Logic gates with a single graphene transistor

Roman Sordan,Floriano Traversi and Valeria Russo

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30 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

So - can graphene electronics make it?

Maybe Selected applications
Low end electronics
manufacturing cost will be the deciding factor

Graphene platelets macromolecules CVD SiC

High end electronics

When price does not matter (as much)
electrical contacts)

In electronics applications, analog signal processing is the most promising (besides use in
For digital, need to improve the on/off ratio substantially by some means

Manufacturing progressing on nicely!

Still, it will take a while until any mass manufacturing applications can be ramped up

For mobile radio front ends graphene NEMS may may be the way to go Transparent RFIDs with CNT networks
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Part II

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32 Nobel Symposium on Graphene/Pirjo Pasanen

First consumer applications within a few years..?

Transparent conductors/ITO replacement with CVD graphene
Indium Tin Oxide is a transparent conductor used in
liquid crystal displays, flat panel displays, plasma displays, touch panels, electronic ink applications, organic light-emitting diodes, solar cells, antistatic coatings and EMI shieldings

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First consumer applications within a few years..?

Transparent conductors/ITO replacement with CVD graphene
Indium Tin Oxide is a transparent conductor used in
liquid crystal displays, flat panel displays, plasma displays, touch panels, electronic ink applications, organic light-emitting diodes, solar cells, antistatic coatings and EMI shieldings,

More demand Cost is high and rising

Price and availability of Indium, fabrication costs

Organic polymer solar cell

ITO is very brittle material There is an urgent need for replacements

Compromise between transparency, conductivity, cost and durability

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Capacitive touch screen demonstration by KIST/Samsung

CVD grown graphene

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OLED displays with graphene electrodes

Wu & al ACS Nano 2010 4 (1), 43-48

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Comparison of ITO replacement technologies

TYPE
Sheet Resistance Transmittance Colour

ITO
350/ 88% Slightly yellow or brown

Copper Mesh Silver Nanowire Graphene Mesh

1.5 / 88% Colourless 30-50 / 90% Colourless 30 / 90% Colourless

CNTs
400 / 88% Colourless

Bending Durability Inferior Environmental Good

Superior Good

Superior OK - to be tested on PDMS

Good Good

Good Good

Commercial Process

High Volume High Volume

High Volume

High Volume

Lab Scale

Nokia Research Center of Nokia Research Center and Helsinki University of Technology Collaboration

Graphene journal club THz .ppt / 2007-0912/PP

Transparent electrodes -conclusions

Still, graphene could be the best solution for some transparent electrode applications
Chemical stability!

If/when that happens it will help to drive graphene to mainstream and then perhaps to electronics
All depends on the mass manufacturing

Nokia Research Center of Nokia Research Center and Helsinki University of Technology Collaboration

Graphene journal club THz .ppt / 2007-0912/PP

Electromechanical resonators from graphene

Originally studied for ultralow mass or force detection
Force sensitivity is determined by the thermal fluctuations on the resonator

dF = [4

eff

kBT/(Q

0)]

Quality factor Q=f0/ f

The electric force on the gate: Fel Cg(Vgdc)2 + CgVgdc Vg Charge sensitivity dQ = dF.d/Vgdc
With graphene, the effective spring constant eff = meff 02 can be extremely low Measured f0: 10MHz ~ 200MHz and Q: 102 ~ 104
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Chen et al. Nature Nanotechnology, 4, 861 (2009) Bench et.al. Science 315, 490 (2007)

Electromechanical resonators from graphene

But graphene NEMS oscillators may be useful in RF devices too
Good resonators in the GHz region are not easily found!

For higher freqs we can reduce the dimensions of the system, but this has its limits
Size reduction decreases the maximum signal magnitude -> decrease in dynamical range

For a mechanical resonator under tension we can increase the freq by increasing the tension:

Build-in and electrostatic tension Changyao Chen et.al. Nature Nanotechnology 4, 861 (2009)

And graphene can withstand ultrahigh strains!

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Need for better resonators in mobile radio front-ends

WCDMA RX WCDMA TX

Radio spectrum regulation/usage is getting more complex

Traffic is increasing; need more spectrum New bands for cellular, secondary use of other bands, cognitive radio

EDGE RX

More tunability needed:

850 900 1800 1900

1710...2170 MHz

WCDMA 824..960 MHz / HSPA (3-Band) EDGE (4-band)

Multiradio
Mobile terminal already have several radios: cellular, BlueTooth, WLAN
A

LB HB

Software defined radio..?

Baseband processing and part of RF processing can be done with SW and generic multiradio RF But the radio front ends for all different frequency bands can not be done with current technologies

D A D A D

Vector processor Vector processor Vector processor

EDGE TX
CPU CPU CPU CPU

Generic Multiradio RF
D A D A D A

Generic Multiradio BB

RAM

ROM

PLL PLL PLL

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41 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

Long-Term Multiradio Vision and Reality

Vector processor Vector
D A D

A D A

processor Vector processor

CPU CPU CPU CPU

Generic Multiradio RF
D A D A D A

Generic Multiradio BB

RAM

ROM

Grand challenge
Some enablers still in their infancy
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PLL PLL PLL

Technically proven - widely accepted programming models missing

IC-Related Resonators in radio front ends Current status

On-Chip resonators Loaded Q ~10 to 20 Typical connection point impedance ~100 to 300 Ohm Tuning range 10% to 30% Large
no scaling between technology nodes

On-board resonators (mainly power amplifier) Impedance levels may be a few ohms

Currently no tuning possible

Power handling capability ~Watts
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Graphene resonators as replacements?

Requirements: Operation in room temperature and normal environment Frequencies around 450MHz-5.8GHz Estimated Q in the range of 100 sufficient for on-chip resonators
More needed for front end filters (>1000 in current mobile phones...) Connections (on-chip wirings, bonding pads) degrade Q

Tuning range and repeatability are important! Power handling and unloaded-Q in PA resonators is the key issue
Have to withstand high power levels without degrading the signal

Circuit impedance levels should be low

For matching with other RF electronics (50 Ohm..) (1:10 matching possible)

Interfacing the resonators with the rest of the circuitry may require active components (impedance matching)
Graphene transistors are the natural choice for this!
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Conclusions for graphene NEMS

A lot of work to be done still
Room temperature operation Q-values Temperature stability Environmental stability (need vacuum..)

The motivation and need is there

no better technologies in view..

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45 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

The (more) exotic stuff

Tunneling FETs
Better than ordinary FETs?

Spintronics
Very nice progress, but still in the far future

Thz radiation
Not only high freq electronics, but also radiation sources/detectors?

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46 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

Graphene meets Terahertz

To boldly go where no one has gone before..
The unknown space between RF and optical

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47 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

The THz gap

Electronic devices: oscillators, multipliers and amplifiers
100000 10000
D

Photonic devices: lasers

L L L L L L L L L L L
L = Laser D = Doubler

Output Power (mW)

1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01

G A A IA D I A IA D G I A I I I IG A AI DG G D G IG GD G GG GI I G G IG D GD D D D D GG D GDDD GD G GD D D A D D TD DD D G TD D D D TT T DD T D T G T T D I G G D T T T D TT T T R T R R

T = Tripler G = Gunn Diode I = Impatt Diode R = RTD A = Amplifier Cooled Pulsed

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100

1000

10000

100000

Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

Output Frequency (GHz)

THz what and why?

THz gap lies between the RF microwave and optical IR domains
From 300-GHz to 10+ THz (1mm to 10 m)

Very interesting interactions with matter

Very rich spectral signature information at this part of EM spectrum (molecular resonances)

Faster electronics
Compared to RF frequency electronics, wider bandwidths, component compactness and improved spatial resolution are possible

Some applications for sources and detectors of terahertz radiation

Security and defence
Terahertz radiation penetrates many materials (except metals) and so can be used to see through packages at airports, for example Trays Spectroscopic detection of biological agents (difficult, but doable) imaging cancer tumors for early disease diagnosis, especially for skin tumors (THz is non-ionizing radiation) identification of fake drugs, polymorphic structures For example the cosmic microwave background includes a terahertz component Molecular analysis of gases etc. For ex. semiconductor materials Non-invasive monitoring of binding processes of biomaterials Most suitable for for satellite/high altitude communications 10-100 m range only at sea level due to athmospheric attenuation Very well focused beams possible due to small antenna size (easy to use large antenna arrays..) No working systems at sea level yet due to lack of reasonable transceiver structures

Medicine & pharmaceuticals Astronomy Material analysis Biological research Communications

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Broadening IR spectrum into longer wave H2O FOG (0.1gm3 Visibility 50m

Broadening Radio spectrum into Sub Millimeter wave 1000

Commercial RF Spectrum
Deluge 150mm/Hr CO2 Heavy Rain 25mm/Hr H2O 100.0

Existing Optical Fiber & FSOC

CO2 H2O H2O CO2

O2
10.0

H2O

O2
1.0

DRIZZL 0.25mm/Hr

20 1Atm
0.1

O3

Visible
1000 THz 0.3m 100 THz 3 m

Infrared
10 THz 30 m

Sub-Millimeter
1 THz 0.30 mm

Millimeter
100 GHz 3 mm FCC 300GHz Radio Boundary

0.01 10 GHz 30 mm

Nokia Research Center

Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

ATTENUATION dB/Km

Problems with THz radiation

Extreme atmospheric attenuation, weak interaction signatures, standing wave interference etc. Very difficult to build THz emitters and to some extend also receivers
desirable properties would be
operate in room temperatures not require kVs to operate Would not fill half of the room and/or cost a fortune

Some technologies in use

Optically pumped lasers (large, expensive) Quantum cascade lasers (few kelvins only, very expensive) Freq multiplication from millimeter wave sources (used in radio astronomy) Backward wave oscillators (strong magnetic fields) Photoconductive Time Domain systems (need fs lasers=not cheap..)
Table from Eric. R. Mullers article in Industrial Physicist

Semiconductor structures are small and cheap, but their output powers are of the order of mWs and often require cooling (QCL)
Detecting works a bit better, but sensitive detectors need cooling also

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THz frequencies from graphene structures?

Some ideas on how to get to THz frequencies with graphene based systems
Most of these could be useful for both emission and absorption, and for other applications as well

Plasma resonances in gated graphene structures

excited by applied voltage

(Ryzhii, Satou & Otsuji, J App Phys 101, (2007))

Better properties than in HEMT materials due to zero or tunable electron mass, high mobility

Frequency multipliers Mikhailov, EPL, 79 (2007)

Non-linear electromagnetic response to irradiation of graphene sheet -> emission at higher harmonics

Stimulated emission/ absorption of plasmons Rana & Ahmad

Population inverted graphene systems excited by plasmons can emit strong radiation in THz even at room temp

Thermoplasma polaritons Vafek PRL (2006)

Similar to existence of surface plasmons in thin metal films, excited by EM radiation (laser)
In graphene, very strong temperature and voltage dependence
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Conclusions on THz
There is still room for theoretical work Emitter and detector structures urgently needed
There are still a lot of uncertainties on device design issues even if the basic principles presented in the papers would be correct
How to effectively couple the plasmons to 3D em fields? Need antenna structures, but they in turn affect the behavioroaf the whole device -> need to model the whole structure to get he full picture

Gated structures are interesting because of the possibility to tune the frequencies by external voltage
For all practical purposes some tuning of freqs is essential, if this could be done only by voltage it would make life easier..

Nokia Research Center

Collaboration of Nokia Research Center and Helsinki University of Technology Graphene journal club THz .ppt /

Conclusions
Graphene can make it but it wont be that easy Main benefits may come from the unique combination of properties, rather than any single performance parameter
Transparency & other optical properties Flexibility, mechanical strength Barrier properties, chemical stability, sensing Electronic properties: Mobility, ambipolar conduction etc.

There is still room for new ideas!

Talk to each other
Even to electrical engineers and chemists

How about something completely different?

Besides transistors, what would be the other ways of doing computing elements, based on the unique properties of graphene? What about bio-applications?
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The patent landscape is not filled up - yet.

Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

Note: Research concept

Energy solutions

Flexible battery with higher power density and faster charging time, photovoltaics

Functional surface materials

Toughness, dirt repellency, antenna integration, EM shielding, haptics

Integrated sensors
Chemical and biochemical sensors

Energy efficient computing

Distributed processors & local high speed computing, radio solutions, low cost electronics

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55 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

Collaborators at Aalto University

Low temperature Laboratory
Prof. Pertti Hakonen

Dept. of Applied Physics/ Centre of Excellence in Computational Nanoscience

Prof. Risto Nieminen Dr. Paula Havu Dr. Ari Harju

Department of Micro- and Nanosciences/ Nanotechnology Group

Prof. Harri Lipsanen Dr. Wonjae Kim Dr. Sergey Novikov

Department of Micro- and Nanosciences/ Electric Circuit Design Group

Prof. Jussi Ryynnen Dr. Kari Stadius

Nokia Research Center

56 Cargse Graphene International School 2010/Pirjo Pasanen

Acknowledgements
Martti Voutilainen/NRC Helsinki for transistor & inverter simulations Samiul Haque/NRC Cambridge for tranparent electrodes material Pertti Hakonen & Xuefeng Song/Aalto University and Risto Kaunisto/NRC for graphene NEMS material All colleagues and collaborators in Aalto U., NRC Helsinki and NRC Cambridge

Thanks!
Nokia Research Center
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Reading
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Graphene field-effect-transistors with high on/off current ratio and large transport bandgap at room temperature , Fengnian Xia, Damon B. Farmer, Yu-ming Lin, and Phaedon Avouris. Utilization of a Buffered Dielectric to Achieve High Field-Effect Carrier Mobility in Graphene Transistors, Damon B. Farmer, Hsin-Ying Chiu, Yu-Ming Lin, Keith A. Jenkins, Fengnian Xia, and Phaedon Avouris. Performance Advantages of Monolithically Patterned Wide-Narrow-Wide All-Graphene on Insulator Devices Dincer Unluer, Frank Tseng, Avik W. Ghosh, and Mircea R. Stan. Transport properties of HfO2 top-gated bilayer graphene field effect transistors, Zou, K.; Zhu, J. American Physical Society, APS March Meeting 2010, March 15-19,2010] Frank Schwierz,Graphene transistors, Nature Nanotechnology 5 , 487496 (2010) Integrated complementary graphene inverter F.Traversi, V.Russo, and R.Sordan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 223312 (2009), Logic gates with a single graphene transistor, Sordan, Traversi, Russo, APL94, 073305 2009 Graphene frequency multiplier, Wang & al, IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 2009 Triple-Mode Single-Transistor Graphene Amplifier and Its Applications, Xuebei Yang, Guanxiong Liu,Alexander A. Balandin and Kartik Mohanram, arXiv:1010.1022v1 Chen et al. Nature Nanotechnology, 4, 861 (2009) Bench et.al. Science 315, 490 (2007) Ryzhii, Satou & Otsuji,Plasma waves in two-dimensional electron-hole system in gated graphene heterostructures, J App Phys 101, 024509 (2007) Mikhailov, Non-linear electromagnetic response of graphene, EPL, 79 (2007) 27002 Vafek Thermoplasma polaritons within scaling theory of single layer graphene, PRL 97, 266406 (2006) Wunsch, Stauber, Sols, Guinea, Dynamical polarization of graphene at finite doping, cond-mat/061063 Hwang&Sharma, Dielectric function, screening and plasmons in 2D graphene, cond-mat/0610561 Rana & Ahmad,Plasmon amplifications though stimulated emission at terahertz frequencies in graphene, arXiv:0704.0607

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