Antidote

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(January 2010)

An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.[1] The term ultimately derives from the Greek antididonai, "given against". The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals' blood. This results in an antivenom that can be used to counteract poison produced by certain species of snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals. A number of venoms lack a viable antivenom, and a bite or sting from an animal producing such a toxin often results in death. Some animal venoms, especially those produced by arthropods (e.g. certain spiders, scorpions, bees, etc.) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms because it is not a form of poisoning and anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g., by the use of epinephrine). Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison aconitine, a highly poisonous alkaloid derived from various aconite species has no antidote, and as a result is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities.

Contents
[hide]

1 Mechanical approaches 2 List of antidotes 3 References 4 See also

[edit] Mechanical approaches

Ingested poisons are frequently treated by the oral administration of activated charcoal, which adsorbs the poison and flushes it from the digestive tract, thereby removing a large part of the toxin.A remedy: Poisons which are injected into the body (such as those from bites or stings from venomous animals) are usually treated by the use of a constriction band which limits the flow of lymph

and/or blood to the area, thus slowing circulation of the poison around the body. This should not be confused with use of a tourniquet which cuts off blood flow completely - often leading to the loss of the limb.

[edit] List of antidotes

Agent Activated charcoal with sorbital Atropine Beta Blocker Calcium chloride Calcium gluconate Chelators such as EDTA, dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA, succimer) Cyanide antidote (amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, or thiosulfate) Cyproheptadine Deferoxamine mesylate Digoxin Immune Fab antibody (Digibind and Digifab) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and benztropine mesylate Ethanol or fomepizole Flumazenil Glucagon 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) Insulin Leucovorin Methylene blue Naloxone hydrochloride N-acetylcysteine Octreotide Indication used for many oral toxins organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, some mushrooms theophylline calcium channel blockers, black widow spider bites hydrofluoric acid heavy metal poisoning cyanide poisoning serotonin syndrome Iron poisoning digoxin poisoning Extrapyramidal reactions associated with antipsychotic ethylene glycol poisoning and methanol poisoning benzodiazepine poisoning beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning carbon monoxide poisoning and cyanide poisoning beta blocker poisoning and calcium channel blocker poisoning methotrexate and trimethoprim treatment of conditions that cause methemoglobinemia fritz pogi opioid poisoning Paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning oral hypoglycemic agents

Pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) Protamine sulfate Prussian blue Physostigmine sulfate Pyridoxine Phytomenadione (vitamin K) and fresh frozen plasma Sodium bicarbonate

organophosphate insecticides Heparin poisoning Thallium poisoning anticholinergic poisoning Isoniazid poisoning, ethylene glycol warfarin poisoning and indanedione ASA, TCAs with a wide QRS

[edit] References
1. ^ "antidote" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

[edit] See also

Look up antidote in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

snakebite tourniquet Universal antidote

[show]v d ePharmacology: major drug groups [show]v d eAntidotes (V03AB) [show]v d eToxicology Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote" Categories: Antidotes Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2010 | All articles needing additional references
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