in good operating condition, noting the waveform at variouspoints in the video amplifier. To set up the oscilloscope viewing televisioncomfor positevideo waveforms, the following procedure: use 1. Tune the television to a local channel. set 2. Set the MODE switch to the CH B position. 3. Set the SWEEPTIME/CM switch to the l0 pS/cm position for observingVIDEO+ horizontal lines or to the 2 mS/cm position for observingVIDEO+ vertical frames. 4. Set the SyNC switch to the VIDEO+ position. 5. Set the SOURCEswitchto the CH B position. 6. Pull the TRIGGERING LEVEL control for automatic sync. 7. Set the CH B DC-GND-ACswitch to the AC position. 8. Connect a probe cable to the CH B INPUT jack. Connect the ground clip of the probe to the television With the probe set for l0:l attenuation, set chassis. connect the tip of the probe to the video detector output of the television set. 9. Set the CH B VOLTS/CM switch for the largest vertical deflectionpossible without goingoff-scale. 10. tf necessary, rotate the TRIGGERINGLEVEL control to a position that providesa synchronized display. 11. Adjust the sweeptime VARIABLE control for two horizontal lines or two vertical frames of composite videodisplay.

Fig. 20. Oscilloscopepresentation of fields 1 and 2 of VITS information.

SINGLE.TRACE APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION ln addition to the dual-trace applications previously outlined, there are, of course,many serviceand laboratory applications where only single-traceoperation of the with the oscilloscope required. After gainingexperience is oscilloscope, user will be able to make the judgment as the to whether a job cdn be performed more efficiently by method of operation. usingthe single-trace the dual-trace or The following are applications which single-trace in operation is adequate.In severalcases, will be found that an it alternatemethod using the dual-trace applicationhas been describedfor the same application.For all the following applicationsthe most flexible operationwill be achieved if the Channel B vertical amplifier is used with the MODE provides switch in the CH B position. This arrangement complete triggeredsweep as well asfree runningoperation of the oscilloscope, and, in addition, by placingthe MODE switch in the A-B position (with the CH A DC-GND-AC switch in the GND position), whatever waveform is obtained can be inverted in polarity if desired by the operator. VIDEO EQUIPMENT SERVICING A triggered sweep oscilloscope is advantageousin servicingand aligning television receiversand video tape recorders. This oscilloscope also includes severalfeatures easierand that were incorporatedto make video servicing more comprehensive. Thesefeatures include: o SWEEP TIME/CM control automatically selects vertical sync at sweepspeeds appropriatefor viewing frames and horizontal sync at sweep speedsappropriatefor viedlng lines. o Vector overlayfor color demodulatorchecks. r Wide bandwidth for high resolutionvideo and pulse presentation. SIGNALTRACING AND PEAK-TO.PEAK VOLTAGE READINGS

For general troubleshootingand isolationof troublesin (or almost any other electionic equiptelevisionreceivers ment for that matter), the oscilloscope an indispensable is instrument. It provides a visual display of absenceor

23

t\

1Op S/cm

-(Et ,El,-

HORIZONTAL SYNC PULSE

HORIZONTAL BLAryKING PULSE

Pcl

^ lOv A l P v l
CHB

TELEVISION ET S

Fig. 21. Set-upfor viewinghoizontal fieldsof composite video signal.

\,
V ID E O

@-

oG
o Ito
@
L(EI,:

l--

VERTICAL SYNC P UL S E

VERTICAL B L A N K IN G

Pofl@[@l
CHB

VIDEO AMP

VIDEO AMP

PICTURE TUBE

T E L E V I S I O NS E T

!
Fig.22. Set-upfor viewingverticalfields of composite video signal.

24

12. lf the sync and blanking pulsesof the displayedvideo signals positive, the SYNC switch to ihe VIDEO+ are set position; if the sync and blanking pulsesare negative, usethe VIDEO- position.

13. Pushin the TRIGGERING LEVEL control and rotate to a position that providesa wellsynchronizeddisplay. 14. Adjust the INTENSITY and FOCUS controls for the desired brightness and best focus. 15. To view a specificportion of the waveform,suchasthe color burst, pull outward on the <> POSITIONcontrol for 5X magnification.Rotate the samecontrol left or right to select the desiredportion of the waveform to be viewed. 16. Compositevideo waveformsmay be checkedat other points on the video circuits by moving the probe tip to those points and changing the VOLTS/CM conirol se-tting required to keep the display within the limits as gl tlr scale, and by readjusting ttre TRIGGERING LEVEL control to maintain stabilization. The polarity of the observed waveform may be reversed when moving from one monitoring point to another; thereto the lgt_r, may be necessary reverse polarity of the -lt SYNC. SYNC PUISE ANALYSIS The IF amplifier response a television of receiver can be evaluated to some extent by careful observationof the horizontal sync pulse waveform. The appearanceof the sync pulse- waveform is affected by ilie IF amplifier bandpass characteristics. Sometypical waveform symptoms and their relation to IF amplifier-response indicaled in are Fig...23. Sync pulse waveform disfortions produced by positive or negative limiting in IF overload conditions are slrowninFig.24.
GrcU1T oF8CT
Normal Circurt

NORMAL SYNC PULSE

SYNC PULSE COMPRESSION BY CAUSED L I MI T I N G

,,WHITE " SATURATION CAUSEDBY LIMITING

Fig.24. Sync pulsewaveforms. The VITS is transmitted during the vertical blanking interval. On the televisionset, it can be seen as a brighi white line above the top of the picture, when the vertiial linearity.or height is adjustedto view the vertical blanking interval(on TV setswith internal retraceblankingcircuits, the blanking circuit must be disabledto seethe VITS). The transmittedVITS is a precisionsequence specific of frequency,amplitude, and waveshape ihown in Fig. 25 as and 26. The televisionnetworks use the precisionsignals for adjustment and checking of network transmission equipment, but the techniciancanusethem to evaluate television set performance. The first frame of the VITS (line 17) beginswith a "flag" of white video, followed by sinewave frequencies 0.5 MHz, 1.5MHz, 2MHz,3 MHt,3.6 MHz, of

l.loRtzofYrAL PULSE OISTORTION

O/ERALL RECEIVER FRECIUENCY RESPONSE

EFFECTON PICTURE
Picture

.1
\

Normal

Loss of high frequffiy response

Loss of picture delarl

Excessrve hrgh frequency response, rcn-lrnear phase shift

I
I

Frne vertical black and white stnatrons follwtrn a. sharp change rn prcturesnao I ng

AChange in shadrng of larg prclure areas; smeared Orcture

Loss of low frequency respons

Fig. 23. Analysisof sync pulsedistortion.

vrTs (VERTTCAL TNTERVAL TEST STGNAL) Most network television signalscontain a built-in test signal (the VITS) that can be a very valuable tool in troubleshooting and servicing television sets.This VITS can localizetrouble to the antenna,tuner, IF or vidpo sections and showswhen realignment may be required.The following proceduresshow how to analyzeand interpret oscilloscopedisplaysof the VITS.

Fig. 25. VITS signal,fields I and 2.

25

I EOTTOM IPICTURE

, TOP OF i-PIC I URE : vroo

l!!

!1.

!a!
rt ra rt 2o lr at

NOTE The brightnesslevel of the signaldisplay will be reduced because,although the repetition rate is only 60 Hz (a 16,000pSEC period) the writing speed 20 pSEC/cm(.1 mSEC/cm is magnified five times). 8. The waveform should be similar to that shown in Fig. 27. For the oscilloscope display, each vertical sync pulse starts a new sweep.This causes line 17 and line 279 (multi-burst) to be superimposed, are lines l8 as and 280. The multi-burst signalsare identical, which reinforces the trace.However,lines and 280 arenot l8 identical and both signals superimposed are over each other.

w x rr t J 8 LA C X I

O U A L I Z I N GV E R T I C A L PULSES SYNC EQUALIZING P U LS ES

Fig. 26. Vertical blanking interval, showing VITS information.

(3;8- MHz) and 4.2 MHz. This sequence frequencies of is called the "multi-burst". The first lrame of Field #2 (line 279) alsocontainsan identicalmulti-'burst. This multiburst portion of the VITS is the portion that can be most valuableto the technician.The secondframe of the VITS (line; l8 and 280), which containsthe sine-squared pulse, window pulse and the staircase 3.58 MHz bursts at of progressively lighter shading,are valuableto the network, but have less value to the technician. As seen on the television screen,Field #l is interlacedwith Field #2 so that line 17 is followed by line 279 and line 18 is followed by line 280. The entire VITS appears the bottom of the at vertical blanking pulse and just before the first line of video. Each of the multi-burst frequenciesis transmitted at equal strength.By observingthe comparative strengthsof thgse frequencies after the signalis processed through the 'frequency responseof television receiver, the the set is checked. Set up the oscilloscope follows to view the VITS: as l . Connec t he C H B p ro b e(s e ta t 1 0 :l ) to th e output of the video detector or other desiredtest point in the video sectionof the television set. 2. If the television set has a vertical retrace blanking circuit,bypass this circuit duringthe measurement. 3. Set the MODE switchto cH B. 4. Set up the oscilloscope TV verticalcompositevideo for waveformanalysis previouslydescribed. as Two vertical frameswill be visible. 5. Placethe sweeptime VARIABLE control in the CAL position. 6 . Reduc es wee p me to .l m i l l i s e c o n d p e re n ti meter ti (.1 c ms/CM) with the SWEEP TIME/CM switch. This the The 91pa1dsthe displayby increasing sweepspeed. VITS information will appear to the righl on the expanded waveformdisplay. 7. Further expand the sweepwith the 5X magnification (pull outward on the <) POSITION control). Rotate the <> POSITIONcontrol in a counterclockwise direc!igl, moving the trace to the left, until the expanded VITS appears.

Fig.27. Oscilloscope presentation of informatio n, single- e opention. trac

VITS

\,

(Fig. 27) paragraphs 9. The presentation the preceding of is the limit of observationpossiblewith a single-trace oscilloscopy. With the Model 1472C oscilloscope, however, a single-field VITS presentation can be obtained by placing the MODE switch in the A & B position. This causes the ChannelB information to be as displayedon alternatesweeps, are the Field #l and Field #2 VITS. Becausethere is no provision for preselecting Field #1 or Field #2information, either the Field #l or Field #2 (Fig. 22) will appear. The multi-burst information in the VITS is the most and, valuable for troubleshootingtelevision receivers it because is present on both Field #1 and Field # and signal VITS, either can be usedfor troubleshooting tracing. Now to analyze the waveform. All frequencies the of multi-burst are transmitted at the same level, but should not be equally coupled through the receiver due to its for a responsecurve. Fig. 28 shows the desiredresponse good color television receiver, identifying eachfrequencyof the multi-burst and showing the allowable amount of that -6 dB equals attenuation each.Remember for half the reference voltage(the 2.0 MHz modulation should be used for reference). To localizetrouble, start by observing VITS at the the video detector.This will localizetrouble to a point either beforeor after the detector.If the multi-burstis normalat the detector.check the VITS on other channels. some If look okay but othersdo not, you probablyhave channels tuner or antenna-svstem troubles. Don't overlook the

\,

26

+ o
4

49O t7

/ \, )

{l 2to - MlH ,.lI luolr.o'l

Ls.o-ux
MODULAT ON ON

t, I

R c1T1J-E

PtCruRE

GRATICULE

i-MHz )ULATION

\ \

20

il

O.5-MHz --i MODULATION

- 3.6-MHz MODULATION

\ \

VECTOR OVERLAY

@ !30 I lr,J an

4.2-MHz MODUTATION

Fig.29. Installationof vector overlay. set'shue and brilliancecontrolsto 3 . Adjust the television mid-range. TIME/CM control to the CH B position. 4. Set SWEEP 5 Connect probe cablesto the CH A and CH B INPUT jacks. ChannelA is the vertical input and ChannelB is the horizontalinput. Connectboth probe tips to the driven elementof the red gun, usually the grid. If the cathode is the driven element, then connect to the cathode.(The driven elementis the element to which the output signalof the color amplifieris applied.)

z. o boo
lrJ G

-b

50

60

25

70

43

44

FREOUENCY-MHz

Fig. 28. Color TV IF amplifier response curve. chance of the antenna system causing "holes" or tilted response some channels. the VITS is abnormalat the on If video detector on all channels,the trouble is probably in the IF amplifier stages.

6 . Adjust the CH A (vertical gain) and CH B (horizontal gain) VOLTS/CM and VARIABLE controlsto obtain a iompressed 45o pattern that approximately fills the vector overlay. The oscilloscopeis now set up for vectorscope operation.

7 . For vector presentation,merely move the horizontal

probe to the driven elementof the blue gun. The color vector pattern is the same type as given by the television set manufacturer. Fig 31 shows typical displaysobtainedfor setsusing 105o systemsand 90" with either grid drive or cathodedrive. systems NOTE If the picture tube usescathodedrive,the burst will appear on the right side of the screen.Just rotate the vector overlay 180oso the BURST label is on the right side.The color bars will then align with the vector overlay. The vector display provides a very quick measurement the functionsof the demodulators of should familin a color TV set. The serviceman iaize himself with the effect on the pattern producedby the color controls.He shouldobserve that the color amplitude control will vary the size of the petals but not their position. The hue the control changes position of the petalsbut not their amplitude.Lastly, l05o setswill havea more elliptical pattern than 90o sets.The table below lists somecommon troublesand their effect on the pattern. The vector display can be used to check the rangeof the color set'shue control. It shouldbe possibleto rotate the R-Y petal about the vertical axis. At the center of the hue control the R-Y petal should be vertical. tf it is not, locate the CHROMA referenceoscillator. In most setsthis oscillatoris transformer-coupled the demodulato tors. A slight touch-up of this transformer all that is is necessary bring the R-Y petal to a vertical to position. Do not attempt to make any adjustments on the chroma bandpassamplifiers. This

As anotherexample,let us assume that we havea set on the bench with a very poor picture.Our oscilloscope shows the VITS at the video detector to be about normal except that the burst at 2.0 MHz is low comparedto the burstson either side. This suggests IF trap is detuned into the an passband, chopping out frequencies about 2 MHz below the picture carrier frequency. Switch to'another channel carryingVITS. If the samething is seen, then our reasoning is right, and the IF amplifier requiresrealignment.If the poor responseat 2 MHz is not seen on other channels, maybean FM trap at the tuner input is misadjusted, causing a bite on only one channel.Other traps at the input of the set could similarly be misadjustedor faulty. If the VITS response the detector output is normal at for all channels.the trouble will be in the video amplifier. -solder look for open peaking coils, off-value resistors, bridges foil across patterns,etc. VECTORSCOPE OPERATION Performance testingand adjustmentof the color circuits in color television receiversis simplified by using the The additional vectorscopeoperation of the oscilloscope. equipment needed is a color bar generator. The B & K-Precision color bar generators ideally suited for are this. First the horizontal and vertical gain of the oscilloscope (seeFig. 30). must be equalized l. Attach vector overlay to scope. Pull off bezel, insert overlay, re-attach bezel. (Refer to MAINTENANCE AND C,lrtgRATION section for graticuleiemoval.) 2. Connect the color bar generatorto the televisionset and tune in the color bar pattern.

ly

27

@-

ffi ffi
\
ADJUST A REOUIRED

RED COLOR BAR GENERATOR CHASSIS GREEN PICTURE TUBE

a,
Fig. 30. Equalizinghorizontal and vertical gain for Vectorscopeoperation.

amplifier is aligned by a sweep generator and c-annot in general be aligned by just a vector display. If the sethasadjusteddemodulators, vector the display_canalso be used for demodulator alignment. Follow the manufacturer'salignmentpiocedure to locate the proper coils and instead of counting_bars simply adjust for the correct angle betweenR-Y and B-Y.

NOTES

!,

28

GRID DRIVE
7 V

CATHODE DRIVE

R.Y

u@P
\ I
B-Y

@ffi-

o
-B - Y f

3 L=Jg
\*] *_"

Ir-l

VECTOR DISPLAY FOR 90" PICTURE TUBE

P^B@?@F

GRID DRIVE

CATHODE D RI V E

R.YF\

-r-

B-Y

1 050

V E C T O R I S P L A Y S O R1 0 5 ' P I C T U RT U B E F D E
RED

GREEN

'

TROUBLE Loss of color sync O v e r l o a d i n go f c o l o r a m p l i f i e r s C o l o r a m p l i f i e r su n b a l a n c e do r weak Lack of range of hue control D e m o d u l a t o ro u t o f a l i g n m e n t

EFFECT ON PATTERN P e t a l so f p a t t e r n w i l l r o t a t e Petalsare crushed or flattened Flower pattern very elliptical R-Y petal cannot be made to be vertical Angle between R-Y petaland B-Y petal not to manufacturer's specifcation (90"or 105" i G e n e r a lS p e c i f i c a t i o n ) .

EFFECT ON T.V. PICTURE Varying colors Color distortion Color distortion Hue control won't adjust f leshtones Wrong colors

Fig. 31. Vectorscope operationand patterns.

NOTES

29

TELEVISION ALIGNMENT
INTRODUCTION Alignment of tuners, the video IF strip, and chroma circuits in television receivers requires a high quality oscilloscope, such as this instrument.The additionalpieces of test equipment requiredare sweepgenerators video for sweep,IF sweepand RF sweep, markergenerators, bias DC supplies and a VTVM. The sweep generatormethod ,of alignmentdisplaysa bandpass response curyeon the screen of the oscilloscope of the type always shown in theory books and in the televisionset manufacturer'salignment instructions(typical response curvesare shown in Fig. 32). NOTE For a comprehensive analysisof televisionalignment, we recommendthe instruction manual for the B & K Model 415 Sweep/Marker Generator. This "handbook of televisionalignment" includes not only the procedures using the instrument, for but all the how and why answersabout television Even if you use other sweep alignmentin general. generators,this comprehensive manual provides valuable procedures,insights and tips that will make alignmenteasierand more professional. The many.illustrationsand easy-to-understand step-bystep approach qualify it as the "how to align" textbook. Copies are available from your distributor or the factory. B & K-Precision IMPORTANCE OF SWEEPALIGNMENT The most rapid way to determinethe overall condition of the tuner, IF and chroma portions of the television receiver is to provide a constant-amplitude signal which sweepsthrough the entire bandwidth of a given television channel at a controlled, repetitive rate. As this signalis processed through the tuned portions of the receiver, is it shapedby the gain and bandpass propertiesof the various sections. Because the signalis channeled from one series of tuned circuits to another it is important that each section has the proper characteristics. the signalis demodulated If at certain points and the envelopeobserved, the gain and bandwidth propertiesup to that point can be determined. Fig. 32 shows the sweep signal with basic response curves of the tuner, IF amplifiers and chroma bandpass circuits below it. The bandwidthsshownare approximately to scale.These outlines are similar to the curvei that woulil be obtainedif the outputs of the varioussections the TV of receiverwere demodulatedand the curve observedon an oscilloscope. Because the relativebandwidths,the tuner of response leastcritical. is Some referencefrequencies are identified to show the importance of proper alignment.Notice that the chroma frequencies on the slope of the IF response are curve.This area is the most critical because improper IF alignmentin this area will affect the amplitude and shapeof the chroma response curveand this in turn affectscolor picture quality. Notice that the chroma information is located on a constant-amplitudeportion of the transmitted television spectrum. Notice that the relativeamplitudes the chroma of information are modified by passing through the tuned circuits of the televisionreceivertuner and IF amplifiers. This is shown by reference the overallIF response to curve. Notice that the signalinformation at the uppei end of the chroma frequency range (4.08 MHz) is reduced in amplitudewith respectto the signallevel at the lower end of the chromafrequencyrange(3.08 MHz). To compensate -of for this frequency-versus-amplitude characteristic the overall IF responsecurve, a chroma takeoff coil is used between the IF output and the bandpass amplifier of the chroma portion of the receiver. The chroma takeoff coil is tuned to the upper end of the chroma frequency range, as !!ua!!y 4.08 MHz and providesa response shownin Fig. 32. This compe,nsates the amplitude-versus-frequency for characteristicof the chroma portion of the oveiall IF response curve. The result of combiningthe response the of IF curve and the responseof the chroma takeoff coil is to produce g qql_ overall responsein the chroma frequency range(3.08 MHz to 4.08 MHz). The resultantsignalis their

67 46

66 47

65 48

6 UHZWr0

I
I

I I
l

58 vHZ (75 HHZ)

It

CHROUA TAXE-OFF COIL RESPONSE

OVERALL C}RorIA RESPOTS

Fig. 32. TV response curves obtained by sweepfrequency technique. The ideal instruments for television alignment are this oscilloscope and the B & K-Precision Sweep/Marker Generator.The B & K-PrecisionSweep/Marker Generator providesall necessary sweepranges,markers and DC bias voltages,all from one instrument. The simplified operating procedureand calibratedaccuracy the instrumentresults of in precisionalignment. For complete alignment instructions of each particular televisionset, follow the manufacturer's Howinstructions. ever,the following general set-upinstructionsdemonstrates for useof the oscilloscope sweep-frequency alignment. In this manual, only the proper use of the oscilloscope in Proper use of the sweepgenerator televisionis emphasized. and other equipment required for alignment should be provided in the instruction manualsfor those instruments.

30

applied to the bandpass amplifier which has the response indicatedby the overallchromaresponse cuive. Alignment of the chroma takeoff coil is sometimes spe-cified a separatestep in manufacturer'stest proas cedures.In other procedures,adjustment of the chroma takeoff coil is performed togetherwith the adjustmentof the bandpass transformer. SWEEPALIGNMENT METHODS The best method of checkingalignmentand determining which stagesrequire alignment is to inject an RF sweep frequency signal at the tuner antenna teiminals. The AGC bias line must be clamped by application of bias or groundingthe AGC line. The outputs of the IF and chroma circuits are then observed an oscilloscope compared on and to the manufacturer's recommended response curye.

givenfor the link circuitsby somemanufacturers. Once the deficient portion of the receiver determined, is an alignmentcheck of that sectioncan be performed.The alignment procedures vary with manufacturers. Some suggestsignalcombinations at the tuner antenna terminals which can generateIF and video sweepfrequencies the in receiverso that overall alignmentcan be done by selecting the right combination of input signals. One way of doing this is to first connect an RF sweep generator for IF alignment. After this is complete, the picture carrier frequency for the channel being used is selectedand this is modulated by a video sweep signal(this is the VSM, or video sweep modulation method). This video sweep modulation is demodulatedat the video detectorof the TV receiverand appliedto the chromabandpass circuitsfor the alignmentof thesestages. Other manufacturers recommend IF sweepfrequency an injectedat the mixer grid (or base,if transistorized) IF for alignment.The IF picture carrierfrequency(45.75 MHz) is then modulatedwith a video sweepvoltage(VSM again).As before this is detected at the video detector of the TV receiverand the recoveredsweepvoltage is used for the chromacircuit alignment. Another method is to first video-sweep align the chroma circuits directly. The IF is then aligned and video sweep modulation of the IF pix frequency(45.75 MHz) is usedto check the combined effect on the chroma response IF of alignment and chroma alignment.Usually a touch-up of the chroma circuits is necessary obtain the desired final to overallchromaresponse.

\-

The techniciancan then decide which portions of the receiverrequire alignment.For example,if the IF response is satisfactorybut the chroma responseis not, then the problem is between the video detector output of the IF strip and the output of the bandpass amplifier. If the IF response and the chroma response poor then it is most are likely that the IF requires touch-up, particularly if the response poor on the slopeaffectingchromaresponse. is The RF portion of the tuner seldom createsan alignment problembecause passband so much greaterthan the is that of the IF section;however,the mixer output circuit, which is locatedon the tuner, may requireattention.This is part of the tuned matchingnetwork betweenthe tuner and the first IF stage.A separate pre-alignment procedureis

U
^tE--l

CHB

@
SWEEP/MARKER GENERATOR RF OUT SWEEP VOLTAGE

zL=Jg
.01V/cm ADJUST HORIZONTAL S IZ E

[r-l

ANTENNA TE RM INALS

CHANNEL SELECTO R

u/1e'
c,)(

c t 6 2 lro

'V.5
a ra '

T E L E V I S I O NS E T .

Fig. 33. Typical tuner alignment set-up.

31

In conjunction with If alignment, practically all manufacturers recommend pre-tuning IF traps by inj-ectingspot frequencrls into the IF (usually at a specified tuner test point). Other procedures outline a prealignment of all tuned circuits in the IF before sweepalignmentprocedures. In all cases manufacturer's the method is the bestfor his particular receiverand the manufacturer's service manualis preferred for alignment. SAMS PHOTOFACT procedures are alsoreliableand in most cases repeatthe manufacturer's procedure. If complete realignment of an apparently deficient receiver does not restore the required risponse, the technicianmust then considerthat a componentiailure has occurred and must employ standardtrbubleshooting procedures. TLJNERALIGNMENT (Refer to Fig. 33) 1. Connect the output of the sweep generator to the antenna terminals of the television set. Adiust the sweepgenerator sweepone of the TV chann6ls. to 2. Tune the TV set to the samechannel. 3. Connect the ground clip of the oscilloscope probe djrectly to- the tuner shield to minimize hum piikup. Connect the Channel A (Vertical) probe (set io DIRECT) to the tuner test point. The tuner tesi point is-normally th9 grid of the mixer tube or equivalent, wherea demodulated signalis present. 4. Set the vertical controls (CH A VOLTS/CM and VARIABLE) for maxirhum sensitivity and operatethe

sweepgeneratorat low level to avoid overloading the television receiver,which would distort the response curveand providean erroneous picture of alignmenton the oscilloscope screen. 5. The oscilloscope sweepand sweep generator must be in exact synchronization and phase with each other for proper presentation. the response of curve.This is easily accomplishedfor sinusoidal or sawtooth sweep by qgtlllg the oscilloscopefor external horizontal input (SWEEP TIME/CM to CH B.position)and connectlng the horizontal sweepvoltage from the sweepgenerator to the Channel B input terminal on the oscilloscope. 6. Select the marker generatorfrequenciesrequired to measure upper and lower response the tuner. the of 7. The tuner responsecurve is now displayed on the oscilloscope. See the manufacturer'sinstructions for the response curve specifications and the necessary adjustments realignment. for IF ALIGNMENT (Refer to Fig. 34) l. Connect the output of the sweep generatorto the signalinjection point of the mixer. Adjust the sweep generator to sweep the IF frequency band. (lf the tuner has been properly aligned, RF sweep may be appliedat the antennaterminals). 2. Synchronize the oscilloscopesweep with the sweep generator as previously described in the TTINER ALIGNMENT procedure.

SWEEP/MARKER GENERATOR

o Lvr o
0
@

CHB

Elg
o

['-l u
@

SWEEP VOLTAGE

.01V/cm

ADJUST HORIZONTAL

srzE
DIRECT

VIDEO DETECTOR

AGC BIAS

:
Fig. 34. Typical IF alignmentset-up.

32

3 . Connect the ground clip of the oscilloscope vertical

probe to the television chassis. set to 4. Connect the vertical probe of the oscilloscope the video detectoroutput. 5 . Set the vertical gain controls (CH A VOLTS/CM and VARIABLE) for suitable viewing of the response curve. 6. Keep the sweepgeneratoroutput level low to prevent overloading.Follow the manufacturer'srecommendations on disabling AGC.

4. Use a demodulator probe for the vertical input Measure the response (ChannelA) to the oscilloscope. curveat the input to the demodulators. (CH 5 . Set the vertical gain controlsof the oscilloscope A viewing VOLTS/CM and VARIABLE) for a convenient sizeon the screen. 6 . A responsecurve similar to that shown in Fig. 37 frequencies shouldbe seen.Selectthe markergenerator instructionsfor of interest.Refer to the manufacturer's bandpass specifications alignmentprocedure. and

7 . Select the marker generator frequenciesrequired to

of check the critical frequencies interest(seeFig. 35). A sweepand markergenerator of all capable displaying the markers simultaneously, such as the B & K-Precision Model 415, is a big advantage. 8 . Follow the manufacturer'sinstructions for evaluating the response curve and making the alignment.

3.58 MHZ

308 -l MHz

4. O 8M HZ

42.67 MHZ -,

9t/"

tlOo/"-

I
85% * l5olo-

I
/ VALLEY I50/oMAX T I L T I O T OM A X 4.50 MHZ 47.24 MHZ 7.25

/.. 1
CHROMA ALIGNMENT (Refer to Fig. 36)

Pt) x 45.75 MHZ '

Fig. 37. Typical chroma response curve, showing toleranceranges response of levels.

Fig. 35. Typical IF response curve,showingtolerance ranges response of levels.

NOTES

The IF alignment must be satisfactorily completed before starting this chroma alignmentprocedure.If direct injection of video sweepis used rather than the IF sweep injection specified herein, the responsecurye is altered drastically.Follow the manufacturer's procedureexplicitly for such direct injection of video sweep for chroma alignment. 1. kave the sweep/markergenerator and AGC bias connectedas for IF alignment.Set the sweepgenerator to sweep approximately the 4l to 44 MHz band of frequencies. Use the same IF injection level that was usedfor IF alignment. 2. Apply the proper DC bias to the color killer to enable the color amplifiers(bandpass Refer to the amplifiers). manufacturer's instructions for the correct.biaslevel. 3. Synchronize the oscilloscope sweep as previously described tuner alignment. for

\t

33

3
^tE--l

@61 @

CHB

3 L:-=J8
AC
SWEEP/MARKER GENERATOR RF OUT SWEEP VOLTAGE

@ ['l'

ADJUST ADJUST VERTICAL HORIZONTAL SIZE SIZE

L
MIXER VIDE.O DETECTOR VIDEO AMP DEMODULATOR PROBE

AGC BIAS SECOND COLOR AMP (BANDPASS AMP)

FI RST COLOR AMP

TELEVIS]ON ET S

COLOR KI LLER

Fig. 36. Typical chroma alignment set-up.

34

@
1

\
f

@l 0
0
\
t

CHB

o
U

[=]

SWEEP GENERATOR MARKER GENERATOR MARKER INPUT RF OUT SWEEP VOLTAGE

VERTICAL

srzE

HORlZONTAL

stzE

DI RECT

r-I
MIXER DEMODULATOR

FM

RECEIVER

Fig. 38. Typical FM receiveralignment set-up.

FM RECEIVER ALIGNMENT Refer Fig.38 to

Procedure: l. Connect a sweepgeneratorto the mixer input of the FM receiver.Set the sweepgeneratorfor a 10.7 MHz centeredsweep. 2. Connect the sweep voltage output of the sweep generatorto the Channel B input jack of the oscilloscope and set the oscilloscope controls for external horizontal sweep(SWEEPTIME/CM to CH B). 3. Connect the vertical input probe to the demodulator input of the FM receiver. 4. Adjust the oscilloscope vertical and horizontal gain controls for display similar to that shown in Fig. 38A. 5. Set the marker generatorpreciselyto 10.7 MHz. The marker "pip" should be in the center of the bandpass. 6. Align the IF amplifiers accordingto the marlufacturer's specifications. 7. Move the probe to the demodulatoroutput. The "S" curve should be displayed.arid the 10.7 MHz "pip"

should appear exactly in the center (seeFig. 388). Adjust the demodulator according to the manufacturer's instructions so the marker moves equal distances from center as the marker frequency is equal amounts from the 10.7 and decreased increased MHz centerfrequency.

PHASE MEASUREMENT
Phasemeasurements may be made with an oscilloscope. Typical applications are in circuits designedto produce a specific phase shift, and measurement of phase shift distortion in audio amplifiers or other audio networks. Distortion due to non-linearamplification is also displayed waveform. in the oscilloscope A sine wave input is applied to the audio circuit being tested. The samesine wave input is applied to the vertical input of the oscilloscope, and the output of the tested circuit is applied to the horizontal input of the oscilloscope. The amount of phase difference between the two signals can be calculatedfrom the resultingwaveform. To make phase measurements,use the following procedure(Refer to Fig. 39).

35

@AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATOR

o
@

@l
o

!
CHB

(t
AUDIO NETWORK BEING ESTED T

0
@

H I
@ @

Fig. 39. Typical phasemeasurement alignment set-up.

l . Using an audio signal generatorwith a pure sinusoidal

signal, apply a sine wave test signal at the desiredtest frequencyto the audio network beingtested.

2. Set the signal generator output for the normal

operatinglevel of the circuit being tested. If desired, the circuit'sroutput may be observedon the oscilloscope.If the test circuit is overdriven,the sine wave display on the oscilloscope is clipped and the signal levelmust be reduced.

N O A M P L I T U O EO I S T O R T I O N NO PHASE SHIFT

AMPLITUDE OISTORTION NO PHASE SHIFT

3 . Connect the ChannelB probe to the output of the test

circuit.

4. Set the SWEEP TIME/CM control to CH B. 5 . Connect the Channel A INPUT probe to the input of
the test circuit. (The input and output test connections to the vertical and horizontal oscilloscope inputs may be reversed.) Adjust the ChannelA and B gain controls for a suitable viewing size.

OUTOF PHASE

N O A M P L I T U D ED I S T O R T I O N PHASESHIFT

7 . Some typical results are shown in Fig. 40. If the two

signalsare in phase,the oscilloscopetrace is a straight diagonal line. If the vertical and horizontal gain are properly adjusted, this line is at a 45" angle. A .90" phase shift produces a circular oscilloscope pattern.
AMPLITUDEOISTORTION P H A S ES H I F T 9oO oUT oF PHASE

Fig.40. Typical phase measurement oscilloscope displays.

36

Phase shift of less (or more) than 90o produces an elliptical oscilloscope pattern. The amount of phase shift can be calculatedfrom the oscilloscope trace as shown in Fig.41.

U N K N 0 r .FN E Q U E N C Y /R T O V E R TC A L I N P U T , I S T A N O A R tR E Q U E N C Y F) T O H O RZ O N T A L N P U T I I

RAT O O F I N UNKNOW TO STANDARD

S EN O T E ( ( E E

))

1 : I

sEEN.TE /2O$t
B g- A

l : l

t \ :

6 : I N O T:E A N Y O N O F T H E E F I G U R E S E E N D I N G E S D P UPON HASE ELATIONSHIP P R

il

= PHASE NGLE A

Fig.41. Phase shift calculation. Fig.42. Lissajous waveforms used for frequency measurement.

FREQUENCYMEASUREMENT
Procedure: l. Connect the sine wave of known frequency to the CH B INPUT jack of the oscilloscope and set the SWEEP TIME/CM control to CH B. This provides external horizontal input. 2. Connect the vertical input probe(CH A IMUT) to the unknown frequency. 3. Adjust the Channel A and B size controls for a co4venient, easy-to-read of display. size 4. The resultingpattern, called a Lissajous pattern, shows the ratio betweenthe two frequencies. Fig.42. See

As stated before, a squarewave containsa largenumber of odd harmonics.By injecting a 500 Hz sinewaveinto an amplifier, we can evaluateamplifier responseat 500 Hz only, but by injecting a square waveof the samefrequency we can determine how the amplifier would respond to from 500 Hz up to the l5th or 2lst harmonic. input signals The need for squarewave evaluationbecomesapparent if we realize that some audio amplifiers will be required during normal use to passsimultaneously largenumber of a different frequencies.With a square wave, we have a the controlled signalwith which we can evaluate input and output quality of a signal of many frequencies (the harmonicsof the squarewave) which is what the amplifier sees when amplifying complex waveforms of musical instrumentsor voices. must be The squarewave output of the signalgenerator extremely flat so that it does not contribute to any amplifier when evaluating distortion that may be observed vertical input should be set to response. The oscilloscope at DC asit will introducethe leastdistortion,especially low frequencies.When checking amplifier response,the frequency of the squarewave input shouldbe variedfrom the up low end of the amplifierbandpass toward the upper end of of the bandpass; however,because the harmoniccontent of the squarewave,distortion will occur before the upper is end of the amplifierbandpass reached. check of an It should be noted that the actual response amplifier should be made using a sine wave signal.This ts especially important in limited bandwidth amplifiers(voice amplifiers).The squarewave signalprovidesa quick check of amplifier performance and will give an estimate of overall amplifier quality. The squarewave also will reveal not readily apparentwhen using a sine some deficiencies waveis usedfor wave signal.Whethera sine waveor square testingthe amplifier,it is important that the manufacturer's on specifications the amplifierbe known in order to make a betterjudgment of its performance.

SQUARE WAVE TESTING INTRODUCTION

OF AMPLIFIERS

A squarewave generatorand a low-distortion oscilloscope, such as this instrument, can be used to display varioustypes of distortion presentin electroniccircuits. A square wave of a given frequency contains a large number of odd harmonicsof that frequency. If a 500 Hz square wale in injected into a circuit, frequency componentsof 1.5 kHz, 2.5 kHz,3.5 kHz, alsoare provided.Sincevacuum tubes and transistorsare non-linear,it is difficult to amplify and reproduce a squarewave which is identical to the input junction capacitances, signal. Interelectrodecapacitances, stray capacitances well aslimited deviceand transformer as responseare a few of the factors which prevent faithful reproduction of a square wave signal. A well-designed amplifier can minimize the distortion caused by these limitations. Poorly designedor defective amplifiers can introduce distortion to the point where their performance is unsatisfactory.

37

TESTING PROCEDURE(Refer to Fig. 43) 1. Connect the output of the squarewave generatorto the input of the amplifierbeingtested. 2. Connect the CH B test probe of the oscilloscope the to output of the amplifier beingtested. 3. If the DC component of the circuit being tested is sufficiently low to allow both the AC and DC component to be viewed, use the DC position of the AC-GND-DCswitch. However,the AC position may be used without affecting the resultsexcept at very low (below 5 Hz). frequencies 4. Adjust the vertical gain controls for a convenient viewing height. 5. Adjust the sweeptime controlsfor one cycle of square wavedisplayon the screen. 6. For a close-upview of a portion of the squarewave, usethe 5X magnification. ANALYZING THE WAVEFORMS The short rise time which occursat the beginning the of half-cycleis createdby the in-phase sum of all the medium and high frequency sine wave components.The sameholds true for the rapid drop at the end of the half-cycle from

maximum amplitude to zero amplitude at the 1800 or half-cycle point. Therefore, a theoretical reduction in amplitude alone of the high frequencycomponentsshould producea rounding of the squarecornersat all four points of one square wavecycle (SeeFig. q.

,
I

I L

Fig.44. Square wave responsewith high frequency loss.

@ 0
o
SOUARE WAVE GENERATOR

ADJUST SWEEP S P E E DF O R 1 CYCLEDISPLAY

l-,
lo=

Lrfla,

CHB

A D J U S TV E R T GAIN FOR CONVENI NT E VIEWING HEIGHT

A M P L IF IE R CIRCUIT BEING TESTED

OUTPUT

v
Fig. 43. Equipmentset-upfor squarewavetestingof amplifiers.

38

Distortion can be classified into three distinct categories: l. The first is frequency distortion and refers to the change from normal amplitude of a component of a complexwaveform. other words,the introductionin [n an amplifier circuit of resonantnetworks or selective filters createdby combinationof reactive components will createpeaksor dips in an otherwiseflat frequency response curve. 2. The second is non-linear distortion and refers to a produced by application of the change in waveshape waveshape non-linearcomponentsor elementssuch to as vacuum tubes,an iron core transformer, and in an extremecase.a deliberate non-linear circuit suchas a clippernetwork. 3. The third is delay or phase distortion, which is distortion producedby a shift in phasebetweenone or more components a complexwaveform. of In actual practice,a reduction in amplitude of a square wavecomponent(sinusoidal harmonic)is usuallycaused by a frequency-selective network which includes capacity, or inductance both. The presence the C or L introducesa of difference in phase angle between components,creating phase distortion or delay distortion. Therefore,in square wave testing of practicalcircuitry, we will usuallyfind that the distorted square wave includes a combination of amplitudeand phasedistortion clues. In a typical wide band amplifier, a squarewave check accurately reveals many distortion characteristics the of circuit. The response an amplifier is indicatedin Fig. 45, of revealingpoor low-frequency responsealong with overcompensated high-frequencyboost. A 100 Hz squarewave applied to the input of this amplifier will appearas in Fig. 464'. This figure indicates satisfactory medium frequency response (approximately 1 kHz to 2 kHz) but showspoor low frequency response.Next, a 1000 Hz square wave appliedto the input of this sameamplifierwill appearasin Fig. 468. This figure displaysgood frequencyresponse in the region of 1000 to 4000 Hz but clearly revealsthe overcompensation the higher 10 kHz regionby the sharp at rise at the top of the leadingedgeof the squarewave. As a rule of thumb, it can be safely said that a sQuare wave can be usedto revealresponse phaserelationships and up to the l5th or 20th odd harmonic or up to approximately 40 times the fundamentalof the squarewave.Using this rule of thumb, it is seenthat wide-bandcircuitry will require at least a two-frequency check to properly analyze the completespectrum.In the caseillustratedby Fig. 45, a 100 Hz square wave will encompass components up to about 4000 Hz. To analyze above 4000 Hz and beyond 10,000 Hz, a 1000 Hz squarewave should be satisfactory. Now, the regionbetween100 Hz and 4000 Hz in Fig. 45 shows a rise from poor low-frequency responseto a flattening out from beyond 1000 and 4000 Hz. Therefore, we can expect that the higherfrequencycomponents the in 100 Hz squarewave will be relativelynormal in amplitude and phasebut that the lower frequencycomponents this in same square wave will be strongly modified by the poor low-frequency response this amplifier.SeeFig. 46,{. of If the combination of elementsin this amplifier were such as to only depress the low frequencycomponentsin the square wave, a curve similar to Fig. 47'would be obtained. However, reduction in amplitude to a component, as already noted, is usually causedby a reactive element, causing,in turn, a phaseshift of the component, ul o z o o'

31, t|| G

I OK H Z

Fig.45. Response curve of amplifier with poor low and high ends.

r o oH z
SOUARE WAVE

I KH7 SOUARE WAVE

Fig.46. Resultant 100 Hz and I kHz squarewaves from amplifier in Fig. 45.

Fig47. Reduction of square wave fundamental frequencycomponentin a tuned circuit.

39

producinf the strong tilt of Fig. 46A. Fig. 48 revealsa graphicaldevelopmentof a similarly tilted squarewave.The tilt is seen to be causedby the strong influence of the phase-shifted 3rd harmonic. It also becomesevident that very slight shifts in phase are quickly shown up by tilt in the squarewave. Fig. 49 indicates the tilt in squarewave shapeproduced by a 10" phase shift of a low frequencyelementin a leading direction; Fig. 50 indicates a 10o phase shift in a low frequency component in a laggingdirection. The tilts are opposite in the two casesbecauseof the difference in polarity of the phase angle in the two casesas can be checkedthroughalgebraic addition of components. Fx3 d)T trPHAff (IEAD), Fig. 51 indicateslow frequencycomponents which have been reducedin amplitudeand shifted in phase.It will be noted that these examplesof low frequency distortion are by characterized changein shapeof the flat top portion of the squarewave. Fig. 468, previously discussed, revealed high-frequency overshoot produced by rising amplifier responseat the higher frequencies. It should again be noted that this overshoot makes itself evident at the top of the leading edge of the squarewave. This characteristicrelationship is explained by remembering that in a normal well-shaped squarewave, the sharprise of the leadingedgeis createdby the summationof a practically infinite number of harmonic components. If an abnormal rise in amplifier response occurs at high frequencies,the high frequencycomponents in the square wave will be amplified disproportionately greater than other components creating a higher algebraic sum along the leadingedge.

Fig. 48. Squarewavetilt resultingfrom 3rd harmonic phaseshift.

!
FXI WT tr PHASE (LEAD)

Fig.49. Tilt resulting from phase shift of fundamental frequency in a leading direction. Fig. 51. Low frequency component loss and phase shift.

Fxl OUT-OFPUASE

Fig. 50. Tilt resulting from a phase shift of funda-' mental frequencyin a laggingdirection.

Fig. 52. Effect of high-frequency boost and poor damping.

40

Fig. 52 indicateshigh frequency boost in an amplifier accompanied a lightly damped "shock" transient.The by sinusoidaltype of diminishingoscillationalong the top of the square wave indicates a transient oscillation in a relativelyhigh "Q" network in the amplifiercircuit. In this case,the sudden transition in the squarewave potential from a sharply rising, relatively high frequencyvoltage,to a level value of low frequency voltage,suppliesthe energyfor oscillationin the resonantnetwork. If this network in the amplifier is reasonablyheavily damped,then a singlecycle transient oscillation may be produced as indicatedin Fig. 53. Fig. 54 summarizesthe preceding explanationsand serves a handy reference. as Fig. 53. Effect of high-frequency boost and good damping.

A. Frequency distortion. (crmplitude reduction of low lrequenry component). No phose shilt.

B. Low frequency boost oted fundcrmentol).

(occentu-

C. High frequency loss-No shilt.

phase

Low

freguency

phose

shilt.

E.

low lrequency shiIt.

loss

ond

phose

F.

High frequenry qrrency phose

loss qnd low shilt.

lre-

G. High lrequency loss ond phcse shilt.

H. Domped oscillotlon

Low frequency phose shilt (trqce thickend by hum-voltcge).

Fig. 54. Summary of waveform analysisfor squarewave testing of amplifiers.

4l

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The block diagram,Fig. 55, outlines the circuit breakdown of the oscilloscope. Circuit details are obtained by reference the schematic to diaeram. GENERAL Basically, the oscilloscopeconsists of two identical verticalprqamplifiers, each havingits own input attenuator network. The outputs of the vertical preamplifiers can be switched,as desired,into the main vertical amplifier. The type of switching of the CH A and CH B preamplifiers is determined by the position of the MODE switch and MODE of OPERATION LOGIC. The main vertical amplifier feeds the VERTICAL OUTPUT AMPLIFIER. which drivesthe verticaldeflectionplatesof the CRT. Horizontal deflection is provided by the horizontal amplifier. Drive to the horizontal amplifier is furnishedby calibratedsweepspeed circuitsor by the signalfrom the CH B preamplifierwhen X-Y operationis selecied. All supply voltagesare fully regulatedand a DC-to-DC providesa regulated c-onv^e1tlr 2kV accelerating potential to the CRT. VERTICAL PREAMPLIFIERS ChannelA and ChannelB preamplifiers contain identical circuitry and circuit operationis the samefor both. The vertical attenuator has two sections. The first section of the attenuator provides ratios of 1:I, 10:l, 100:l, 1000:l. The secondsectionprovidesratiosof 2:l and 5:1. The combined effect of the two sections to is providethe verticalattenuatorratiosin a l-2-5 sequence. The vertical preamplifier consistsof FET input transi st or sQ l02 and Ql 0 3 a n d tra n s i s to rs 0 4 th ru Q109. Ql FET's Ql02 and Q103 form a balanced differential Jllplifier pair with output signals of opposite polarity. VRl0l is the front panelDC balance control and VRtfZ an internalbalance control. The output of Q102 and Ql03 is appliedto emitterfollowers Ql04 and Q105 which lower o_utpuJ impedance drive conventional to amplifier stage lhe p Q1 0 6 and Q 107. VR 1 0 5 a n d VR l 0 6 a re b a l a n c e ots for the ll2 and ll5 attenuator positions.The VARIABLE control adjuststhe gain of Q106 and Q107 while VRl0l provides a DC component to move the trace vertically acrossthe screen. Amplifier gain is adjusted VRl07 in by 'the emitter circuit of Q 108 and Q 109 to provide the correct deflection factor for accurate voltage measurements. The triggeramplifierQl19 and Q120 amplifies signal the a the emitter of Q108 and Q109 and provides portion of a tne signalto the triggercircuits. f_hg only difference between CH A and CH B preamp[flers is that the MODE switch reverses polarity of the the CH B signalwhen in the A-B position. MODE LOGIC The mode of operation (CH A, CH B, A & B, A + B, A B) i s c ont r olledby tC l 0 l a n d l c l 0 2 a n d d i o d e s 0l Dl D 108 in eachof the channel preamplifiers. WhenCH A is selected, output of ICI02 Pin 3 is.low, the which reverse-biases Dl02 and Dl03 and forward-biases Dl01 and D104, allowing the CH A signalinto the main vertical amplifier. At the sametine lcl02 Pin I I output is 42 high which forward-biases Dl06 and Dl07 and reversebiasesD105 and D108 prohibitingCH B signalfrom the main amplifier. For CH B, the reverse true. WhenA & B is is selected, both channels alternately are switched IC l0l by equal to the chopping oscillator frequency 7t a _r_a!e (200kHz). For A + B and A B, both channelsar-e simultaneouslyapplied to the main amplifier. When X-y operation is selected, CH A is turned on and CH B is switchedto the horizontal amplifier. VERTICAL AMPLIFIER The selected signalfrom the preamplifiers then applied is to the vertical amplifier which consists Q123,Q124 and of ICl03- The signal level is increased drive the output to amplifier. The output amplifier consistsof transistors Q30l thru Q306 where the signalis amplifiedto the levelsrequiredto drive the verticaldeflectionplatesof the CRT. TRIGGER CIRCI.IIT by _ f!. trigger source,either CH A or CH B, is selected SW20l. Selecting CH A as the source enables trigger amplifier _Ql19 and Ql20 and CH B enables trigger is {nplifier Q12l and Ql22.The trigger amplifier selected fed thru transistorswitch Q219. Q2l9 is on in all positions of the SWEEP TIME/CM switch exceptCH B. SYNC AMPLIFIER AND INVERTER Transistors Q20l , Q202,Q203,and Q2M areconnected as a differential {nplifier. The trigger signalis applied to emitter follower Q20l and routed to the baseof-Q202 or q?91_dependingupon the position of the SyNC switch, SW202,r or - respectively.-Emitter follower e2O4 addsa DC Jevel to the tlgel signaldepending upon the position of the TRIGGER LEVEL control. When VIDEO+ or - is selected, output of e203 is the routed to the SYNC SEPARATOR circuii consistingof Q205 and Q206. Q205 is biasednear cutoff. e205 is leld cutoff by- the negative voltage developedacross e205 corresponding to an average value of ihe input signal. Positive-going pulsesdrive Q205 out of cutoff. the output of. Q205 correspondsto the sync tips of the compoiite video signal. Whenin FRAME positionsof time baseswitch (.lmS to .5 SEC), capacitorC2O7is switched in by Q206 to filter out the horizontal sync pulses. The trigger signalpasses thru emitter follower e207 and the SCHMITT TRIGGER circuit consisting two gatesof of IC201. The output pulsesfrom IC20l PIN A clock the SWEEP CONTROL flip-flop [C2OZ.On the negativeedgeof the clock waveform, the Q output goes low, turnin[ off Q2l3 to initiate to sweep. Transistors Q216 and Q2l7 and the timing capacitors and resistors selected the SWEEP by TIME/CM iwiti:h form a MILLER INTEGRATING circuit to providea linearramp voltage.The sweepramp from the collector of e2l7 is fei to the RS flip-flop consisting two gates of from IC20l thru transistor Q2l 1 andQ212. As soon as the Q output of lC2O2goeslow, the resetof 1C202is held low by Q21 I to excludeany new clock pulses until the sweepramp is terminated. Transistor e2l2 turns on and setspin l3 of lC2O2LOW which turnse2l3 on and terminates sweep. the

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43

TransistorsQ208, Q209, and Q2l0 form the AUTO TRIGGER SENSEswitch. When the TRIG LEVEL control is adjustedso that the slopeis not triggered,transistorQ8 and Qg produce pulses which keep Q2tO ON. The on condition is applied to the RESET of 1C202.A low on the reset of 1C202 allows a sweep to recirculate at a rate determinedby the resistorand capacitor selectedby the TIME/CM switch. The sweepramp from the collectorof Q2I7 is appliedto the input of the horizontal amplifier consistingof Q218, Q220,QZZI - Q225. When in the CH B position of SWEEPTIME/CM switch, mode, transistor Q2l9 is turned off thru 1C203and the CH' B signalis applied to Q22Oand to the horizontal amplifier. The output of transistorS Q224 and Q225 is applied to the horizontal deflection platesof the CRT.

ASTIGMATISM ADJUSTMENT TIME/CM switchto CH B. 1. Set SWEEP 2. Wirh INTENSITY at midrange, adjust FOCUS and roundestspot. ASTIG for sharpest, CAUTION Never allow a small spot of high brilliance to remain stationaryon the screenfor more than a few seconds.The screen may becomepermanentlyburned. CH A AND CH B DC BALANCE l. Displaysinglehorizontaltrace(CH A or CH B). 2. Adjust CH A or CH B POSITIONcontrol to centerthe tracevertically the CRT. on 3. Rotate the VARIABLE control from maximumCCW to maximumCW while observing trace. the 4. lf the trace moves vertically more than 5mm while performingSTEP3, adjustthe CH A or CH B DC BAL (front panel screwdriveradjustment) so that the verticalmovementof the tracedoesnot exceed5mm while performing STEP3. I 12& l /5 ATTENUATOR BALANCE CH l. Positiontrace to verticalcenterof screen A or CH B, with .01 V/CM and input at GND. 2. S w i tch to .02 V /C M and adj ust V R l 05 (CH A) or V R l 08(C H B ) unti l tracei s at verti cal center. 3. S w i tch to ,05 V /C M and adj ust V R l 06 (CHA) or center. VRl09 (CH B) until traceis at vertical HORIZONTAL POSITION ADJUSTMENT 1. Set CH B and < > POSITION controls to mechanical center. 2. Displaysinglehorizontaltrace. 3. Adjust VR206 to start trace at left edge of graticule scale. TIME/CM switch to CH B. 4. Set SWEEP horizontally' 5. Adjust VR205 so spot on CRT is centered 6. CH B POSITION control should deflect spot 4 CM or more from center when turned full CW to CCW. Set SWEEPTIME/CM switch to I gS and repeat for < > POSITIONcontrol. VERTICAL GAIN ADJUSTMENT The following adjustmentsshould be attempted only if a square wave generator with l% or better amplitude accuracy is available. to.01V/CM l. St CH A and CH B VOLTS/CM switches and set CH A and CH B VARIABLE controls to CAL (fully clockwise). 2. Apply I kHz square wave of 50 mV peak-to-peakinto CH A input connector. Set mode switch to CH A. 3. Adjust VRl07 for exactly 5 CM of deflection on CRT. 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for CH B and adjust VRl l0 for 5 CM deflection.

CALIBRATION ADJUSTMENTS
The calibration adjustmentsoutlined here are those which can be performedwith a minimum of specialized test equipment. Additional internal adjustmentsof frequency compensation and horizontal sweeplinearity shouldnot be attempted without complete service information and specified test equipment. Requestsfor complete service information for this oscilloscope shouldbe addressed to: Sert'.iee Departrnent B & K-PrecisionProduct Group DYNASCAN CORPORATION 2815 West Irving Park Road Chicago,Illinois 60618

Internal adjustments outlined in the calibrationprocedure canbe located reference Fig. 56 and 57. to by HOUSING REMOVAL l. Remove 6 screws,2 on left side, 2 on right side,and 2 on top. 230 VAC OPERATION l. Removehousingfrom scope. 2. Removevoltageselectorplug (seeFig. 58). plug. 3. Rotate plug l80o and re-insert 4. Replace 0.7A fuse with 0.3A fuse. 5. Replacehousing.

GRATICULE REMOVAL l. Grasp bezel with both hands at top and bottom. Pull bezel uniformly forward to unlock mounting legsfrom front panel. Caution should be used to keep bezel parallel to front panel when removing,to avoid breakageof mounting legs.

2 . Lift off graticule from bezel. 3 . Reinsert graticule on bezel and snap bezel into front
panel mounting holes.

44

v
@ , ^ 1 1 4 , c R T c E N TA D J .
VR11O GAIN ADJ.

r :-? \ ) rP1o2

VR107
GAIN ADJ.

@
A HrcH
TC114 FREO ADJ.

,i4,
VR108

ATTENUATO.R DC BAL. ADJ.

H'GH @
F R E O T C 1 13 ADJ.

vO rctot @ rc103 icros

- \ @

@ @ @
TC104 TC102 TC106 CHB

F R O N T P A N E L ( B A C KV I E W )

Fig. 56. Calibrationdiagram, verticalamplifier board.

@
TC202

@
VR2O4

vR212

@
TC20"l

V R 2 11

FRONT PANEL

@
vR210 @
VR2O7 VR206 P o s r r to N h r Y ADJ.

@ @ VR2O8 VR2O9

@
VR2O5

Fig. 57. Calibration diagram,horizontal amplifier board.

45

P O W E RS U P P L Y O A R D B

R O T A T E L U GT O P V CHANGE OLTAGE

240 VAC

v
1 20 VAC

F U S E o . 7 A - 1 2 0V A C :

o.3A- 240VAC

TC3O1-MID FREOUENCY TC302_UNBLANK VR305_HIGHFREQUENCY V R 3 0 6 - 1. 9 K VA D J . VR 3O7_INTENSITYDJ. A VR 3OB_Y DEFLECTION VR 3O9-195V ADJ.

Fig. 58. Calibration diagam,powersupplyboard.

46

WARRANTY SERVICEINSTRUCTIONS
l. Refer to the MAINTENANCE section of your B & K-Precisioninstruction manual for adjustmentsthat may be applicable. proceduresdo not correct the problem you are experiencing 2. lf the above-mentioned with your unit, pack it securely(preferably in the original carton or double-packed). Enclosea letter describingthe problem and include your name and address. Deliver to, or ship PREPAID (LIPS preferred) to the nearestB & K-Precisionauthorized service agency(seelist enclosedwith unit). If your list of authorized B & K-Precision service agencieshas been misplaced,contact your local distributor for the name of your nearestserviceagency,or write to: ServiceDeprtment B & K-PrecisionProduct Group DYNASCAN COPPORATION 2815 West Irving Park Road Chicago,Illinois 60618

47

LIMITED

ONE-YEAR

WARRANTY

DYNASCAN CORPORATION warrants to the original purchaser that its B & KPRECISION product, and the component parts thereof, will be free from defects in workmanship and materials for a period of one year from the date of purchase. DYNASCAN will, without charge,repair or replace,at its option, defectiveproduct or component parts upon delivery to an authorizedB & K-PRECISION servicecontractor or the factory servicedepartment,accompaniedby proof of the date of purchasein the form of a sales receipt. by To obtain warranty coverage,this product must be registered completingand mailing the enclosed warranty registration card to DYNASCAN, B & K-PRECISION, P. O. Box 35080, Chicago, Illinois 60635 within five (5 days) from the date of purchase. EXCLUSIONS; THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT APPLY IN THE EVENT OF MISUSE OR ABUSE OF THE PRODUCT OR AS A RESULT OF UNAUTHORIZED ALTERATIONS OR REPAIRS. IT IS VOID IF THE SERIAL NUMBER IS ALTERED, DEFACED OR REMOVED. DYNASCAN shall not be liable for any consequential damages,including without limitation damagesresultingfrom loss of use. Some statesdo not allow limitation of incidentalor consequential damages,so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific rights and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. For your conveniencewe suggestyou contact your distributor, who may be authorized to make repairs or can refer you to the nearest service contractor. If warranty service cannot be obtained locally, pleasesend the unit to B & K-PRECISION ServiceDepartment,2Sl5 West Irving Park Road, Chicago, Illinois 60618, properly packagedto avoid damage in shipment.

v
c o 8 4 7 8 p R t N T E Dt N J A P A N 8 5 0 - 2 8 2 3 - 0(0 )

48

CORPOFrANON
6460 West Cortlond Street Chicogo, lllinois 60635

DYNASCAN

480.182-9-0018