Z

To Integrate sinmx cosnx dx when m is odd:

Let m equal 2k + 1, let u = cos x, and let du = − sin xdx.

Z
sin2k+1x cosnx dx
Z
= sin2k x cosnx sin x dx
Z
2

k
= sin x cosnx sin x dx
Z
2

k n

0
= 1 − cos x cos x − cos x dx
Z
2 k
un du


= − 1−u

........................
 Z
sin4x cos5x dx
Z
= sin4x cos4x cos x dx
Z
4 2

2
= sin x cos x cos x dx
Z
4 2

2
0
= sin x 1 − sin x sin x dx
Z
4 2 2


= u 1−u du, with u = sin x
Z
= u4 − 2u6 + u8 du
u5 u7 u9
= −2 + +C
5 7 9
1 2 1
= sin x − sin x + sin9x + C
5 7
5 7 9
Same integration,
Z slightly different notation, for substitution:
sin4x cos5x dx
Z
= sin4x cos4x cos x dx
Z
4 2

2
= sin x cos x cos x dx
Z
4 2

2
0
= sin x 1 − sin x sin x dx
Z
4 2

2

= sin x 1 − sin x d sin x
Z
4 6 8


= sin x − 2 sin x + sin x d sin x
sin5x sin7x sin9x
= −2 + +C
5 7 9
1 5 2 1
= sin x − sin7x + sin9x + C
5 7 9
 Z
To Integrate sinmx cosnx dx when m and n are both even
Reduce the powers with these identities :
↓
2 2 1 − cos 2x
cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin x → sin x =
2
2 2 1 + cos 2x
cos 2x = 2 cos x − 1 → cos x =
2
sin 2x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x → sin x cos x =
2
Z Z
2K 2L 2

K 2

L
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x dx
K  L
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
Z 
= dx
Z 2 2
1
K
L
= K+L 1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x dx
2
 π π π 2
1 − cos 2x
Z Z Z 
2 2
2 2
4 2
sin x dx = sin x dx = dx
0 0 0 2
π π
1 1
Z Z
2
2 2
2


= 1 − cos 2x dx = 1 − 2 cos 2x + cos 2x dx
4 0 4 0
π
1 1 + cos 4x
Z  
2
= 1 − 2 cos 2x + dx
4 0 2
π
1
Z
2

= 2 − 4 cos 2x + 1 + cos 4x dx
8 0
 π2
1 sin 2x sin 4x 1 3π

π
= 3x − 4 + = ·3 =
8 2 4 0 8 2 16

3 1 π 3π
 
To check, the Wallis Product I4 equals · · = .
4 2 2 16
Z Z
3 2


tan x dx = tan x tan x dx
Z
2


= tan x sec x − 1 dx
Z Z
2


= sec x dx −
tan x tan x dx
Z Z
= tan x d tan x) − tan x dx
tan2x
= + ln | cos x| + C
Z Z 2
4 2 2


sec 3x dx = sec 3x sec 3x dx

tan 3x
Z  
2
= tan 3x + 1 d
3
1 tan33x
 
= + tan 3x + C
3 3
 Z Z Z
sec3x dx = sec2x dx =


sec x sec x d(tan x)
Z
= sec x tan x − tan x d(sec x)
Z
= sec x tan x − tan x sec x tan x dx
Z
= sec x tan x − tan2x sec x dx
Z
2


= sec x tan x − sec x − 1 sec x dx
Z Z Z
sec3x dx = sec x tan x − sec3x dx + sec x dx
Z
2 sec3x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|
1 1
Z
3
sec x dx = sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C
2 2
Addition, Subtraction Formulas
cos (mx + nx) = cos mx cos nx − sin mx sin nx
cos (mx − nx) = cos mx cos nx + sin mx sin nx
yield the product rules
cos (m + n)x + cos (m − n)x
cos mx cos nx =
2
cos (m − n)x − cos (m + n)x
sin mx sin nx =
2
sin (mx + nx) = sin mx cos nx + cos mx sin nx
sin (mx − nx) = sin mx cos nx − cos mx sin nx
yield the product rule
sin (m + n)x + sin (m − n)x
sin mx cos nx =
2